%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en South Canyon Fire http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-canyon-fire <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">South Canyon Fire</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3741--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3741.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/glenwood-fire-memorial"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/South%20Canyon%20Fire%20at%20Storm%20King%20Media%203_0.jpg?itok=jjxiNY8E" width="682" height="1023" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/glenwood-fire-memorial" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Glenwood Fire Memorial</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Glenwood Fire Memorial in Glenwood Springs honors the fourteen firefighters who died fighting the South Canyon Fire atop nearby Storm King Mountain in 1994.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3743--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3743.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/south-canyon-fire"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/South%20Canyon%20Fire%20at%20Storm%20King%20Media%204_0.jpg?itok=s7EdEpLv" width="502" height="398" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/south-canyon-fire" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">South Canyon Fire</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>View looking northeast over the South Canyon Fire burn area.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-08-15T09:55:33-06:00" title="Monday, August 15, 2022 - 09:55" class="datetime">Mon, 08/15/2022 - 09:55</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-canyon-fire" data-a2a-title="South Canyon Fire"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsouth-canyon-fire&amp;title=South%20Canyon%20Fire"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The South Canyon Fire began in early July 1994 on Storm King Mountain, in <strong><a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/garfield-county">Garfield County</a></strong> west of <strong>Glenwood Springs</strong>. On July 6, high winds stoked the fire into a deadly conflagration that killed fourteen firefighters. Investigations of the disaster forced numerous reforms in wildland firefighting, and today a memorial hiking trail reminds both locals and tourists of the sacrifice made by the “Storm King 14.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fire on Storm King Mountain</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Western states were locked in a drought in 1994, and by early summer <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado">wildfires</a></strong> were burning across the region. On July 2, a dry lightning storm sparked fifteen new fires in northwest Colorado. One was atop Hell’s Gate Ridge, a ridge of sandstone on the southern flank of Storm King Mountain, six miles west of Glenwood Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On July 3, a resident of nearby South Canyon made the first report, and the blaze was tagged as the “South Canyon Fire.” From July 2 to July 5, residents of the Canyon Creek Estates subdivision west of Storm King nervously watched the fire grow from one acre to fifty. But other, larger fires took priority.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Battling the Blaze</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On July 4, US <strong>Bureau of Land Management</strong> (BLM) engine foreman James “Butch” Blanco surveyed the fire from <strong><a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70">Interstate 70</a></strong>. On July 5, Blanco’s crew of six attacked the fire, climbing up a steep gulch on the east side of Hell’s Gate Ridge—what would become the next day’s escape route. Blanco requested firefighters and aircraft, and his crew cleared a helicopter landing spot, known as “H1,” on the ridge.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eight smokejumpers—firefighters who parachute into remote areas—arrived that evening. While they started digging a fire line, jumper-in-charge Don Mackey called for top-level firefighters, known as hotshots, and for helicopter and air tanker support. Overnight, the fire grew to 127 acres.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On July 6, Blanco hiked in again with a crew of ten. They cleared a second landing spot, “H2,” lower along the ridge, while the jumpers dug a line connecting it to “H1.” When the fire blew up that afternoon, this ridge-top line became the divide between life and death.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At 9:30 am, the BLM’s helicopter crew—pilot Dick Good and helitack foreman Rich Tyler—picked up Blanco and Mackey for a reconnaissance flight. The forecast called for a dry cold front with 25-mile-per-hour winds and stronger gusts.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Blanco suggested cutting a line on the western, windward side of the ridge. Mackey questioned the plan but ultimately agreed. By midday, more smokejumpers and ten hotshots from Prineville, Oregon, were ferried in to work down the West Flank line. Dick Good made water drops from the helicopter and ferried more firefighters up to H2 from a meadow at Canyon Creek Estates.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 3:30 pm, forty-nine men and women were hard at work. Most were clearing the 2,100-foot West Flank line. Bosses at H2 coordinated line building, directed helicopter water drops, and watched fire behavior.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Gusty winds hit the ridge at 3:53, but it was calm in the tall stands of green oakbrush below. At 3:56, Good reported new spot fires in the gulch below the West Flank line.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Explosion</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 4:04, winds hit 45 miles per hour. The spot fires exploded into a worst-case scenario. Bosses at H2 watched flames burning up both sides of the gulch below the West Flank and ordered crews to leave the area. Firefighters already on the ridge tried to climb to the H1 clearing but ran into flames and were ordered to reverse. Others atop the ridge watched the too-slow march of the West Flank crew, still carrying packs and tools, and urged them to speed up.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To escape, crews looked east from the ridge, down an extremely steep slope that funneled into a twisting gulch. Only Blanco’s crew knew this route. To the others, it looked like a death trap. Blanco and Shepard stood on the ridge waving people down. A sharp counterwind, blowing up the east side, held the firestorm back for a few precious minutes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 4:11, the roaring fire had turned the sky bright orange, and from the air Good saw flames 150 to 200 feet tall. Firefighters poured off the east side of the ridge, while the last seventeen struggled up the final 300-foot pitch from the West Flank line. Brad Haugh and Kevin Erickson reached the ridge a minute later, singed by the flames, and headed down the other side. Blanco and Shepard then bailed over the edge.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At 4:14, smokejumper Eric Hipke was fifteen feet short of the ridge when a blast of hot air knocked him down. He got up, shed his melting pack, and ran. Severely burnt, he was the last to crest the ridge.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hotshot Scott Blecha was 120 feet behind Hipke; Mackey and the other ten smokejumpers and hotshots were 200 to 280 feet down the line when flames and superheated gases overtook them. Some attempted to deploy fire shelters, aluminum foil tents used as a last resort, but there was no defense against the blowup.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Blanco and Shepard had yelled to the helitack crew, Rich Tyler and Robert Browning, to go down the eastside gully too. Instead the pair opted to run the ridge to the north, where they hit steep terrain. A rock outcrop looked viable for a helicopter rescue, but first they had to cross a gully fifty feet deep. At the gully bottom, the blowup tore their shelters away and knocked the men flat. Rocks loosened in the fire rolled down and partially covered their bodies. They were not found until two days later.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Escape</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Also isolated on the mountain were eight smokejumpers at the far end of the West Flank line. They climbed toward the H1 clearing, crossing into a safe area that had burned days before. At 4:24, they deployed fire shelters and endured flames just 500 feet away. Their leader, Dale Longanecker, never deployed his shelter and rode out the blaze nearby.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The nine smokejumpers near H1 came out of their shelters by 6 pm. The green oakbrush was gone; only a few black stubs remained. At the top of the West Flank fire line, they found the twelve fallen fighters and radioed the bad news. Over the next two hours, Good ferried the nine out, and brought in twenty-five new smokejumpers to search for Tyler and Browning.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For the twenty-six firefighters and fire bosses escaping down the eastside gully, it was, in the words of one, “total organized panic” down a wickedly steep, brushy gulch. After an hour of tough hiking, the gully opened and they reached the highway. Within a half hour, the fire burned through their escape route as it roared on toward Glenwood Springs. Two hundred residents evacuated as the fire burned to the city’s edge. With nightfall, the fire settled down, but the mountain was covered with glowing embers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At midnight, Governor <strong>Roy Romer</strong> confirmed that twelve firefighters had perished and two were missing. He called it the worst tragedy in Colorado firefighting history.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Aftermath</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Immediately, people questioned why the fire wasn’t put out earlier, and why firefighters were on the mountain when a Red Flag warning was in effect. While fresh teams of firefighters contained the 2,400-acre fire, <strong><a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado">Forest Service</a></strong> investigators pieced the events together.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Under pressure to explain, the Forest Service and BLM published a report on August 22. It cited the “can-do” attitude of firefighters in compromising standard rules and identified management failures at the regional and state levels. A follow-up report issued October 17 spelled out a corrective action plan emphasizing safety. A final report in 1998 provided a thorough analysis of the disaster.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Grief flooded Glenwood Springs. The city council appointed fourteen residents to reach out to the families of the fallen, and a community fund raised $425,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hundreds of people hiked the mountain to pay their respects. In October volunteers constructed a formal trail. In 1995 the Mackey family erected granite crosses where each of the fourteen fell.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Marble sculptor David Nelson carved a monument for Prineville, Oregon, in 1995. In Glenwood Springs, Joyce Killebrew’s sculpture anchors a memorial in Two Rivers Park, dedicated on July 6, 1995. Memorial events followed on the five, ten, and twenty-year anniversaries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The trail up Storm King is still a place where firefighters go to reflect on the lessons of the fire and remember the Storm King 14.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Storm King 14</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Hotshots</strong></p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Kathi Beck</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Tami Bickett</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Scott Blecha</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Levi Brinkley</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Doug Dunbar</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Terri Hagen</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Bonnie Holtby</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Rob Johnson</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Jon Kelso</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Smokejumpers</strong></p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Don Mackey</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Roger Roth</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Jim Thrash</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Helitack</strong></p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Robert Browning</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Rich Tyler</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/mcgregor-heather" hreflang="und">McGregor, Heather</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/south-canyon-fire" hreflang="en">South Canyon Fire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/storm-king-mountain" hreflang="en">Storm King Mountain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-springs" hreflang="en">Glenwood Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-land-management" hreflang="en">Bureau of Land Management</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope" hreflang="en">Western Slope</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/storm-king-fire" hreflang="en">Storm King Fire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/storm-king-14" hreflang="en">storm king 14</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/canyon-creek-estates" hreflang="en">Canyon Creek Estates</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Tom Allen et al., “<a href="https://www.nwcg.gov/sites/default/files/wfldp/docs/sr-sc-south-canyon-1994-final-report.pdf">Report of the Interagency Management Review Team, South Canyon Fire</a>,” June 26, 1995.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bret Butler et al., <em><a href="https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_rp009.pdf">Fire Behavior Associated With the 1994 South Canyon Fire on Storm King Mountain, Colorado</a></em>, (Ogden, UT: US Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, September 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John N. Maclean, <em>Fire on the Mountain: The True Story of the South Canyon Fire</em> (New York: HarperCollins, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Heather McGregor, Bob Silbernagel, Dana Nunn, Stacie Oulton, Ginger Rice, Judy Miller, and Patrick Cleary, coverage of the South Canyon Fire, <em>The Daily Sentinel </em>(Grand Junction, CO), July 7–10, 1994.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lester Rosenkrance and South Canyon Fire Accident Investigation Team, “<em><a href="https://www.wildfirelessons.net/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=46f00ea5-9238-43e3-a60c-4a2461a833cb">South Canyon Fire Investigation</a></em>,” August 17, 1994.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Stroud, David Frey, and Fred Malo, “We Will Never Forget,” <em>Glenwood Post</em>, July 6, 1995. </p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzGTjfTHihU">1994 South Canyon Fire on Storm King Mountain</a>,” YouTube video, 1:21:37, posted by “erhpke,” April 30, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Michael Kodas, <em>Megafire: The Race to Extinguish a Deadly Epidemic of Flame </em>(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John N. Maclean, “<a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/">20 Years Later, Legacy of A Deadly Colorado Wildfire Endures</a>,” <em>National Geographic</em>, July 3, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen J. Pyne, <em>Fire: A Brief History</em>, 2nd ed. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen J. Pyne, <em>The Interior West: A Fire Survey </em>(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2018).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 15 Aug 2022 15:55:33 +0000 yongli 3739 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Glenwood Springs http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/glenwood-springs-0 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Glenwood Springs</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3764--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3764.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/glenwood-springs"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Glenwood_Springs_0.jpg?itok=ccH3Az5A" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/glenwood-springs" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Glenwood Springs</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="/article/glenwood-springs-0"><strong>Glenwood Springs</strong></a> is a scenic resort and tourist town off <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> in Colorado's central <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>. Its primary attractions include hot springs and rafting on the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a>.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3765--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3765.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/hot-springs-pool-and-bathhouse-glenwood-springs"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/49899128827_dc56ae87c9_o_0.jpg?itok=fslnIjdv" width="1090" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/hot-springs-pool-and-bathhouse-glenwood-springs" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hot Springs Pool and Bathhouse, Glenwood Springs</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="/article/glenwood-springs-0"><strong>Glenwood Springs</strong></a>' historic bathhouse, shown here on the right, was originally built in 1888 using local sandstone. It remains one of the city's top attractions today.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-18T16:13:04-06:00" title="Friday, June 18, 2021 - 16:13" class="datetime">Fri, 06/18/2021 - 16:13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/glenwood-springs-0" data-a2a-title="Glenwood Springs"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fglenwood-springs-0&amp;title=Glenwood%20Springs"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Glenwood Springs is a mountain resort community 150 miles west of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, at the confluence of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado</strong></a> and <strong>Roaring Fork</strong> Rivers on Colorado’s <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>. It is the seat of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/garfield-county"><strong>Garfield County</strong></a> and has a population of nearly 10,000. The city is known for its <strong>hot springs</strong> as well as for outdoor activities such as rafting and hiking. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> runs through the city and links to the Roaring Fork Valley via State Highway 82.</p><p>Incorporated in 1885, Glenwood Springs was one of many towns founded after the violent removal of the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people from western Colorado in the early 1880s. Initial mining claims in the area drew a lot of attention but produced little <a href="https://medium.com/@mark.randyy/best-1-deposit-casinos-in-canada-cfd7b6b08e15">1 deposit casino canada.com</a> , and the city’s founders quickly realized the site’s potential as a resort and supply town. As such, Glenwood Springs is one of the few towns on the Western Slope that has always been a tourist destination, as opposed to <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/aspen"><strong>Aspen</strong></a>, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/crested-butte"><strong>Crested Butte</strong></a>, and others that transitioned from mining to tourism in the twentieth century.</p><h2>Origins</h2><p>For hundreds of years, the site of present-day Glenwood Springs was a winter destination for the Ute people, who spent the cold season soaking in the hot springs, rejuvenating body and spirit after summer and fall hunts. The Utes who lived in the area call themselves the Parianuche, or “elk people.” By the 1860s, Ute people across Colorado were feeling pressure from whites who had already advanced deep into the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a> in search of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>precious metals</strong></a>.</p><p>In exchange for relinquishing the heavily populated mining districts in the central Rockies, the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a> reserved for the Ute people a large section of land on Colorado’s Western Slope, including today’s Garfield County. However, drawn by precious metal deposits in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trappers-lake-and-flat-tops-wilderness"><strong>Flat Top</strong></a> mountains, white prospectors led by John C. Blake illegally occupied the area of present-day Glenwood Springs in the late 1870s. The first white person to build a permanent home there was James Landis, who put up a log cabin in the summer of 1879. Anticipating conflict with the Parianuche, the squatters built a small log fort they named “Defiance.”</p><p>Despite that belligerent attitude, conflict did not come at present-day Glenwood but instead occurred to the northwest, at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/white-river-ute-indian-agency"><strong>White River Indian Agency</strong></a> in today’s <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rio-blanco-county"><strong>Rio Blanco County</strong></a>. After the violent <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a> of 1879, the US Army forced the Parianuche and other Ute bands out of western Colorado and onto a new reservation in Utah.</p><h2>Founding</h2><p>Whites began moving onto the former Ute land near the Roaring Fork and Colorado Rivers almost immediately. As early as November 1881, just two months after the Parianuche and other Utes were forced march to Utah, the <em>Aspen Weekly Times </em>reported that Landis was “making big preparations to accommodate visitors who will spend the summer months at the springs.”</p><p>In the winter of 1882, Blake, along with developer Isaac Cooper and former territorial representative <strong>Hiram</strong> <strong>P. Bennet</strong>, were listed as directors of the new Defiance Town and Land Company. Cooper served as president and booster-in-chief, writing a twenty-four-page pamphlet to attract Americans to the new town. “Nowhere on either side of the Western continent is to be found such varied localities for homes, mineral development, or sanitary resort,” boasted the pamphlet. It advertised the medical properties of “about one hundred” hot springs, which tasted of “iron, salt and sulphur” and could cure “rheumatism,” “catarrh” (excessive mucus), and “cutaneous diseases.”</p><p>Landis eventually sold his property in the new town of Defiance to Cooper, who had the business connections to make the resort dream a reality. It was Cooper who renamed the town Glenwood Springs in 1883, after the town of Glenwood, Iowa, where some of the town’s earliest residents hailed from.</p><p>In the summer of 1883, Aspen’s <em>Rocky Mountain Sun </em>reported that surveyors were “busy locating avenues and streets” of the new town. Its main street was quickly dubbed Cooper Avenue. Along with a “first-class restaurant,” the newspaper noted that the town had a saloon, two grocery stores, and a population of 125. In July Caroline Barlow was appointed the town’s first postmaster. Among the town’s first brick buildings was Henry R. Kamm’s hardware and grocery store, which was built in 1884 and still stands today at 731 Grand Avenue.</p><p>Cooper’s boosterism, helped by other firsthand accounts, did the job. By March 1884, every share of stock in the new town had been sold, and Glenwood Springs had become the seat of Garfield County.</p><h2>Hot Springs Development</h2><p>Cooper’s promotion of the new town paid even more dividends when he got the attention of wealthy engineer Walter Devereux, who was connected to Aspen developer <strong>Jerome B. Wheeler</strong>. Devereux was not only the main developer of the hot springs but was also involved in many of the most important institutions of early Glenwood Springs. He founded the city’s First National Bank and built a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/glenwood-springs-hydroelectric-plant-glenwood-center-arts"><strong>hydroelectric plant</strong></a> in 1888, for instance.</p><p>In 1886 Devereux formed the Glenwood Hot Springs Company and began the first major development of the springs, which sat on an island in the Colorado River. For access and accommodations, the river would need to be diverted to the south, so Devereux’s company built a large rock wall that was completed in 1887 and directed the river into its current channel. Devereux’s timing was excellent, as two railroads arrived in 1887–88: the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande</strong> was built from <strong>Glenwood Canyon</strong> to the east, and the Colorado Midland, in which Devereux was invested, came north from Aspen.</p><p>By 1890 Glenwood Springs’ population had grown to 920, and Devereux’s resort featured a bath house and large swimming pool. Three years later, it added the centerpiece: the luxurious <strong>Hotel Colorado</strong>. Designed by the New York architectural firm of Boring, Tilton &amp; Mellon, the hotel was built in the Italian style around a terraced courtyard and featured 200 rooms, each with its own fireplace, and 40 private bathrooms as well as electric lighting and “fine outlooks over valley, mountain and river.” An 1894 pamphlet advertising the hotel also provided an “analysis of the waters,” which it boasted could cure “all chronic diseases and diseases of the blood.”</p><h2>Twentieth Century</h2><p>Glenwood Springs’ reputation as a luxurious mountain resort grew quickly, paving the way for the construction of additional hotels and other amenities during the twentieth century. By 1907, with Glenwood Springs’ population fast approaching 2,000, the <em>Colorado Republican </em>called the city “one of nature’s most charming spots in Colorado’s picturesque wonderland.” In 1905 President Theodore Roosevelt used the Hotel Colorado as a summer White House as he ventured across the Rockies on hunting trips; in 1909 President William Howard Taft also stayed at the resort.</p><p>Around the time of President Roosevelt’s visit, Glenwood Springs gained its first hospital, the Glenwood Springs Sanitarium, built by Dr. W.&nbsp;F. Berry. The building at Tenth Street and Bennett Avenue hosted several local physicians as well as a nursing school; it was sold in 1936 and converted into an apartment building.</p><p>Meanwhile, by 1920 the city added two other famous hotels on the same Seventh Street block—the Hotel Denver, owned by Art Kendrick, and the Star Hotel, owned by Italian immigrant Henry Bosco. In 1938 Henry Bosco’s nephew Mike bought Kendrick’s building and combined the two hotels into a larger Hotel Denver, which the Bosco family operated until 1973. The Bosco family also owned what was known by 1925 as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-hotel"><strong>Western Hotel</strong></a> at 716 Cooper Avenue.</p><p>In 1928 Glenwood Springs unveiled a new Garfield County Courthouse on Eighth Street, which replaced the older one built across the street in 1887. The new building, designed by Denver architect Robert K. Fuller, was in the Art Deco style and included a third-story jail from which inmates later escaped by lowering themselves from windows; a new jail addition in 1966 shored up the building’s carceral function.</p><p>By the 1930s, with a steady population of around 2,000, Glenwood Springs sought to diversify its transportation offerings by adding an airport. In 1937 the Glenwood Springs Municipal Airport opened, its buildings the work of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civilian-conservation-corps-colorado"><strong>Civilian Conservation Corps</strong></a>. The airport is still in use today, though the buildings have been converted for other purposes.</p><p>In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Aspen, located just south of Glenwood Springs in the Roaring Fork Valley, began to develop into a popular ski destination. This boosted the economy in Glenwood Springs, as tourists had to go through the mountain resort town on their way to Aspen.</p><p>In 1943 the Hotel Colorado was commissioned as a convalescent hospital for recovering soldiers injured during <strong>World War II</strong>, and the navy used the resort for physical therapy throughout the war. Later, the resort’s swimming pool was rebuilt in the late 1950s, and the bathhouse was enlarged in 1977.</p><p>In the early 1960s, David Delaplane, director of the Glenwood Springs Chamber of Commerce, began campaigning for the creation of a college in town. In 1967, after a five-county special election that approved funds for the college and land donations from local ranchers, his efforts culminated in the opening of two <strong>Colorado Mountain College</strong> (CMC) campuses: one in Glenwood Springs and the other in Leadville. The Glenwood Springs campus remains the flagship campus for the CMC system, which today includes eleven campuses across the state’s mountain counties.</p><p>The real estate boom of the 1980s fueled a spike in the Glenwood Springs population, from 4,637 in 1980 to 6,561 in 1990. The city has grown steadily since then, especially after the completion of Interstate 70 through Glenwood Canyon in 1992. By 2010 Glenwood Springs had more than 9,600 residents.</p><h2>Today</h2><p>Glenwood Springs remains one of Colorado’s most popular resort destinations today. The city saw some 2.3 million visitors in 2015–16 alone, and sales tax receipts from 2019 totaled a record $19.1 million. In addition to the Hotel Colorado, which is now owned and operated by the Melville hotelier family, Glenwood Springs offers an array of hot-springs-centered amenities, including the Iron Mountain Hot Springs and the Yampah Spa &amp; Salon. The city is also home to the Doc Holliday Museum, commemorating the life and times of one of the American West’s most storied gunmen, who died in Glenwood Springs in 1887. (His grave is in Linwood Cemetery just above town.)</p><p>Glenwood Springs is also known as a hub for outdoor recreation. Rafting trips on the Colorado River are popular, as are hikes to picturesque <strong>Hanging Lake</strong> in Glenwood Canyon to the east. Other visitors roam the massive <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>White River National Forest</strong></a>, which encompasses the remote Flat Top mountains to the north, or head to trails in the rugged Elk Mountains to the southwest. Despite the economic disruption of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19 pandemic</strong></a>, Glenwood Springs’ accessible, central location ensures the city a promising future in a state famous for outdoor recreation.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-springs" hreflang="en">Glenwood Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-hot-springs" hreflang="en">glenwood hot springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hot-springs" hreflang="en">hot springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-river" hreflang="en">colorado river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/garfield-county" hreflang="en">Garfield County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-springs-history" hreflang="en">glenwood springs history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“Airport Office; Apartment/Office Building,” Architectural Inventory Form, Colorado Cultural Resource Survey (2009-11).</p><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=CRP19070822.2.64&amp;srpos=32&amp;e=--1879-----en-20--21--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22Glenwood+Springs%22+%22resort%22-------0------1">Beautiful Glenwood Springs</a>,” <em>Colorado Republican</em>, August 22, 1907.</p><p>“<a href="https://ia600806.us.archive.org/33/items/coloradoglenwood00hote/coloradoglenwood00hote.pdf">The Colorado: Glenwood Springs, Colorado, in the Heart of the Rocky Mountains</a>” (Boston, MA: American Engraving and Printing Company, 1894).</p><p>Colorado Mountain College, “<a href="https://coloradomtn.edu/history/" target="_blank">History</a>,” 2017.</p><p>“Denver and Rio Grande Railroad Station, 413 7th St., Glenwood Springs, CO 81601,” Colorado Cultural Resource Survey Re-visitation Form, (August 3, 2012).</p><p>Frontier Historical Society, “<a href="https://www.visitglenwood.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Walking-Tour-of-Glenwood-Springs-new.pdf">A Walking Tour Guide of Historic Glenwood Springs</a>,” n.d.</p><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=RMS18830804.2.17&amp;srpos=24&amp;e=--1879-----en-20--21-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22Glenwood+Springs%22-------0------1">A Gentleman in Denver…</a>” <em>Rocky Mountain Sun</em>, August 4, 1883.</p><p>“Glenwood Hot Springs Bathhouse, Natatorium, Yampah Spring, 401 N. River St., Glenwood Springs, CO 81601,” Colorado Cultural Resource Survey Re-visitation Form (August 3, 2012).</p><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=RMS18830616.2.28&amp;srpos=3&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22glenwood+springs%22-------0------1">Glenwood Notes</a>,” <em>Rocky Mountain Sun</em>, June 16, 1883.</p><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=RMS18831215.2.14&amp;srpos=72&amp;e=--1879-----en-20--61-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22Glenwood+Springs%22-------0------1">Glenwood Springs</a>,” <em>Rocky Mountain Sun</em>, December 15, 1883.</p><p>“<a href="https://www.cogs.us/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Minutes/10132016-418">Glenwood Springs Tourism Promotion Board Meeting</a>,” City of Glenwood Springs, Colorado, October 13, 2016.</p><p>Willa Kane, “<a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/town-fathers-developed-glenwood-springs-as-defiance/">Town Fathers Developed Glenwood Springs as Defiance</a>,” <em>Post-Independent </em>(Glenwood Springs), June 1, 2010.</p><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=ATW18811126&amp;e=--1879-----en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22James+Landis%22-------0------1">Personal</a>,” <em>Aspen Weekly Times</em>, November 26, 1881.</p><p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p><p>Ron Sladek, “Garfield County Courthouse,” Historic Building Inventory, Colorado Historical Society (August 7, 1998).</p><p>Ron Sladek, “Glenwood Springs Sanitarium,” Historic Building Inventory Form, Colorado Historical Society (January 26, 1999).</p><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=RMS18830714.2.8&amp;srpos=17&amp;e=--1879-----en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22Glenwood+Springs%22-------0------1">The Post Office Department…</a>” <em>Rocky Mountain Sun</em>, July 14, 1883.</p><p>“<a href="https://www.glenwoodchamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/TRENDS_ONLINE_September-2020.pdf">Updated Release of Local Economic Data</a>,” Trends Online, report compiled for Glenwood Springs Chamber Resort Association, Ribbon Demographics LLC, September 18, 2020.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.glenwoodhistory.com/">Glenwood Springs Historical Society.</a></p><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=TAV18920906-01.2.17&amp;srpos=43&amp;e=--1879-----en-20--41--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22Glenwood+Springs%22+%22resort%22-------0------1">Glenwood Springs! The Marvel and Gem of the Rockies</a>,” <em>Avalanche </em>(Glenwood Springs), September 6, 1892.</p><p>Cynthia Hines and the Frontier Historical Society, <em>Early Glenwood Springs </em>(Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2015).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 18 Jun 2021 22:13:04 +0000 yongli 3572 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Western Hotel http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-hotel <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Western Hotel</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2719--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2719.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/western-hotel"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Western%20Hotel%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=k_i7i_KL" width="614" height="1023" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/western-hotel" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Western Hotel</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Western Hotel in Glenwood Springs started in 1887 as a one-story brick restaurant and was expanded in phases over the next sixty years. It served as a saloon, grocery store, and soda shop before becoming a rooming house by the early 1920s.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-07-05T13:54:03-06:00" title="Wednesday, July 5, 2017 - 13:54" class="datetime">Wed, 07/05/2017 - 13:54</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-hotel" data-a2a-title="Western Hotel"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwestern-hotel&amp;title=Western%20Hotel"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Western Hotel at 716 Cooper Avenue in <strong>Glenwood Springs</strong> started in 1887 as a one-story brick restaurant building. In the early twentieth century, the building was expanded under the ownership of the Bosco family, which began renting rooms there by the early 1920s. Later owned and operated for decades by the Toniolli family, the Western Hotel is the last surviving early working-class hotel in Glenwood Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Glenwood Springs was established in the 1880s and quickly developed into a high-class resort area with the arrival of the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande </strong>and <strong>Colorado Midland</strong> Railroads (1887) and the opening of the <strong>Glenwood Hot Springs Pool</strong> (1888) and a cluster of large hotels such as the Hotel Glenwood (1886), Grand Hotel (1888), and <strong>Hotel Colorado</strong> (1893).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As Glenwood Springs developed in the late 1880s, Cooper Avenue served as the town’s main street because it ran by the railroad depot and had a bridge over the Grand River (now the <a href="/article/colorado-river">Colorado River</a>). The 700 block of Cooper Avenue, located just south of the river and the railroad depot, quickly filled with commercial buildings. Sometime in 1887, a one-story brick restaurant—the first phase of what became the Western Hotel—went up in the middle of the east side of the block. The owner and name of the restaurant are unknown. It closed by 1890, and the building remained vacant until at least 1898. Meanwhile, increasing traffic to the hot springs resort on the north side of the river led to the construction of a new bridge a block west on Grand Avenue, making it the town’s main street and relegating Cooper Avenue to secondary status.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Bosco Ownership</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime in the early 1900s, the one-story brick restaurant on Cooper Avenue passed into the hands of the Bosco family. Originally from Italy, the Boscos came to the United States in the 1880s and settled on land near Glenwood Springs. In the early 1900s, they moved to town and soon became major players in the local hospitality industry. By 1907 Edward Bosco was operating a saloon in the one-story brick building, and the Bosco family had built a two-story brick addition off the back, possibly for use as an owner apartment. Sometime over the next five years they also added a brick second story over the saloon. This section of the building may have been used as a rooming house or potentially a brothel; at the time, the blocks near the river had a reputation as a red-light district.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After <a href="/article/garfield-county">Garfield County</a> enacted <strong>prohibition</strong> in 1914, the saloons in Glenwood Springs closed and the red-light district were more strictly policed. By 1917 Edward Bosco had changed his former saloon on Cooper Avenue into a grocery store. By 1919 the building also had a soda shop.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Around the same time, the Boscos started renting furnished rooms on the building’s second floor. It is possible that they rented rooms as early as 1916. In 1920 one lodger was listed at the address, and around 1923 the building was known as the Bosco Rooms. By 1925 it was being called the Western Hotel. In contrast to large hotels like the Hotel Colorado, which catered to wealthy tourists, two-story hotels like the Western catered to working-class travelers and served as rooming houses for railroad and construction workers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Toniolli Ownership</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1939 the Bosco family, which also owned the nearby Hotel Denver, sold the Western Hotel to their friends John and Ida Toniolli. Like the Boscos, the Toniollis were Italian Americans. John had been born in Tyrol in 1900 and moved to the United States in 1921, while Ida had been born in the Boscos’ Star Hotel in Glenwood Springs in 1911 but soon moved back to Tyrol with her family and lived there until 1920, when the family returned to Garfield County. In 1932 John and Ida met in <strong>New Castle</strong> and soon married.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Toniolli worked as a miner, but Ida was concerned about the effects of mining on his health and convinced him to buy the Western Hotel for $5,000 when Marcus Bosco put it up for sale. Bosco helped ease the Toniollis into the hotel business by giving them tutorials on what to charge for short-term rentals and how to deal with long-term tenants.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Business at the Western Hotel thrived in the 1940s and 1950s. During World War II, the hotel hosted friends and family members of the veterans who were recovering at the US Naval Convalescent Hospital that had opened in the Hotel Colorado. Then, in 1953 construction workers who were building a new bridge over the Colorado River stayed at the Western Hotel.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The steady stream of business during these years allowed the Toniollis to expand and renovate the Western Hotel. In 1945 they built a two-story concrete addition covered with stucco on the back of the hotel. It had a garage on the first floor and a guest apartment with its own kitchen and bathroom on the second floor. In 1951 they remodeled the Cooper Avenue facade with tan brick and midcentury windows to give it a modern look.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Toniollis updated the building’s interior decor in the early 1950s, 1960s, and 1980s, but the configuration of the rooms remained largely the same throughout their ownership. Inside the front entrance, the northern part of the building was the lobby. The Toniollis had their own living space on the south side of the floor, and they also used three bedrooms off a hallway that ran toward the back of the building. A guest apartment with a kitchen occupied the far northeast (rear) corner of the floor. Upstairs, the building had a total of ten guest bedrooms and two shared bathrooms, plus the guest apartment that was added at the rear in 1945. There was also a basement under the original 1887 building; John Toniolli used the space to make wine for his family and the hotel’s guests.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to short-term visitors, the Western Hotel also hosted several long-term residents, including one tenant who lived there for thirty-three years and another who stayed for twenty-eight years. The Toniollis made friends with their long-term renters and with regulars who returned to the Western for yearly vacations in Glenwood Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After John Toniolli died in 1980, Ida Toniolli continued to own and operate the Western Hotel. She retired in 2012, at age 101, and closed the hotel. She kept living in the building for another year, but then she moved to nursing care and a hired caretaker, John Gonzalez, looked after the hotel.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ida Toniolli died in February 2016, at age 105, and in March 2016 the Western Hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Younger members of the Toniolli family hope to restore and reopen the hotel in the future.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-springs" hreflang="en">Glenwood Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-hotels" hreflang="en">historic hotels</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/italian-immigrants" hreflang="en">Italian immigrants</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Rosalind Toniolli Eberle and Scott Eberle, “Western Hotel,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (April 25, 2015; revised, September 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Stroud, <a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/local/western-hotel-nominated-for-national-historic-register/">“Western Hotel Nominated for National Historic Register,”</a> <em>Glenwood Springs Post Independent</em>, January 5, 2016.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Cynthia Hines and the Frontier Historical Society, <em>Early Glenwood Springs</em> (Charleston: Arcadia, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jim Nelson, <em>Glenwood Springs: The History of a Rocky Mountain Resort</em> (Ouray, CO: Western Reflections, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lena M. Urquhart, <em>Glenwood Springs: Spa in the Mountains</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1970).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 05 Jul 2017 19:54:03 +0000 yongli 2717 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Western Slope http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Western Slope</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-23T16:14:24-07:00" title="Monday, January 23, 2017 - 16:14" class="datetime">Mon, 01/23/2017 - 16:14</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope" data-a2a-title="Western Slope"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwestern-slope&amp;title=Western%20Slope"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>“A Fantasy land,” “a mystique,” “a state of mind”—these are only some of the expressions used to describe the Western Slope of Colorado, commonly defined as the roughly one-third of the state that lies west of the <a href="/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a>. The serpentine divide forms the region’s eastern boundary, running 276 miles from the Wyoming border to New Mexico and separating the Western Slope from Colorado’s more populous <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> and the broad <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Though it is home to 10 percent of Colorado’s residents, the Western Slope contains 33 percent of the state’s land, some of the state’s most popular tourist and recreation areas, and about 70 percent of its <a href="/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a>. The fact that most of the state’s natural resources lie on Colorado’s west side while most of its residents live in the east has led to tension and conflict, especially over the topic of water diversion.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Those who live west of the divide might say that they feel different from other Coloradans due, in part, to their unique relationship with the area’s rugged terrain, numbing cold, heavy <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a>, and stark isolation. Some residents of the Western Slope feel as though their needs and desires are overlooked by a distant state government that does not understand their needs and concerns. Yet, Coloradans are increasingly linked together by shared economic interests as well as a common desire to conserve the landscapes and resources that make the state such a special place to live.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Western Slope has been inhabited for more than 10,000 years. From <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a> occupation around 12,000 BC to the era of the <a href="/search/google/Ute"><strong>Ute people</strong></a> (c. AD 1300–1880), the area’s early inhabitants were mostly nomadic hunter-gatherers, who followed large game on seasonal routes between the region’s many elevation zones. Evidence at the <a href="/article/mountaineer-archaeological-site"><strong>Mountaineer Archaeological Site</strong></a> near <strong>Gunnison</strong> indicates that Paleo-Indian peoples occupied the Western Slope as early as 12,000 BC. During the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic Period</strong></a> (6,500 BC–AD 200), <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Puebloan</strong></a> peoples occupied parts of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado</strong></a> and <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a> basins. Perhaps the most well-known of the Western Slope’s early inhabitants were the Ancestral Puebloan peoples, who lived in the <a href="/article/mesa-verde-national-park-archaeology-and-history"><strong>Mesa Verde</strong></a> and the Four Corners regions from about 350 BC until approximately AD 1300.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Ancestral Puebloans were the first of many farmers in Colorado, relying on crops of maize to supplement their hunting and gathering economies. Their extensive use of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> showed an awareness and understanding of the challenges of farming in an arid environment, but in the late thirteenth century, a period of crippling drought appears to have dealt the decisive blow to a society already suffering from violence due to religious, economic, and political strife. Nevertheless, the lessons these people learned about living in an arid and isolated land would prove instructive to those who followed, particularly the Ute people who moved to the Western Slope after AD 1300.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Utes came to western Colorado from the Great Basin, in what is now eastern California and southern Nevada. Unlike the Ancestral Puebloans, who inherited a rich agricultural tradition, the Utes brought with them to Colorado the hunting-and-gathering way of life known as the Mountain Tradition. As it turned out, that way of life suited them well in the arid parts of the Western Slope, and especially well in the Rocky Mountains’ resource-rich river valleys. Ute people hunted buffalo, <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a>, jackrabbit, and <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, and collected a wide assortment of seeds, nuts, roots, and berries from the landscape. Over centuries they carved well-worn trails throughout the mountains, many of which later became the routes of stage lines, railroads, and highways. Many of the Utes’ favored wintering grounds featuring hot springs, including the areas of present-day <strong>Glenwood Springs</strong>, <a href="/article/pagosa-springs"><strong>Pagosa Springs</strong></a>, and <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong>. Over time, Colorado became home to nine distinct bands of Utes, each of which laid claim to various parts of the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Utes held dominion over much of western Colorado until 1880, when most were expelled by the United States government. The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a> left the Utes most of their land west of the Continental Divide in exchange for land along the Front Range and in the San Luis Valley. But several years later, significant gold discoveries in the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> compelled the federal government to negotiate the <a href="/article/brunot-agreement"><strong>Brunot Agreement</strong></a>, which brought the San Juans under the jurisdiction of the Colorado Territory. Many Utes were displeased with both agreements, as they were signed by leaders who did not necessarily represent the wishes of each band. In 1879 Utes at the <a href="/article/white-river-ute-indian-agency"><strong>White River Agency</strong></a> near present-day <a href="/article/meeker-0"><strong>Meeker</strong></a> revolted against <a href="/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian Agent</strong></a> <a href="/article/nathaniel-meeker"><strong>Nathan Meeker</strong></a>, who had attempted to force them into an agricultural life. The incident prompted calls for the Utes’ removal across the state, and in 1880 the government forced the <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Northern Ute</strong></a> bands to a new reservation in Utah. The <strong>Southern</strong> and <a href="/article/ute-history-and-ute-mountain-ute-tribe"><strong>Ute Mountain Utes</strong></a>, who did not participate in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a>, retained a narrow strip of land near the New Mexico border, where they live today.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Exploration and Fur Trade</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The first Europeans to visit Colorado’s Western Slope were the <a href="/article/spanish-exploration-western-colorado"><strong>Spanish explorers</strong></a> of the mid-eighteenth century, beginning with <a href="/article/juan-antonio-mar%C3%ADa-de-rivera"><strong>Juan de Rivera</strong></a> in 1765 and Fathers Silvestre Escalante and Francisco Domínguez in 1776. The Spanish never made a concerted effort to extend their dominion very far into the Ute homeland, but they did leave a legacy on the Western Slope, including the name for the ruddy river that drained and formed large swathes of the region—the “Rio <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado</strong></a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The next wave of foreigners to venture into the Ute lands of western Colorado consisted of European, Canadian, and Anglo-American fur trappers. With thousands of <a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a> living along the many streams that flowed out of the high mountains, western Colorado offered a bonanza for mountain men during the second quarter of the nineteenth century. In 1828 the St. Louis trapper <strong>Antoine Robidoux</strong> built <a href="/article/fort-uncompahgre"><strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong></a>, a <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading post</strong></a> near the confluence of the Gunnison and <strong>Uncompahgre</strong> Rivers. The fort was the first of its kind on the Western Slope and served as a supply and trading center for fur trappers in the vicinity. It was also a link between Santa Fé to the south and the beaver-rich country around the Green River to the north.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The center of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a> on the Western Slope, however, was <strong>Brown’s Hole</strong> in the extreme northwestern corner of Colorado. The valley got little snow compared to surrounding areas, so it was lush with grass and aspen stands and made a perfect place for suppliers and fur trappers to conduct business in Colorado’s short summers. From the late 1820s to 1840, the annual rendezvous at Brown’s Hole was the scene of extensive trading. In 1836 three trappers built <a href="/article/fort-davy-crockett"><strong>Fort Davy Crockett</strong></a> on the Green River in Brown’s Hole. Isolated and constantly threatened by Native Americans, the fort was referred to as “Fort Misery” by those who traded there. By the early 1840s, the fur trade was all but finished in Western Colorado, due in part to the over-trapping of beaver and a change in fashion tastes abroad. Both Fort Uncompahgre and Fort Davy Crockett were abandoned, marking the end of one of the most colorful eras in Western Colorado’s history.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early American Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Though the fur trade era in this part of Colorado was relatively brief, the trappers who participated in it were among the first Anglo-Americans to truly become familiar with the Western Slope. <strong>Jim Bridger</strong>, <a href="/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a>, and other former trappers later served as guides for official US expeditions into the region, such as those led by <a href="/article/john-c-frémont"><strong>John C. Frémont</strong></a> (1843–53), <a href="/article/john-w-gunnison"><strong>John W. Gunnison</strong></a> (1853), and <strong>John Wesley Powell</strong> (1869).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Collectively, the expeditions of the mid-nineteenth century demonstrated that the terrain of western Colorado was simply far too rugged to allow for a transcontinental railroad route, but each venture helped shed light on major natural features and resources. The <strong>Hayden expedition</strong> of 1872–73 proved especially useful in that regard. Working with telescopes, barometers, and glass-plate cameras, Hayden’s team peered into nearly every nook and cranny of the Western Slope. The maps produced by these surveying expeditions would soon lure mining engineers, road and railroad builders, cattle barons, investors, town builders, and loggers—the drivers of industrialized, expansionist America—to western Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> along the Front Range in 1858–59 prompted the organization of <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> in 1861. Around this time, several Western Slope areas became hotbeds of placer mining—a process that involves sifting out gold from gravel, mostly in streambeds. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/breckenridge-historic-district"><strong>Breckenridge</strong></a> became one of the great mining towns in western Colorado history, while other mining districts sprang up in the Elk Mountains near present-day <a href="/article/crested-butte"><strong>Crested Butte</strong></a>, in the Gunnison River Valley, and in the San Juan Mountains of southwest Colorado. These deposits were quickly panned out, but new discoveries over the next several decades would make mining a hallmark industry of the Western Slope.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Unlike the earliest discoveries, most of the gold found on the Western Slope in the 1870s did not lie conveniently at the bottom of streams but was lodged deep within the earth, bonded to quartz and other rock. Nonetheless, as the Ute Indians continued to cede territory in western Colorado, thousands of miners filtered into the <strong>Sawatch</strong>, <strong>Elk</strong>, and San Juan Mountains. Seemingly overnight, mining camps such as <strong>Ouray</strong>, <a href="/article/telluride"><strong>Telluride</strong></a>, <a href="/article/lake-city-0"><strong>Lake City</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/silverton"><strong>Silverton</strong></a> became boom towns. The Gunnison country caught gold fever in 1879, with Crested Butte, Irwin, <strong>Tin Cup</strong>, Gothic, White Pine, and Pitkin becoming booming mining camps. <a href="/article/aspen"><strong>Aspen</strong></a> on the <strong>Roaring Fork River</strong> became one of the greatest silver camps in the United States, while <a href="/article/summit-county"><strong>Summit County</strong></a> continued to churn out both gold and silver.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Booms and Busts in Mining Country</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As Colorado’s early miners found out, cycles of boom and bust have been a fact of life on the Western Slope since the area became part of the United States. Of the subsequent mining booms, coal lasted the longest, as the fuel provided essential energy for other industries, as well as heat, bricks, and electricity for Colorado’s growing towns. Hardy miners, many of them immigrants from southeastern Europe, worked in company towns throughout western Colorado. The work was hard and dangerous, and there was not much value placed on human life. These conditions led to labor strikes and tragic disasters, such as the 1884<strong> Jokerville coal mine</strong> <strong>explosion</strong> near Crested Butte that killed sixty miners. Labor unrest plagued mining areas from the start, and the economic crisis that came with the collapse of silver markets in the early twentieth century hit the San Juan Mountain camps especially hard. In addition to gold, silver, and coal, other minerals had their day in Western Colorado. This included zinc from southeast <a href="/article/eagle-county"><strong>Eagle County</strong></a> and molybdenum, a steel-hardening element, from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/climax-molybdenum-mine"><strong>Climax Mine</strong></a> north of Leadville.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Compared to the earlier mining booms and the bloody labor disputes that accompanied them, the <a href="/article/uranium-mining"><strong>uranium</strong></a> boom of the mid-twentieth century might seem rather mundane, but it was certainly no less dangerous. An industry unique to the Western Slope, uranium mining was centered in the <strong>Paradox Valley</strong> near the town of <strong>Nucla</strong> in <a href="/article/montrose-county"><strong>Montrose County</strong></a>. Uranium, an essential element in nuclear weapons, was found in the valley during the late nineteenth century, and North America’s first radioactive metals mill was built on La Sal Creek in 1900. This boom peaked in the 1950s, when nuclear energy was considered by many to be a savior in a world seeking cheaper, more efficient fuel. As the uranium mining industry declined in the 1960s and 1970s, evidence of radioactive contamination in the bodies of industry workers and in the environments of former mine and mill sites began to mount. Today, many places in western Colorado still grapple with the environmental and health effects of uranium mining.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1970s, another brief boom period began when the federal government and private companies took steps to develop massive oil shale deposits in western Colorado. The deposits were located in the Piceance Basin near Meeker. In 1969 and 1973, as part of its <strong>Operation Plowshare</strong> program, the federal Atomic Energy Commission oversaw the subterranean detonation of nuclear devices near Rifle in an attempt to free deposits of oil and gas from surrounding rock. The blasts failed to free sufficient amounts of the resources, so no significant extraction occurred afterward. In general, extracting oil from subterranean rock proved to be more expensive than expected, and by the early 1980s world events and a drop in oil prices brought an abrupt end to the boom. Exxon and other oil companies pulled out of the region, taking thousands of jobs with them.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Agriculture and Tourism</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Following Ute removal in the early 1880s, farmers and ranchers joined miners on the Western Slope. <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>, <strong>Delta</strong>, and <strong>Montrose</strong> sprang up in 1881 and 1882, as did <strong>Glenwood Springs</strong> at the junction of the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers. Above the Colorado River, northwestern Colorado remained unsettled except for ranchers. Here and there, small towns sprang up for a variety of reasons. Steamboat Springs, <strong>Craig</strong>, <strong>Gunnison</strong>, and <strong>Yampa </strong>became cattle towns, while to the south, <strong>Durango</strong> prospered as a center for transportation, ore smelting, and agriculture.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Irrigation was critical to the success of many towns on the Western Slope. Colorado’s aridity hampered farming and ranching from the outset, so farmers around Grand Junction, Montrose, and other early agricultural communities dug ditches to water their crops. By the turn of the century, the newly created federal <a href="/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a> greatly expanded the amount of irrigated land on the Western Slope. The bureau’s Uncompahgre Project was the first major reclamation effort in Colorado and one of the earliest in the American West. In 1909 the bureau completed the project’s linchpin, the <strong>Gunnison Tunnel</strong>, a six-mile underground cavern that diverted Gunnison River water underneath Vernal Mesa to the Uncompahgre Valley near Montrose. With the help of irrigation, western Colorado soon became well known for its produce. The fruit industry—centering around <strong>Fruita</strong>, <strong>Palisade</strong>, <strong>Paonia</strong>, Cedaredge, and Hotchkiss—became world famous.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Unlike the early years of agriculture, the early years of ranching on the Western Slope were contentious as conflict between the region’s cattle and sheep ranchers broke out in the northwest part of the state over which livestock could feed on the best grazing territory. Ranchers in southwest Colorado, meanwhile, complained of Ute Indians leaving the Southern and Ute Mountain Ute Reservations to butcher cattle. Tensions between cattlemen and Utes who left the reservation sometimes flared into violence, as demonstrated by the <a href="/article/beaver-creek-massacre"><strong>Beaver Creek Massacre</strong></a> in 1885. Changes came to the region’s cattle industry in the twentieth century. In 1905 much of the land on the western slope came under the protection of the <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a>, which began charging grazing fees for cattle and sheep on the federal range. The furious stockmen fought the government to no avail, and in 1934 the <strong>Taylor Grazing Act</strong>, which later evolved into the <strong>Bureau of Land Management</strong>, further curtailed grazing on the public range. The involvement of the federal government proved to be an omen of things to come, as federal regulations ensured better conservation of federal lands even as it irked many ranchers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Along with the removal of the Utes and the arrival of irrigation, there was one more ingredient needed to ensure the economic success of the Western Slope. In 1881 the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad </strong>arrived in Durango and Gunnison, followed in 1882 by <a href="/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evan</strong><strong>s</strong></a>’s Denver, South Park &amp; Pacific railroad, facilitating the transport of mineral ores and supplies. The railroads also brought tourists who flocked to the Western Slope during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Tourist dollars allowed former mining towns such as Aspen, Breckenridge, Crested Butte, and Telluride to rebuild their economies and evolve into the cultural and recreational hubs we know today. The advent of the automobile and the construction of high-quality paved roads during the mid-twentieth century made Western Slope mountain towns more accessible than ever, propelling the growth of Colorado’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ski-industry"><strong>ski industry</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Water Wars</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The ski industry and other recreational activities in western Colorado greatly depend on the region’s water supply. The Western Slope holds the source of the <a href="/article/yampa-river"><strong>Yampa</strong></a>, <strong>White</strong>, <strong>Dolores</strong>, <strong>San Juan</strong>, Gunnison, Eagle, Roaring Fork, Animas and Uncompahgre Rivers. Yet, as important as all these rivers are to their local environments and communities, they are all tributaries to the mighty Colorado River, the most important river in the southwestern United States. That designation has come at a high cost to the river; even though 70 percent of its water originates in Colorado’s Rocky Mountains, much of that water has been diverted to support urban growth and agriculture on Colorado’s Front Range as well as in Utah, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and California.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tensions between water users run high in the western United States, but perhaps nowhere do they run higher than in Colorado. Most of the state’s water is in the Western Slope, but the majority of the population lives on the eastern side of the mountains, so Coloradans have built major diversions projects such as the <strong>Moffat Tunnel</strong>, Roberts Tunnel, Fryingpan-Arkansas Project, and the <a href="/article/colorado%e2%80%93big-thompson-project"><strong>Colorado–Big Thompson Project</strong> </a>to move water underneath the Continental Divide to Boulder, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>, Denver, and other cities. These and other transmountain diversion projects have been met with anger by residents of the Western Slope. They not only question the ecological wisdom of draining their watersheds but are also troubled by the fact that the economically and politically dominant urban corridor along the Front Range has unfairly used its influence to obtain the lion’s share of Colorado’s water.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As author and photographer David Lavender wrote in his 1976 book <em>Colorado</em>, the Western Slope “is a human as well as a physiographic entity,” and residents “like to think that while shaping the land, they have been shaped by it: by its long vistas, its angularity, even its stubbornness.” Perhaps nowhere else in the state is the convergence of human culture and landscape more apparent than on Colorado’s Western Slope. As Coloradans continue to grapple with the unpredictable economic and ecological effects of a changing <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>climate</strong></a>, the rugged heartiness of the Western Slope’s residents will certainly be tested. Yet, the region’s traditions of innovation and determination will serve it well, and its residents will continue to take pride in the good things they have managed to wrest from the land.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>This article is an abbreviated and updated version of the author’s essay “A Land Apart,” distributed in 2006 as part of <strong>Colorado Humanities</strong>’ “Five States of Colorado” educational resource kit.</em></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/vandenbusche-duane" hreflang="und">Vandenbusche, Duane</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/river" hreflang="en">river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-reclamation" hreflang="en">bureau of reclamation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-springs" hreflang="en">Glenwood Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/garfield-county" hreflang="en">Garfield County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rio-blanco-county" hreflang="en">rio blanco county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moffat-county" hreflang="en">Moffat County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aspen" hreflang="en">Aspen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/breckenridge" hreflang="en">Breckenridge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/summit-county" hreflang="en">Summit County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eagle-county" hreflang="en">eagle county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-county" hreflang="en">san juan county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/silverton" hreflang="en">Silverton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/telluride" hreflang="en">Telluride</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/durango" hreflang="en">Durango</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/la-plata-county" hreflang="en">la plata county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montezuma-county" hreflang="en">montezuma county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gunnison-county" hreflang="en">gunnison county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ouray-county" hreflang="en">ouray county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dolores-county" hreflang="en">dolores county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uranium" hreflang="en">uranium</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/exxon" hreflang="en">exxon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/oil-shale" hreflang="en">oil shale</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/coal" hreflang="en">coal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/craig" hreflang="en">Craig</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/meeker" hreflang="en">meeker</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Arthur Chapman, <em>The Story of Colorado: Out Where the West Begins</em> (Chicago, New York: Rand, McNally and Company, 1924).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Lavender, <em>David Lavender’s Colorado</em> (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Energy, “<a href="http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph241/powell1/docs/rioblanco.pdf">Rio Blanco, Colorado Site Fact Sheet</a>,” 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Energy, “<a href="http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph241/powell1/docs/rulison.pdf">Rulison, Colorado Site Fact Sheet</a>,” 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Duane Vandenbusche, <em>The Gunnison Country </em>(Gunnison, CO: B&amp;B Printers, 1980).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Duane Vandenbusche and Duane Smith, <em>A Land Alone: Colorado’s Western Slope </em>(Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1981).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Greg Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and David McComb, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 5th ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/10-western-colorado-fly-fishing-spots">10 Western Colorado Fly-Fishing Spots</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Peter McBride and Jonathan Waterman, <em>The Colorado River: Flowing through Conflict </em>(Boulder, CO: Westcliffe, 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jonathan Waterman, <em>Running Dry: A Journey from Source to Sea down the Colorado River </em>(Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2010).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 23 Jan 2017 23:14:24 +0000 yongli 2210 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Garfield County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/garfield-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Garfield County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1106--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1106.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/garfield-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Garfield_County_Google_Map_2_0.jpg?itok=Iyr3i5KV" width="1083" height="457" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/garfield-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Garfield County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Garfield County, established in 1883, covers 2,956 square miles of Colorado's Western Slope.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2477--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2477.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/garfield-county-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Garfield_County_0.png?itok=uFZ3ZDM6" width="1024" height="741" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/garfield-county-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Garfield County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Garfield County in western Colorado includes some of the state's most popular natural attractions, including Hanging Lake, Trappers Lake, the Flat Tops Wilderness, Rifle Falls, and Glenwood Canyon.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-12-28T16:01:02-07:00" title="Monday, December 28, 2015 - 16:01" class="datetime">Mon, 12/28/2015 - 16:01</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/garfield-county" data-a2a-title="Garfield County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgarfield-county&amp;title=Garfield%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Named for former president James Garfield, Garfield County is a mountainous county in western Colorado. Covering 2,956 square miles, it is bordered to the north by&nbsp;<a href="/article/rio-blanco-county"><strong>Rio Blanco County</strong></a>, to the east by&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/routt-county"><strong>Routt</strong></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eagle-county"><strong>Eagle</strong></a>&nbsp;Counties, to the south by&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pitkin-county"><strong>Pitkin</strong></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-county"><strong>Mesa</strong></a>&nbsp;Counties, and to the west by the state of Utah. Garfield County has a population of 57,298. The county seat is the mountain resort city of&nbsp;<strong>Glenwood Springs</strong>, located at the confluence of the&nbsp;<strong>Roaring Fork</strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado</strong></a>&nbsp;Rivers. With a population of 9,614, it is also the county’s largest city. Other major towns include&nbsp;<strong>Rifle</strong>&nbsp;(pop. 9,172),&nbsp;<strong>Carbondale</strong>&nbsp;(6,427), and&nbsp;<strong>New Castle</strong>&nbsp;(4,518).</p> <p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a>, completed in 1992, follows the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> through picturesque&nbsp;<strong>Glenwood Canyon</strong>, meeting state route 82 in Glenwood Springs. Route 82 enters the county from the southeast corner, following the Roaring Fork River out of&nbsp;Pitkin&nbsp;County. In addition to the hot springs at&nbsp;Glenwood Springs, Garfield County is known for its remote mountain scenery and its abundant energy resources.</p> <h2>Native Americans</h2> <p>From about the mid-sixteenth century until the late nineteenth, the Garfield County area was inhabited by a band of&nbsp;Utes&nbsp;called the&nbsp;Parianuche, or “Elk People.” The&nbsp;Utes&nbsp;hunted&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>,&nbsp;<a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>deer</strong></a>, and other mountain game. They also gathered a wide assortment of roots, including the versatile yucca, and wild berries. In the summer, they followed game such as elk and <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a> into the high mountain parks, and in the winter they tracked the game back down to lower elevations. The&nbsp;Parianuche&nbsp;also returned each winter to soak in the hot, mineral-rich pools near present-day Glenwood Springs, a practice&nbsp; believed to revive&nbsp;both body and spirit.</p> <h2>Arrival of Europeans and Anglo-Americans</h2> <p>In 1776&nbsp;the Spanish friars&nbsp;Silvestre&nbsp;Escalante and Francisco Dominguez were the first Europeans to enter the Garfield County area, searching for a route from Santa Fe to Monterey, California. It took nearly eighty years for the next group of&nbsp;nonnatives&nbsp;to show up; in 1857&nbsp;US Army captain John B. Marcy and his men sought a direct route from Fort Bridger, Wyoming to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>. In 1860&nbsp;a group of gold seekers led by&nbsp;<strong>Richard&nbsp;Sopris</strong>&nbsp;arrived in the Roaring Fork Valley and were apparently the first whites to soak in the hot springs.</p> <p>The&nbsp;<a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>&nbsp;of&nbsp;1858-59—the primary impetus for the organization of the&nbsp;<a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>&nbsp;in 1861—had whetted Anglo-American appetites for valuable minerals and sent them scouring the rest of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rockies</strong></a> in search of the next big strike. Aimed at clearing the&nbsp;Utes&nbsp;from mining areas in the&nbsp;<a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>, the&nbsp;<a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a>&nbsp;reserved&nbsp;the&nbsp;western third of the territory for the Utes and prevented white settlement there. But the treaty did not prevent white surveying teams, such as&nbsp;<strong>Ferdinand V.&nbsp;Hayden</strong>’s in 1874, from gathering information on mineral deposits and other natural features on Ute lands.</p> <h2>Ute Removal</h2> <p>By 1876&nbsp;geographic data from the&nbsp;<strong>Hayden Survey</strong>&nbsp;produced the first accurate maps of the Garfield County area, and a few years later ranchers and miners were staking claims in the Roaring Fork Valley and mountain parks throughout the western Rockies. The&nbsp;Utes, who had relied on the game and other resources in these places as part of their 500-year-old seasonal migration pattern, now found their winter havens occupied by whites. The&nbsp;Utes&nbsp;were pushed closer to a breaking point as their resources dwindled and supplies promised by the US government rarely arrived on time or at all.</p> <p>The breaking point finally arrived in the summer of 1879, when&nbsp;Utes&nbsp;at the&nbsp;<a href="/article/white-river-ute-indian-agency"><strong>White River Agency</strong></a>&nbsp;in present-day&nbsp;Rio Blanco&nbsp;County killed&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agent</strong></a>&nbsp;<a href="/article/nathaniel-meeker"><strong>Nathan C. Meeker</strong></a>&nbsp;and his staff after Meeker tried to force the&nbsp;Utes&nbsp;to give up their way of life and become Christian farmers.&nbsp;The <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker-incident">Meeker Incident</a></strong>&nbsp;terrified whites all over Colorado and prompted swift retaliation by the US government. By 1882 the US Army forced&nbsp;the remaining Parianuche&nbsp;onto a new reservation in eastern Utah. However,&nbsp;Utes&nbsp;continued to visit the Garfield County area until 1887, when a Ute was allegedly murdered near&nbsp;Rangely, sparking the conflict known as "<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorow"><strong>Colorow</strong></a>'s War."</p> <h2>Defiance</h2> <p>A few months before the Meeker Incident, James M. Landis, a hay-hauling entrepreneur from&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a>, built a log cabin near the confluence of the Roaring Fork and Colorado Rivers. Landis was the first permanent white settler in the valley, but he would not be alone for long. Later in 1879, a group of prospectors had come to investigate rumors of silver carbonate deposits high in the mountains. They built a small settlement,&nbsp;<strong>Dotsero</strong>, near the mouth of the Colorado River Canyon.</p> <p>Although they were camped outside the Ute reservation, the men took no chances, building a log fort named Fort Defiance. Two years later, Landis and several others filed for the creation of a 640-acre townsite called Defiance. Although no significant mineral deposits were discovered, the founders were nonetheless convinced that people would swarm to the new town once it was advertised in newspapers. Few came. But that did not mean Coloradans could not be lured to a site by empty claims of mineral riches, as the story of Carbonate, Garfield County’s first seat, would show.</p> <h2>Carbonate Hoax</h2> <p>High in the&nbsp;<strong>Flat Top Mountains</strong>, the same year Defiance was founded, a swindler named “Scar Face” Bill Case (possibly Casa) planted silver ore from&nbsp;Leadville&nbsp;in an abandoned mine shaft. Bill knew that even the slightest whisper about the next big silver strike could whip people into a frenzy, and he was about to bring thousands to the county on a fraudulent rush.</p> <p>After convincing his naive partners that he had struck a huge silver deposit at a place called Carbonate, Bill went back to&nbsp;Leadville&nbsp;and tricked silver baron&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/horace-tabor"><strong>Horace Tabor&nbsp;</strong></a>into buying his “claim” for $100,000. Tabor’s purchase of the barren mine set off a bonanza of fraudulent sales, with empty claims sold and then resold for many times their original price. Carbonate sat above the tree line, and deep <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a> made it inaccessible for most of the year. Nevertheless, thousands of prospectors arrived to turn the high ancient lakebed into a bustling town, complete with shops, saloons, and even a post office.</p> <p>When Garfield County was finally organized in 1883, the frigid, fraudulent boomtown of Carbonate was named the county seat. Scar Face Bill had already spent his money when Carbonate miners began realizing there was no silver to be found. Tabor had also grown skeptical and sent inspectors to the camp, but by the time the hoax was discovered Bill had already left for Ute lands to the west.</p> <p>Meanwhile, Isaac Cooper, a Civil War veteran from Glenwood, Iowa, combined assets with some of the original founders of Defiance and moved the struggling town about six miles to the west. Sometime in the early 1880s, Cooper’s wife convinced him to rename the town Glenwood Springs, after their Midwestern home. An exceptionally harsh winter in 1883–84 brought a merciful end to the three-year hoax at Carbonate. Its remaining inhabitants moved down to Glenwood Springs, which was designated the new county seat in November 1883.</p> <p>Garfield County acquired its current size when its northern half was taken to form Rio Blanco County in 1889.</p> <h2>Carbondale and Rifle</h2> <p>As mining claims were being staked near present-day<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/aspen"><strong>&nbsp;Aspen&nbsp;</strong></a>during the late 1870s and early 1880s, many white families began moving into the Roaring Fork Valley to farm and supply the miners farther south. Raising stock or growing potatoes, twenty of these families settled in southeastern Garfield County and formed the basis for the town of Carbondale—named after Carbondale, Pennsylvania—and incorporated in 1888. Shortly after the town incorporated, Richard&nbsp;Sopris&nbsp;prospected the surrounding land for precious metals but found nothing; he did manage to leave his mark on the community as the namesake of&nbsp;<strong>Mt.&nbsp;Sopris</strong>, Carbondale’s most prominent landmark.</p> <p>In 1887 the&nbsp;<strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande</strong>&nbsp;was the first of several railroad lines to pass through Carbondale, and the town hosted as many as 500 railroad workers in its early years. Carbondale has a prominent ranching history and is still known for raising quality stock today. Events such as the Carbondale Wild West Rodeo, held every Thursday between June and late August, reflect the town’s strong ranching heritage.</p> <p>The town of Rifle, located west of Glenwood Springs at the confluence of Rifle Creek and the Colorado River, was also founded in 1882. The town incorporated in 1905. It developed as a hub for farming and ranching, sustained by the arrival of the Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad in 1890.</p> <h2>Hot Springs and Tourism</h2> <p>Along with ranching, tourism developed as another supporting leg of the Garfield County economy by the late nineteenth century. Used by the&nbsp;Utes&nbsp;for centuries, the hot, mineral-rich pools for which Glenwood Springs was named attracted the attention of whites beginning in 1860. Walter Devereux, a well-connected mining engineer who worked with the wealthy&nbsp;<strong>Jero</strong><strong>me B. Wheeler</strong>&nbsp;in Aspen, secured most of the capital for Glenwood Springs’ development in the 1880s. He had the first bathhouse and vapor cave built around the&nbsp;Yampa Spring in 1886. Devereux also invested in the&nbsp;<strong>Colorado Midland Railroad</strong>, which he and many others hoped would make Glenwood Springs into a resort destination. In October 1887, the Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad beat the Colorado Midland to Glenwood Springs, but the Colorado Midland followed in December. The railroads offered discounted rates to and from the mining camps scattered around Glenwood Springs and also carried visitors to Devereux’s massive bathhouse on the hot springs, completed in 1890.</p> <p>The bathhouse was an expensive, luxuriant building of red sandstone designed by Austrian architect Theodore Von Rosenberg. It cost more than $100,000 and featured two parlors, a doctor’s office, and thirty bathing rooms for men and a dozen for women. Its floors were made of imported mosaic tiles. A casino, requiring all its patrons to be dressed to the nines, occupied the second story. When wealthy patrons complained about sharing the large pool with other people, Devereux had a separate facility built. The wooden pool house offered a soak in the springs for half the price at the stone bathhouse.</p> <p>After the spa facilities were complete, Devereux began construction on a huge hotel to accommodate spa guests. He modeled his&nbsp;<strong>Hotel Colorado</strong>&nbsp;after a sixteenth-century Italian mansion, and when completed in 1893 it was at the pinnacle of luxury in the state. In the ensuing decades the hotel and spa complex would draw thousands of the nation’s wealthiest health seekers to Glenwood Springs.</p> <p>In addition to ranching, agriculture, and tourism, Garfield County has a long history of extractive energy industries, beginning in the late nineteenth century and continuing through the present. Although all have undergone periods of boom and bust, the coal, oil, and natural gas industries have nonetheless provided jobs, infrastructure, and other crucial economic development for Garfield County.</p> <h2>Coal Mines</h2> <p>By the 1880s, it was clear that Garfield County’s ancient rock beds did not hold the silver that would make it as rich as some places nearby, such as Aspen. But the county did possess large deposits of coal, the fuel that kept the silver mines running at Aspen and elsewhere. As early as 1881, coal-mining camps sprang up in Coal Basin, Spring Gulch, and Marion. By 1896&nbsp;ten coal mines employed 457 workers&nbsp;across the county. The town of Carbondale soon became the coal-shipping hub of the Roaring Fork Valley. Immigrants from Sweden, Austria, Italy, and Greece worked in most of the Garfield County mines, and some mines, such as the South Canyon mine, employed black miners. The fact that most workers were minorities or foreigners and most mine owners and bosses were native-born whites was a source of tension from the start.</p> <p>In their daily forays into the dark mine shafts, coal miners braved a slew of dangers, including gas leaks, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/avalanche"><strong>avalanches</strong></a>, explosions, and collapses. Large mining companies like&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-fuel-iron"><strong>Colorado Fuel &amp; Iron</strong></a>&nbsp;(CF&amp;I) made workers buy their own tools and paid them by the tonnage, meaning they had more incentive to spend their time mining instead of making their workspaces safer. Wages were paltry compared to what men risked to earn them, and they were often not issued in cash but in scrips. These pieces of paper could be traded for food and supplies at company-owned stores, making workers even more dependent on the company to survive.</p> <p>But the fact that the state’s entire economy depended upon their work also gave coal miners a tremendous amount of leverage. The scant pay and daily dangers endured by miners fostered a kind of subterranean brotherhood, one that helped them organize strikes to demand safer mines and fairer pay. By the 1890s, many miners joined nationwide unions like the&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/united-mine-workers-america"><strong>United Mine Workers</strong></a>.</p> <p>In 1893 near New Castle, missed paydays and safety concerns led to a strike at the Vulcan Mine. It ended after CF&amp;I&nbsp;threatened to permanently close the mine, and workers were forced to return to work for even lower wages than before. The next year, the company used the same tactics to beat another New Castle strike, this one a five-month holdout at Consolidated Mine.</p> <p>The failure of strikes allowed unsafe mining operations to continue, leading to mine disasters. In 1897&nbsp;the Sunlight Mine exploded, killing a dozen workers. A 1901 explosion at the Spring Gulch Mine killed six. A raging fire destroyed the Consolidated Mine in 1899, although no one was hurt. Perhaps no other mine better encapsulated the vicious cycle of the mining industry than the Vulcan Mine. The mine often filled&nbsp;with flammable methane gas, and it exploded three times between 1896 and 1918, killing a total of eighty-five workers. After the second explosion, in which eight of the thirty-three killed were men who survived the first blast, the state coal mine inspector found the Rocky Mountain Fuel Company guilty of negligence. However, the&nbsp;office also found the company’s $75 offer to families of the victims to be sufficient, and imposed no harsher penalties.</p> <p>Coal mines in Garfield County continued to operate until the end of the twentieth century. During that time, workers won improvements in pay and safety, and major disasters became less frequent. But the hazardous nature of the industry meant that it could never fully escape tragedy:&nbsp;major explosions or fires, most of them deadly, occurred in 1965, 1981, and 1990.</p> <h2>Oil Shale Development</h2> <p>In response to the energy crisis of the early 1970s, energy companies and the federal government began development of large deposits of oil shale in western Garfield County. When heated, oil shale produces crude oil at a rate of about twenty-five barrels per ton. The industry surrounding this new fuel source caused Garfield County’s population, which had grown slowly but steadily for the past few decades, to increase from 14,281 in 1970 to 22,514 in 1980. To accommodate the influx of oil workers, Exxon built a company town north of Parachute called Battlement Mesa in 1975.</p> <p>But the boom was not to last—development of oil shale proved too costly to sustain, and by 1982 Exxon was the last company to pull out of the Garfield County shale project, taking with it a payroll of about $85 million. Two thousand people immediately left the area, and the county economy fell back on its traditional pillars of ranching, agriculture, and tourism.</p> <h2>Energy Industry</h2> <p>Today, Garfield County is home to a burgeoning, if controversial, natural gas industry. The county’s more than 8,000 natural gas wells provide energy to homes and businesses across the region and support the Garfield County economy, but they have also been shown to pose a threat to public health and the local environment.</p> <p>In 2000&nbsp;gas companies began using&nbsp;<strong>hydraulic fracturing&nbsp;</strong>or "fracking," a process that uses a highly pressurized mix of water and chemicals to crack subterranean rock and release deposits of natural gas, to tap Garfield County’s natural gas reserves. By 2007&nbsp;thousands of wells were drilled. On the heels of the oil shale pullout, many welcomed the jobs and money that the gas companies brought. But county commissioner Tresi Houpt and others were concerned about potential environmental and community impacts, and they funded a study to analyze the industry’s impact.</p> <p>In 2008 public health specialist Jim Rada&nbsp;analyzed air samples from homes just beyond the mandated 150-foot radius from drilling rigs. He found large amounts of chemicals, including xylenes, which can irritate eyes and lungs, and benzene, a known carcinogen. Analysis of data collected by Rada found that in addition to trucks and rigs belching out diesel fumes, gas wells and storage tanks leaked methane and benzene. Other tests showed that drilling operations emitted a mixture of smog-creating chemicals. It was one of the first studies that analyzed the public health effects of fracking, and a follow-up investigation by the Colorado School of Public Health confirmed that drilling produced increased risks of cancer, headaches, and lung problems in the local population. Despite this study, regulators from the industry and Environmental Protection Agency noted that emission levels met EPA standards.</p> <p>David Ludlam, executive director for the West Slope Colorado Oil and Gas Association, questioned the test data and said those who claimed that fracking produced health risks were jumping to conclusions. For a brief period after 2009, the industry blocked subsequent local studies and refused to work with the Colorado School of Public Health. But in 2010 and 2011, other national studies on fracking found that the process uses up to 750 different chemicals, and endocrinologist Susan Nagel began renewed studies on water contamination in Garfield County. The results of the first phase of Nagel’s research were released in March 2014, and suggested a link between drilling spills and higher concentrations of hormone-disrupting chemicals nearby. Both Nagel’s research and drilling are ongoing in Garfield County today.</p> <h2>South Canyon Fire</h2> <p>Like its extractive energy industries, Garfield County’s large tracts of open space have proven to be both a boon and a hazard for county residents. Tourists and residents alike enjoy breathtaking views of Glenwood Canyon and hikes to wondrous sites such as&nbsp;<strong>Hanging Lake</strong>, but the splendid scenery can also be deadly, as illustrated by the&nbsp;<strong>South Canyon Fire</strong>&nbsp;in July 1994.</p> <p>On July 2, in the middle of an especially dry summer, a lightning strike ignited a fire on Storm King Mountain.&nbsp;By July 6, fifty&nbsp;firefighters were battling the blaze, their jobs made difficult by dry and windy conditions.&nbsp;On the afternoon of the next day, the wind picked up and changed direction,&nbsp;blowing the fire into an inferno that claimed the lives of fourteen firefighters (thirty-six made it to safety). The South Canyon Fire changed the Bureau of Land Management’s (BLM)&nbsp;approach to firefighting, forcing it to more carefully consider orders to send in fire crews. After the fire, the BLM built a memorial trail on the mountain to honor the sacrifices of the “Storm King 14,” as the deceased firefighters were called. In 2014&nbsp;Glenwood Springs held a memorial service to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of their sacrifice.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/garfield-county" hreflang="en">Garfield County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/garfield-county-history" hreflang="en">garfield county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/storm-king" hreflang="en">storm king</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/storm-king-14" hreflang="en">storm king 14</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-springs" hreflang="en">Glenwood Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-canyon" hreflang="en">glenwood canyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rifle" hreflang="en">rifle</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Andrew Gulliford, “Garfield County, Colorado: The First Hundred Years 1883–1983,” Grand River Museum Alliance, 1983.</p> <p>Nelson Harvey, “<a href="https://www.aspendailynews.com/section/home/162415/">Study cites possible link between drilling, health</a>,” <em>Aspen Daily News, </em>May 26, 2014.</p> <p>Willa Kane, “<a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/in-1883-garfield-county-seat-moved-from-carbonate-to-glenwood/">In 1883, Garfield County seat moved from Carbonate to Glenwood</a>,” Frontier Diary, <em>Post Independent </em>(Glenwood Springs), February 5, 2013.</p> <p>Mt. Sopris Historical Society, “<a href="https://www.mtsoprishistoricalsociety.org/about/carbondale-story">Sheltered by Sopris: The Carbondale Story</a>.”</p> <p>Jim Nelson, <em>Glenwood Springs: The History of a Rocky Mountain Resort</em> (Ouray, CO: Western Reflections, 1999).</p> <p>Elizabeth Shogren, “‘<a href="https://www.npr.org/2012/05/15/149998263/close-encounters-with-gas-well-pollution">Close Encounters’ With Gas Well Pollution</a>,” <em>NPR</em>, May 15, 2012.</p> <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5186394.pdf">Storm King Mountain Memorial Trail</a>,” United States Bureau of Land Management.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas Andrews, <em>Killing for Coal: America’s Deadliest Labor War </em>(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://carbondalerodeo.com/join-us-rodeo/">Carbondale Rodeo</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.garfield-county.com/oil-gas/">Garfield County Oil &amp; Gas</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>John N. Maclean, <em>Fire on the Mountain: The True Story of the South Canyon Fire</em> (New York: HarperCollins, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“New Castle, Colorado: A Brief History of New Castle,” New Castle Chamber of Commerce.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 28 Dec 2015 23:01:02 +0000 yongli 1063 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Glenwood Springs Hydroelectric Plant (Glenwood Center for the Arts) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/glenwood-springs-hydroelectric-plant-glenwood-center-arts <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Glenwood Springs Hydroelectric Plant (Glenwood Center for the Arts)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--647--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--647.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/glenwood-springs-hydroelectric-plant"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/800px-Glenwood_Springs_Hydroelectric_Plant_0.jpg?itok=oeV_iyCw" width="800" height="498" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/glenwood-springs-hydroelectric-plant" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Glenwood Springs Hydroelectric Plant</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The restored hydroelectric plant in Glenwood Springs now serves as the Glenwood Center for the Arts.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-09-11T16:01:43-06:00" title="Friday, September 11, 2015 - 16:01" class="datetime">Fri, 09/11/2015 - 16:01</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/glenwood-springs-hydroelectric-plant-glenwood-center-arts" data-a2a-title="Glenwood Springs Hydroelectric Plant (Glenwood Center for the Arts)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fglenwood-springs-hydroelectric-plant-glenwood-center-arts&amp;title=Glenwood%20Springs%20Hydroelectric%20Plant%20%28Glenwood%20Center%20for%20the%20Arts%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1888, the Glenwood Springs Hydroelectric Plant building is one of the earliest hydroelectric plants still standing in Colorado. The plant made <strong>Glenwood Springs</strong> one of the first cities in the United States to be lit by hydroelectric power, and the plant continued to supply some of the city’s electricity for more than sixty years. After seeing a variety of uses in the late twentieth century, the building was renovated and restored around 2000 and now serves as the home of the Glenwood Center for the Arts.</p> <h2>Lighting Glenwood Springs</h2> <p>The Glenwood Springs Hydroelectric Plant building on the north side of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> was actually the city’s second power plant. The first—a coal-fired, steam-driven plant located just to the west—was built in 1886 by the former <a href="/article/aspen"><strong>Aspen</strong></a> mining engineer <strong>Walter B. Devereux</strong>, who was starting to develop the Glenwood hot springs into a resort and pool. The following year, the city of Glenwood Springs, which had just incorporated in 1885, signed a twenty-year franchise with Devereux’s Glenwood Light and Water Company to provide electricity for the whole city. With this development, Glenwood Springs became one of the first cities in Colorado to make electricity available to all its residents.</p> <p>In 1888 Devereux and the Glenwood Light and Water Company replaced their two-year-old steam-driven plant with a new hydroelectric plant powered by water-driven dynamos. Designed by architect Theodore von Rosenberg, who was also responsible for the hot springs pool and bathhouse around the same time, the hydroelectric plant was meant to blend in with the nearby resort buildings. Though it was built of brick instead of the stone used for the resort, the plant resembles a late nineteenth-century house or railroad depot rather than an industrial building.</p> <p>While the plant was under construction, new wires strung throughout the city helped connect more houses and businesses to the expanding electric grid. The new hydroelectric plant began operations in November 1888. It supplied electricity to the whole city, making Glenwood Springs one of the first US cities to use hydroelectric power to light its streets and houses.</p> <p>When it first opened, the hydroelectric plant used four water-powered dynamos. It soon added a fifth. By the middle of the 1890s, those dynamos were powering 30 arc lamps on the city’s streets and about 1,750 incandescent bulbs in its houses and businesses. The continually growing demand for electricity caused the plant to expand its capacity, regularly adding or upgrading its dynamos and generators during its first twenty-five years in operation. By 1912 the plant used one 200-kilowatt generator, one 22-kilowatt generator, and one dynamo to supply the city’s power.</p> <h2>Approaching Capacity</h2> <p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>Water</strong></a> for the hydroelectric plant came from No Name Creek. As demand for electricity grew, the creek proved insufficient. Its low levels meant the plant could not always generate enough electricity from its water-powered dynamos and sometimes had to fall back on steam power, especially in fall and winter. A new tunnel to Grizzly Creek was built in 1904 to ensure that the plant had access to a strong supply of water throughout the year.</p> <p>In 1906, Glenwood Light and Water’s initial twenty-year franchise to supply the city’s power was near its end. Instead of renewing the franchise, the city offered to buy the company for $60,000 and turn it into a municipal utility. The company refused the city’s offer. The result was nearly a decade of expensive litigation that changed nothing. Glenwood Light and Water continued to supply the city’s power using its hydroelectric plant along the Colorado River.</p> <p>What did change over these years was the company’s ownership. Walter Devereux had moved to New York in the 1890s, leaving management of Glenwood Light and Power to his local partners, F.H.A. Lyle and Clifford C. Parks. By the early 1910s, the company was being managed by Elmer E. Lucas. In 1914 Lucas, along with Charles McCarthy and Charles E. Hughes, bought Glenwood Light and Power and the hot springs resort, making himself both owner and manager. Business at the resort was not booming in these years, and steady income from Glenwood Light and Power helped keep Lucas in the black.</p> <p>The hydroelectric plant continued struggling to meet the city’s growing electricity needs. The aging infrastructure for transporting water to the plant led to low pressure by the time the water reached the dynamos. By the 1920s the problem was particularly acute during the summer months, when a greater amount of water was diverted for agriculture and other uses. A new tunnel connecting the plant to No Name Creek in 1924 helped some, but not enough. The city and Glenwood Light and Water had to make up for the deficit during shortfalls by buying extra electricity from the Colorado Power Company’s much larger <strong>Shoshone Plant</strong>. That plant, located several miles east in Glenwood Canyon, was completed in 1909 and acquired by the Public Service Company in 1924.</p> <p>Glenwood Light and Water owner Elmer Lucas died in 1927. His widow, Katherine, maintained control of the company—and the hydroelectric plant—until her death in 1945.</p> <h2>After the Power Plant</h2> <p>Katherine Lucas placed a provision in her will allowing for the city to buy the hydroelectric plant, which it did for $225,000 in 1947. Glenwood Springs operated the plant as a municipal utility, but it remained unable to meet the city’s power needs. In 1961 the city decommissioned the hydroelectric plant and arranged to buy its power from the Shoshone Plant in Glenwood Canyon.</p> <p>The hydroelectric plant’s interior was altered significantly after it was decommissioned and the generators were removed. The building served the city as a shop facility and an ambulance garage. The plant’s 200-kilowatt generator was housed for a time at the Electric Museum at Rocky Reach Powerhouse in Wenatchee, Washington, and is now at the Western Museum of Mining and Industry in Colorado Springs. The smaller 22.5-kilowatt generator is on display in Glenwood Springs at the Frontier Historical Museum.</p> <p>In 1989, when the old hydroelectric plant was vacant and scheduled to be demolished, the Glenwood Arts Council began to lease it for ten dollars per year. The Glenwood Center for the Arts opened in the building and began an extensive long-term renovation effort. Using grants from the City of Glenwood Springs, the Colorado Historical Society, and the Gates and Boettcher Foundations, as well as its own fundraising, the arts center completed the renovations and held a grand reopening ceremony in 2006. The arts center has converted the building’s large central open space into a gallery and uses other rooms for art classes, studios, and offices.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-springs" hreflang="en">Glenwood Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hydroelectric-power" hreflang="en">hydroelectric power</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/electricity" hreflang="en">electricity</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water" hreflang="en">water</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>April E. Clark, “<a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/5015904-113/center-arts-glenwood-mortell">Center for the Arts Will Celebrate a Grand Reopening</a>,” <em>Glenwood Springs Post Independent</em>, October 6, 2006.</p> <p>Colorado Historical Society, “Glenwood Electric Co. Hydroelectric Plant,” Historic Building Inventory.</p> <p>Niki Delson, “<a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/the-transformative-power-of-art/">The Transformative Power of Art</a>,” <em>Glenwood Springs Post Independent</em>, May 19, 2011.</p> <p>Ron Sladek and Willa Soncarty, “Glenwood Springs Hydroelectric Plant,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, May 29, 1998.</p> <p>Lena M. Urquhart, <em>Glenwood Springs: Spa in the Mountains</em> (Boulder: Pruett Publishing, 1970).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Jim Nelson, <em>Glenwood Springs: The History of a Rocky Mountain Resort</em> (Ouray, CO: Western Reflections, 1999).</p> <p>Angela K. Parkison with Donald H. Parkison, <em>Hope and Hot Water: Glenwood Springs from 1878 to 1891</em> (Glenwood Springs, CO: Glenwood Springs Legacy Publishing, 2000).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 11 Sep 2015 22:01:43 +0000 yongli 620 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Edward T. Taylor House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/edward-t-taylor-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Edward T. Taylor House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--640--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--640.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/edward-t-taylor-house"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/X-8861_0.jpg?itok=dGzaFrg8" width="1000" height="1015" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/edward-t-taylor-house" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Edward T. Taylor House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>With its symmetrical design and front porch supported by white columns, the Taylor House is often described as Southern in appearance.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--642--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--642.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/entryway-taylor-house"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/X-8862_0.jpg?itok=PkM2xKmy" width="1000" height="1008" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/entryway-taylor-house" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Entryway, Taylor House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The intricate woodwork in the Taylor House is done in mahogany from the Philippines and was supposedly dusted every day.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-09-10T16:45:00-06:00" title="Thursday, September 10, 2015 - 16:45" class="datetime">Thu, 09/10/2015 - 16:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/edward-t-taylor-house" data-a2a-title="Edward T. Taylor House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fedward-t-taylor-house&amp;title=Edward%20T.%20Taylor%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Longtime Colorado state senator and US Congressman <strong>Edward T. Taylor</strong> (1858–1941) built his house in downtown Glenwood Springs (903 Bennett Ave, Glenwood Springs, CO 81601)&nbsp;in 1904. Taylor lived in the house whenever he was in Colorado during the three decades he served in the US House of Representatives. The Taylor House was converted into apartments in the 1950s, and the building was completely renovated and sold as separate condominium units in the early 2000s.</p> <h2>Edward Taylor’s House</h2> <p>Originally from Illinois, Edward Taylor came to Glenwood Springs in the 1880s after getting a law degree at the University of Michigan. From 1887 to 1889, he served as referee of the district court adjudicating water rights along the Roaring Fork, Grand (Colorado), and White Rivers, earning him the title “father of water rights on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>.” He served three terms in the state senate, from 1896 to 1908, and seventeen terms in the US House of Representatives, from 1909 to his death in 1941.</p> <p>In 1900 Taylor bought the land in Glenwood Springs where his house currently stands. An earlier building already occupied the site, but it was torn down before Taylor built his house there in 1904. He originally planned to spend $8,000 on the house, but various changes and additions caused costs to balloon to $17,000.</p> <p>It was one of the most elegant houses in Glenwood Springs. The architects remain unknown, but Taylor once referred to them as an “eminent firm of Denver architects.” The Taylor House is a composite of Victorian Revival and Colonial Revival, with Western rural farmhouse details. Often described as vaguely Southern in appearance, the house has a symmetrical design, with white columns and a wide veranda on the front.</p> <p>It is a large house with more than 7,000 square feet of space. It consists of three floors plus a basement. The intricate wood trim in the entrance hall and elsewhere is done in Philippine mahogany, which a servant supposedly dusted every day while Taylor lived there. Taylor also included several conveniences that would have been novel in Glenwood Springs at the time, including an electric buzzer system for calling servants and a full bathroom on the second floor.</p> <h2>Taylor House Apartments/Condos</h2> <p>At the time of Taylor’s death in 1941, his house was offered to the city of Glenwood Springs for the token price of one dollar, with the idea that the city could turn it into a library or museum. The city turned down the offer. Because the house was too expensive to maintain as a private dwelling, it was converted into an apartment building.</p> <p>In 1943, the Taylor House was sold to John and Olive Haskell, who rented out two of the floors as separate apartments without making any significant alterations to the house. Around 1950, Torval and Grace Johnson bought the building and converted it into eleven separate apartments. They added extra kitchens and bathrooms on all the floors by redoing small rooms and closets. In general, however, the exterior and the main rooms on the first and second floors of the house kept their original character.</p> <p>In October 2006 a structural engineer named Israel Shapira bought the Taylor House for almost $800,000. He completely renovated the building, replacing old mortar between the bricks and restoring the interior details and exterior siding. He retained the eleven-unit configuration of the building and sold the separate units as condominiums after finishing the renovations in early 2008.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/edward-t-taylor" hreflang="en">Edward T. Taylor</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-springs" hreflang="en">Glenwood Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-water" hreflang="en">colorado water</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-houses" hreflang="en">historic houses</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Colorado Historical Society, “The Taylor House,” Historic Building Inventory Record.</p> <p>Sandra Dallas, <em>Gaslights and Gingerbread: Colorado’s Historic Homes</em>, rev. ed. (Athens, OH: Swallow Press, 1984).</p> <p>Pete Fowler, “<a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/glenwood-springs-renovation-taylor-made-for-engineer/">Glenwood Springs Renovation Taylor-Made for Engineer</a>,” <em>Glenwood Springs Post Independent</em>, March 25, 2008.</p> <p>Jerry and Dena Hammar, “Edward T. Taylor House,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form, May 13, 1986.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Jim Nelson, <em>Glenwood Springs: The History of a Rocky Mountain Resort</em> (Ouray, CO: Western Reflections, 1999).</p> <p>“<a href="http://history.house.gov/People/Detail/22724">Edward Thomas Taylor</a>,” History, Art, and Archives, US House of Representatives.</p> <p>Lena M. Urquhart, <em>Glenwood Springs: Spa in the Mountains</em> (Boulder: Pruett Publishing, 1970).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 10 Sep 2015 22:45:00 +0000 yongli 618 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org