%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Denver Athletic Club http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-athletic-club <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver Athletic Club</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3845--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3845.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/denver-athletic-club"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/DAC_lapPool_0.jpg?itok=Q3WGSyR6" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/denver-athletic-club" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver Athletic Club</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>One of the city's oldest health clubs, the <a href="/article/denver-athletic-club"><strong>Denver Athletic Club </strong></a>was founded in 1884. Always more than just a gym, the DAC was a significant social hub as well, hosting balls and special events since its inception.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/nick-johnson" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Nick Johnson</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-11-20T08:51:56-07:00" title="Sunday, November 20, 2022 - 08:51" class="datetime">Sun, 11/20/2022 - 08:51</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-athletic-club" data-a2a-title="Denver Athletic Club"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdenver-athletic-club&amp;title=Denver%20Athletic%20Club"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Denver Athletic Club (DAC) is one of the oldest and largest private clubs in Colorado. Founded in 1884 in a rented hall in the First Baptist Church at Eighteenth and Curtis Streets, the DAC has grown into a social club as well as a place to work out. Its five-story home, first built in 1890 in downtown <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver">Denver</a></strong> and expanded multiple times over the years, features state-of-the-art fitness facilities as well as restaurants, conference rooms, and a grand ballroom.</p> <p>The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Today the DAC remains a private, member-owned club with a membership of more than 2,000.</p> <h2>Origins</h2> <p>The DAC took shape when wealthy newcomers to Colorado who had enjoyed athletic clubs in their previous homes joined together to start such a club in Denver. Restaurateur and showman John Elitch, Jr., was one of five founders. Founded during Colorado’s 1880s boom, the DAC rode the then-nascent fad of physical fitness and bicycling into a large membership, including many civic and social leaders. Prominent early members included Willard Teller and Henry Wolcott, both lawyers and brothers of Colorado’s US senators, and Thomas M. Patterson, owner of the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em> </strong>and a future US senator. Another newspaper owner and future US senator, <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nathaniel-p-hill">Nathaniel P. Hill</a></strong>, also helped give the club prestige and good press. The DAC kept its increasingly well-heeled members physically fit by hiring an expert, “Professor” Frederick W. Helmreich.</p> <h2>The Building</h2> <p>By 1890 club members had built a stylish, five-story Romanesque Revival home, designed by leading Denver architects Ernest P. Varian and Fredrick J. Sterner, at 1325 Glenarm Place. Inside, the basement included dressing rooms, a Turkish bath, showers, a thirty-by-forty-foot swimming pool, and a barbershop. The first floor housed a reception area, lockers, and more dressing rooms, while the second floor had a large gymnasium and billiard room. The third floor contained a large running track, fencing room, and sparring room, topped by a fourth floor filled with boarding rooms for members, visitors, and guests. The roof served as a tennis court. The clubhouse also included one of Denver’s first bowling alleys.</p> <p>&nbsp;The fast-growing club built an addition just two years later, doubling the building’s size. Architects Varian and Sterner were hired again and matched their earlier facade’s rusticated and polished red sandstone so skillfully that later members often assumed it was all built at the same time.</p> <h2>DAC Park</h2> <p>Modern fans of football and baseball, bicycling and running, and tennis and badminton are beneficiaries of the DAC. In 1890 the club opened the Denver Athletic Club Park on the current site of <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/east-high-school">East High School</a></strong>. The DAC inaugurated its park with the first football game ever played in Colorado, which pitted the DAC squad against the University of Colorado. DAC Park also hosted cricket games, bicycle races, baseball, track events, and all sorts of field sports. Not only did the DAC introduce these activities to the public, but the group’s events also inspired local schools and colleges to adopt competitions such as track, pole vault, and shotput.</p> <p>The local sports scene soon became competitive, and the DAC did whatever was needed to win. It hired George Tebeau, a star baseball player, to upgrade its baseball team with the best amateur and semipro talent. The DAC motivated its players by placing beer kegs at each base to inspire base hitters and stealers. By providing drinks, dinners, and other perks, the DAC also incurred one of the first investigations into how “amateurs” were rewarded. This was one reason why the DAC slowly phased out its competitive sports programs in the 1900s. In 1925 East High School opened on the former DAC Park site.</p> <h2>An Uptown Social Club</h2> <p>The DAC started out as a man’s club, but women interested in sports and recreation also joined. In the early twentieth century, women increasingly used the prestigious site for social events, taking over the gym for banquets and balls. To ensure that social events no longer got in the way of sports, the club expanded with a 1926 addition. Designed by architects T. Robert Wieger, Harry J. Manning, and George H. Williamson, the addition was built in the same style as the original structure but added a sixth floor.</p> <p>At the same time, as the founding generation aged, they became more interested in socializing and chatting about the good old days than in working out. The bar, billiard room, barber shop, and dining rooms gradually began to see more use. The DAC became the place to dine and dance, catch up on reading, play cards, and cultivate professional and business partners. For a while, the club had its own band. For its big holiday balls and other grand occasions, the club brought in top entertainers such as the Tommy Dorsey and <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/alton-%E2%80%9Cglenn%E2%80%9D-miller">Glenn Miller</a></strong> Bands.</p> <h2>Growth and Change</h2> <p>A 1951 fire killed four people and gutted the DAC building. The exterior was saved, but the interior had to be remodeled. The boarding rooms, which had grown less popular over time, were not included in the reconstruction.</p> <p>Further expansions came in the late twentieth century. Noted Denver architect Rodney S. Davis designed a 1973 athletic wing in a modern style. To promote its squash courts, the DAC brought in as its squash director the six-time world-champion Hashim Kahn, who made the game fashionable among the local elite. In 1981 a three-story parking garage alleviated a chronic parking shortage, followed by another athletic wing in 1985. Designed by architect James Sudler and Associates, those two structures stretched the DAC’s footprint across the full block between Fourteenth and Thirteenth Streets, Glenarm Place, and Welton Street. As part of these expansions, the club graduated to a twenty-five-meter, eight-lane, Olympic-size pool illuminated by skylights.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>After all its expansions, the DAC now includes a large fitness center, six racquetball courts, seven squash courts, a full-size basketball/volleyball court, five group exercise studios, an eight-lane bowling alley, an eight-lane Olympic pool, and an indoor golf simulator. Some facilities are accessible twenty-four hours a day, 365 days a year.</p> <p>As a business center and networking facility, the DAC also has meeting and conference rooms, a grand ballroom and a sundeck, a licensed childcare center, multiple dining options, and a full-service spa and wellness center. In 2021 the club opened a large coworking space. After almost 140 years in operation, the DAC remains the premier place to network and work out in Denver.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-athletic-club" hreflang="en">Denver Athletic Club</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-history" hreflang="en">denver history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenn-miller" hreflang="en">glenn miller</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-elitch-jr" hreflang="en">john elitch jr</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-clubs" hreflang="en">denver clubs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-high-society" hreflang="en">denver high society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/henry-wolcott" hreflang="en">Henry Wolcott</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nathaniel-p-hill" hreflang="en">nathaniel p hill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-health-clubs" hreflang="en">denver health clubs</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Caroline Bancroft, “Denver’s Major Clubs,” in<em> The 1962 Brand Book of the Denver Posse of Westerners</em> (Denver: Denver Posse of Westerners, 1962).</p> <p>Denver Athletic Club Archives, n.d.</p> <p>Robert Lee Harper, <em>The Denver Athletic Club Book</em> (Denver: Denver Athletic Club, 1893, 1898).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>The Denver Athletic Club, 1884–1984</em> (Denver: Denver Athletic Club, 1984).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>A Short History of Denver</em> (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2016).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Sun, 20 Nov 2022 15:51:56 +0000 Nick Johnson 3846 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Denver Center for the Performing Arts http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-center-performing-arts <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver Center for the Performing Arts</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-02-15T15:25:48-07:00" title="Tuesday, February 15, 2022 - 15:25" class="datetime">Tue, 02/15/2022 - 15:25</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-center-performing-arts" data-a2a-title="Denver Center for the Performing Arts"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdenver-center-performing-arts&amp;title=Denver%20Center%20for%20the%20Performing%20Arts"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Denver Center for the Performing Arts (DCPA) is a theatrical organization that puts on professional productions, brings Broadway shows to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, and offers educational programming. Established in 1979, DCPA grew out of a Denver theatrical legacy that included the University Civic Theatre and <strong>Denver Civic Theatre</strong>. Under its founder, <strong>Donald Seawell</strong>, DCPA originally managed what is now known as the <strong>Denver Performing Arts Complex</strong> (DPAC), but in the 1980s, the city took over the venues, and DCPA narrowed its focus to theater.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today DCPA still operates out of its Arts Complex home, which includes the Helen Bonfils Theatre Complex and Temple Hoyne Buell Theatre. Together the group’s performances attract nearly a million patrons a year. Currently, under the leadership of president and CEO Janice Sinden, DCPA has an operating budget of around $65 million, with 300 employees.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>DCPA owes its existence to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/helen-g-bonfils"><strong>Helen Bonfils</strong></a>, the millionaire owner of <strong><em>The Denver Post</em></strong> from 1933 until her death in 1972. Her greatest love, however, was not the newspaper but the theatre (she insisted upon the English spelling). As a little girl, she turned her dollhouse into a stage set. As a young woman, she acted in Denver’s famous, long-lived summer theater, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elitch-gardens"><strong>Elitch’s</strong></a>, for which she came to be a major financial angel. Next, she moved to New York and Broadway, where she acted in and produced big-league plays.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Denver, Bonfils also supported the University Civic Theatre, an amateur company established in 1929 at the <strong>University of Denver</strong>. After <strong>World War II</strong>, Bonfils built the Civic Theatre, a new theater on East Colfax Avenue at Elizabeth Street. The building was named the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bonfils-memorial-theatre"><strong>Bonfils Memorial Theatre</strong></a>, and the organization changed its name to Denver Civic Theatre.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bonfils long dreamed of starting a professional theater company in Denver. When she died in 1972, her attorney/confidante Donald Seawell worked to make that happen. Then chairman and publisher of the <em>Post</em> as well as head of the Helen G. Bonfils Foundation, he sold the newspaper, put the proceeds into the foundation, and pumped the funding into his vision for a downtown performing arts complex anchored by a professional theater company. After the professional Denver Center Theatre Company started in 1979, the old Bonfils Memorial Theatre on Colfax was used for the community theater and renamed for <strong>Henry Lowenstein</strong>, long a local champion of a wide variety of community productions. The Lowenstein Theatre closed in the mid-1980s and has been home since 2006 to <strong>Tattered Cover Book Store</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Programming</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Denver Center Theatre Company (DCTC) fulfilled Helen Bonfils’s dream of a professional theater company. Its headquarters is in the back of the former <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tramway-building-hotel-teatro"><strong>Tramway Building</strong></a> (now Hotel Teatro), located just across Arapahoe Street from the Arts Complex. The basement; car barn; streetcar service shops; and lower floors have been converted into administrative offices; six large rehearsal rooms; production studios’ staging areas; and paint, set making, costume, and wig shops, as well as the Tramway Theatre. The DCTC sponsors the New Play Summit, which attracts actors, actresses, and theater people from across the country.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>DCPA is heavily involved in the general community. The Denver Center Theatre Academy annually serves some 70,000 students, from three-year-olds to aspiring actors, with programs for students, teachers, professionals, and other interested parties. DCPA also puts on regular student matinees and provides study guides to help teachers incorporate the performance into the classroom.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>DCPA’s other arms include DCPA Broadway, which brings Broadway tours to Denver; DCPA Cabaret, which has put on comedies and musicals at the Garner Galleria since 1992; and DCPA Off-Center, which has offered experimental and immersive theatrical experiences since 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Venues</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Helen Bonfils Theatre Complex</em></p>&#13; &#13; <p>DCPA has developed several venues to serve its multiple roles, beginning with the</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Helen Bonfils Theatre Complex. The Bonfils Theatres were the first DCPA venues to open in 1979. The building features raw concrete walls, banded windows, and a sixty-six-foot-high glazed canopy soaring over the entry and lobby. On the south side of the complex, a broad pedestrian ramp called the Crescent curves inside and outside under a canopy with a sweeping view of the city and its <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountain</strong></a> setting. The Crescent ends in the Directors Room, with entry portraits of Bonfils and her father, <em>The Denver Post</em> cofounder <strong>Frederick G. Bonfils</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Bonfils Complex houses four theaters where Denver Center Theatre Company presents its work. The largest, the 600-seat Stage, is a proscenium-style theater that invites audiences to sit in a fan shape in front of the stage. It is now heavily remodeled and known as the Marvin and Judi Wolf Theatre after two major benefactors. The Space Theatre is a smaller, more flexible, 380-seat pentagonal venue. It is now known as the Dorota <a href="#_msocom_2" id="_anchor_2" name="_msoanchor_2" uage="JavaScript">[SM2]</a> &amp; Kevin Kilstrom Theatre after two principal donors. The Lab Theatre opened as a 200-seat “black box” that was renamed the Source after a thrust stage was added in the 1980s. It is now known as the Glenn R. Jones Theatre after the former DCPA board member and cable television magnate. The fourth theatre in the complex, a 200-seat venue, was initially named for Denver movie theater magnate Frank H. Ricketson and focused on cinema. It has been renamed the William Dean Singleton Theatre after the former <em>Denver Post</em> publisher, who has been a longtime board member and major donor.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The most notable addition to the Bonfils Complex came in 1998, when the Donald R. Seawell Ballroom was built on top of it. Designed by Kevin Roche, this $10 million glass-and-steel structure provides a 10,000-square-foot space with city and mountain views. As a premier venue in downtown Denver, the ballroom annually hosts more than 100 events and performances of all kinds.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Temple Hoyne Buell Theatre</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The 2,884-seat Temple Hoyne Buell Theatre, named for <strong>a prominent Denver architect, developer, and philanthropist</strong> whose foundation helped fund it, is the largest venue at the Arts Complex. As the city’s old Auditorium Arena became less and less capable of showcasing big-time Broadway productions in the 1980s, Denver mayor <strong>Federico Peña</strong> and Colorado governor <strong>Roy Romer</strong> spearheaded a campaign for a state-of-the-art theater. To build the $35 million theater, the old Auditorium Arena was gutted for a modern showplace that includes the Marvin and Judi Wolf Room for receptions, parties, and special events. Actors’ Alley connects the Buell to the adjacent Ellie Caulkins Opera House and is a popular stop on public tours because of the large hand-painted replicas of show posters signed by touring casts that adorn the walls.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Buell opened in 1991 with a sold-out ten-week run of <em>The Phantom of the Opera</em> and has since hosted many big-time Broadway hits. Besides launching the national tour of Disney’s <em>T</em><em>he Lion King, </em>the Buell has launched other tours, including<em> The Book of Mormon, Sunset Boulevard</em>, and the revival of <em>Hello Dolly! </em>starring Carol Channing<em>.</em> The theater also hosts concerts and comedy acts.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Leadership</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Donald Seawell retired as chairman of the DCPA board in 2006, at age ninety-four. He was replaced by his handpicked successor, <strong>Daniel Lee Ritchie</strong>, another noted philanthropist, business executive, and civic leader. Ritchie had just stepped down as chancellor at the University of Denver, where his prodigious fundraising took the school out of bankruptcy and paid for many stone and copper buildings that distinguished what had been a hodgepodge campus. At DCPA, Ritchie continued to bring in blockbuster shows and encouraged the company to stage Colorado-centric productions about figures such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clara-brown"><strong>Aunt Clara Brown</strong></a>, an early Black immigrant, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elizabeth-%E2%80%9Cbaby-doe%E2%80%9D-tabor"><strong>Baby Doe Tabor</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> In 2016 Janice Sinden followed Ritchie as president and CEO. Previously she held various executive positions, including chief of staff for Denver mayor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/michael-hancock"><strong>Michael B. Hancock</strong></a>. “Politics is public theater,” she reflected in 2021, “with its large cast of clashing characters.” At the DCPA helm, Sinden oversaw a $54 million renovation of the Bonfils venues to enhance theaters, upgrade accessibility, and improve audience experience, as well as a major face lift and updating of the Buell Theatre.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19 pandemic</strong></a> hit in March 2020, the DCPA shut down for seventeen months. All performances were postponed until fall 2021, when <em>The Lion King</em> reopened the Buell, followed by <em>A Christmas Carol</em> and <em>Hamilton</em>. A full range of other productions reawakened the DCPA’s many venues with hopes to return to an average year, when the DCPA stages around forty different shows with about 2,500 performances that draw more than 950,000 visitors.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-center-performing-arts" hreflang="en">Denver Center for the Performing Arts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-performing-arts-complex" hreflang="en">Denver Performing Arts Complex</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/helen-bonfils" hreflang="en">Helen Bonfils</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/donald-seawell" hreflang="en">Donald Seawell</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Denver Center for the Performing Arts, <a href="https://issuu.com/denvercenter">Annual Reports</a>, various dates.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver Center Theatre, <em>Twenty-Five Years of Sterling Theatre</em> (Denver: Denver Center Theatre Company, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Amy B. Zimmer, <em>Showtime: Denver’s Performing Arts, Convention Centers and Theatre District</em> (Denver: Denver’s Division of Theaters and Arenas, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Daniel Lee Ritchie, interviews by Thomas J. Noel, February 28, and March 13, 2007.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Donald Ray Seawell, interviews by Thomas J. Noel, March 13, 2006; April 3, 2006; and July 9, 2007.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Janice Sinton, interview and DCPA tour with Thomas J. Noel, July 29, 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eva Hodges Watt, <em>Papa’s Girl: The Fascinating World of Helen Bonfils</em> (Lake City, CO: Western Reflections, 2007).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.denvercenter.org/">Denver Center for the Performing Arts</a>.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 15 Feb 2022 22:25:48 +0000 yongli 3670 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Aspen Music Festival and School http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/aspen-music-festival-and-school <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Aspen Music Festival and School</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-12-02T13:01:25-07:00" title="Thursday, December 2, 2021 - 13:01" class="datetime">Thu, 12/02/2021 - 13:01</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/aspen-music-festival-and-school" data-a2a-title="Aspen Music Festival and School"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Faspen-music-festival-and-school&amp;title=Aspen%20Music%20Festival%20and%20School"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Aspen Music Festival and School are together a prestigious summer music program that trace their roots to the music offerings at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/aspen"><strong>Aspen</strong></a>’s <strong>Goethe Bicentennial</strong> celebration in 1949. The festival puts on a variety of concerts throughout the summer, and the school offers courses in orchestra, brass, chamber music, classical guitar, piano, opera, choral, conducting, and composing. The program’s many distinguished alumni include violinists Joshua Bell and Gil Shaham, conductors <strong>Marin Alsop</strong> and James Levine, composer Philip Glass, and singers Renée Fleming and Tamara Wilson. The organization’s current facilities were all designed by local architect <strong>Harry Teague</strong>: Harris Concert Hall (1993) and Benedict Music Tent (2000) at Aspen Meadows, as well as a residential campus along Castle Creek (2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Aspen Music Festival and School (AMFS) grew out of the Goethe Bicentennial Convocation and Music Festival held in Aspen in 1949. Bicentennial planner and Aspen redeveloper <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/walter-paepcke"><strong>Walter Paepcke</strong></a> made sure to include music in the program because he was already thinking about starting a summer music festival in town. For the Goethe Bicentennial, he hired the Minneapolis Symphony as well as individual performers such as violinist Nathan Milstein and pianist Arthur Rubinstein. The festival featured a violin recital on opening night, followed by eight major concerts featuring mostly German composers. The musical portion of the program proved so successful that by the time it ended on July 16, the musicians were already volunteering to return the following year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Musicians flocked back for the summer of 1950, including many from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-symphony"><strong>Denver Symphony Orchestra</strong></a>. At the time, Tanglewood in Massachusetts was the only serious summer music festival in the United States, so musicians embraced Aspen for providing them with another place to perform during the off-season. They started with a week of Richard Wagner concerts before focusing on the music of Johann Sebastian Bach in honor of the 200th anniversary of his death. In addition, Russian composer Igor Stravinsky conducted two concerts, including a performance of his own <em>Firebird</em>. Concerts were held at the Saarinen Tent in Aspen Meadows and cost $1.00 or $1.50 to attend. Nearly three dozen students followed their teachers to Aspen for the summer, and at the end of the regular program they put on a concert of their own.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The teaching arrangement was formalized in 1951, turning the burgeoning Aspen Music Festival into a school as well. In the school’s first official year, 183 students paid $280 in tuition for an eight-week program. In the early years, when few permanent facilities had been built and accommodations were hard to come by, AMFS had a strikingly informal atmosphere. Students stayed in hotels, dormitories, private houses, and even campgrounds. Lessons took place all over town, including at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wheeler-opera-house"><strong>Wheeler Opera House</strong></a> and outside in local parks. Musicians attending AMFS and executives at <strong>Aspen Institute</strong> seminars often mingled together around the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hotel-jerome"><strong>Hotel Jerome</strong></a> swimming pool.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Initially AMFS fell under the umbrella of Paepcke’s Aspen enterprises. Soon, however, musicians butted heads with Paepcke. Paepcke envisioned an elite chamber-music festival under his tight oversight; he didn’t want to give the musicians much say and didn’t know what to make of their students. After some tension and many meetings, the musicians decided in 1954 to form their own organization, Music Associates of Aspen, which Paepcke wouldn’t fund but would allow to continue using the Saarinen Tent.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the musicians in charge of the festival’s character and future, AMFS focused even more on the student experience. Students gave solo concerts and became orchestra members alongside their teachers. Early musicians involved with AMFS included baritone Mac Harrell and violinist Roman Totenberg (father of longtime NPR correspondent Nina Totenberg). The festival and school grew steadily under the administration of Norman Singer.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Maturation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>AMFS came of age in the 1960s, acquiring both new leadership and new facilities, including a permanent campus. In 1962 Gordon Hardy arrived as assistant dean of the music school and was soon promoted to dean when Singer suddenly retired. Hardy stayed in that position until 1990, and after 1977 he was director of the music festival as well. Throughout his long tenure, he emphasized that students were the core of the program. The music festival soon added a chamber symphony made up of players younger than thirty to showcase emerging talent.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hardy also oversaw the start of the school’s first campus in 1965. In its early years, the organization had purposefully avoided owning property. By the mid-1960s, however, administrators wanted a permanent place for students—who then numbered about 350—to live and practice. They got it in the form of a piece of land along Castle Creek, about a mile west of Aspen, where they hired local architect <strong>Fritz Benedict</strong> to design a classroom building, music hall, and practice rooms. Over at Aspen Meadows, where the festival conducted its concerts, the Saarinen Tent from the Goethe Bicentennial was replaced in 1965 by a new <strong>Herbert Bayer</strong> design.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With stable leadership and a new campus, AMFS flourished. In 1965 Duke Ellington played a concert at the festival, and in 1975 AMFS invited Aaron Copland to be composer-in-residence to mark his seventy-fifth birthday. By that time the school had grown to 750 students, who could choose from an array of programs and ensembles. Legendary violin teacher Dorothy DeLay was becoming one of the school’s most popular attractions.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stability and success curtailed the freewheeling, improvisatory character that marked the program’s early years. The school became a serious step in the career progression of many young musicians. The festival became bigger and more tightly scheduled, with more popular programming to draw in crowds and dollars. As AMFS began to reflect the increasingly glitzy look of Aspen itself, the old days of practicing in a pasture and taking time off to hike around town were starting to fade.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Turmoil</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>AMFS went through a period of organizational and financial turmoil in the early 1980s. Having long prided itself on a family atmosphere where finances and ticket sales didn’t matter, AMFS had to confront the problem of a $700,000 deficit after the chair of its board resigned over the issue in 1982. The board pushed for more polished, professional performances headed by big-name conductors to bring in money, while AMFS president Gordon Hardy and the faculty remained committed to what they saw as the festival’s spirit of communal adventurousness and experimentation. By 1984 the board was starting to take matters into its own hands by removing some of Hardy’s administrative and fundraising responsibilities. But with the backing of the faculty, Hardy reasserted his authority in 1985, causing the board’s leadership to resign.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At the same time, AMFS learned that its land at Aspen Meadows was in danger. The Bayer Tent land was on loan from the Aspen Institute, but in 1980 the institute considered a move and sold its Aspen Meadows property to a developer. The property then changed hands several times over the next decade. The Aspen Meadows nonprofits—the Aspen Institute, whose leaders had decided to maintain a presence there, as well as AMFS and the <strong>Aspen Center for Physics</strong>—worried that they might be evicted or that their serene surroundings would become a busy development. But the city council was in an antigrowth mood and the developer was sympathetic to the nonprofits, so eventually he gave the nonprofits clear title to their land in 1992 while getting the right to build a handful of houses.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Facilities</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>With its Aspen Meadows land secure, AMFS immediately set out to upgrade its facilities. After the 1992 festival, work began on a new indoor concert hall next to the Bayer Tent. Designed by local architect Harry Teague, the $7 million hall was built mostly underground so that its roofline wouldn’t compete with the iconic tent. The 500-seat Joan and Irving Harris Concert Hall opened in the summer of 1993 to rave reviews from musicians and audiences alike. The new hall was AMFS’s first permanent, year-round performance and rehearsal facility.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At the end of the decade, AMFS decided to replace the aging Bayer Tent with a new design by Teague, which had a lower profile to improve acoustics by blocking more sound from outside. Opened in 2000, the Benedict Music Tent used the same Teflon-coated fiberglass material found at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-international-airport"><strong>Denver International Airport</strong></a> and included an underground tunnel to the adjacent Harris Concert Hall. By that time, AMFS had more than 200 faculty members teaching nearly 900 students, and their concerts attracted some 30,000 attendees per year.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Turmoil, New Campus</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After some faculty were cut in the wake of the <strong>Great Recession</strong>, tensions between faculty and the board burst into the open in 2009–10 in a reprisal of the organization’s mid-1980s conflict. This time the president and CEO was fired and then rehired before receiving a symbolic vote of no confidence; the music director resigned; and the board chair was voted out. Legal fees mounted, and faculty described uncomfortable walks across campus amid the warring camps. Tensions gradually melted away after new board leadership renewed the president’s contract and promoted peace.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With that turmoil out of the way, AMFS focused on redeveloping its ramshackle campus. Built in the 1960s, the Castle Creek facilities had plenty of nostalgic charm but were hopelessly out of date. As with its new buildings at Aspen Meadows, AMFS hired Harry Teague to plan its updated campus. When it was completed in 2016, the Matthew and Carolyn Bucksbaum Campus boasted 105,000 square feet across a 38-acre site, including three rehearsal halls, administrative offices, a cafeteria, and a variety of teaching studios and practice rooms. AMFS shares the campus with the Aspen Country Day School, which uses it during the academic year and contributed a bit less than half of the $75 million cost.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today AMFS continues to be regarded as one of the top summer music festivals in the United States and a central part of Aspen’s cultural offerings. Running for eight weeks in July and August, the program typically features more than 400 concerts, classes, lectures, and other events, which attract some 100,000 attendees. The school hosts about 650 students of all ages, from children to adults, with an average age of twenty-two.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aspen-music-festival-and-school" hreflang="en">Aspen Music Festival and School</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aspen" hreflang="en">Aspen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/goethe-bicentennial" hreflang="en">Goethe Bicentennial</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/herbert-bayer" hreflang="en">Herbert Bayer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fritz-benedict" hreflang="en">Fritz Benedict</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/harry-teague" hreflang="en">Harry Teague</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/walter-paepcke" hreflang="en">Walter Paepcke</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gordon-hardy" hreflang="en">Gordon Hardy</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.aspenmusicfestival.com/about/about-the-aspen-music-festival-and-school/">About the AMFS</a>,” Aspen Music Festival and School, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bruce Berger, <em>Music in the Mountains: The First Fifty Years of the Aspen Music Festival</em> (Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Music Festival Proposed for Summer-Fall, 1950,” <em>Aspen Times</em>, December 29, 1949.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James R. Oestreich, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/30/arts/music/aspen-music-festival-embarks-on-new-era.html">Aspen Music Festival Embarks on New Era</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, July 29, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James R. Oestreich, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/26/arts/critic-s-notebook-in-aspen-a-metaphor-for-change.html">In Aspen, a Metaphor for Change</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, August 26, 1993.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James R. Oestreich, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/24/arts/review-music-a-tuneful-inauguration-for-a-new-concert-hall.html">A Tuneful Inauguration for a New Concert Hall</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, August 24, 1993.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James R. Oestreich, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/30/arts/music/30aspen.html">Turmoil Builds at Aspen Music Festival and School</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, April 29, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ross Parmenter, “<a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1964/04/26/97333884.html?pageNumber=539">Music World: Last Pitch for Aspen’s Tent</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, April 26, 1964.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Rockwell, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/15/arts/aspen-festival-head-regains-authority-after-6-year-battle.html">Aspen Festival Head Regains Authority After 6-Year Battle</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, August 15, 1985.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Daniel J. Wakin, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/15/arts/music/15festival.html?">Sweet Sounds of Truce in Aspen</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, August 11, 2010.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>James Sloan Allen, <em>The Romance of Commerce and Culture: Capitalism, Modernism, and the Chicago-Aspen Crusade for Cultural Reform</em> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sidney Hyman, <em>The Aspen Idea</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1975).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 02 Dec 2021 20:01:25 +0000 yongli 3652 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Denver Performing Arts Complex http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-performing-arts-complex <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver Performing Arts Complex</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-12-02T11:17:11-07:00" title="Thursday, December 2, 2021 - 11:17" class="datetime">Thu, 12/02/2021 - 11:17</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-performing-arts-complex" data-a2a-title="Denver Performing Arts Complex"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdenver-performing-arts-complex&amp;title=Denver%20Performing%20Arts%20Complex"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Denver Performing Arts Complex (DPAC) is a four-block, twelve-acre site that features nearly 10,600 seats across the Helen Bonfils Theatre Complex, Temple Hoyne Buell Theatre, Ellie Caulkins Opera House, Boettcher Concert Hall, Garner Galleria Theatre, and several smaller facilities. It is one of the top three performing arts complexes in the United States in terms of seats, patronage, and ticket sales, along with Lincoln Center in New York City and Kennedy Center in Washington, DC. The brainchild of <strong>Donald Seawell</strong>, the complex was built around <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s historic <strong>Municipal Auditorium</strong>, with the first new venues opening in 1978. Managed by the City of Denver’s Arts &amp; Venues division, DPAC is home to four resident companies: <strong>Colorado Ballet</strong>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-symphony"><strong>Colorado Symphony</strong></a>, <strong>Opera Colorado</strong>, and the <strong>Denver Center for the Performing Arts </strong>(DCPA), which presents and produces live theater.</p> <h2>Vision</h2> <p>Donald Seawell loved to tell the story of DPAC’s conception. After lunch at the Café Promenade in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-square"><strong>Larimer Square</strong></a> one day in July 1972, he walked back along Fourteenth Street to the offices of <strong><em>The Denver Post</em></strong>, where he was publisher. He stopped at the corner of Curtis Street, where the 1908 Municipal Auditorium stood, then in poor shape and surrounded by cheap residences and bars. Seawell, formerly a New York lawyer and theatrical producer, was struck with an idea and sketched on an envelope an ambitious plan for a new performing arts campus to rival the nation’s best.</p> <h2>Design and Venues</h2> <p>Seawell filed plans with the city that same day and got to work. He recruited Denver mayor <strong>William H. McNichols Jr.</strong>, who was known to burst into bits of opera, to help pave the way. First came funding. Seawell sold <em>The Denver Post</em>, which he controlled after <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/helen-g-bonfils"><strong>Helen Bonfils</strong></a>’s death in 1972, to the Times Mirror Company for $95 million. Most of the proceeds went into the Helen G. Bonfils Foundation. Seawell then pumped money from the foundation into the construction of the arts complex. He maintained that he was carrying out Helen’s dying wish, but critics claimed he drained the <em>Post</em> dry to build his own dream.</p> <p>Seawell hired one of the world’s leading architectural firms, Roche, Dinkeloo &amp; Associates, LLC, of Camden, Connecticut, to furnish the masterplan. Roche’s centerpiece was a glass cornucopia-shaped galleria providing a pedestrian extension of Curtis Street. An evocation of the great galleria in Milan, it connected and sheltered the complex’s various venues and restaurants with a covered pedestrian arcade under a barrel vault seventy-six feet high and sixty feet wide.</p> <p>The cornerstone of the complex is the Denver Municipal Auditorium, which originally sparked Seawell’s vision. Built in 1908 to host Colorado’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/1908-democratic-national-convention"><strong>first national presidential convention</strong></a>, the space became Denver’s only Broadway roadhouse until the Temple Hoyne Buell Theatre was created within the adjacent Auditorium Arena in 1991. That arena had been added to the auditorium in the early 1940s, expanding the structure to fill the whole block bounded by Curtis, Champa, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth Streets. The ornate neoclassical exterior of the auditorium was restored in 2003 and renamed to honor former Denver mayor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/j-quigg-newton"><strong>Quigg Newton</strong></a>. Two years later, the auditorium interior was gutted to build the state-of-the-art Ellie Caulkins Opera House and intimate Studio Loft.</p> <p>The first new pieces of the complex to open were the galleria, an eight-story parking garage, and Boettcher Concert Hall. They were financed by a $6 million Denver bond issue, $7 million from private sources, $3 million from the Helen G. Bonfils Foundation, and $2 million from the Boettcher Foundation. Architects George Hoover and Karl Berg of Denver’s Muchow Associates helped design the garage and the galleria. On the ground floor of the garage is Garner Galleria Theatre, named for Denver’s longtime theater impresario <strong>Robert Garner</strong>, as well as other retail and dining spaces. Boettcher Concert Hall, named for Denver philanthropist <strong>Claude K. Boettcher</strong>, opened in 1978 as the nation’s first symphony hall in the round, with 80 percent of the seats within sixty-five feet of the stage. The hall was a major upgrade for the Denver Symphony Orchestra (now the Colorado Symphony), which previously played at the inadequate Auditorium Arena, a venue originally intended for sports, not music. At the southwest corner of the site, Seawell built the Helen Bonfils Theatre Complex. Completed in 1979, it is home to the DCPA’s professional Theatre Company. The building contains four distinctive theaters, on top of which the Seawell Ballroom was added in 1998.</p> <p>At its far west end, the complex includes the grassy Sculpture Park (1978), which is used for large outdoor concerts, festivals, and private receptions. Sculpture Park is best known for its sixty-foot-high sculpture, “The Dancers” by Jonathan Borofsky, a twirling couple prominent to travelers along Speer Boulevard.</p> <h2>Recent History</h2> <p>The Denver Performing Arts Complex helped transform a declining downtown Denver neighborhood. Fourteenth Street started out in the 1870s as Denver’s first millionaires’ row before becoming blighted a century later. DPAC started a revival. It inspired the reincarnation of the former <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-tramway-company"><strong>Denver Tramway Company</strong></a> headquarters next door, which now has a dual use: the upscale <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tramway-building-hotel-teatro"><strong>Hotel Teatro</strong></a> and the administrative offices and production facility for DCPA’s plays and theater-education programs. Across Fourteenth Street from Hotel Teatro, construction of the forty-five-story Four Seasons Hotel and Residences (2009) inspired other new high-rise hotels and residences along Fourteenth, making the street once again a center of luxury real estate.&nbsp;</p> <p>When the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19 pandemic</strong></a> hit in March 2020, all DPAC venues closed. Live indoor performances resumed in September 2021, with the Colorado Symphony performing Chopin’s Piano Concerto No. 2, followed by major performances by DPAC’s other resident companies throughout the fall. Other productions reawakened the complex’s many venues with hopes to return to an average year, when, collectively, the resident companies offer more than 2,700 different performances, attract more than 1.3 million guests, and generate some $300 million in economic activity.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-performing-arts-complex" hreflang="en">Denver Performing Arts Complex</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/donald-seawell" hreflang="en">Donald Seawell</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-symphony" hreflang="en">Denver Symphony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-symphony" hreflang="en">Colorado Symphony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-ballet" hreflang="en">Colorado Ballet</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/opera-colorado" hreflang="en">Opera Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-center-performing-arts" hreflang="en">Denver Center for the Performing Arts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/municipal-auditorium" hreflang="en">Municipal Auditorium</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boettcher-concert-hall" hreflang="en">Boettcher Concert Hall</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buell-theatre" hreflang="en">Buell Theatre</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Denver Center for the Performing Arts, <a href="https://issuu.com/denvercenter">Annual Reports</a>, various dates.</p> <p>Denver Center Theatre, <em>Twenty-Five Years of Sterling Theatre</em> (Denver: Denver Center Theatre Company, 2004).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel and Amy B. Zimmer, <em>Showtime: Denver’s Performing Arts, Convention Centers and Theatre District</em> (Denver: Denver’s Division of Theaters and Arenas, 2008).</p> <p>Daniel Lee Ritchie, interviews by Thomas J. Noel, February 28 and March 13, 2007.</p> <p>Donald Ray Seawell, interviews by Thomas J. Noel, March 13, 2006; April 3, 2006; and July 9, 2007.</p> <p>Janice Sinton, interview and DCPA tour with Thomas J. Noel, July 29, 2021.</p> <p>Eva Hodges Watt, <em>Papa’s Girl: The Fascinating World of Helen Bonfils</em> (Lake City, CO: Western Reflections, 2007).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://coloradoballet.org/">Colorado Ballet</a></p> <p><a href="https://coloradosymphony.org/">Colorado Symphony</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.denvercenter.org/">Denver Center for the Performing Arts</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.operacolorado.org/">Opera Colorado</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 02 Dec 2021 18:17:11 +0000 yongli 3649 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Denver Art Museum http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-art-museum <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver Art Museum</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-10-28T12:45:37-06:00" title="Thursday, October 28, 2021 - 12:45" class="datetime">Thu, 10/28/2021 - 12:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-art-museum" data-a2a-title="Denver Art Museum"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdenver-art-museum&amp;title=Denver%20Art%20Museum"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Denver Art Museum (DAM) (100 W. 14th Avenue) in the city’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center</strong></a> boasts more than 70,000 works from across the centuries and the world. Best known for its collection of Indigenous art, it was the first major museum to establish a separate Native American Arts Department (1925) to celebrate such artifacts as art rather than as anthropological and historical curiosities. The Petrie Institute of Western American Art (2007) also makes DAM a major center for Western US art.</p> <p>Since DAM’s 1893 origins as a center for regional art, it has grown into Colorado’s largest art museum. Its buildings are themselves notable pieces of architecture. The Martin Building (formerly known as the Ponti Building for its architect, Gio Ponti) opened in 1971. Its interior was completely remodeled in 2019–21 as part of a renovation project that also resulted in the circular glass Sie Welcome Center, designed by Boston-based Machado Silvetti and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>-based Fentress Architects. The third and most spectacular structure is architect Daniel Libeskind’s angular Frederic C. Hamilton Building, which opened in 2006. The radically postmodern Martin and Hamilton Buildings became the town’s most talked-about architecture and opened the doors to other daring Civic Center wonders, including the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-center"><strong>History Colorado Center</strong></a> and the <strong>Clyfford Still Museum</strong>.</p> <h2>The Denver Artists Club</h2> <p>The Denver Art Museum originated in 1893 as the Artists’ Club “to cultivate and promote a general interest and promotion of the arts.” Among the founders were such prominent artists as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/henrietta-%E2%80%9Cnettie%E2%80%9D-bromwell"><strong>Henrietta Bromwell</strong></a>, Emma Richardson Cherry, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/anne-evans"><strong>Anne Evans</strong></a>, Henry Reed, Elizabeth Spaulding, and Elsie Ward. The club’s main objective was to stage exhibitions in various temporary locations such as City Hall and the third floor of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-museum-nature-science-0"><strong>Museum of Natural History</strong></a>. After the 1910 completion of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-public-library"><strong>Denver Public Library</strong></a> in Civic Center, the Artists’ Club found a home and exhibit space on its top floor. The club incorporated in 1917 as the Denver Art Association (DAA).</p> <h2>Chappell House</h2> <p>In 1923 the DAA renamed itself the Denver Art Museum. Two years later, it opened galleries in the Chappell House (1300 Logan Street), the former home of the <strong>Delos A. Chappell</strong> family. His daughter, <strong>Jean Chappell Cranmer</strong>, and her brother, Delos A. Chappell<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-07-11T14:37">,</ins> Jr., donated the twenty-two-room showpiece to the museum for use as offices and display space.</p> <p>Many of the artists displayed at the Chappell House were women, most notably Anne Evans. The daughter of former territorial governor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>, she was both an artist and a collector. Her collection of Native American basketry, pottery, and weaving formed the nucleus of the museum’s Native American department. Evans also donated her collection of New Mexican Santos as a building block for the museum’s Spanish Colonial art. The Native American department remained at Chappell House until it was demolished in 1970 in preparation for the 1971 move into the Ponti/Martin Building.</p> <p><strong>Arnold Rōnnebeck</strong>, who had studied sculpture in Paris with Auguste Rodin and Aristide Maillol, became the museum’s director in 1926. Besides bringing the work of notable sculptors to Denver, Rōnnebeck was a prominent artist himself and championed the museum in his writing and speeches.</p> <p>DAM is a nonprofit organization separate from the city of Denver. Beginning in 1932, however, it received a small contribution from the city ($3,000 the first year), a free home in the <strong>City and County Building</strong>, and city-paid staff salaries. DAM has largely depended, to this day, on donations to build its collections. One of the most remarkable came from an otherwise little-known Denver schoolteacher, Helen Dill. Through astute real estate investments, she left about $120,000 to DAM at her death in 1928. This windfall allowed DAM to move into galleries in the City and County Building and to purchase major impressionist works, including one of Claude Monet’s famous water lily pond paintings.</p> <h2>Otto Bach and the Ponti Building</h2> <p>DAM experienced various scattered, temporary homes and nine directors or acting directors between 1893 and 1944, when <strong>Otto Karl Bach</strong> became the director for the next thirty years. The son of a prosperous Chicago brickmaker, Bach was raised in a Frank Lloyd Wright house in Evanston, Illinois, and educated at Dartmouth, the University of Chicago, and the Sorbonne. He was determined to make DAM “a museum in which the cultures of the world were presented.” He created Asian (1956) and New World / Pre-Columbian and Spanish Colonial (1968) Departments. Ongoing donations by the Neusteter family of Denver clothing store fame led to the 1955 creation of a textiles department. Bach’s energetic wife<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-07-11T14:39">,</ins> Cile<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-07-11T14:39">,</ins> organized DAM children’s activities<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-07-11T14:39">,</ins> and, as a professional journalist, she handled public relations for the museum as well. Noting that more than 90 percent of DAM’s collection was Native American, Bach began a controversial program to deaccession and sell or trade some Indigenous&nbsp;art in exchange for art from other regions.</p> <p>The ever-growing collection, scattered throughout five different DAM buildings, led Bach to begin planning for a consolidated building as early as 1963. Bach, the board, and DAM architect James Sudler began shopping for an internationally acclaimed architect who would make the new building itself a work of art. Sudler steered them to Gio Ponti, a well-known Milan modernist famous not only as an architect&nbsp;but also as a designer of cars, ships, cutlery, furniture, and even espresso machines (some of which are on display at DAM).</p> <p>Ponti’s seven-story, 210,000-square-foot castle of culture opened in 1971 at Bannock Street and West Fourteenth Avenue. The architect’s only completed US design wears an exterior of twenty-eight precast concrete vertical sides sheathed in more than a million reflective gray glass tiles custom designed by the Corning Glass Company. The structure’s strong vertical lines, scattered slit-like windows, and crenellated roof line give it the appearance of a castle guarded by a sunken garden comparable to a moat. One critic suggested that it is indeed a fortress designed to protect art treasures stolen from around the world. Everyone agreed that this highly original structure looked like no other museum in the world.</p> <p>While Ponti did the exterior, Bach and Sudler designed the interior as twin 10,000-square-foot galleries on stacked exhibit floors in one of the world’s few high-rise art museums. This novel arrangement avoids the long hallways so typical of horizontal museums that leave walk-weary visitors looking for a place to sit.</p> <h2>New World Collections</h2> <p>The Indigenous arts collection first blossomed under Anne Evans, founding curator Frederic “Eric” Douglas, and his successor, curator Richard Conn, who acquired a major Navajo textile collection, the Bax Collection of Plains Indian artifacts, as well as Indigenous art from all major cultures of the United States and Canada. Conn’s successor, Nancy Blomberg, oversaw the 1988 construction of a large, state-of-the-art gallery to display Native American&nbsp;art, including contemporary&nbsp;Indigenous&nbsp;art.</p> <p>Of many oil people contributing to DAM, Frederick R. Mayer and his wife<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-07-11T14:41">,</ins> Jan<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-07-11T14:41">,</ins> not only donated dollars but also, over the course of several decades, their sterling collection of pre-Columbian Costa Rican art. The Mayers’ collection, the Freyer donation of Peruvian art, and Anne Evans’<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-07-11T14:42">s</ins> New Mexican Santos made the New World one of the museum’s strongest collections.</p> <p>Following procedures established by the <strong>Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990</strong>, the museum has returned many items to their respective nations. On an international level, DAM had already signed onto UNESCO’s 1973 Treaty on Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of Cultural Property.</p> <h2>Changes</h2> <p>During the 1980s <strong>oil bust</strong>, DAM faced financial troubles. The hard-pressed city of Denver cut back half of its funding. The museum rented out facilities for private parties, expanded its gift shop, stepped up annual fundraising, cut staff, shortened hours, closed galleries on a rotating schedule, and relied on a measly endowment of $1 million. The museum also began charging admission for the first time, a blow softened by a few free days. Soon DAM joined other major Denver cultural institutions to propose a new 0.1 percent sales tax to provide stable funding. Implemented in 1989, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/scientific-and-cultural-facilities-district"><strong>Scientific and Cultural Facilities District</strong></a> (SCFD) tax brought DAM $2.4 million in its first year and continues to grow.</p> <p>Also in 1989, <strong>Lewis I. Sharp</strong> was appointed director. Formerly a curator and administrator of the American wing at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, Sharp “transformed DAM,” recalled curator emeritus Timothy Standing in 2021. “He introduced the idea of sharing responsibilities for exhibitions, installations, and interpretative programs. Teams . . . worked together to make exhibits more meaningful to the broader general public without losing their intellectual fiber.” Sharp doubled the museum’s photographic and pre-Columbian holdings and spearheaded the museum’s collaboration with the Denver Public Library and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a> in the Civic Center Cultural Complex.</p> <h2>Frederic C. Hamilton Building</h2> <p>Sharp also oversaw the museum’s expansion into the new Frederic C. Hamilton Building. In 1999 Denver voters approved $62.5 million to construct a new DAM wing if the museum could come up with a matching $50 million. Of eighteen architects responding to a call for proposals, Daniel Libeskind (working with the local firm of Davis Partnership) won the competition. Libeskind designed a 146,000-square-foot building that architectural critic Mary Voeltz Chandler called “a titanium clad explosion of shards, a signature Libeskind statement, with a massive prow that stretches across West Thirteenth Avenue.” Critic Paul Goldberger called it “egocentric.” The prominent prow points to the Gio Ponti&nbsp;Building, to which it is connected by a glassed-in walkway over West Thirteenth Avenue. The $110 million building, opened in 2006, is named for longtime DAM board president Frederic C. Hamilton, who donated $20 million to build it and in 2014 left twenty-two major impressionist works to the museum. The four-story Hamilton Building houses the museum’s modern and contemporary art, African and Oceanic art, nineteenth-century European and American art, and special exhibition spaces.</p> <p>Special exhibitions starring Vincent van Gogh, Claude&nbsp;Monet, Edgar&nbsp;Degas, Christian&nbsp;Dior, the&nbsp;Star Wars franchise, Rembrandt, Norman&nbsp;Rockwell, and others have distinguished the directorship of Christoph Heinrich. Born, raised, and educated in Germany, he came to DAM as curator of modern and contemporary art in 2007, succeeding the accomplished Dianne Vanderlip, and became the museum’s director in 2010. In addition to attracting blockbuster special exhibitions, he has secured such major donations as Frederic Hamilton’s collection of Impressionist landscapes, the Berger Collection of British Art, and Esmond Bradley Martin’s collection of Italian and French drawings. Under Heinrich, DAM has extended its efforts to diversify the art world through exhibitions focusing on contemporary Indigenous and African American artists, fashion designers such as Louis&nbsp;Cartier, Christian&nbsp;Dior, and Yves St. Laurent, and the art behind Western movies and Star Wars.</p> <h2>Renovation and Expansion</h2> <p>In 2015 DAM constructed an $11 million administration building for the staff on Bannock Street. This work&nbsp;was a prelude to a $150 million renovation and expansion project funded by Denver voters, who approved a $35.5 million bond issue in 2018; by&nbsp;J. Lanny and Sharon Martin, for whom the Ponti Building was renamed; and by&nbsp;plenty of other private donors and foundations. Completed in 2021, the project completely remodeled the fifty-year-old Martin Building. As Director Christoph Heinrich reflected, “Redoing the Ponti Building has given us much flexible space, including room to showcase exhibitions of the 90 percent of our collections in storage.”</p> <p>The project also added the Sie Welcome Center to DAM’s campus. Anna and <strong>John J. Sie</strong>, founder of the Starz Entertainment Group, pledged $12 million to build the round, glass-clad structure designed by Machado Silvetti, a Boston-based architecture and urban design firm, and Denver’s Fentress Architects. In addition to providing a visitor-friendly entrance attached to the Martin Building, the Sie Center houses a restaurant and café, special events space, the conservation lab, storage space, and the education department.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>After a long period of surviving on starving-artist budgets, DAM has blossomed. Before the 2020–21 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19 pandemic</strong></a>, DAM entertained 850,000 visitors a year. As of 2021, the museum has a staff of approximately 375, an annual budget of around $30 million, an endowment of more than $150 million, and a global reach, making it a prominent anchor of Denver’s cultural landscape.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-art-museum" hreflang="en">Denver Art Museum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civic-center" hreflang="en">Civic Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/anne-evans" hreflang="en">Anne Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chappell-house" hreflang="en">Chappell House</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/otto-bach" hreflang="en">Otto Bach</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gio-ponti" hreflang="en">Gio Ponti</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/daniel-libeskind" hreflang="en">Daniel Libeskind</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Richard Conn, <em>Native American Art in the Denver Art Museum</em> (Denver: Denver Art Museum, 1979).</p> <p><em>Denver Art Museum</em> (London: Scala Publishing, 2006).</p> <p><em>The Denver Art Museum: The First Hundred Years</em> (Denver: Denver Art Museum, 1996).</p> <p>Christoph Heinrich (director of the Denver Art Museum), interview with Tom Noel, April 23, 2021.</p> <p>Christoph Heinrich, <em>Not Square: Settling Into a Museum Like No Other; The Frederic C. Hamilton Building at the Denver Art Museum</em> (Denver: Denver Art Museum, 2016).</p> <p>Thomas Brent Smith, ed. <em>Elevating Western Art: Developing an Institute in the Cultural Capital of the Rockies</em> (Denver: Petrie Institute of Western Art, 2012).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><em>Denver:</em> <em>Confluence of the Arts</em> (Denver: Meridian International, 1995).</p> <p>Taisto H. Makela, <em>Gio Ponti in the American West</em> (Denver: Denver Art Museum, 2021).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 28 Oct 2021 18:45:37 +0000 yongli 3627 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Paramount Theater http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/paramount-theater <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Paramount Theater</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-29T16:41:45-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 29, 2021 - 16:41" class="datetime">Tue, 06/29/2021 - 16:41</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/paramount-theater" data-a2a-title="Paramount Theater"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fparamount-theater&amp;title=Paramount%20Theater"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Paramount Theater (1621 Glenarm Place, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>) is the best-known Art Deco design of architect <strong>Temple Hoyne Buell</strong>. Buell created this 1930 palace as the most ornate of all Colorado movie theaters and a gem in the coast-to-coast chain of exuberant movie houses planted by Paramount Publix. Like grand downtown move theaters everywhere, it struggled with the advent of television and digital entertainment. Closed and facing possible demolition, it was rescued by National Register of Historic Places and Denver landmark designations. <strong>Historic Denver, Inc.</strong>, purchased the theater in 1981 and began restoration. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/stan-kroenke"><strong>Kroenke</strong></a> Sports and Entertainment purchased the Paramount in 2002 and continues to operate it as a performance center for concerts and other events.</p><h2>Movie Palaces</h2><p>During the giddy 1920s, theaters became a primary social gathering place, a great escape into an air-conditioned fantasy world at a time when A/C was a refreshing novelty. Theaters were inexpensive and open to all, though for people of color that might mean sitting in the balcony. Whereas opera houses had once been the prime venue and boast of a town, now every city and even smaller towns had to have a colorful, often Art Deco–style, movie theater on main street. As Hollywood blossomed, many independent live theaters and old opera houses switched to movies to pump up attendance. The big Hollywood studios—Paramount, MGM, RKO, Twentieth Century Fox, and Warner Brothers—also built their own chains of theaters. Paramount had more than 1,000 across the country.</p><p>In Denver, Curtis Street had been the city’s brightly lit theater district since the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tabor-grand-opera-house"><strong>Tabor Grand Opera House</strong></a> opened at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sixteenth-street-denver"><strong>Sixteenth</strong></a> and Curtis Streets in 1880. It once boasted more than a dozen live theaters. By the 1920s, they were fading as modern movie places sprang up on Sixteenth Street along with a dozen neighborhood movie houses around town.</p><h2>The Paramount</h2><p>Denver’s Paramount Theater was the grandest of the movie palaces to open on Sixteenth. It was designed by Temple Hoyne Buell, then working with the theater design firm of C. W. and George L. Rapp, the nation’s foremost movie-palace architects. Buell made it a superb example of zigzag Art Deco, a style introduced by the Paris Exhibition of 1925 and characterized by sharp angular or curvilinear forms, flat roofs, shiny glazed surfaces, and sleek design. Inside and out, the Paramount displays exquisite Art Deco craftsmanship and ornamentation. Construction cost about $450,000, not including elaborate interior work added by Paramount Publix in a profusion of Art Deco designs, textures, and colors.</p><p>The Paramount was originally intertwined with the older <strong>Kittredge Building</strong> next door, which housed the theater’s grand, two-story entrance lobby on Sixteenth Street. Around the corner on Glenarm Place, the theater’s main facade consists of three stories of precast concrete block sheathed in glistening white glazed terra cotta trimmed with black marble. Julius Peter Ambrusch, a noted Austrian-born painter and sculptor, handled the theater’s terra-cotta work with the Denver Terra Cotta Company. Twelve bays of paired windows are framed by ornate moldings with recurrent motifs of rosettes, leaves, feathers, and fiddlehead ferns. Narrow vertical rows of concrete blocks create an arrowhead pattern crowning the ends of the building.</p><p>The Italian artist Vincent Mondo decorated theaters in the Paramount chain, covering every paintable surface with fantastic colors and designs. In the Denver theater’s cavernous interior, scarcely a surface goes undecorated. Inside, the surviving lobby leads both to an upstairs balcony and to the main floor, with a total of 1,200 seats. The sixty-five-foot-high auditorium ceiling has a huge sunburst pattern with rays flung far across its barrel vault. In the middle of the sun hangs a one-ton chandelier equipped with 100 light bulbs attached to an octagonal platform, a favorite Art Deco shape. Other twinkling light bulbs are scattered across the ceiling, creating a starry sky. An intricate system of color lights could be matched to the mood of the movie. The auditorium walls are covered by exquisite floor-to-ceiling silk tapestries featuring commedia dell'arte characters such as Harlequin, Pierrot, and Pierette. The basement contains the original ammonia air-conditioning system outlawed soon after the theater opened.</p><h2>The Movie Years</h2><p>The Paramount’s grand opening on August 29, 1930, was marked by planes flying overhead promoting the event. Some 20,000 people showed up. <em><strong>The Denver Post</strong></em> claimed that the Paramount attracted “the largest assemblage that ever greeted the opening of a playhouse.” Jeanette MacDonald, the leading lady of the opening feature, <em>Let’s Go Native</em>, sent a large bouquet, which she claimed to have handpicked.</p><p>For silent films, which depended on organ accompaniment, the Paramount boasted a custom $80,000 Public One Wurlitzer organ with twin consoles. The organ’s 1,600 pipes had names such as Tuba Mirablis, Dulcinana, Fat Flutes, and Viol Celeste. Its encyclopedic keyboard could produce sound effects ranging from thundering hoofbeats to the heavy breathing of a steam locomotive. The twin consoles rose dramatically to the stage on a lift from the orchestra pit, which also harbored twelve musicians. Today the restored organ remains one of the largest, most intact, and functional of its kind.</p><p>The <strong>Great Depression</strong> drove the Paramount into bankruptcy in 1933. Twentieth Century Fox subsequently ran the theater until Denver movie mogul <strong>Harris P. Wolfberg</strong>, president of Wolfberg Theaters, purchased the lease in 1948 for more than $5 million. Wolfberg spent some $30,000 remodeling the theater, including the addition of a thirty-eight-foot-long and ten-foot-high marquee facing Glenarm Place. During these years, movies were often accompanied by local talent. In 1952, for example, <em>Bugles in the Afternoon</em>, starring Ray Milland, included acts by local comedian Willie Shore interspersed with music by Mike DiSalle’s Top O’ The Park Orchestra.</p><h2>Revival</h2><p>Of a dozen downtown Denver movie palaces, the Paramount is the sole survivor. Like all the other picture palaces, it seemed doomed to demolition by suburbanization, television, modern multiplexes, and home videos. The Paramount never completely shut down, but it did go through long naps. To keep the shows going, the Friends of the Paramount formed in 1978 and began holding fundraising events at the theater. In 1980 the Paramount was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. A year later, Historic Denver, Inc., bought the theater and undertook its restoration through a subsidiary, the Historic Paramount Foundation. The rebirth of Sixteenth Street as a pedestrian mall in 1982 brought new attention and foot traffic to the area, but the venue still spent more time closed than open. Denver Landmark designation came in 1988, and the theater benefited from a broader revival of downtown Denver in the 1990s.</p><p>Since 2002 the Paramount has been a part of Stan Kroenke’s professional sports, television, real estate, and entertainment empire. Kroenke has been the cure for the Paramount’s financial ailments. The reborn Paramount now hosts more than 100 performances a year, primarily concerts by big-name musicians.</p><div style="position:absolute;right:-477204067px;"><p>Paramount Theater stał się czymś więcej niż tylko miejscem urzekających występów; stał się także miejscem spotkań różnorodnego tłumu, w tym zapalonych graczy kasyn online. Pośród blichtru i przepychu atmosfery teatru znajdziesz entuzjastów z różnych środowisk, których łączy wspólne zainteresowanie emocjami związanymi z kasynami online. Ci uczestnicy, przyciągnięci urokiem teatru, często szukają rozrywki, która wykracza poza scenę. Dla nich dreszczyk emocji związany z obstawianiem zakładów i kręceniem bębnami online w <a href="https://pl.bestcasinos-pl.com/">https://pl.bestcasinos-pl.com/</a> jest tak samo ekscytujący, jak każdy występ na żywo. Niezależnie od tego, czy jest to przerwa, czy po zamknięciu kurtyny, zauważysz, że chętnie sprawdzają swoje telefony lub tablety, oddając się szybkiej rundzie blackjacka lub kręceniu na automatach. Unikalna mieszanka wyrafinowania i nowoczesności Paramount Theater odzwierciedla różnorodne zainteresowania jego klientów. Podczas gdy niektórzy przychodzą tu dla światowej klasy występów na scenie, inni znajdują przyjemność w wirtualnym świecie kasyn online, gdzie szczęście i strategia przeplatają się w urzekających grach losowych.</p></div></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/paramount-theatre" hreflang="en">Paramount Theatre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/temple-hoyne-buell" hreflang="en">Temple Hoyne Buell</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stan-kroenke" hreflang="en">stan kroenke</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/kroenke-sports-entertainment" hreflang="en">kroenke sports entertainment</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Temple Hoyne Buell, interview with Thomas J. Noel, February 13, 1986.</p><p><em>The Denver Post</em>, Paramount opening-night coverage, August 30, 1930.</p><p>“Historic Paramount, Colorado’s Only Movie Palace—Grand Reopening Program,” February 3, 1979.</p><p><em>Paramount Parade</em> (newspaper), February 3, 1979.</p><p>Tamra S. Ohan, “Paramount Theater,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (1980).</p><p><em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, Paramount opening-night coverage, August 30, 1930.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas J. Noel and Barbara S. Norgren, <em>Denver: The City Beautiful and Its Architects, 1893–1941 </em>(Denver: Historic Denver, 1987).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Jun 2021 22:41:45 +0000 yongli 3595 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Denver Public Library http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-public-library <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver Public Library</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-28T16:39:51-06:00" title="Monday, June 28, 2021 - 16:39" class="datetime">Mon, 06/28/2021 - 16:39</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-public-library" data-a2a-title="Denver Public Library"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdenver-public-library&amp;title=Denver%20Public%20Library"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Denver Public Library, located in downtown <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, is a cultural hub and valuable resource for the Denver metro area. Begun in the early 1860s, the library collections have grown with Denver, moving from “Old Main,” the Carnegie-funded structure in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center Park</strong></a>, to their current location at Fourteenth and Broadway in 1956. The building’s 1995 expansion by Michael Graves made it an iconic and controversial architectural landmark. The library currently operates twenty-four branches and provides free internet, computers, and access to 9 million items along with a variety of cultural and legal services.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver’s first library, a subscription-based reading room, was formed in 1860, just two years after the incorporation of Denver City. Organized by influential businessmen, it was known as the Denver and <strong>Auraria</strong> Reading Room Associates, and a membership cost twenty-five cents a week. The reading room dissolved a few years later owing to a lack of financial support, and the book collection was donated to <strong>East Denver High School</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1884 the Denver Chamber of Commerce voted to set aside a room for a library in its building at Lawrence and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sixteenth-street-denver"><strong>Sixteenth</strong></a> Streets. Known as the Mercantile Library, it was funded by the Chamber of Commerce until 1891, when the city council approved $5,000 in financial assistance and changed the name to City Library. Donations by Chamber of Commerce members funded the purchase of the library’s first books, consisting of 3,000 fiction titles.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Denver Public Library officially began in 1898, when the city council passed an ordinance establishing the Public Library of the City of Denver and combined the book collections from East High School and the Chamber of Commerce. The collection was housed at Fifteenth Street and Court Place.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1902 Andrew Carnegie granted $200,000 to the city of Denver for a new library building. “Old Main,” as it became known, was built in Civic Center Park and matched the area’s other civic structures through its Neoclassical style, Corinthian columns, sandstone exterior, and granite base. Built at a cost of $430,000, the new library was designed to hold 300,000 books on its metal and glass shelves, more than adequate for the 1910 collection of 125,000 tomes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Expansion</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Between 1900 and 1920, the population of Denver almost doubled, and the city spread out over fifty-nine square miles. To serve the sprawling city, nine branch libraries were planned and opened between 1912 and 1920, some using additional grant monies donated by Carnegie. The Roger Woodbury, Sarah Decker, Charles Dickinson, and Henry White Warren branches all opened in 1913; the Valverde branch in 1914; and the Byers, Park Hill, Smiley, and Elyria branches over the next few years. Each branch could hold 7,000 titles and also functioned as a community space for lectures, club meetings, and classes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Library at Fourteenth and Broadway</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1945 the library collection had outgrown the Carnegie building, and the city began to plan a new library structure across Fourteenth Avenue. Financed by the city of Denver, the new library cost $3.3 million and was one of the last designs of Denver architect <strong>Burnham Hoyt</strong>. To facilitate the movement of collections from the old library to the new, a conveyor belt was built over Fourteenth Avenue and staffed from morning to night for six weeks. Today, the old Carnegie Library is known as the McNichols Civic Center Building and is a cultural center housing art exhibitions and cultural performances for the public.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The new library, with an elegant modernist design, opened in October 1956. Constructed around a central core, the state-of-the-art building included seven stories of collections (five above ground), housed 500,000 books, and contained a pneumatic tube system for almost-instant messaging. For the dedication of the new building, the Yale Library loaned a display of rare books, including a 1455 Gutenberg Bible and a 1640 Bay Psalm Book. </p>&#13; &#13; <p>Along with the newly constructed Central Library building, Denver Public Library’s reach expanded as it added eleven new branches between 1950 and 1980. The new branches brought library services to every part of Denver, including the fast-growing northeast and southeast parts of the city served by the Hampden branch and the Montbello branch. Four of the new branches were funded through a trust established by former Denver Library Board president <strong>Frederick Ross</strong> upon his death in 1938. These four branches are known as the Ross-Cherry Creek, Ross-University Hills, Ross-Barnum, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ross-broadway-branch-denver-public-library"><strong>Ross-Broadway</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Graves Addition</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1990s, the library’s collections needed more space. A $65 million, seven-story addition designed by postmodernist Michael Graves tripled the size of the Central Library, allowing for a collection of more than 1 million books, 2 million government documents, and numerous special collections. The Graves addition honored the original Hoyt design by leaving most of the original structure intact and building onto its top and back, while adding visually interesting and colorful additions to the exterior. When the Graves addition opened in 1995, the building boasted 180 computers, murals by artist Edward Ruscha, and a limestone floor with embedded fossils. In June 1997, the revamped building hosted the <strong>G8 summit</strong> of major world leaders.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Archives and Collections</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Denver Public Library has housed a vast <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-history-and-genealogy-department-denver-public-library"><strong>Western History and Genealogy</strong> <strong>Department</strong></a> since the 1920s. The collections now include 600,000 photographs; 3,700 manuscript collections; and 200,000 books, pamphlets, and maps. Thanks to an ambitious digitizing program begun in 1995, more than 100,000 images are available online.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The library system also includes the <strong>Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library</strong> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/five-points"><strong>Five Points</strong></a>, which focuses on the history of African Americans in Colorado and the West. Conceived in 1999 by <strong>Wellington Webb</strong>, Denver’s first African American mayor, the research library is named for two notable African Americans in Denver’s history. Omar Blair served as a Tuskegee Airman during <strong>World War II</strong> and was the first Black president of the Denver School Board; <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elvin-r-caldwell"><strong>Elvin Caldwell</strong></a> was the first African American city council member in Denver, a position he retained for twenty-eight years. Both faced discrimination in their public-facing roles. In addition to a vast repository of literature on African Americans in the West, Blair-Caldwell also houses a 7,000-square-foot exhibition space featuring rotating exhibits about notable individuals and local African American history.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2019 the Denver Public Library reported more than 4 million annual visits, making it the most visited cultural institution in the city. The library currently holds more than 9 million physical and digital resources in circulation. As in many other communities, the Denver Public Library has become a congregating point for the city’s growing unhoused population because it offers a free space to spend the day out of the elements. In the late 2000s, the library formed the Homeless Services Action Committee to find ways for library staff to assist patrons experiencing homelessness. The library now employs peer navigators and social workers who can respond to mental health episodes and substance abuse incidents without involving security or police.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a> pandemic of 2020–21, the Denver Public Library closed all its branches to the public but kept books, laptops, and other services available through curbside checkout.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/schields-rebekah" hreflang="und">Schields, Rebekah</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-public-library" hreflang="en">Denver Public Library</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-public-library-history" hreflang="en">denver public library history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-history" hreflang="en">denver history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-library-history" hreflang="en">denver library history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-library-branches" hreflang="en">denver library branches</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Denver Public Library, “<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/exhibit/history-denver-public-library">The History of The Denver Public Library</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver Public Library, “<a href="https://www.denverlibrary.org/sites/dplorg/files/2020/07/DPL-Annual-Report-2019.pdf">2019 Annual Report</a>,” July 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Drew Massey and Tracy Lee Hartmann, “<a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/84129883">Dickinson Branch Library</a>,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (2001).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas Noel and Nicholas Wharton, <em>Denver Landmarks and Historic Districts </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Todd Rehagen, “<a href="https://www.5280.com/how-denver-public-library-is-improving-services-for-its-most-disadvantaged-patrons/">How Denver Public Library Is Improving Services for Its Most Disadvantaged Patrons</a>,” <em>5280</em>, January 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rodd Wheaton and Michael Paglia, “<a href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/99b4624c-90e9-4e82-a1c6-e8f1e49f1abc/">Denver Public Library</a>,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (1990).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Patricia Calhoun, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/news/mcnichols-building-a-former-carnegie-library-opens-a-new-chapter-5835131">McNichols Building, a Former Carnegie Library, Opens a New Chapter</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, October 24, 2012.</p> <p><a href="https://www.denverlibrary.org/">Denver Public Library</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://digital.denverlibrary.org/">Denver Public Library Digital Collections</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/denverlibrary">Denver Public Library YouTube Channel</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/exhibit/history-denver-public-library">History of the Denver Public Library</a>.</p> <p>Bryan K. Trembath, “<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/news/denver/andrew-carnegie-and-denver-public-library-opening-never-happened">Andrew Carnegie and the Denver Public Library Opening That Never Happened</a>,” Denver Public Library, June 10, 2020.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 28 Jun 2021 22:39:51 +0000 yongli 3580 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Tabor Opera House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tabor-opera-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Tabor Opera House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3303--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3303.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/tabor-opera-house-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Grand-Opera-Media-1_1.jpg?itok=4W8tgdkF" width="1000" height="1257" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/tabor-opera-house-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Tabor Opera House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built by Horace Tabor in 1879, the Tabor Opera House brought high-class entertainment to the rough mining camp of Leadville.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3304--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3304.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/elks-opera-house"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Tabor-Opera-House-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=6i1Xtb7_" width="900" height="900" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/elks-opera-house" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Elks Opera House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After Horace Tabor lost his opera house in the Panic of 1893, it became the Weston Opera House and the the Elks Opera House, with the Leadville Elks Lodge using the building as a meeting space and theater throughout the early twentieth century.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 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'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-04-10T15:31:05-06:00" title="Friday, April 10, 2020 - 15:31" class="datetime">Fri, 04/10/2020 - 15:31</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tabor-opera-house" data-a2a-title="Tabor Opera House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ftabor-opera-house&amp;title=Tabor%20Opera%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Tabor Opera House (308 Harrison Avenue, Leadville) was built by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/horace-tabor"><strong>Horace Tabor</strong></a> in 1879 to bring high-class entertainment to the rough mining camp of <strong>Leadville</strong>. It was for a while one of the top theaters in the state. Horace Tabor had to sell the property during the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong>. It later was home to the Leadville Elks Lodge for many decades before being sold in 1955 to locals Florence Hollister and Evelyn Furman, who worked to preserve and maintain the building. Today the opera house is owned by the city of Leadville and managed by the Tabor Opera House Preservation Foundation, which presents performances there and is rehabilitating the historic building.</p> <h2>Grand Opera for a Booming City</h2> <p>Soon after its silver boom started in 1878, Leadville gained a well-deserved reputation as a rough place full of violence and vice. Local merchant, first mayor, and newly minted mining millionaire Horace Tabor attempted to tame the city by organizing a fire brigade, a telephone system, a bank, and a waterworks. He also believed Leadville deserved a high-class theater where residents could enjoy more refined entertainment than could be found in the red-light district on State Street. In summer 1879, he broke ground for a grand new theater building on Harrison Avenue next to the city’s first luxury hotel, the Clarendon, which had opened that spring. “It is to be the only legitimate theatre or the only place where respectable people need not be afraid to go,” reported the <em>Daily Chronicle</em>. “This has been one great need of Leadville for months.”</p> <p>On November 20, 1879, Leadville residents flocked to the Tabor Opera House’s opening night, where they saw theater manager and actor Jack Langrishe stage a performance of a comedy called <em>The Serious Family</em>. They also got a good look at the building itself, a large, boxy three-story brick structure measuring 60 feet wide, 60 feet tall, and 120 feet deep. The ground floor had two storefronts framing the central theater entrance. Inside, patrons ascended a grand staircase to the second-floor auditorium. There they were greeted by more than 800 plush red chairs—about half on the main floor and half on the mezzanine—facing a stage said to be one of the largest west of New York City. The building’s second floor also held offices and private apartments for Tabor and Clarendon Hotel owner W. H. Bush, who had helped finance the opera house. The third floor served as a twenty-five-room expansion of the Clarendon, with a bridge connecting the neighboring buildings.</p> <p>The opening of the Tabor Opera House signified that Leadville had serious cultural aspirations. Indeed, the opera house was for several years the second most important theater in the state, behind only the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city-opera-house"><strong>Central City Opera House</strong></a>. When the railroad reached Leadville in summer 1880, former president Ulysses S. Grant arrived on the first train and attended a performance at the Tabor that evening. Throughout the 1880s, the Tabor served as a stop on the <strong>Silver Circuit</strong> for touring theatrical companies, and it also attracted plenty of other national and regional tours, symphony orchestras, minstrel shows, and vaudevilles. Leadville’s most famous visitor, Oscar Wilde, gave a talk on aesthetic theory at the Tabor in April 1882, while Broadway actress Kate Claxton played there in 1881, Shakespearean actor Lawrence Barrett performed in 1883, and the Europeans Francesca Janauschek and Helena Modjeska also made appearances.</p> <p>Nevertheless, once Leadville’s initial mining boom subsided and its many new millionaires moved down to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, the city and its cultural jewel started a slow slide into second-tier status. Horace Tabor embodied and even advanced the change; he was living mostly in Denver by 1880 and opened the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tabor-grand-opera-house"><strong>Tabor Grand Opera House</strong></a> there in 1881, far outclassing all other theaters in the state. The Tabor Opera House in Leadville continued to attract top national shows, but each year the number of performances decreased and the season got shorter. By the end of the 1880s, the Tabor was able to offer first-class theatrical productions only once a week, with the rest of its schedule filled by local productions, speeches, meetings, and other community events.</p> <h2>After the Crash</h2> <p>The Panic of 1893 and the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act that year hit Colorado’s mining economy hard and destroyed many fortunes, including Horace Tabor’s. Tabor had to sell all his property in an attempt to stay afloat. He found it hard to part with his Leadville opera house, his first grand building that long served as his local residence, and it was reportedly the last possession he placed on the selling block. A local miner, rancher, and lawyer named Algernon Weston scooped it up for $22,000 and rechristened it the Weston Opera House.</p> <p>During Weston’s ownership, the opera house continued to attract some top-tier entertainment as Leadville’s economy recovered from the 1893 crash. The best performances came infrequently, however, and typically stayed for only one night before moving on. In between, the Weston Opera House stage was home to minstrel shows and other B-level entertainment. One landmark event came in 1897, when the opera house hosted a “Wonderful Magniscope,” probably the first movie ever shown in Leadville. When Weston died that same year, ownership of the opera house passed to his widow.</p> <p>By the early 1900s, Leadville was a productive but shrinking mining town, and Weston’s widow had a hard time attracting audiences to the opera house. In 1901 she sold the building to J. H. Heron, who soon resold it to the Leadville Elks Lodge for $12,000. The Elks planned to use the building’s upper floors as their meeting space while restoring the theater to its first-class status. After spending a reported $25,000 on renovations, including a smaller stage area that allowed for more seating, they reopened the theater in December 1902 as the Elks Opera House. The first performance was the popular musical comedy <em>Florodora</em>.</p> <p>The Elks may have spruced up the opera house, but they could not change the trajectory of Leadville’s economy or national trends in entertainment. After making a brief splash with its reopening, the building continued its gradual, decades-long decline from being one of the top opera houses in the state to serving as a glorified local community center. National tours appeared less frequently and eventually stopped coming at all. To fill the stage, the Elks put on a regular vaudeville show and sometimes screened movies. Eventually, the theater was used primarily for local school and community functions. By the 1930s, when the neighboring Clarendon Hotel was torn down, the opera house’s formerly grand interior was becoming a bit shabby, while its exterior was starting to crumble.</p> <h2>Saving the Tabor</h2> <p>After World War II, Leadville enjoyed relative prosperity thanks to the profits of the nearby <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/climax-molybdenum-mine"><strong>Climax Molybdenum Mine</strong></a>, and the city embarked on a project of modernization. Many old buildings were torn down and new structures put up. As part of this wave of renewal, the Elks decided to move out of their expensive old home and build a new lodge. In 1954 they listed the Tabor for sale and received a bid of $20,000 from a local woman named Florence Hollister, a retired schoolteacher who had moved to Leadville and become fascinated by the town’s history. After the Elks voted to accept Hollister’s bid, she took possession of the opera house in January 1955 with the goal of preserving and restoring an important piece of local history.</p> <p>Working with her daughter, Evelyn Livingston Furman, who was also living in Leadville, Hollister immediately revived the Tabor Opera House name, patched up the leaky roof, and opened the building to public tours as a way of raising money for its restoration. Gradually Hollister and Furman restored parts of the building and worked to prevent further deterioration. After Hollister died in 1965, Furman continued the project herself. She ran the opera house for more than thirty years before turning it over to her daughter, Sharon Furman Bland, in the late 1990s.</p> <h2>Recent Preservation Efforts</h2> <p>In 2003 Leadville locals formed the Tabor Opera House Preservation Foundation to help the Bland family preserve and restore the building. Despite their efforts, it proved difficult to raise money to maintain the aging opera house. By the mid-2010s, there was a growing sense that urgent action was needed. In 2016 the opera house was listed as an Endangered Place by Colorado Preservation Inc. and deemed a National Treasure by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p> <p>The Tabor’s listing as an Endangered Place and a National Treasure quickly helped mobilize new resources behind the building’s rehabilitation. In summer 2016, <strong>Colorado Creative Industries</strong> revived a miniature Silver Circuit as a fundraiser for historic theaters across the state, including the Tabor. By that fall, the city of Leadville had raised enough money from private donations and grants to buy the Tabor Opera House from the Bland family for $600,000.</p> <p>After the city bought the building, the Tabor Opera House Preservation Foundation reorganized and started to focus on fundraising for repairs as well as operating the building in line with consultant recommendations. In 2017 the foundation presented its first full season of performances at the opera house, followed in 2018 and 2019 by a steady flow of musical performances and local cultural events. In 2020 the first phase of rehabilitation work will begin with repair of the masonry and windows on the building’s exposed west and south facades. Fundraising is ongoing for future phases of work, which are planned to repair the rest of the building’s exterior; revive its historic storefronts; rehabilitate the interior; provide greater accessibility’ and improve power, lighting, and ventilation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tabor-opera-house" hreflang="en">Tabor Opera House</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/horace-tabor" hreflang="en">horace tabor</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/weston-opera-house" hreflang="en">Weston Opera House</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leadville" hreflang="en">Leadville</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leadville-elks-lodge" hreflang="en">Leadville Elks Lodge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/florence-hollister" hreflang="en">Florence Hollister</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/evelyn-furman" hreflang="en">Evelyn Furman</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tabor-opera-house-preservation-foundation" hreflang="en">Tabor Opera House Preservation Foundation</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Dorothy M. Degitz, <em>History of the Tabor Opera House, Leadville, Colorado, from 1879 to 1905</em> (MA thesis, Western State College of Colorado, 1935).</p> <p>Evelyn E. Livingston Furman, <em>The Tabor Opera House: A Captivating History</em> (Leadville, CO: n.p., 1972).</p> <p>“<a href="https://coloradopreservation.org/2016-list-colorados-most-endangered-places/tabor-opera/">Tabor Opera House</a>,” Endangered Places Program, Colorado Preservation Inc., 2016.</p> <p>“<a href="https://savingplaces.org/places/tabor-opera-house#.XYvKzOdKhBw">Tabor Opera House</a>,” National Treasures, National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.taboroperahouse.net/past-present">The Tabor Opera House, Past and Present</a>,” Tabor Opera House Preservation Foundation.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Christian G. Buys, <em>A Quick History of Leadville</em> (Montrose, CO: Western Reflections, 2004).</p> <p>Don L. Griswold and Jean Harvey Griswold, <em>History of Leadville and Lake County, Colorado: From Mountain Solitude to Metropolis</em> (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1996).</p> <p>Michael Hensley, <em>A History of the Theatre in Leadville, CO, From Its Beginning to 1900</em> (MA thesis, University of Wyoming, 1963).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 10 Apr 2020 21:31:05 +0000 yongli 3217 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Leadville Ice Palace http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville-ice-palace <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Leadville Ice Palace</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-03-13T15:57:15-06:00" title="Friday, March 13, 2020 - 15:57" class="datetime">Fri, 03/13/2020 - 15:57</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville-ice-palace" data-a2a-title="Leadville Ice Palace"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fleadville-ice-palace&amp;title=Leadville%20Ice%20Palace"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Leadville Ice Palace was an enormous, ice-walled building with an exterior in the style of a Norman castle and an interior comprising a large skating rink and two ballrooms. Proposed and constructed in late 1895, the Ice Palace hosted a Crystal Carnival from January 1 to March 28, 1896, before its ice walls melted and its wooden structure was dismantled. Intended to draw tourists and revive Leadville’s economy, the Ice Palace struggled with high costs and mild weather that made it a financial failure.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Idea of an Ice Palace</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The purpose of the Leadville Ice Palace was to stimulate the economy of a city facing stagnation. In the late 1870s and early 1880s, Leadville had been the biggest mining boomtown in Colorado, minting many silver millionaires such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/horace-tabor"><strong>Horace Tabor</strong></a>. By the 1890s, however, the town’s fortunes were in decline. Although the mining district’s production continued to increase, the value of that production had decreased since the early 1880s. The 1893 repeal of the <strong>Sherman Silver Purchase Act</strong> closed many local mines. The population shrank from nearly 40,000 during the boom years to only 15,000 by 1895.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To counter these negative economic trends, a local real estate developer named Edwin W. Senior argued that the city should host a winter carnival centered around a giant ice palace. Inspired by ice palaces that had drawn crowds to Montreal in 1883 and to St. Paul, Minnesota, for several winters since 1886, Senior believed that building an ice palace in Leadville would revive the local economy by creating construction jobs and attracting tourists who would spend money at restaurants and hotels.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By September 1895, Senior’s Ice Palace plan had garnered substantial local support, including $2,500 in funding. On September 23, Leadville residents gathered at Weston’s Opera House (formerly the Tabor Opera House) to form an association that would raise money to build the Ice Palace and stage the winter carnival. With Senior as its general manager, the association advertised for architectural plans and ice suppliers. It also selected a site—the 400 block between West Seventh and West Eighth Streets, on a hill overlooking downtown—and leased the land from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lake-county"><strong>Lake County</strong></a> for one dollar per year. The lease ran several years because Senior hoped the wooden structure of the Ice Palace would become permanent. In the winter, ice walls and a skating rink would be installed, while in the summer, the wooden structure would house a dance floor and host public meetings and other local events.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>But Senior would not see his plans through to completion. He proved unable to rally local businessmen to support the Ice Palace and stepped down from the association on October 24. The next evening, Leadville residents met at the Vendome Hotel to select mine manager Tingley S. Wood as the project’s new leader. Wood accepted the position and moved quickly to place the Ice Palace on firmer footing. He established a financial committee headed by local banker Charles Limberg; secured financial support from Leadville’s mines, banks, and saloons; and on November 7 incorporated the Ice Palace organization as the Leadville Crystal Carnival Association.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building the Ice Palace</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, the association had hired St. Paul architect Charles E. Joy, who had designed several ice palaces in his hometown, to oversee the Leadville project. He arrived on November 6, and construction started almost immediately as the association raced to erect the largest ice structure ever built in North America in time for a Christmas opening. Once the land was cleared, local contractors William Coble and William Kerr quickly constructed the interior framework of wood and steel. They finished in time for the ice-block cornerstone to be laid on November 25.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Over the next month, workers built an enormous Norman-style castle out of ice. The finished building was 450 feet long and 320 feet wide, with five-foot-thick walls. Ninety-foot towers flanked the north entrance, while sixty-foot towers anchored the south wall. The ice was supplied by the Leadville Ice Company, which cut huge blocks from its own ponds north of the city as well as from Evergreen Lakes near the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville-national-fish-hatchery"><strong>Leadville National Fish Hatchery</strong></a> and from Palmer Lake on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>. Horse-drawn sleds carried giant blocks of ice to Leadville, where Canadian ice cutters shaped them for construction. As workers stacked the ice blocks into walls, they sprayed the walls with water, which froze and acted like mortar to hold the individual blocks together.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Unseasonably warm weather made a Christmas opening impossible. In early December, daytime highs in Leadville hit the mid-sixties —summer temperatures at an altitude of more than 10,000 feet—and the partially completed Ice Palace had to be covered with a giant canvas to prevent it from melting. Costs soared as workers rushed at the end of December to prepare the palace for a New Year’s Day debut.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Crystal Carnival</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On January 1, 1896, a parade of association officials, local politicians, miners, and firemen marked the start of the Leadville Crystal Carnival. Some 2,500 people streamed toward the Ice Palace to witness its grand opening. The main entrance, which faced north onto West Eighth Street, remained incomplete, but it would eventually feature a prominent ice-sculpture statue of “Lady Leadville” with one arm pointing east to the mining district and the other arm holding a scroll inscribed with the figure of $200 million in gold lettering, representing the value of all the metals that Leadville’s mines had produced.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Adults paid fifty cents to enter the Ice Palace, and children’s admission cost a quarter. Inside, they could circulate among three halls of entertainment. The central and largest hall contained a 16,000-square-foot skating rink, which was illuminated by electric lights frozen into pillars of ice. On either side of the skating rink lay large, heated ballrooms, each measuring eighty feet by fifty feet. The skating rink and the Grand Ballroom, on the east side of the building, each had a balcony where bands could play. The Auxiliary Ballroom on the west side of the building functioned mostly as a restaurant. In an ingenious form of marketing, the restaurant froze sample menu items in the ice walls for prospective diners to see, and throughout the building, other Ice Palace sponsors—railroads, hotels, newspapers, breweries, and so on—had their own advertising displays suspended in the crystal-clear ice walls.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the Crystal Carnival, Leadville did all it could to attract out-of-town visitors. Railroads offered special rates to the city, and the carnival’s themed days—Salida Day, Shriner’s Day, Colorado Press Day, and so on—attempted to draw people from specific locations, organizations, and professions. Events such as fireworks shows, skating races, hockey tournaments, curling matches, and rock-drilling contests gave people a special reason to come to the Ice Palace, while a children’s carousel, a theater, and a toboggan slide along West Seventh Street provided additional amusement.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nevertheless, the Ice Palace failed to fulfill its planners’ hopes for economic revitalization. Tourism to the palace did not translate into spending at local businesses. Instead of dining in nearby restaurants and staying in Leadville hotels, most out-of-town visitors arrived on the morning train, sack lunch in hand, and spent only a few hours at the Ice Palace before leaving the same afternoon.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Melting Away</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>A warm fall had delayed the Ice Palace’s construction, and an early spring hastened its demise. Summer temperatures arrived already in the middle of March. Soon it became clear that the palace would not last, and on March 28, 1896, it welcomed its final crowd. The skating rink remained in use until May while the ice walls gradually melted away.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Edwin Senior’s original plan for the Ice Palace had called for a permanent structure to serve as a dance hall and meeting space in the summer and an ice-walled skating rink in the winter. The economic disappointment of the Ice Palace’s first winter largely ended such talk, however, and the paltry crowds at a baseball game and other events hosted at the palace structure that spring did nothing to revive it. Any lingering dreams of future winter carnivals died for good after June 1896, when Leadville miners went on strike for better pay. That September, outbuildings around the Ice Palace and parts of the palace itself were torn down and used to build barracks for militiamen sent in to suppress the striking miners. The rest of the palace structure was demolished in October 1896.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the Ice Palace was gone, it lived on in Leadville’s memory even as the site of the structure disappeared under residential construction. In 1985, when the city was struggling in the wake of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/climax-molybdenum-mine"><strong>Climax molybdenum mine</strong></a> closure, some residents suggested building another ice palace to attract tourists. Projected costs of $30 million deterred the city from pursuing the plan. A decade later, in 1996, the city contemplated building a quarter-size replica of the Ice Palace to mark its centennial, but again the idea foundered because of funding concerns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today the Ice Palace is commemorated in the name of Leadville’s Ice Palace Park, located about a quarter-mile northeast of the actual Ice Palace site, as well as in the city’s annual Crystal Carnival weekend in early March.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leadville" hreflang="en">Leadville</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leadville-ice-palace" hreflang="en">Leadville Ice Palace</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leadville-crystal-carnival" hreflang="en">Leadville Crystal Carnival</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leadville-strike-1896-97" hreflang="en">Leadville Strike of 1896–97</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/edwin-senior" hreflang="en">Edwin Senior</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tingley-wood" hreflang="en">Tingley Wood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/charles-joy" hreflang="en">Charles Joy</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Edward Blair, <em>Palace of Ice: A History of the Leadville Ice Palace of 1896</em> (Leadville, CO: Timberline Books, 1972).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradocentralmagazine.com/the-leadville-ice-palace-a-look-back/">The Leadville Ice Palace—A Look Back</a>,” <em>Colorado Central Magazine</em>, December 2009.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Darlene Godat Weir, <em>Leadville’s Ice Palace: A Colossus in the Colorado Rockies</em> (Lakewood, CO: Ice Castle Editions, 1994).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Edward Blair, <em>Leadville: Colorado’s Magic City</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1980).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 13 Mar 2020 21:57:15 +0000 yongli 3183 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Elitch Gardens http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elitch-gardens <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Elitch Gardens</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3234--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3234.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/elitchs-gardens-entrance-c-1909"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Elitch-Gardens-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=gXZrBN7r" width="900" height="729" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/elitchs-gardens-entrance-c-1909" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Elitch&#039;s Gardens Entrance, c. 1909</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Visitors and a park employee stand at the entrance to Denver's Elitch Gardens amusement park in 1909 or 1910. Established in 1890 by John and Mary Elitch, the amusement park is still a popular seasonal attraction today.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2019-08-20T14:40:36-06:00" title="Tuesday, August 20, 2019 - 14:40" class="datetime">Tue, 08/20/2019 - 14:40</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elitch-gardens" data-a2a-title="Elitch Gardens"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Felitch-gardens&amp;title=Elitch%20Gardens"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Elitch Gardens is an amusement park in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> that opened in 1890 as a zoological garden and amusement park with a renowned summer stock theater. <strong>John Elitch</strong> and his wife, <strong>Mary</strong>, founded Elitch Gardens on land that was formerly Chilcott Farm in northwest Denver. When Elitch Gardens opened, it became the first zoo west of Chicago.</p> <h2>Early Years</h2> <p>Elitch Gardens boasted captive bears and other exotic animals, as well as a summer stock theater that entertained crowds of up to 6,000 on its busiest days. Elitch Gardens is also credited with pioneering the concept of amusement park rides designed specifically for children operated in a section of the park known as “KiddieLand.”</p> <p>Following John Elitch’s death in 1891, Mary Elitch sold her controlling shares of the Elitch Garden stock to investors who founded the Elitch Gardens Amusement Company. The conglomerate retained control of Elitch Gardens until the widow Elitch married the head of the company, Thomas Long, in 1902 to become Mary Elitch Long.</p> <p>In addition to its zoological gardens and amusement park rides, Elitch Gardens became famous for the Elitch Gardens Theatre, a summer stock theater where actors such as Douglas Fairbanks and <strong>Helen Bonfils</strong> made their debuts. For more than sixty years, the Elitch Gardens Theatre employed actors and stagehands, paying cast members as much as $500 weekly.</p> <p>During a brief decline in the Elitch Theatre’s profitability, park owner John Mulvihill erected the Trocadero Ballroom, a partially enclosed outdoor dance floor that hosted weekly formal dances. Elitch Gardens was known for its strict prohibitions on alcohol consumption, and dancers who failed to maintain proper form and attire were promptly ejected from the Trocadero. Famous performers such as Benny Goodman provided live music that was broadcast to thirty surrounding states on the KOA radio program “An Evening at the Troc.”</p> <h2>Relocation</h2> <p>Facing steep competition from a burgeoning Denver theater scene, Elitch Gardens management announced their intentions to sell the northwest Denver parkland in 1986. Six alternative park sites were investigated, including land in rural <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/douglas-county"><strong>Douglas</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arapaho-county"><strong>Arapahoe</strong></a> Counties, but ultimately they selected the former site of the National Radium Institute Factory, near downtown Denver.</p> <p>The downtown Denver location was a designated <strong>superfund site</strong>, and 100,000 tons of radioactive soil had to be removed before the amusement park would be allowed to relocate. Fifteen original Elitch Gardens amusement rides were relocated to the new site. The former Elitch Gardens Theatre and the carousel pavilion have been restored and are listed on the National Register of Historic places.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>When Elitch Gardens reopened in 1994, it became the first and only theme park with boundaries inside a major metropolitan area. In 1998 Six Flags Theme Parks acquired Elitch Gardens, operating it until 2007 when the company sold it to CNL Properties. In 2015 Revesco Properties, with partners Second City Real Estate and <strong>Kroenke Sports Entertainment</strong>, acquired Elitch Gardens for $140 million. Despite multiple changes of ownership at its downtown Denver location, Elitch Gardens continues to operate as a popular seasonal destination.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/west-evan" hreflang="und">West, Evan</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/elitch-gardens" hreflang="en">Elitch Gardens</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-elitch" hreflang="en">john elitch</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mary-elitch" hreflang="en">mary elitch</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/helen-bonfils" hreflang="en">Helen Bonfils</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/kroenke-sports-entertainment" hreflang="en">kroenke sports entertainment</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Theodore A. Borillo, <em>Denver’s Historic Elitch Theatre: A Nostalgic Journey (A History of Its Times) </em>(Self-published, 2012).</p> <p><em>Colorado Exchange Journal</em> 2, no. 39 (October 1889).</p> <p>Jackie Campbell, “Elitch Theatre Lives—For Now,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, May 1, 1986.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Caroline Lawrence Dier, <em>The Lady of the Gardens: Mary Elitch Long </em>(Hollywood, CA: Hollycrofters, 1932).</p> <p>John Eby, <em>Elitch Gardens Historical Museum: 104 Years in the Making, 1890–1994.</em></p> <p>“Elitch Gardens Redevelopment / Interdisciplinary Design Studio 700.” Denver, University of Colorado Denver College of Design and Planning, 1986.</p> <p>“Elitch Theatre,” National Register of Historic Places nomination form, February 6, 1978.</p> <p>Steve Fisher, “<a href="https://www.du.edu/magazine">Elitch’s Trocadero Ballroom Was a Place Where Memories Were Made</a>,” <em>University of Denver Magazine</em>, March 20, 2014.</p> <p>Jeffery Stanton, “<a href="http://lostamusementparks.napha.org/articles/colorado/elitchgardens.html">Elitch Gardens (1890–1994)</a>,” <em>National Amusement Park Historical Association</em>, October 3, 2011.</p> <p>Historic Elitch Theatre Foundation, “<a href="https://historicelitchtheatre.org">Theatre Future</a>,” 2014.</p> <p>Edwin Lewis Levy, “Elitch’s Gardens, Denver Colorado: A History of the Oldest Summer Theatre in the United States (1890–1941),” PhD dissertation, Columbia University, 1960.</p> <p>Rosemary Elaine Lewis,<em> The Elitch Gardens Theatre, 1891–2008: America’s High Plains Summer Playhouse</em>, master’s thesis, University of Colorado–Denver, 2009.</p> <p>Mary Elizabeth Hauck Elitch Long, <em>Experiences of the Only Woman in the World Who Owns and Manages a Zoo </em>(Denver: 1898).</p> <p>Pamela Nowak, “<a href="https://pamelanowak.com/wp/?p=360">The Trocadero Ballroom</a>,” (blog post) May 22, 2015.</p> <p>Jeff Otte, “Radium and Roller Coasters: A Brief, Dirty History of Elitch Gardens,” <em>Westword </em>(Denver, CO), June 6, 2013.</p> <p>Burl Rolett, “<a href="https://businessden.com/2015/06/11/buyers-pay-140m-for-ticket-to-elitch-gardens/">Buyers Pay $140M for Ticket to Elitch Gardens</a>,” <em>BusinessDen</em>, June 11, 2015.</p> <p>Tierra Smith, “Elitch Gardens Stays Open Regardless of Fierce Denver Weather,” <em>The Denver Post, </em>June 12, 2015.</p> <p>Eva Hodges Watt, <em>Papa’s Girl: The Fascinating World of Helen Bonfils</em> (Lake City, CO: Western Reflections, 2007).</p> <p>“Whitfield Connor, Theatrical Producer and Ex-Actor, 71,” <em>New York Times</em>, July 19, 1988.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://elitchgardens.com/">Elitch Gardens</a></p> <p><a href="https://elitchgardens.com/plan-a-visit/park-history/">Elitch Gardens Timeline</a></p> <p><a href="https://historicelitchtheatre.org/">Elitch Gardens Theatre Foundation</a></p> <p>Betty Lynn Hull, <em>Denver’s Elitch Gardens: Spinning a Century of Dreams </em>(Boulder: Johnson Books, 2003).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 20 Aug 2019 20:40:36 +0000 yongli 3068 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado Chautauqua http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-chautauqua <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Chautauqua</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-17T16:26:44-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 17, 2017 - 16:26" class="datetime">Wed, 05/17/2017 - 16:26</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-chautauqua" data-a2a-title="Colorado Chautauqua"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-chautauqua&amp;title=Colorado%20Chautauqua"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Established in 1898 on what was then a barren mesa south of <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>, Colorado Chautauqua has been providing education and entertainment programs for well over a century. Originally founded by Texas educators, the Chautauqua in Boulder was part of a nationwide movement emphasizing intellectual and moral improvement. Now a National Historic Landmark and a beloved local institution, it is one of only three Chautauquas in the country—and the only one west of the Mississippi River—still being used for its original purpose.</p> <h2>Texas Origins</h2> <p>The first Chautauqua was held in 1874 at Lake Chautauqua in western New York. It featured Bible study classes, as well as lectures on art, history, science, geography, and ancient languages. The concept soon proved popular, especially among rural Americans hungry for knowledge, entertainment, and some connection to the wider world. By 1898, more than 150 independent Chautauquas were in operation across the country—including Colorado’s first Chautauqua, Glen Park Chautauqua Assembly near <strong>Palmer Lake</strong>, which started in 1887. New Chautauquas usually sought to imitate the rural setting and rustic housing of the original, with an open tabernacle or auditorium to host speakers and performances.</p> <p>In 1897 the University of Texas hatched an idea to establish a summer school and Chautauqua for the state’s teachers in a cooler location somewhere in Colorado. Officials visited Boulder, were impressed by their <strong>University of Colorado</strong> hosts, and returned to Austin to incorporate the Texas-Colorado Chautauqua Association. They had not definitely decided on Boulder, however, and a competition for the Chautauqua soon emerged between Boulder, <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. <strong>Colorado &amp; Southern Railway</strong> officials on the association board preferred Boulder, which required a longer train trip from Texas. In April 1898, the city won over the rest of the board after residents overwhelmingly approved a bond to buy land for the Chautauqua. The city also agreed to build an auditorium and dining hall at the site, as well as a transit system to get people there from the railroad depot.</p> <p>Chautauqua planned to open its first season on July 4, 1898, leaving Boulder less than three months to prepare. The city failed to provide a transit system, but it followed through on its other promises. The city quickly bought seventy-five acres of Bachelder Ranch, just south of Baseline Road at the mouth of Bluebell Canyon. The triangular plot, then known as Texado Park, was the first parkland the city ever bought. On May 12, 1898, construction of the auditorium and dining hall began. The dining hall was finished first, in early June. The auditorium took longer and was ready just in time for opening day. Built in the Chautauqua style, it was open on three sides. More than 350 tent sites were platted for housing to accommodate Chautauquans coming from Texas and other distant locations, with some larger tents erected for use as classrooms and meeting halls.</p> <p>On July 4, 1898, 4,000 people gathered in the Chautauqua auditorium for the opening ceremony, which featured hours of speeches by the Boulder mayor, the Texas governor, the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> president, and Colorado governor <strong>Alva Adams</strong>. The Kansas City Symphony performed that day and remained in residence for the rest of the season.</p> <p>During Chautauqua’s first season, daily attendance averaged about 1,000. A daily fee of fifty cents covered all programs, which included dozens of speeches and musical programs, as well as art talks, speaking programs, and gymnastics. In addition, Chautauqua offered the first real summer school in Colorado, with fifty-one courses in sixteen different subjects, including literature, math, chemistry, botany, physics, psychology, education, and languages. Tuition cost $5 for one course or $10 for three. In their free time, Chautauquans took advantage of their proximity to the mountains by going on hikes to <strong>Royal Arch</strong> or riding the train along the <strong>Switzerland Trail</strong>.</p> <h2>Early Years</h2> <p>Chautauqua saw several improvements in its first few years. Before the 1899 season, Boulder built an electric railway, the city’s first mass-transit system, to ferry people between the railroad depot and Chautauqua along Ninth Street. At the Chautauqua site itself, a new Art Hall as well as an office and bathhouse opened in time for the second season. In 1900 Chautauqua added an Academic Hall with six rooms; the summer school soon had an enrollment of 600. Trees were planted around the tents and buildings, providing much-needed shade on the previously bare mesa.</p> <p>In addition, encouraged by the Chautauqua association and the Boulder City Council, local residents began to build cottages to replace the original tent housing. Locals built a few dozen cottages before the 1899 season, which they could occupy themselves or rent to visitors. Soon the association began to advertise in out-of-state towns to encourage school districts or groups of teachers to build their own cottages. The association itself also started to own and build cottages at the site; income from cottage rentals eventually became the association’s main source of income. By 1916, all the tent dwellings had been replaced by cottages.</p> <p>In the meantime, the Chautauqua association had undergone important administrative changes. From the start, the association had trouble breaking even, a problem that continued when Chautauqua grew more slowly than expected in the face of increased competition from new Chautauquas elsewhere. By the end of the third season, in 1900, the association’s total debt had grown to about $32,000. To deal with the ongoing deficit, the Texas-Colorado Chautauqua Association reorganized with greater local representation and was renamed the Colorado Chautauqua Association. The Colorado &amp; Southern forgave the association’s debt, and local businesses that benefited from the visiting Chautauquans were enlisted to make contributions to offset any future deficits.</p> <p>On this more secure foundation, Chautauqua continued to develop through the opening decades of the twentieth century. Opening day, always held on July 4 in those years, was an annual citywide celebration. Performers such as John Philip Sousa, who came to Chautauqua in 1904, drew huge crowds. <strong>Joseph Bevier “Rocky Mountain Joe” Sturtevant</strong> became Chautauqua’s official photographer, documenting the site’s development and activities during its early years from the small studio he built on the grounds.</p> <p>The Chautauqua movement grew into a nationwide phenomenon during the first quarter of the twentieth century. Thousands of Chautauquas opened in those years. In a time before easy transportation or mass communication, Chautauquas played a crucial role in connecting rural Americans to the national culture. By 1924, Chautauquas around the country attracted 40 million people.</p> <p>Colorado Chautauqua was also at its height in the 1910s and 1920s. In 1918 the Chautauqua association added the site’s last major building—the Community House—which served as a meeting place and club room, regularly offering free community activities. In the 1920s, the site had ninety-seven cottages and four lodges that could house 600 people. Chautauqua was so successful that it tried to expand, but the city of Boulder blocked it from increasing its footprint and eventually made the adjacent land part of the city’s Open Space and Mountain Parks system.</p> <h2>Decline of the Movement</h2> <p>The end of the 1920s saw the rapid collapse of the Chautauqua movement nationwide. Radio and television were beginning to provide new forms of entertainment, while the rise of automobile tourism gave people more options for traveling. In addition, the rural farmers who formed the heart of the Chautauqua movement were facing hard times, a problem that grew worse during the <strong>Great Depression</strong> of the 1930s. Eventually the only Chautauquas left standing were the original Chautauqua in New York, Lakeside Chautauqua in Ohio, and Colorado Chautauqua.</p> <p>Colorado Chautauqua shared in the misery of the Depression, but it limped along until economic recovery began in the late 1930s and quickly regained its footing after World War II. In 1946 the number of Chautauqua-owned cottages passed the number of privately owned cottages, and Chautauqua expanded slightly by filling in an old reservoir on its southern edge and adding a handful of new cottages.</p> <p>After surviving the movement’s decline, the Great Depression, and decades of changes in education, entertainment, and recreation, Colorado Chautauqua became nearly extinct in the early 1970s. Attendance and revenues were down. The city of Boulder developed a plan to tear down the auditorium and other original Chautauqua buildings and replace them with a city-owned resort and convention center. The president of the <strong>Boulder Historical Society</strong> and the editor of the <strong><em>Daily Camera</em></strong> quickly mobilized to get Chautauqua listed in the National Register of Historic Places, which successfully shifted the city’s focus from destruction to preservation.</p> <p>As a result of its new status as a historic site, Colorado Chautauqua experienced a revitalization in the late 1970s. In 1977 the Chautauqua association reorganized its board of directors, bringing new energy to the organization. The dining hall was renovated and the auditorium received a complete structural rehabilitation. In 1978 the <strong>Colorado Music Festival</strong> began to hold its annual summer concerts in the auditorium.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>In 2006 Colorado Chautauqua was declared a National Historic Landmark. That year the Chautauqua association began to put together the first master plan for the site, as it faced parking problems, mounting tax bills, and a variety of maintenance issues. Released in 2011, the Chautauqua 2020 Plan proposed several changes and additions, including the relocation of the picnic shelter and construction of a new 7,000-square-foot two-story building near the auditorium for use as offices and meeting space. The proposed building sparked strong opposition. Local residents organized a group called Boulder Friends of Chautauqua to fight the proposal and work for greater oversight of Chautauqua association activities and the US Department of the Interior submitted a letter urging the association not to move the picnic shelter or construct the new building. The association ultimately abandoned its plans.</p> <p>In 2015 the Boulder City Council began negotiations with the Chautauqua association for a new twenty-year lease at the site. The city annexed the forty-acre Chautauqua grounds in 1953 and leases twenty-six acres to the association, which operates public buildings such as the auditorium, dining hall, and community house as well as sixty of the site’s cottages. (The other thirty-nine cottages are privately owned.) The primary items at issue in the new lease included city representation on the Chautauqua board, cottage rents and taxes, and city oversight of Chautauqua construction and renovations.</p> <p>Chautauqua continues to offer a regular program of musical performances, films, discussions, and lectures.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chautauqua" hreflang="en">Chautauqua</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder" hreflang="en">boulder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/national-historic-landmarks" hreflang="en">National Historic Landmarks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/texas-colorado-chautauqua" hreflang="en">Texas-Colorado Chautauqua</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/joseph-sturtevant" hreflang="en">Joseph Sturtevant</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountain-joe" hreflang="en">Rocky Mountain Joe</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Mary Galey, <em>The Grand Assembly: The Story of Life at the Colorado Chautauqua</em> (Boulder: First Flatiron, 1981).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel and Dan W. Corson, <em>Boulder County: An Illustrated History</em> (Carlsbad, CA: Heritage Media, 1999).</p> <p>Elizabeth Schlosser Eisenbud, “The Colorado Chautauqua,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (March 9, 1977).</p> <p>Phyllis Smith, <em>A Look at Boulder from Settlement to City</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1981).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Richard Fetter, <em>Frontier Boulder</em> (Boulder: Johnson Books, 1983).</p> <p>Maurice Frink, <em>The Boulder Story: Historical Portrait of a Colorado Town</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1965).</p> <p>Mona Lambrecht and the Boulder History Museum, <em>Boulder, 1859–1919</em> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2008).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 17 May 2017 22:26:44 +0000 yongli 2581 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Tabor Grand Opera House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tabor-grand-opera-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Tabor Grand Opera House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2400--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2400.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/tabor-opera-house"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Grand-Opera-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=H80PVFSu" width="1000" height="1257" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/tabor-opera-house" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Tabor Opera House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1881 silver magnate Horace Tabor built his Grand Opera House in Denver at Sixteenth and Curtis Streets. The venue's performances enthralled audiences for the next nine years, until a competing opera house opened on Broadway in 1890 and Tabor lost his fortune in 1893. This photo of the Tabor Grand Opera House building, taken when it was used as a movie house in 1905, shows a marquee that reads "The Money Changers."</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2401--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2401.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/opera-house-denver-panorama-1890"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Grand-Opera-Media-2_0_0.jpg?itok=YPnuVu2Q" width="1000" height="747" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/opera-house-denver-panorama-1890" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Opera House in Denver Panorama, 1890</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>This 1890 panorama of Denver showcases the grandiosity of Horace Tabor's Grand Opera House, which rises above the surrounding buildings in the upper right of the frame.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-22T12:00:35-07:00" title="Wednesday, February 22, 2017 - 12:00" class="datetime">Wed, 02/22/2017 - 12:00</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tabor-grand-opera-house" data-a2a-title="Tabor Grand Opera House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ftabor-grand-opera-house&amp;title=Tabor%20Grand%20Opera%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Tabor Grand Opera House, constructed by the state’s famed Tabor family, was one of the city’s primary cultural institutions during the late 1800s. The Grand Opera enjoyed a period of popularity and success before falling by the wayside, a story that paralleled the fate of the Tabor family. Today, the Grand Opera serves as an example of the region’s cultural development and the fickle nature of success in the boom-and-bust American West during the late nineteenth century.</p> <h2>Opera in Colorado</h2> <p><a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s location 500 miles east or west of the nearest population centers and double that to San Francisco meant that most entertainment troupes bypassed the city. After the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a> a fledgling theatrical circuit made its way along the stagecoach routes from Omaha and Kansas City to San Francisco via Cheyenne, Denver, Salt Lake City, Virginia City, and Sacramento. This sort of transportation, however, was too slow and costly for most theatrical companies, especially for the opera troupes that enjoyed less popular appeal than circuses, stage plays, and song-and-dance acts. In 1870 two <strong>rail lines</strong> finished construction in Denver—one westward from Kansas City and the other a spur from the transcontinental <strong>Union Pacific</strong> mainline in Cheyenne—facilitating access to the city. Yet major opera companies still avoided Denver. Too many playing dates could be lost reaching the city and leaving it, and the town lacked a properly equipped theater with enough seating to make opera financially attractive to entrepreneurs.</p> <p>As a result, Denver’s early exposure to grand opera was piecemeal and of varying quality. Singers “Mr. and Mrs. Gruenwald,” employed at Thomas Maguire’s Opera House in San Francisco, provided Denver with its first operatic experience of record on December 8 and 9, 1864. En route to New York City, the Gruenwalds found themselves stranded in Denver when heavy snows on the high plains blocked all roads east. Shortly, two evenings of entertainment were scheduled at the Denver Theatre, a sizable two-story wood structure at the northeast corner of G (Sixteenth) and Lawrence Streets.</p> <h2>Enter the Tabors</h2> <p>Silver magnate <a href="/article/horace-tabor"><strong>Horace A.W. Tabor</strong></a> had already built <a href="/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a> a $65,000 opera house that opened in November 1879. Now, motivated by a characteristic blend of self-promotion and philanthropy, Tabor announced in March 1880 that he had purchased land at Sixteenth and Curtis Streets, where he would build Denver, the thriving “Queen City of the Plains,” the opera house it deserved. Tabor and his architect, W. J. Edbrooke, went to inspect other opera facilities to gather ideas. Construction began that summer. Tabor proclaimed that no expense would be spared in bringing to Denver the finest opera house in the American West. Accordingly, Edbrooke imported cherrywood from Japan, mahogany from Honduras, and paintings from Europe to adorn the interior. A single order from Marshall Field in Chicago, consisting of silk plush chairs, tapestry, and carpeting, amounted to $15,714. Estimates of the total cost of the multi-story opera house block ranged from $750,000 to $850,000, an extravagant sum at the time.</p> <p>Tabor wanted the opening of his opera house to be the grandest cultural and social event in the history of Colorado, and determined that the theater should be dedicated with a two-week season, beginning on September 6, 1881. He selected America’s most popular prima donna, Emma Abbott, and her Grand English Opera Company to do the honors, offering her a lavish guarantee of $20,000, plus $3,070 for railroad fare. Tabor’s choice of Abbott was appropriate for other reasons: the two of them had much in common as both were native-born, ambitious, and rose from modest beginnings to prominence. Tabor’s decision to have an opera season in English may have stemmed from his strongly held beliefs about egalitarianism and accessibility, notions that enjoyed wide acceptance throughout the American West.</p> <h2>Grand Opening</h2> <p>On opening night Denver inaugurated one of the most magnificent opera houses in North America, opening with William Vincent Wallace’s <em>Maritana</em> sung by the beguiling and energetic Abbott and her troupe. Despite a chilly drizzle, a capacity crowd of 1,500 filled the Tabor Grand Opera House. Though Abbott had chosen <em>Maritana</em> as the dedicatory entertainment, she could not resist beginning the evening by singing the Mad Scene from <em>Lucia di Lammermoor</em>, a decision that she announced to the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> the previous day.</p> <p>Newspaper accounts of the grand opening were ecstatic. Save for some uncertainty in the orchestra, the performance gave complete satisfaction. Headlines from the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> blared: “Perfection! Tabor’s Great Triumph Opened Last Night. The Grandest Mile Stone in Denver’s Career Fitly Dedicated by America’s Favorite.” The remainder of the inaugural season was a huge success. Abbott followed <em>Maritana</em> with a performance of <em>Lucia</em>, again garnering favorable reviews. Though the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> admitted that other sopranos had sung the title role better, it deemed Abbott’s singing satisfactory and lauded her histrionic ability. Over the next two weeks, the Abbott organization mounted eight additional full-length productions, a remarkable achievement for any touring company, especially so early in the season.</p> <p>The farewell performance of Saturday evening, September 17, billed as a benefit for Abbott, featured excerpts from <em>Romeo and Juliet</em>,<em> Faust</em>,<em> Cecelia’s Love</em>, and <em>Paul and Virginia</em>. Except for <em>Cecelia’s Love</em>, that had to be postponed a week to allow for rehearsal, the troupe delivered everything it had promised on schedule, which experienced patrons certainly appreciated. Abbott sang every night, with the exception of September 8 and 14, when she allowed Julia Rosewald to sing the soprano roles in <em>Il trovatore</em> and <em>The Bohemian Girl</em>. Aside from occasional remarks about intonation problems in the orchestra, criticism of Denver’s 1881 opera season remained mild.</p> <p>Between 1881 and 1890, the Tabor hosted a number of operatic luminaries. Christine Nilsson and Amalia Materna gave concerts there in 1882 and 1885, respectively. In 1884 James Henry Mapleson brought his opera troupe, including Adelina Patti and Etelka Gerster. But when he returned in 1886, Mapleson’s company appeared at the Academy of Music rather than at the Tabor Grand.</p> <h2>Waning Success</h2> <p>The grandness of the Tabor Grand lasted only nine years. In August 1890 the Broadway Theatre, “uptown” on Broadway near <strong>Sixteenth Street</strong>, opened with a two-week inaugural season given by the Emma Juch Grand English Opera Company. Thereafter, most of the leading attractions came to the Broadway rather than the Tabor. Abbott, who returned to Denver at least six times, remained the city’s most popular prima donna until her death in 1891, just before her company was scheduled to give yet another season of opera in the city. As for Horace Tabor, financial declines during the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> left him bankrupt, and he was forced to sell his opera house in 1896. It became a decrepit third-run movie house and was torn down in 1964.</p> <p>Virtually destitute, Tabor was charitably appointed postmaster of Denver in 1898 and died the following year. The verse that Tabor chose to adorn his grand opera house’s fancy decorated curtain was prophetic:</p> <p class="rteindent1"><em>So fleet the works of men,</em></p> <p class="rteindent1"><em>Back to the earth again;</em></p> <p class="rteindent1"><em>Ancient and holy things</em></p> <p class="rteindent1"><em>Fade like a dream.</em></p> <p><strong>Adapted from Harlan Jennings, “‘The Singers Are Not on Speaking Terms’: The Grand Opera in Denver: 1864–1881,” <em>Colorado Heritage Magazine</em> 19, no. 2 (1999).</strong></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-opera" hreflang="en">Grand Opera</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-opera-0" hreflang="en">The Grand Opera</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tabor-opera-house" hreflang="en">Tabor Opera House</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/opera-denver" hreflang="en">opera in denver</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Robert L. Perkin, <em>The First Hundred Years: An Informal History of Denver and the Rocky Mountain News</em> (Garden City, New York: Doubleday &amp; Co., 1959).</p> <p>Rocky Mountain PBS,&nbsp;<a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365892557/">"The Tabors,"</a>&nbsp;<em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 17, 2016.</p> <p>Duane A. Smith, <em>Horace Tabor: His Life and the Legend</em> (Boulder, Colorado: Colorado Associated University Press, 1973).</p> <p>Edwin John Stringham and Malcolm Glenn Wyer, <em>Music in Denver and Colorado</em> (Denver: Carson Press, 1927).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 22 Feb 2017 19:00:35 +0000 yongli 2372 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/red-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3568--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3568.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/red-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/RedRocksAMP_0.png?itok=0Y16x_jv" width="1024" height="680" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/red-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre&nbsp;officially opened to the public on June 15, 1941. It has since become an iconic American concert venue, hosting such world-famous musicians&nbsp;as The Beatles, Louis Armstrong, Stevie Nicks, B.B. King, Willie Nelson, and many more.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-23T11:13:28-07:00" title="Monday, January 23, 2017 - 11:13" class="datetime">Mon, 01/23/2017 - 11:13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/red-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre" data-a2a-title="Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fred-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre&amp;title=Red%20Rocks%20Park%20and%20Amphitheatre"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located just west of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> near the town of <a href="/article/morrison"><strong>Morrison</strong></a>, Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre combines awe-inspiring natural scenery with natural acoustic splendor. The 868-acre park stands 6,450 feet above sea level between the <a href="/article/colorado’s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> and the Rocky Mountains. The park’s amphitheater opened to the public in June 1941 and has hosted concerts, graduations, festivals, and other events ever since. Part of the extensive <a href="/article/denver-mountain-parks"><strong>Denver Mountain Parks</strong></a> system, Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre has a rich history filled with many important figures and events that contributed to its rise as one of the Denver area’s most iconic cultural and natural landmarks.</p><div style="height:0.7px;overflow:hidden;"><p>Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre, eingebettet in die atemberaubende Naturlandschaft von Colorado, ist ein Leuchtturm für Touristen, die sowohl landschaftliche Schönheit als auch kulturelle Erfahrungen suchen. Dieser ikonische Veranstaltungsort zieht nicht nur Musikliebhaber und Outdoor-Enthusiasten an, sondern zieht auch die Aufmerksamkeit einer einzigartigen Bevölkerungsgruppe auf sich: Online-Casinospieler. Die Anziehungskraft von Red Rocks geht über die majestätischen Felsformationen und atemberaubenden Aussichten hinaus; es dient auch als unerwarteter Hotspot für diejenigen, die Online-Glücksspiele in Casinos wie <a href="https://casinospace.at/zahlungsmethoden/paysafecard/">https://casinospace.at/zahlungsmethoden/paysafecard/</a> genießen. Mit dem Aufkommen von internetbasierten Casinos und einer Vielzahl von bequemen Zahlungsmethoden wie paysafecard casino suchen die Spieler ständig nach neuen und aufregenden Orten, um ihrem Lieblingszeitvertreib zu frönen. Die Kombination aus grandioser Natur und dem Nervenkitzel von paysafecard casino-Spielen übt auf viele Besucher eine unwiderstehliche Anziehungskraft aus. Ein Faktor, der zur Attraktivität von Red Rocks bei Online-Casinospielern beiträgt, ist seine Zugänglichkeit. Dank der Bequemlichkeit mobiler Geräte und Hochgeschwindigkeits-Internetverbindungen können Enthusiasten ihre Lieblingsspiele praktisch von überall aus genießen, auch inmitten der atemberaubenden roten Felsformationen des Parks.</p></div><h2>Geology and Early Discoveries</h2><p>The monolithic, 300-foot sandstone walls of Red Rocks rose up from a prehistoric ocean floor millions of years ago. The two largest walls, “Ship Rock” and “Creation Rock,” lie on the north and south sides of the amphitheater, towering over the rest of Red Rocks Park. Similar formations surfaced across Colorado, including <strong>Garden of the Gods</strong> near <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> and the <strong>Flatirons</strong> near <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>. These three land structures are part of what geologists call the Fountain Formation. For about 15 million years at the end of the Cretaceous Period (145–65 million years ago), the Fountain Formation underwent a major tectonic event called the Laramide Orogeny, which also created the <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>. This event lifted and tilted the Fountain Formation, exposing the rocks to erosion, producing the iconic slabs of Red Rocks. Weathering released oxidizing minerals such as iron, giving the rocks its reddish hue. In the late nineteenth century, bones of dinosaurs that roamed the area in the Cretaceous period were found at <a href="/article/dinosaur-ridge"><strong>Dinosaur Ridge</strong></a>, just northeast of Red Rocks.</p><p>Human occupation of the Red Rocks site dates back thousands of years, to the <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian period</strong></a>. Euro-Americans who moved to the Front Range during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59 found that <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong>people&nbsp;used Red Rocks as a sacred site and a gathering spot for music.</p><h2>Ownership</h2><p>In 1872 Marion Burts became the first recorded owner of Red Rocks, which he named “Garden of the Angels.” He sold it to Leonard H. Eicholtz, a railroad construction engineer from Pennsylvania who developed Red Rocks into a park in 1878. Eicholtz added roads, trails, picnic grounds, steps, and ladders so visitors could explore the park. He later sold Red Rocks to <strong>John Brisben Walker</strong> in 1905 for $5,000. Walker renamed the park “Garden of the Titans” and began further developing the park and amphitheater to attract tourists. He constructed a wooden stage at the base of the naturally acoustic bowl framed by Creation and Ship Rocks.</p><p>Walker had to sell off portions of his land due to financial problems. He sold the central portion to the park of the Red Rocks Corporation, an enterprise run by John Ross. Ross donated 530 acres of Red Rocks to the City and County of Denver in 1927, and the city acquired 110 additional acres in 1928. By 1932, the Denver Department of Parks and Recreation had purchased nearly 690 acres in Red Rocks Park and along Bear Creek for $50,000. In 1941 the Denver Mountain Park system included 13,000 acres, most of which was outside the city limits.</p><h2>Construction</h2><p>In 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Congress created a set of programs designed to lift the nation out of the Great Depression. Known as the <a href="/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a>, the federal programs provided work relief, mainly to young, unemployed men. One of these programs, the <a href="/article/civilian-conservation-corps-colorado"><strong>Civilian Conservation Corps</strong></a> (CCC), enlisted young men to help conserve the nation’s natural resources. <strong>George Cranmer</strong>, the manager for Denver Parks, saw an opportunity to use the CCC to implement his grand plan to convert the Red Rocks Park into a formal outdoor theater. In 1935, after the project was approved for federal funding, 200 men arrived from <strong>Durango</strong> and began working on roadways and bank side sloping.</p><p>Part of George Cranmer’s vision required an architect skilled enough to incorporate the natural acoustics of Red Rocks within formal theater elements. Once the amphitheater project was approved, the city and county of Denver appointed <strong>Burnham F. Hoyt</strong> as the head architect. Hoyt, a native of Denver, had already attained national recognition prior to designing the Red Rocks Amphitheatre. He designed continental seating, in which no center aisle exists; instead, there is enough space between each row to allow audience members easy access to their seats. During the same year CCC enrollees materialized, Hoyt gained an assistant, <strong>Stanley Morse</strong>.</p><p>Construction of the Red Rocks Amphitheatre did not commence until 1936, when US secretary of the interior Harold Ickes approved the project. The Red Rocks Amphitheatre proved to be one of the most complex structures the CCC built. Work began with leveling the floor between Ship Rock and Creation Rock. Because the floor sloped away from the stage, Hoyt had to create a grading plan. Work crews would use a considerable amount of dynamite to reverse the angled slope, and Denver’s city council and newspapers criticized George Cranmer for proposing such a noisy undertaking. Cranmer decided to have the CCC do all the detonations in one day to accommodate the sound concerns. The rock formations’ natural acoustics worked well with musical performances, but not with the booming sounds of construction and demolition.</p><h2>Opening and Musical Performances</h2><p>On the afternoon of June 8, 1941, Red Rocks held a soft opening for local officials, including Chief John F. Healy of the Fire Department, who enjoyed the Junior Orchestra of the Denver Symphony Society. On June 15, 1941, Red Rocks’ new amphitheater officially opened to the public with a performance featuring Helen Jepson of New York’s Metropolitan Opera singing “Ave Maria.”</p><p>Since the grand opening, Red Rocks has become a premiere concert venue. Great performers have stood on the Red Rocks stage such as Nat King Cole, Louis Armstrong, Harry Belafonte, Ray Charles, Ella Fitzgerald, the Eagles, Santana, Willie Nelson, Journey, Grateful Dead, Tears for Fears, Kiss, Bon Jovi, Sting, Stevie Nicks, B. B. King, Nora Jones, Duran Duran, and DeVotchKa. Perhaps the most famous musicians to grace the stage were the Beatles, who played there on August 26, 1964. Besides concerts, Red Rocks hosts movie nights, yoga, and the annual Easter sunrise service as well as special events including weddings and graduations.</p><h2>Preservation</h2><p>Thanks to the efforts of Friends of Red Rocks (FoRR), Red Rocks Park obtained National Historic Landmark status on July 21, 2015. Starting in 1999, the nonprofit organization spent fourteen years working with Denver to implement preservation recommendations that would prevent the commercialization of Red Rocks. FoRR continues to preserve the park’s natural beauty by conducting regular cleanups and contributing to the Open Space initiative, a joint effort by the city of Denver and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jefferson-county"><strong>Jefferson County</strong></a> to acquire private land around Red Rocks in order to preserve the natural setting.</p><h2>Today</h2><p>Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre has a way of bringing people together. Generations old and new gather to make memories, further adding to the legacy of the park. Dinosaurs, ancient tribes, settlers, industrial businessmen, government officials, nonprofit organizations, architects, preservationists, historians, and music enthusiasts have all come to experience the wondrous venue and explore the breathtaking landscape around it. It took millions of years of geologic forces, a labor force from the Civilian Conservation Corps, the vision of Burnham Hoyt and Stanley Morse, the city and county of Denver, and the driving force of George Cranmer to complete the beautiful amphitheater. With the continued support of the park’s Denver-area stewards and visitors from around the world, Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre will likely remain a local and national landmark well into the future.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/jones-kelly" hreflang="und">Jones, Kelly</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-rocks-amphitheater" hreflang="en">red rocks amphitheater</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-rocks-amphitheatre" hreflang="en">red rocks amphitheatre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-rocks-history" hreflang="en">red rocks history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-rocks-morrison" hreflang="en">red rocks morrison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/morrison" hreflang="en">Morrison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/beatles" hreflang="en">the beatles</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sandstone" hreflang="en">sandstone</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ship-rock" hreflang="en">ship rock</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/creation-rock" hreflang="en">creation rock</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/laramide-orogeny" hreflang="en">laramide orogeny</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-brisben-walker" hreflang="en">John Brisben Walker</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/marion-burts" hreflang="en">marion burts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-mountain-parks" hreflang="en">denver mountain parks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/new-deal" hreflang="en">New Deal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/louis-armstrong" hreflang="en">louis armstrong</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ray-charles" hreflang="en">ray charles</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stevie-nicks" hreflang="en">stevie nicks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eagles" hreflang="en">the eagles</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/friends-red-rocks" hreflang="en">friends of red rocks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civilian-conservation-corp" hreflang="en">Civilian Conservation Corp</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civilian-conservation-corps" hreflang="en">Civilian Conservation Corps</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“A Labyrinth of Charm,” <em>Happy Home Chats</em> vol.1, no. 16 (June 22, 1936).</p><p>Civilian Conservation Corps Legacy, “<a href="https://ccclegacy.org/CCC_Brief_History.html">CCC Brief History</a>,” 2015.</p><p>Denver Department of Parks, “Data on Red Rocks Park,” 1932.</p><p>Friends of Red Rocks, “<a href="https://www.friendsofredrocks.org/">Who We Are</a>,” 2016.</p><p>Letter, Manager to Chief John F. Healy, June 2, 1941, Denver Department of Parks papers.</p><p>“<a href="https://www.nps.gov/nhl/find/statelists/co/CO.pdf">National Historic Landmarks Program</a>,” National Park Service, 2015.</p><p>Tom Noel, <em>Sacred Stones: Colorado’s Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre</em> (Denver: Division of Theatres and Arenas, 2004).</p><p>Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre, “<a href="https://www.redrocksonline.com/concerts-events/listing/archive">Concert Archive: Previous Shows</a>,” 2014.</p><p>Sally L. White, “<a href="https://historicjeffco.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/2005histjeffcov18-26.pdf">John Brisben Walker, the Man and Mt. Morrison</a>,” <em>Historically Jeffco</em> 18, no. 26 (2005).</p><p>Deon Wolfenbarger, “<a href="https://www.nps.gov/nhl/news/LC/fall2014/RedRocksPark.pdf">Red Rocks Park and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp: Draft Nomination</a>,” National Historic Landmarks Program (National Park Service), June 28, 2013.</p><p>Helen Worden, “Steel Gives Nature a Lift,” <em>The World</em> (1941).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://catalog.denverlibrary.org/search/title.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.6&amp;pos=1">Burnham Hoyt Architectural Records</a> (Denver Public Library)</p><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/best-red-rocks-shows-all-time">Best Red Rocks Shows of All Time</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/red-rocks-amphitheatre-6-things-see-do">Red Rocks Amphitheatre: 5 Things to See &amp; Do</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p><p>Day Hikes Near Denver, “<a href="https://dayhikesneardenver.com/red-rocks-trail-red-rocks-park/">Red Rocks Trail at Red Rocks Park</a>.”</p><p><a href="http://www.theredrocksamphitheater.com/">Red Rocks Amphitheatre Fansite</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 23 Jan 2017 18:13:28 +0000 yongli 2195 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/van-briggle-memorial-pottery-building <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2101--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2101.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/van-briggle-memorial-pottery-building"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Van_Briggle_Pottery_Tiled_Building-%281%29_0.jpg?itok=kglTtA1E" width="1000" height="669" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/van-briggle-memorial-pottery-building" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built in 1907-8 as a showcase for the company's products, the Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building incorporated thousands of tile and terra cotta elements designed by Anne Van Briggle.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2102--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2102.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/anne-van-briggle"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Van%20Briggle%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=3Li_yU1q" width="229" height="292" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/anne-van-briggle" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Anne Van Briggle</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After Artus Van Briggle's death in 1904, Anne Van Briggle took over their pottery company and led it for the next eight years. She oversaw the planning and construction of the company's new headquarters, which served as a memorial to her late husband.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2103--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2103.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/workers-van-briggle-pottery"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Van-Briggle-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=-i-xHz7z" width="1000" height="810" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/workers-van-briggle-pottery" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Workers at the Van Briggle Pottery</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Van Briggle Pottery featured giant kilns and smokestacks designed by engineer Frank Riddle to get better combustion with less smoke.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2104--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2104.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-college-facilities-services"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Van_Briggle_Pottery_Company_0.jpg?itok=LILKKIST" width="1000" height="673" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-college-facilities-services" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado College Facilities Services</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Now home to Colorado College's Facilities Services department, the Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span 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THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-22T13:31:31-07:00" title="Tuesday, November 22, 2016 - 13:31" class="datetime">Tue, 11/22/2016 - 13:31</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/van-briggle-memorial-pottery-building" data-a2a-title="Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fvan-briggle-memorial-pottery-building&amp;title=Van%20Briggle%20Memorial%20Pottery%20Building"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1907–8, the Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> was designed by architect Nicolaas van den Arend to serve as the company’s salesroom, pottery plant, and headquarters. Incorporating more than 5,000 tile and terra cotta components designed by <strong>Anne Van Briggle</strong>, the building is considered one of the most important tile installations in the United States. In 1968 the pottery company moved and sold the building to nearby <strong>Colorado College</strong>, which uses it to house the school’s Facilities Services department.</p> <h2>Van Briggle Pottery</h2> <p>In 1899 pottery maker <strong>Artus Van Briggle</strong> moved to Colorado Springs from his home in Cincinnati to try to recover from <a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a>. He soon became a staple of the city’s social and artistic circles and began to work with Colorado College professor William Strieby to perfect his pottery and glazes using local materials. In 1900 his fiancée, Anne Gregory, joined him in Colorado Springs. Trained as a painter, she became his partner in the pottery business. In 1901 they opened a showroom and pottery plant on North Nevada Avenue. By that December they had pieces ready for sale, and in April 1902 they officially incorporated the Van Briggle Pottery Company. Initial investors included <a href="/article/william-jackson-palmer"><strong>William Jackson Palmer</strong></a>, <strong>Winfield Scott Stratton</strong>, and other members of the city’s social and business elite.</p> <p>The Van Briggles were married in June 1902 and experienced considerable success over the next two years. Their work was generating praise around the country and even around the world for the way it applied Art Nouveau’s emphasis on natural forms to pottery. Van Briggle pieces won medals at the prestigious Paris Salon of 1903 and the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Centennial Exposition in St. Louis. But Artus Van Briggle’s health continued to decline, causing Anne to assume more and more responsibility for the company. On July 4, 1904, Artus Van Briggle died of tuberculosis.</p> <h2>Memorial Pottery Plant</h2> <p>After the death of Artus Van Briggle, the pottery company was reorganized with Anne as president. She continued to produce his old designs and added some of her own while gradually expanding the company’s range of production to bring in more revenue. In 1907 the company started to produce art tiles, and Anne Van Briggle began to plan for a larger and better pottery plant that would also serve as a showcase for the company’s wares and a memorial to her husband.</p> <p>The new pottery plant was a factory at its core, but the setting and architecture were designed to impress visitors and inspire workers. William Jackson Palmer provided a picturesque site for the building on the west bank of Monument Creek adjacent to <a href="/article/monument-valley-park"><strong>Monument Valley Park</strong></a>. To design the building, the company hired Dutch architect Nicolaas van den Arend, who had come to Colorado Springs in 1904 because his wife suffered from tuberculosis. In a nod to the ancestry he shared with Artus Van Briggle, he planned a building that resembled a Dutch farmhouse, with Flemish bond brickwork and a variety of gables and small porches.</p> <p>Construction started in summer 1907. The building incorporated important contributions from Anne Van Briggle and company superintendent Frank Riddle. Riddle designed two large kilns that sat in the middle of the building and supported a pair of rounded smokestacks that rose from the roof; they made it possible to get better combustion with less smoke. Meanwhile, Anne Van Briggle and her assistant Emma Kinkead worked for more than a year at the company’s factory on North Nevada Avenue to churn out thousands of tile and terra cotta pieces that Van Briggle had designed as interior and exterior decorations for the new building.</p> <p>By September 1908 the new plant was fully operational. The south-facing building had three basic sections: a center wing and two wings that projected south from either side. The center wing was dominated by Riddle’s two large kilns. The east wing housed the pottery side of the company and included an etching room, greenware room, lab, dryer, damp box, and two studios. Anne Van Briggle’s studio was at the southern end of the east wing and featured a tile fireplace of her own design. The west wing of the building housed offices for the sales side of the company. At the southern end of the west wing was an elaborate salesroom with a tile floor, tile wall panels, and tile fireplace designed by Anne Van Briggle.</p> <p>On December 3, 1908, the company held an opening ceremony attended by about 600 people. Over the next few years, tourists continued to visit the building to see its architecture, get a free tour, and perhaps buy tiles, terra cotta, or pottery. At the time, the company was the only maker of art tiles between Chicago and Los Angeles, and its building was one of only a few art pottery plants in the country that were open to the public.</p> <h2>Troubles and Change</h2> <p>The expense of the pottery building—reportedly as high as $100,000—took a toll on the company’s bottom line. Despite continued praise for its products, the company could not find a large enough market for art tiles and pottery to stay afloat. In 1910 the company declared bankruptcy, and in 1912 Anne Van Briggle left to focus on her original passion, painting.</p> <p>Over the next decade the company and the building went through several changes in ownership. A June 1919 fire destroyed much of the building’s central wing, but it was rebuilt essentially the same as the original. In the early 1920s, the brothers Ira and Jesse Lewis finally brought financial stability to the company. They focused increasingly on selling to tourists and made the building’s salesroom the only place to buy Van Briggle pottery.</p> <p>In 1935 a devastating flood of Monument Creek wreaked havoc on the Van Briggle building, taking out its eastern wall and destroying many company records and original pottery molds. The whole building was filled with several feet of water, which dragged pieces of pottery as far away as Fountain, about fifteen miles south. After the waters receded, the company remodeled the east wing, and by the start of World War II it was attracting about 50,000 visitors per year.</p> <p>In the early 1950s, plans for what is now <strong>Interstate 25</strong> looked as if they would require relocating the pottery’s operations. Owner Jesse Lewis and master potter Clem Hull acquired the recently vacated <a href="/article/midland-roundhouse"><strong>Midland Roundhouse</strong></a> building and renovated it from a railroad shop into a working pottery. Meanwhile, the existing Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building was saved when the freeway ended up being routed about a block to the west. The Roundhouse pottery opened in 1955, and the company used both locations until the late 1960s.</p> <h2>Colorado College Facilities Services</h2> <p>In 1968 Van Briggle consolidated its operations at the Midland Roundhouse, which was closer to the city’s main tourist attractions. The company sold the Memorial Pottery Building to Colorado College, whose main campus lay just across Monument Creek. With the help of several large donations, the college spent two years restoring the building’s exterior and renovating the interior to house the Facilities Services Department. The building’s huge kilns were removed and a framework of steel beams was installed to support the distinctive smokestacks above. The original tilework in the salesroom and Anne Van Briggle’s studio remained largely intact.</p> <p>The Memorial Pottery Building has now housed the Colorado College’s Facilities Services department for more than forty-five years. The college continues to invest in the building’s maintenance and restoration. In 2001 the kiln chimneys were repaired, and in 2006 lightning rods were installed to prevent further damage to the building’s terra cotta.</p> <p>In 2009 the pottery building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Woman’s Educational Society of Colorado College hosts an annual Historic Van Briggle Pottery Festival that features guided tours of the building.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/van-briggle-pottery" hreflang="en">Van Briggle Pottery</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/artus-van-briggle" hreflang="en">Artus Van Briggle</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/anne-van-briggle" hreflang="en">Anne Van Briggle</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nicolaas-van-den-arend" hreflang="en">Nicolaas van den Arend</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-college" hreflang="en">Colorado College</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Barbara M. Arnest, ed., <em>Van Briggle Pottery: The Early Years</em> (Colorado Springs, CO: Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center, 1975).</p> <p>Dorothy McGraw Bogue, <em>The Van Briggle Story</em> (Colorado Springs, CO: Dentan-Berkeland, 1968).</p> <p>R. Laurie Simmons and Thomas H. Simmons, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/NRSR/5EP614.pdf">Van Briggle Pottery Company</a>,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (March 5, 2009).</p> <p>Molly Wingate and Linda Crissey, <em>The Van Briggle Pottery Building: A Walking Tour</em> (Colorado Springs, CO: Women’s Educational Society of the Colorado College, 2008).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://www.vanbriggle.com/">Van Briggle Pottery &amp; Tile</a></p> <p>Andrew Wineke, “<a href="https://gazette.com/historic-roundhouse-is-once-again-in-motion/article/44380/">Historic roundhouse is once again in motion</a>,” <em>The Gazette</em> (CO Springs), December 3, 2008.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building is famous. Architect Nicolaas van den Arend designed it. It was built in Colorado Springs in 1907-8. Thousands of colorful clay tiles decorate it.<strong> Anne Van Briggle</strong> designed those. The building was an art studio, factory, and store. In 1968 the company moved. <strong>Colorado College</strong> bought the building.</p> <h2>Van Briggle Pottery</h2> <p>In 1899 pottery maker <strong>Artus Van Briggle</strong>&nbsp;was sick. He had&nbsp;<a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a>, a lung disease. He left Ohio. People thought Colorado’s dry air was a cure. Artus moved to Colorado Springs. The next year his fiancée joined him. Anne Gregory had been a painter. Now, she became Artus’s partner. They formed the Van Briggle Pottery Company in April 1902. They married two months later.</p> <p>Art Nouveau (“new art”) was popular. It used nature as a model. Lines were curved, like the curves of plants. Artus and Anne used this style in their pottery. People around the world loved it. The Van Briggles received many awards. But Artus’s health got worse. On July 4, 1904, he died.</p> <h2>Memorial Pottery Plant</h2> <p>Anne became the president. She made Artus’s designs and her own. She wanted a better pottery plant. It would show off their award-winning tiles. It would also be a memorial to her husband.</p> <p>The spot chosen was on the west bank of Monument Creek. It was next to&nbsp;<strong>Monument Valley Park</strong>. The company hired architect Nicolaas van den Arend. Van Briggle and van den Arend are Dutch names. Their families both came from the Netherlands. The building would look like a Dutch farmhouse. Even the pattern of bricklaying was Dutch.</p> <p>Work began in 1907. To harden the clay tiles, the building needed ovens. The factory manager designed two large pottery ovens. These are called kilns. Rounded smokestacks went out the roof. Anne and her assistant created thousands of tile and clay pieces. These decorated the new building.</p> <p>By September 1908, work was done. The building had three sections. The center had the kilns. The workshops and Anne’s studio were on the east. The west had offices and a salesroom. Its floor, wall panels, and fireplace were all made of tiles.</p> <h2>Troubles and Change</h2> <p>The building was impressive, but it had cost too much. The company was losing money. There were not enough buyers for art tiles. In 1910 the business declared bankruptcy. Two years later, Anne Van Briggle left. In the early 1920s, owners Ira and Jesse Lewis helped the company make money again.</p> <p>In 1919 there was a fire. In 1935 there was a flood. The company recovered from both disasters and remodeled. By 1941 the building was getting almost 50,000 visitors a year.</p> <p>The next problem was manmade. In the early 1950s, the new <strong>Interstate 25</strong>&nbsp;was being planned. People thought the Van Briggle building would be right in its path. The company bought a new building, the <strong>Midland Roundhouse</strong>. It had been a railroad shop. Now it would be a pottery factory. But the highway ended up being about a block away. The Memorial Building was saved. The Roundhouse building opened in 1955. The company used both spots until the late 1960s.</p> <h2>Colorado College Facilities Services</h2> <p>In 1968 Van Briggle moved everything to the Roundhouse. Colorado College bought the Memorial Pottery Building. Their campus lay just across the creek. In 2009 the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Each fall, there is a Van Briggle Pottery Festival. It features special tours of this historic building.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building was built in 1907–8 in <strong>Colorado Springs</strong>. It was designed by architect Nicolaas van den Arend for Anne Van Briggle, who designed more than 5,000 tile and terra cotta pieces for the building. The building served as the company’s salesroom, pottery plant, and headquarters. In 1968 the pottery company moved and the building was sold to nearby&nbsp;<strong>Colorado College</strong>. Now, it houses the school’s Facilities Services department.</p> <h2>Van Briggle Pottery</h2> <p>In 1899 pottery maker&nbsp;<strong>Artus Van Briggle</strong>&nbsp;moved to Colorado Springs from Cincinnati. He was trying to recover from&nbsp;<a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a>. In 1900 his fiancée, Anne Gregory, joined him. Trained as a painter, she became his partner in the pottery business. In 1901 they opened a showroom and pottery plant on North Nevada Avenue. By that December they had pieces ready for sale. They officially incorporated the Van Briggle Pottery Company in April 1902. They married two months later. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>Art Nouveau (“new art”) was a popular style at the time. It drew its inspiration from nature, especially the curved lines of plants. The Van Briggles used this style in their pottery. Their work gained praise from around the country and the world. But Artus Van Briggle’s health continued to decline. Anne took on more responsibility for the company. On July 4, 1904, Artus Van Briggle died of tuberculosis.</p> <h2>Memorial Pottery Plant</h2> <p>After the death of her husband, Anne became president. She still produced his designs and added some of her own. In 1907 the company started to produce art tiles. Anne Van Briggle began planning a better pottery plant. It would serve as a showcase for the company’s wares as well as a memorial to her husband.</p> <p>The new pottery plant was a factory, but it was a factory designed to impress and inspire. The site was located on the west bank of Monument Creek next to&nbsp;<strong>Monument Valley Park</strong>. To design the building, the company hired architect Nicolaas van den Arend. He had come to Colorado Springs in 1904 because his wife suffered from tuberculosis. Like the Van Briggles, his ancestry was Dutch. The building he planned looked like a Dutch farmhouse. It featured special brickwork in a pattern called Flemish bond. It also had a variety of gables and small porches.</p> <p>Construction started in summer 1907. Company superintendent Frank Riddle designed two large pottery ovens, or kilns. These supported a pair of rounded smokestacks that rose from the roof. These provided better combustion with less smoke. Meanwhile, Anne Van Briggle and her assistant Emma Kinkead created thousands of tile and terra cotta pieces to decorate the new building.</p> <p>The new plant was ready by September 1908. The south-facing building had three basic sections: a center wing and a wing on each side. The center wing featured the two large kilns. The east wing housed the pottery side of the company. It included a laboratory and an etching room where designs were marked onto the clay. Anne Van Briggle’s studio was at the southern end of the east wing. The west wing of the building had sales offices and a beautiful salesroom. Its floor, wall panels, and fireplace were all made of tiles designed by Anne Van Briggle. At the time, the company was the only maker of art tiles between Chicago and Los Angeles, and its building was one of only a few such plants in the country that were open to the public.</p> <h2>Troubles and Change</h2> <p>The building was beautiful, but it was expensive. The company was losing money. Despite continued praise for its products, there was not a large enough market for art tiles. In 1910 the company declared bankruptcy. Two years later, Anne Van Briggle left to focus on her original passion, painting.</p> <p>Over the next decades, the company and the building changed owners several times. It survived both a fire in 1919 and a devastating flood in 1935. Each time the company renovated and remodeled. By the start of World War II, it was attracting about 50,000 visitors per year.</p> <p>In the early 1950s, it looked as if the Van Briggle building would be in the way of the new <strong>Interstate 25</strong>. Owner Jesse Lewis and master potter Clem Hull bought a new building, the <strong>Midland Roundhouse</strong>&nbsp;building. They renovated it from a railroad roundhouse into a working pottery factory. Meanwhile, the existing Van Briggle building was saved. The freeway ended up being routed about a block to the west. The Roundhouse pottery opened in 1955, and the company used both locations until the late 1960s.</p> <h2>Colorado College Facilities Services</h2> <p>In 1968 Van Briggle moved all its operations to the Midland Roundhouse, which was closer to the city’s tourist attractions. Colorado College, whose main campus lay just across Monument Creek, bought the Memorial Pottery Building. The college spent two years restoring the building’s exterior and renovating the interior. The building’s huge kilns were removed, and a framework of steel beams was installed to support the smokestacks above. The original tilework in the salesroom and Anne Van Briggle’s studio remained largely intact.</p> <p>The Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building has housed Colorado College’s Facilities Services department for nearly a half century. The college continues to maintain and restore the building. In 2009 the pottery building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Woman’s Educational Society of Colorado College hosts an annual Historic Van Briggle Pottery Festival that features guided tours of the building.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Built in 1907–8, the Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building in&nbsp;<strong>Colorado Springs</strong>&nbsp;was designed by architect Nicolaas van den Arend. It served as the company’s salesroom, pottery plant, and headquarters. The building is one of the most important tile installations in the United States. It incorporates more than 5,000 tile and terra cotta components designed by&nbsp;Anne Van Briggle. In 1968 the pottery company moved and the building was sold to nearby&nbsp;<strong>Colorado College</strong>. Now, it houses the school’s Facilities Services department.</p> <h2>Van Briggle Pottery</h2> <p>In 1899 pottery maker&nbsp;<strong>Artus Van Briggle</strong>&nbsp;moved to Colorado Springs from Cincinnati. He was trying to recover from&nbsp;<a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a>. In 1900 his fiancée, Anne Gregory, joined him. Trained as a painter, she became his partner in the pottery business. In 1901 they opened a showroom and pottery plant on North Nevada Avenue. By that December they had pieces ready for sale. They officially incorporated the Van Briggle Pottery Company in April 1902. Initial investors included&nbsp;<strong>William Jackson Palmer</strong>,&nbsp;<strong>Winfield Scott Stratton</strong>, and other members of the city’s elite.</p> <p>The Van Briggles were married in June 1902. They experienced considerable success over the next two years. Their work applied the Art Nouveau style’s emphasis on natural forms to pottery, generating praise from around the country and world. For instance, Van Briggle pieces won medals at the prestigious Paris Salon of 1903. But Artus Van Briggle’s health continued to decline. Anne took on more responsibility for the company. On July 4, 1904, Artus Van Briggle died.</p> <h2>Memorial Pottery Plant</h2> <p>After the death of Artus Van Briggle, the company was reorganized. Anne became president. She continued to produce his old designs and added some of her own. She gradually expanded the range of production to bring in more revenue. In 1907 the company started to produce art tiles. Anne Van Briggle began to plan for a larger and better pottery plant. It would also serve as a showcase for the company’s wares and a memorial to her husband.</p> <p>The new pottery plant was a factory at its core, but the setting and architecture were designed to impress visitors and inspire workers. William Jackson Palmer provided a picturesque site for the building on the west bank of Monument Creek adjacent to&nbsp;<strong>Monument Valley Park</strong>. To design the building, the company hired Dutch architect Nicolaas van den Arend. He had come to Colorado Springs in 1904 because his wife suffered from tuberculosis. In a nod to the families’ shared Dutch ancestry, he planned a building for Van Briggle that resembled a Dutch farmhouse. It featured Flemish bond brickwork and a variety of gables and small porches.</p> <p>Construction started in summer 1907. The building incorporated important contributions from Anne Van Briggle and company superintendent Frank Riddle. Riddle designed two large kilns that sat in the middle of the building. By supporting a pair of rounded smokestacks that rose from the roof, they made it possible to get better combustion with less smoke. Meanwhile, Anne Van Briggle and her assistant Emma Kinkead worked for more than a year at the company’s factory on North Nevada Avenue, churning out thousands of tile and terra cotta pieces that Van Briggle had designed as interior and exterior decorations for the new building.</p> <p>By September 1908, the new plant was fully operational. The south-facing building had three basic sections: a center wing and two wings that projected south from either side. The center wing was dominated by Riddle’s two large kilns. The east wing housed the pottery side of the company and included an etching room, greenware room, lab, dryer, damp box, and two studios. Anne Van Briggle’s studio was at the southern end of the east wing. It featured a tile fireplace of her own design. The west wing of the building housed offices for the sales side of the company. At the southern end of the west wing was an elaborate salesroom, with a tile floor, tile wall panels, and tile fireplace designed by Anne Van Briggle.</p> <p>On December 3, 1908, the company held an opening ceremony attended by about 600 people. Over the next few years, tourists continued to visit the building to see its architecture, get a free tour, and buy tiles, terra cotta, or pottery. At the time, the company was the only maker of art tiles between Chicago and Los Angeles, and its building was one of only a few art pottery plants in the country that were open to the public.</p> <h2>Troubles and Change</h2> <p>The expense of the pottery building—reportedly as high as $100,000—took a toll on the company’s bottom line. Despite continued praise for its products, the company could not find a large enough market for art tiles and pottery to stay afloat. In 1910 the company declared bankruptcy. Two years later, Anne Van Briggle left to focus on her original passion, painting.</p> <p>Over the next decade, the company and the building went through several changes in ownership. A fire in June 1919 destroyed much of the building’s central wing, but it was rebuilt essentially the same as the original. In the early 1920s, brothers Ira and Jesse Lewis finally brought financial stability to the company. They focused increasingly on selling to tourists and made the building’s salesroom the only place to buy Van Briggle pottery.</p> <p>In 1935 a devastating flood wreaked havoc on the Van Briggle building, taking out its eastern wall and destroying many company records and original pottery molds. The whole building was filled with several feet of water. Pieces of pottery were washed downstream as far away as the town of Fountain, about fifteen miles south. After the waters receded, the company remodeled the east wing. By the start of World War II, it was attracting about 50,000 visitors per year.</p> <p>In the early 1950s, plans for what is now&nbsp;<strong>Interstate 25</strong>&nbsp;looked as if they would require relocating the pottery’s operations. Owner Jesse Lewis and master potter Clem Hull acquired the recently vacated&nbsp;<strong>Midland Roundhouse</strong>&nbsp;building and renovated it from a railroad roundhouse into a working pottery. Meanwhile, the existing Van Briggle building was saved when the freeway ended up being routed about a block to the west. The Roundhouse pottery opened in 1955, and the company used both locations until the late 1960s.</p> <h2>Colorado College Facilities Services</h2> <p>In 1968 Van Briggle consolidated its operations at the Midland Roundhouse, which was closer to the city’s main tourist attractions. The company sold the Memorial Pottery Building to Colorado College, whose main campus lay just across Monument Creek. With the help of several large donations, the college spent two years restoring the building’s exterior and renovating the interior to house the Facilities Services Department. The building’s huge kilns were removed, and a framework of steel beams was installed to support the distinctive smokestacks. The original tilework in the salesroom and Anne Van Briggle’s studio remained largely intact.</p> <p>The Memorial Pottery Building has now housed Colorado College’s Facilities Services department for nearly half a century. The college continues to invest in the building’s maintenance and restoration. In 2001 the kiln chimneys were repaired, and in 2006 lightning rods were installed to prevent further damage to the building’s terra cotta.</p> <p>In 2009 the pottery building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Each fall, the Woman’s Educational Society of Colorado College hosts a Historic Van Briggle Pottery Festival that features guided tours of the building.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 22 Nov 2016 20:31:31 +0000 yongli 2097 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Bonfils Memorial Theatre http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bonfils-memorial-theatre <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bonfils Memorial Theatre</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-10-07T16:34:33-06:00" title="Friday, October 7, 2016 - 16:34" class="datetime">Fri, 10/07/2016 - 16:34</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bonfils-memorial-theatre" data-a2a-title="Bonfils Memorial Theatre"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbonfils-memorial-theatre&amp;title=Bonfils%20Memorial%20Theatre"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Bonfils Memorial Theatre on East Colfax Avenue was built by <strong>Helen Bonfils</strong> for the <strong>Denver Civic Theatre</strong> in 1953. As the first theater for live performances built in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> in forty years, the cream-colored building staged more than 400 productions before it closed in 1986. It sat mostly unoccupied for two decades before the St. Charles Town Company converted it into a new home for the <strong>Tattered Cover Book Store</strong> in 2006.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>A New Home for the Civic Theatre</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Established in 1929, the University Civic Theatre was an amateur theater company that drew support from wealthy local arts patrons such as <strong>Margery Reed</strong>, Florence Martin, and Helen Bonfils, the publisher of the <strong><em>Denver Post</em></strong>. Originally based out of Margery Reed Hall on the <strong>University of Denver </strong>(DU) campus, the Civic Theatre functioned in its early years as an intimate club with only a few hundred members.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1940s Civic Theatre membership rapidly expanded into the thousands, making a new home necessary. Plans for a new building were first drawn up during World War II. In 1942 Helen Bonfils gave a building at 1425 Cleveland Place to DU as the site for the Civic Theatre’s new home. Wartime restrictions made it illegal to build or remodel theaters, however, so in the meantime the university remodeled the building for other uses.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the war, Bonfils and the Civic Theatre allowed DU to keep 1425 Cleveland Place and started to search for a new site. By 1948 they had found one at East Colfax Avenue and Elizabeth Street, across from the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/city-park">City Park</a> Esplanade</strong> and <strong>East High School</strong>. Soon a ten-room house at the site was moved to a different location, and construction on the new theater began.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Bonfils Memorial Theatre</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>At first the Civic Theatre hoped to have its new home ready in time for the 1950–51 season, but building restrictions during the Korean War delayed the project for several years. The new theater finally opened on October 14, 1953, with a production of <em>Green Grow the Lilacs</em> for 500 guests to kick off the Civic Theatre’s twenty-fifth season. At the same time, the Civic Theatre changed its name from University Civic Theatre to Denver Civic Theatre to mark its move away from the university campus.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent Helen Bonfils a telegram of congratulations on opening night. She had bankrolled the $1.25 million building using funds from her father’s <strong>Frederick G. Bonfils</strong> Foundation, which he established to support educational and cultural organizations. She named the building the Bonfils Memorial Theatre, in memory of her parents, and rented it to the Civic Theatre for one dollar a year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The building’s architect was <strong>John K. Monroe</strong>, whom Helen Bonfils knew from his work for the <strong>Archdiocese of Denver</strong>, particularly the Bonfils-funded <a href="/article/holy-ghost-catholic-church"><strong>Holy Ghost Catholic Church </strong></a>downtown. For the Civic Theatre, Monroe designed a one-story Art Moderne building with a tall, rectangular stage fly loft structure at the rear. Encased in cream-colored brick and buff-colored terra cotta trim, the building’s exterior was characterized by a clean, almost classical look that was balanced by the curve of the aluminum entrance canopy on Elizabeth Street.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The audience entered the theater under the Elizabeth Street canopy and passed through a travertine lobby with a Prussian blue rug, wood-paneled walls, pumpkin-colored plaster, and tall windows facing Colfax. The west side of the lobby had a shrine to London’s Abbey Theater. A grand staircase led down from the main lobby to the lower lobby, which had a bar and restrooms.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The theater itself sat 550 people and featured gray walls, red carpet, and a Prussian blue curtain that came down behind its proscenium arch. It was the best-equipped amateur theater in the country, complete with nine dressing rooms and an electronic lighting switchboard that was a smaller version of the system used in New York City’s Metropolitan Opera House. Monroe designed it to be used for a variety of productions, including plays, operas, movies, concerts, and lectures. It could also be used as a television studio, making it perhaps the oldest building in Denver designed with television production in mind.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The main artistic force behind the Civic Theatre during its years in the Bonfils Memorial Theatre was <strong>Henry Lowenstein</strong>. Initially hired in 1956 as a stage designer, he later became a producer and influenced a generation of Denver actors, stagehands, and theatergoers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Changes</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When Helen Bonfils died in 1972, the theater became part of the <strong>Bonfils Foundation</strong>. <em>Denver Post</em> chairman and publisher <strong>Donald Seawell</strong> controlled the foundation, and in 1974 he pushed for the creation of the <strong>Denver Center for the Performing Arts</strong> (DCPA), a massive complex of theaters and concert halls on Fourteenth Street downtown (now known as the Denver Performing Arts Complex). The Bonfils Memorial Theatre came under the umbrella of the DCPA governing board, which started the professional Denver Center Theatre Company at its downtown complex and kept the Bonfils building as a community theater.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the rise of professional theater at the DCPA, interest in community theater at the Bonfils building waned. In 1984 the DCPA governing board, concerned about the Bonfils Theatre’s operating deficit, decided to close the main stage. Cabaret and children’s theater performances continued for a few more years, but without the main stage it had even less hope of balancing its operating budget. In 1986 the theater was renamed in honor of longtime producer Lowenstein, but six months later the DCPA board voted unanimously to close it for good. Lowenstein and the Denver Civic Theatre moved to a former silent movie theater on Santa Fe Drive.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Rebirth as Tattered Cover</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the Bonfils Theatre closed, it sat mostly unused for nearly twenty years. Local residents wanted to save the building, but it proved impossible to find a tenant. The building was occasionally used for filming and other short-term projects. When the 1950s television show <em>Perry Mason</em> was revived in the 1980s, for example, it briefly filmed at the theater and other Denver locations.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In May 2005, Charles Woolley of the St. Charles Town Company bought the theater and adjacent parking lot from the Bonfils Foundation for $1.9 million. He got it listed on the National Register of Historic Places the next year. Meanwhile, with the help of preservationists from the Colorado Historical Society (now <strong>History Colorado</strong>) and the National Park Service and financing from the <strong>Denver Urban Renewal Authority</strong>, the company embarked on a $14 million project to preserve the theater as part of a redevelopment that would include a bookstore, record store, and art cinema in one large complex called the Lowenstein Cultureplex.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2006 the St. Charles Town Company started to convert the theater into a new home for Denver’s Tattered Cover Book Store. The exterior was cleaned, repaired, and slightly reconfigured for retail use. The interior saw more significant changes—it was, after all, being converted from a theater to a book store—but many historic details and finishes were retained. It is still possible to see the building’s theatre heritage in the book store’s recessed reading area at the foot of the former stage. Offices, dressing rooms, and rehearsal space on the east and west sides of the theater were converted into a restaurant and a coffee shop, respectively. Historic Denver awarded the St. Charles Town Company a Community Preservation Award for its work on the theater.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On the site of the former parking lot just west of the theater, the company built a new structure that housed the Twist and Shout music store, Neighborhood Flix Cinema and Café, and a 230-space parking garage. Neighborhood Flix closed in 2008 but reopened two years later as the Sie FilmCenter, home of the <strong>Denver Film Society</strong>.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/helen-bonfils" hreflang="en">Helen Bonfils</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tattered-cover-book-store" hreflang="en">Tattered Cover Book Store</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-civic-theatre" hreflang="en">Denver Civic Theatre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-center-performing-arts" hreflang="en">Denver Center for the Performing Arts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-k-monroe" hreflang="en">John K. Monroe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/henry-lowenstein" hreflang="en">Henry Lowenstein</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/donald-seawell" hreflang="en">Donald Seawell</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bonfils-foundation" hreflang="en">Bonfils Foundation</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://renewdenver.org/projects/lowenstein-theatre/">Lowenstein Theater</a>,” Denver Urban Renewal Authority.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Moore, <a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2009/06/26/a-history-of-the-bonfils-theatre/">“A History of the Bonfils Theatre,”</a> <em>The Denver Post</em>, March 20, 2005.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elizabeth J. K. Morris, “A History of the Denver Civic Theatre, 1929–1968” (master’s thesis, University of Colorado–Boulder, 1968).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Presenting the Bonfils Memorial Theatre on the Occasion of the Dedication, October, Nineteen-Hundred Fifty-Three</em> (Denver: Bonfils Memorial Theatre, 1953).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rodd L. Wheaton, Michael Paglia, and Diane Wray, “Bonfils Memorial Theater,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (March 10, 1995).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Eva Hodges Watt, <em>Papa’s Girl: The Fascinating World of Helen Bonfils</em> (Lake City, CO: Western Reflections, 2007).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 07 Oct 2016 22:34:33 +0000 yongli 1933 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org