%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en John Wesley Iliff http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-wesley-iliff <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">John Wesley Iliff</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-10-11T14:22:34-06:00" title="Monday, October 11, 2021 - 14:22" class="datetime">Mon, 10/11/2021 - 14:22</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-wesley-iliff" data-a2a-title="John Wesley Iliff"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fjohn-wesley-iliff&amp;title=John%20Wesley%20Iliff"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>If there is a name in Colorado history that is synonymous with cattle and ranching, it is John Wesley Iliff (1831–78). At the time of his death, Iliff owned approximately 35,000 head of cattle and thousands of acres stretching from northeast Colorado to Wyoming. His method of ranching forever changed the American diet by making beef available at low cost for the average citizen.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Iliff was born in Ohio on December 18, 1831, to wealthy Methodist parents who wanted their son (named for the founder of Methodism) to be a minister. They encouraged him to attend Ohio Wesleyan University, but school could not hold John’s interest. His father, Thomas Iliff, was a cattleman himself and instilled in his son an understanding of the complexities of raising large herds. Young Iliff believed he could use that knowledge to create his future in the West. In 1849 he asked his father for a small loan and left Ohio at the age of eighteen.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1857 he opened his first store in Ohio City (now known as Princeton, Kansas), but two years later he heard rumors of gold strikes farther west and decided to head to <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. Much like fellow Coloradan <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/charles-boettcher"><strong>Charles Boettcher</strong></a>, Iliff saw an opportunity to sell goods to miners instead of going to the mines himself. In 1859 he and two partners opened a dry goods store called the Commercial Emporium of the Pike’s Peak Gold Regions. The success of this store helped to finance Iliff’s next venture: cattle ranching.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Revolutionizing Western Ranching</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On the road to Denver, Iliff noted the large herds of fat, happy <strong>buffalo</strong> that grazed on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a>. He wondered if he could be successful with cattle. He decided to experiment to see whether cattle would survive the long, harsh winters on prairie grasses alone. At first, he purchased cattle from immigrants headed west, but he soon combined his herd with Texas Longhorns that were driven across the state on the Goodnight-Loving Trail on their way to ranches in Wyoming and Idaho. The long grasses on the plains proved an ideal food source and the cows wintered well, selling for high prices in the spring.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Feeding his herds on the open range created an opportunity for large profits. As the US government forced the <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and <strong>Arapaho</strong> off their Colorado land, cattle could graze for free on thousands of acres. For a scant $10,000 investment, Iliff soon became the largest landowner in northeast Colorado, with approximately 15,500 acres. While grazing on the range was free, buying land secured Iliff the accompanying water rights along the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a>. Access to water meant everything on the arid Colorado plains. Within a few years, Iliff built nine different cattle camps with adobe shelters so the cows could live year-round. He soon sold cattle to Indigenous people, army posts like Fort Laramie, the city of Cheyenne, and railroad construction crews; the latter contract proved the most lucrative.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Railroad Contracts</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As soon as the Union Pacific Railroad announced its plans to build the transcontinental railroad via Cheyenne and southern Wyoming, Iliff made plans to drive cattle to the area to feed construction crews. Iliff spent the late 1860s living in Cheyenne but returned to Colorado often. In 1869 former territorial governor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a> awarded him the contracts to feed construction crews along the newly planned Denver Pacific Railroad connecting Denver to Cheyenne. Large profits from these railroad contracts helped Iliff expand his ranches that stretched between <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a> and Julesburg.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Personal Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Iliff was widely regarded as a simple, traditional cowboy. He believed that working alongside his men with his own hands helped him to better understand the cattle business. He often did so, even after he and his second wife moved to Denver. He forbade the use of alcohol in his camps and was known as a fair businessman. Although he had not fulfilled his parents’ wishes to become a minister himself, he wished there were more ministers in the area to help guide the colonists.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Iliff met Sarah Elizabeth Smith in 1863, and they married on January 11, 1864. Their son William Seward Iliff was born on October 20, 1865, but Sarah died in December. Iliff left his young son in the care of his in-laws and focused on building his cattle empire.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Iliff met <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elizabeth-iliff-warren"><strong>Elizabeth Sarah Fraser</strong></a> in 1868 in Wyoming, and they married on March 3, 1871. At the time she met John, Elizabeth sold Singer sewing machines. The couple lived in Cheyenne until 1874, when they moved to a large mansion, known as Shaffenburg Place, in downtown Denver. The couple had two children, Louise on August 15, 1875, and John Wesley, Jr., on December 13, 1877. Iliff’s youngest son only outlived him by a year; he died on April 8, 1879.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Death</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In December 1877, Iliff fell ill, and on February 9, 1878, he died of gallbladder complications. He left no will, and the courts awarded his wife Elizabeth stewardship of his land and finances, worth an estimated $10 million. This made her the wealthiest cattle magnate in the United States and one of the only women in that profession. Her sharp business acumen helped to grow Iliff’s business and wealth. She later sold the ranches and cattle, and the profits made her one of the wealthiest women in the state. Elizabeth and her second husband, Methodist bishop Henry Warren, would later make a large donation to establish the <strong>Iliff School of Theology</strong>, fulfilling John’s dream of educating ministers to serve in the West.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The present <strong>cattle industry</strong> is composed of many individual ranchers and conglomerate ranchers that own and sell thousands of cattle to beef-processing facilities. These facilities then ship beef all over the country, making it a staple of the American diet. This practice originated in the late nineteenth century with magnates like Iliff. By the 1870s, Iliff was known internationally as the “Cattle King of Colorado” and boasted a herd of      35,000. He pioneered the practice of sheltering cattle on the plains and encouraged the use of new technologies that helped to make beef readily available to consumers. Today, raising cattle for beef on large ranches like Iliff’s is a multibillion-dollar industry in Colorado. </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/campbell-alyse" hreflang="und">Campbell, Alyse</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-iliff" hreflang="en">john iliff</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-iliff-biography" hreflang="en">john iliff biography</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-wesley-iliff" hreflang="en">John Wesley Iliff</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cattle-ranching-colorado" hreflang="en">cattle ranching colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-cattle-ranching-colorado" hreflang="en">history of cattle ranching colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/weld-county" hreflang="en">weld county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/greeley" hreflang="en">greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/greeley-history" hreflang="en">greeley history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/iliff-school-theology" hreflang="en">Iliff School of Theology</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Tom Noel, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 4th ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fay Abbott, <em>Famous Coloradans</em> (Paonia, CO: Mountaintop Books, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phillip F. Anschutz, <em>Out Where the West Begins</em> (Denver: Cloud Camp Press, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Maurice Frink, <em>When Grass Was King: Contributions to the Western Range Cattle Industry Study </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1956).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradobusinesshalloffame.org/john-w-iliff.html">John W. Iliff</a><u>,</u>” Colorado Business Hall of Fame, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/97601620/john-wesley-iliff">“John Wesley Iliff Junior,”</a> Find A Grave, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Riding High: Colorado Ranchers and 100 Years of the National Western Stock Show</em> (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bill O’Neal, <em>Historic Ranches of the Old West</em> (Austin, TX: Eakin Press, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carl Ubbelohde, Maxine Benson, and Duane A. Smith, <em>A Colorado History</em>, 9th ed. (Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing, 2006).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Jeremy Rifkin, <em>Beyond Beef: The Rise and Fall of the Cattle Culture</em> (New York: Dutton Books, 1992).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 11 Oct 2021 20:22:34 +0000 yongli 3607 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Ken Buck http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ken-buck <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ken Buck</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-07-08T15:44:06-06:00" title="Wednesday, July 8, 2020 - 15:44" class="datetime">Wed, 07/08/2020 - 15:44</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ken-buck" data-a2a-title="Ken Buck"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fken-buck&amp;title=Ken%20Buck"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Ken Buck (1959–) is an attorney and politician from <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a>. He represents Colorado’s Fourth <strong>Congressional District</strong> in the US House of Representatives, an office he has held since 2015, winning reelection in 2016 and 2018. Since March 2019, Buck has served as head of Colorado’s <strong>Republican Party</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Buck is known for his uncompromising stances on certain issues, especially Second Amendment rights. Although he is mostly a reliable champion of conservative policies, such as President Donald Trump’s border wall and lower corporate taxes, Buck has also broken with his party on other issues, including federal relief money during a pandemic and the number of refugees allowed into the country.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to serving in the House, Buck made an unsuccessful bid for the US Senate in 2010. Before serving in Congress, Buck served as the Weld County district attorney from 2005 to 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Kenneth Robert Buck was born on February 16, 1959, in Ossining, New York, to Ruth and James Eugene Buck. His parents were both lawyers, and his father had served as a captain in the army during World War II. Beginning at the age of twelve, Ken spent summers with his aunt and uncle on their ranch in La Grange, Wyoming, where he developed a love for the open spaces and solitude of the West.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ken’s parents encouraged him and his two brothers to attend Ivy League schools; Ken attended Princeton University, graduating with a degree in politics in 1981. From there he headed to the West, arriving in <strong>Cheyenne</strong> a few months after graduating. He worked for a year in the Wyoming legislative services office before starting law school at the University of Wyoming.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Politics and Business</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Buck married his college girlfriend, Dayna Roane, in 1984, and graduated from law school in 1985. He landed a job with then-Wyoming congressman Dick Cheney, who was part of a congressional investigation into President Ronald Reagan’s involvement in an illegal arms deal known as the Iran-Contra affair. President Reagan was found to have exercised poor judgment but was not directly linked to the crime. Buck described his experience with Cheney as “a really fascinating view of American politics.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the investigation, Buck began working as a federal prosecutor, landing in the US Attorney’s office in Denver by 1990. He was later fired for discussing a potential case with defense attorneys, and the uneasy departure cost him another potential job with Dick Cheney, who was then vice president, in 2002. By then Buck had divorced his first wife, moved to <a href="/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a>, and married Perry Webster, a businesswoman with deep ties to the local Republican Party. Buck began working as an executive for <strong>Hensel Phelps</strong> Construction, one of the largest general contractors in the world.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Along with support from his employer, Perry’s connections allowed Buck to enter electoral politics. In 2004 he was elected Weld County district attorney, a position he held until 2014. Buck touted a large drop in crime during his stint as DA, but his tenure was also marked by several controversies, including his refusal in 2005 to prosecute a rape case on behalf of a student at the<strong> University of Northern Colorado</strong>. Buck was roundly criticized for describing the alleged rape as an instance of “buyer’s remorse.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Another controversy came in 2008. Buck’s office obtained tax documents from nearly 5,000 clients of Amalia’s Tax and Translation in Greeley, suspecting that the business was helping undocumented immigrants obtain Social Security numbers. The raid resulted in charges filed against seventy undocumented immigrants, but it also brought on a lawsuit by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Colorado, which claimed the raid was unconstitutional. Four district judges and the <strong>Colorado Supreme Court</strong> agreed, ruling that the raid violated the Fourth Amendment rights of Amalia’s clients. Weld County was ordered to pay the ACLU $295,000 to cover the organization’s legal fees.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>US Senate Campaign</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2010, after five years as Weld County district attorney, Buck decided to challenge Democrat <strong>Michael Bennet</strong> for his US Senate seat. Hensel Phelps CEO Jerry Morgensen donated $4,800 to Buck’s campaign, the maximum amount for an individual contribution. Some $2 million in undisclosed contributions helped Buck secure the GOP primary. During a debate with Bennet in October 2010, Buck made several controversial statements, including a defense of his use of “buyer’s remorse” to describe the 2005 rape case he had declined to prosecute. Despite his poor debate performance, Buck lost the Senate race to Bennet by just 30,000 votes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>House of Representatives</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After his failed Senate bid, Buck returned to his job as Weld County DA, where he remained a favorite in the local Republican Party. In 2013 he underwent chemotherapy for stage-four non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and his cancer went into full remission that summer.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>His health scare inspired Buck to run for higher office again. In 2014 Republican representative <strong>Cory Gardner</strong> decided to challenge Democrat <strong>Mark Udall</strong> for his Senate seat. Buck easily won the district’s Republican nomination to take Gardner’s place in the House, then handily defeated Democratic opponent Vic Meyers by 45 percentage points in the general election.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When he finally arrived in Washington, Buck was disappointed in his Republican colleagues, especially their handling of the budget. In his 2017 book <em>Drain the Swamp</em>, Buck called the first budget he looked at “fiction disguised as a budget,” because it included “assumptions” and “magical cuts” that represented wishful thinking rather than reality. In the book, Buck also criticized the single-mindedness of national politicians, writing that “there’s only one problem they’re serious about solving—getting reelected.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Stances and Legislation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Like many of his conservative colleagues, Buck often claims to want a balanced national budget even as he supports policies that increase the national debt, including the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and President Donald Trump’s proposed border wall.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite his support for the wall, Buck has criticized the Trump administration’s policy of limiting refugees, claiming that as a Christian he could not support turning away those fleeing from legitimate crises. Nevertheless, Buck has defended President Trump’s policy of separating immigrant families at the border, saying that “there are consequences” to attempting to unlawfully enter the United States.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In December 2019, Buck joined 194 Republican colleagues in the House to vote “nay” on two articles of impeachment against President Trump, one for abuse of power and another for obstruction of Congress.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Like many others in his party, Buck is particularly outspoken about Second Amendment rights. In early March 2020, as Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden called for increased regulation of military-style weapons, Buck brandished his own, American flag–painted AR-15 rifle in his congressional office, challenging Biden and other Democrats to “come and take it.” Buck has consistently voted against measures to increase firearms regulation, including the Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Within Colorado, Buck represents a district whose economy is heavily dependent on energy extraction, especially <strong>hydraulic fracturing</strong>. As such, he is a strong supporter of the oil and gas industry, opposing most initiatives to expand regulation.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Coronavirus Pandemic</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>coronavirus</strong></a> pandemic of 2020, Buck joined other conservative commentators and lawmakers in opposing the mandatory shutdown of nonessential businesses. His stance was in opposition to the nation’s top medical experts, as well as the US Centers for Disease Control, which maintained that shutting down most businesses was essential to control the outbreak. Buck was also one of the few congresspeople of either party to vote against the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, which provided relief to businesses and sent one-time payments to most American families. He believed the act promoted a “bailout mentality” among young people and should have directed fewer resources to corporations and more toward protective equipment and other medical supplies.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>2020 Election Controversy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Buck again found himself in the public crosshairs after it was determined that, as chair of the state’s Republican Party, he had instructed a volunteer election staffer to put a GOP candidate on the ballot even though the candidate had not won the number of votes legally required to make the ballot. Buck said that the coronavirus pandemic had made the primary elections “unfair” and that he was merely abiding by the decision of the 500-member state Republican committee. A district court ruled that the party’s actions constituted a violation of state law; the party appealed to the Colorado Supreme Court, but it declined to hear the case.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Buck was re-elected in 2020, defeating Democratic challenger Ike McCorkle, 60 percent to 37 percent.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Personal Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Buck has two children from his first marriage: son, Cody, born in 1988, and daughter, Kaitlin, born in 1991. Buck and second wife, Perry, split in 2018; the couple had no children.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ken-buck" hreflang="en">ken buck</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/republicans" hreflang="en">republicans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-republicans" hreflang="en">Colorado Republicans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/weld-county" hreflang="en">weld county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-representatives" hreflang="en">colorado representatives</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/greeley" hreflang="en">greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/windsor" hreflang="en">windsor</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/republican-party" hreflang="en">republican party</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-politics" hreflang="en">colorado politics</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ken Buck, <em>Drain the Swamp: How Washington Corruption Is Worse Than You Think</em> (Winter Park, FL: Legacy, 2017).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Burnett, <a href="https://www.npr.org/2020/01/19/797319968/-11-billion-and-counting-trumps-border-wall-would-be-the-world-s-most-costly">“$11 Billion and Counting: Trump’s Border Wall Would Be the World’s Most Costly</a>,” <em>NPR</em>, January 19, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jenna Carroll, “<a href="https://kdvr.com/news/coronavirus/rep-buck-opposes-2-trillion-cares-act/">Rep. Buck Opposes $2 trillion CARES Act</a>,” Fox 31 Denver, March 27, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Catanese, “<a href="https://www.politico.com/story/2010/10/buck-stands-by-controversial-remarks-043716#ixzz12dmGvwr2">Buck Stands by Controversial Remarks</a>,” <em>Politico</em>, October 17, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Andrea Dukakis, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/show-segment/rep-ken-buck-on-the-border-wall-mueller-investigation-partisanship-and-more/">Rep. Ken Buck on the Border Wall, Mueller Investigation, Partisanship, and More,</a>” Colorado Public Radio, December 13, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Benjamin Fearnow, “<a href="https://www.newsweek.com/gop-congressman-warns-young-americans-are-developing-bailout-mentality-says-country-must-get-1497478">GOP Congressman Warns Young Americans Are Developing ‘Bailout Mentality,’ Says Country Must Get Back to Work</a>,” <em>Newsweek</em>, April 12, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caitlyn Kim, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/2019/10/18/challenging-trump-rep-buck-calls-for-more-refugee-resettlement-as-a-christian/">Challenging Trump, Rep. Buck Calls for More Refugee Resettlement, ‘As A Christian,’</a>” Colorado Public Radio, October 18, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ernest Luning, “<a href="https://www.coloradopolitics.com/quick-hits/impeachment-transcript-buck-says-democrats-lower-the-bar-for-impeachment-during-house-debate/article_f3a72706-21d4-11ea-b84b-f73bf60ccb6d.html">Impeachment Transcript: Buck Says Democrats ‘Lower the Bar for Impeachment,’ During House Debate,</a>” <em>Colorado Politics</em>, December 18, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Maya MacGuineas, “<a href="https://www.aei.org/economics/the-tax-cuts-and-jobs-act-made-the-debt-worse-and-makes-fixing-it-even-harder/">The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act Made the Debt Worse and Makes Fixing It Even Harder</a>,” <em>American Enterprise Institute</em>, October 22, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dan Mangan, “<a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/06/rep-ken-buck-dares-joe-biden-and-beto-orourke-to-take-ar-15-rifle.html">GOP Rep. Ken Buck Wields AR-15 in Office, Dares Joe Biden and Beto O’Rourke to ‘Come and Take It,’</a>” CNBC, March 6, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mark K. Matthews, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2017/12/20/colorado-lawmakers-tax-vote/">How Colorado Lawmakers Voted on the Federal Tax Overhaul—And Why</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, December 20, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lori Obert, “<a href="https://www.9news.com/article/news/local/buck-tea-partiers-questioning-obamas-citizenship-dumbasses/73-338115507">Buck: Tea Partiers Questioning Obama’s Citizenship ‘Dumbasses,’</a>” 9News, July 25, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cay Leytham-Powell, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2016/10/13/fact-check-ken-bucks-climate-change-agenda-statement/">Ken Buck’s ‘Radical Climate Change Agenda’ Statement at Odds With Department of Defense</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, October 13, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/">Rep. Ken Buck Wins Colorado’s 4th Congressional District Seat</a>,” <em>Washington Post</em>, updated April 8, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eddie Rodriguez, “<a href="https://www.newsweek.com/national-debt-has-increased-52-trillion-during-trumps-3-years-president-1503864">National Debt Has Increased $5.2 Trillion During Trump’s 3 Years as President</a>,” <em>Newsweek</em>, May 14, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jason Salzman, “<a href="https://coloradotimesrecorder.com/2018/06/ken-buck-says-immigrant-parents-fault-children-taken/9596/">Immigrant Parents Are at Fault, Not Trump, for Having Their Children Taken From Them at the Border, Says Colorado Congressman</a>,” <em>Colorado Times-Recorder</em>, June 7, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Allison Sherry, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2010/07/28/ken-bucks-family-background-helps-him-stand-strong-on-principles/?clearUserState=true">Ken Buck’s Family Background Helps Him Stand Strong on Principles</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, July 28, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Allison Sherry, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2010/09/25/bucks-east-coast-ambition-meets-west-allure/">Bucks’ East Coast Ambition Meets West Allure</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, September 25, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Conrad Swanson, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2020/05/06/colorado-ken-buck-gop-primary/">Colorado GOP Chair Ken Buck Pressured Local Official to Submit Incorrect Election Results</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, May 6, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rebecca Waddingham, “<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101015210714/http:/www.greeleytribune.com:80/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060301/NEWS/103010095&amp;parentprofile=&amp;template=printart">Woman Angry That Her Sex Assault Case Won’t Be Prosecuted</a>,” <em>Greeley Tribune</em>, October 15, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Justin Wingerter, “<a href="https://www.canoncitydailyrecord.com/2019/12/09/impeachment-congress-neguse-buck/">Ken Buck Says Ukraine Interfered in Election; Joe Neguse Pushes Back</a>,” <em>Canon City Daily Record</em>, December 9, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Justin Wingerter, "<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2020/11/03/jason-crow-steve-house-cd6-colorado-race/">US House incumbents in Colorado win reelection</a>," <em>The Denver Post</em>, November 3, 2020.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Courtenay W. Daum, Robert Duffy, and John A. Straayer, eds., <em>State of Change: Colorado Politics in the Twenty-First Century</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 08 Jul 2020 21:44:06 +0000 yongli 3381 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org September 2013 Floods http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/september-2013-floods <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">September 2013 Floods</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3298--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3298.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/2013-colorado-floods"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/September%202013%20Floods%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=8LMrY2Vk" width="1090" height="726" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/2013-colorado-floods" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">2013 Colorado Floods </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Colorado residents who were evacuated due to flooding arrive at Boulder Municipal Airport in Boulder, September 13, 2013, after being rescued by National Guard and civilian rescue personnel. Colorado and Wyoming National Guard units were activated to provide assistance to people affected by massive flooding along Colorado's Front Range.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3300--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3300.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/jamestown-colorado-cut-2013-colorado-floods"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/September%202013%20Floods%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=pv-S2fnN" width="1090" height="726" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/jamestown-colorado-cut-2013-colorado-floods" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jamestown, Colorado Cut Off by 2013 Colorado Floods</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In September 2013, the small mountain town of Jamestown (population 300) was cut off by flooding in Boulder County.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3302--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3302.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/national-guard-soldiers"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/September%202013%20Floods%20Media%203_0.jpg?itok=rnpjxY6K" width="1090" height="724" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/national-guard-soldiers" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">National Guard Soldiers</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Soldiers with the Colorado National Guard respond to floods in Boulder County on September 12, 2013. The Colorado National Guard was activated to provide assistance to people affected by massive flooding along Colorado's Front Range.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-06-09T14:45:08-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 9, 2020 - 14:45" class="datetime">Tue, 06/09/2020 - 14:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/september-2013-floods" data-a2a-title="September 2013 Floods"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fseptember-2013-floods&amp;title=September%202013%20Floods"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>In September 2013, Colorado’s <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a><strong>, </strong>from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> south to <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, experienced some of the most dramatic and devastating <a href="/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flood</strong></a><a href="/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>s</strong> </a>in state history. In the hardest-hit areas, the rainfall beginning September 9 and ending September 16 matched or exceeded annual averages. Across the region, swollen creeks and rivers jumped their banks, destroying houses, bridges, and roads, and stranding individuals and communities. The floods ultimately killed eight people and caused more than $4 billion in damages across seventeen counties.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Between Mountain and Plain</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Along the Front Range, home to a majority of Colorado’s population, destructive flooding is not new. Centuries before the arrival of Anglo-American immigrants, American Indians seasonally hunted, foraged, and grazed horses along the nutrient-rich bottomlands of Colorado’s rivers and creeks. When whites arrived on the Front Range during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> (1858–59), Native peoples warned of the region’s tendency to flood, but the newcomers often ignored these warnings—perhaps because they thought of the area as a “<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/%E2%80%9Cgreat-american-desert%E2%80%9D"><strong>Great American Desert</strong></a>.” They sought to overcome the region’s inconsistent rainfall by farming nutrient-rich, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigable</strong></a> floodplains in such places as <a href="/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a>, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>, and Fort Collins. Heavy snowmelt, powerful cloudbursts, and stalled storms, however, periodically punished such intrusions.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The area’s location as a transition zone between the rolling <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> and the jagged peaks of the <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rockies</strong></a> explains the potential for extreme rains. During spring and summer months, moisture-rich air from the Gulf of Mexico comes across the Great Plains and abruptly runs into the Rocky Mountains. As the mountains push the moisture-rich air upward, storm clouds occasionally form and then rupture over the Eastern Slope of the Rockies. These downpours are usually highly localized, short, and intense, dumping inches of rain over a small area in a matter of hours. In the case of most deadly floods on the Front Range, such as the <strong>Big Thompson Flood of 1976</strong> and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/spring-creek-flood-1997"><strong>Spring Creek Flood of 1997</strong></a>, heavy rainfall drained into creeks and rivers, overwhelming their carrying capacity and flooding cities and surrounding areas.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In some ways, the 2013 floods fit into similar Front Range flood patterns. As in 1976 and 1997, west-moving moisture coalesced into storm clouds, fell as rain, and overwhelmed east-running waterways. In other ways, 2013 was unique. The devastating fires of 2012, especially the <a href="/article/high-park-fire"><strong>High Park Fire</strong></a> west of Fort Collins and the <a href="/article/waldo-canyon-fire"><strong>Waldo Canyon Fire</strong></a> near Colorado Springs, cleared the landscape of vegetation that slows and absorbs excess water. Additionally, while cloudbursts were responsible for previous floods, the rainstorms that flooded the Front Range in September 2013 dumped rain not just over a few miles, but from Colorado Spring to Fort Collins, and the storms lasted not hours but days.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Merciful Rain to Raging Rivers</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The rain began across eastern Colorado on September 9, 2013, as a slow-moving, low-pressure system settled over the southwest, pulling moist air from the Pacific Ocean and the west coast of the Gulf of Mexico toward the Front Range. Rain was initially a welcome respite for the region’s residents, who had seen an unusually warm first week of September, a drought-plagued summer, and a series of recent <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado"><strong>forest fires</strong></a>. However, relief turned to worry as rain continued through September 10 and the low-pressure system stayed put, pulling more moisture toward the Front Range. With no immediate end in sight, the National Weather Service issued flash flood warnings in <a href="/article/boulder-county"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/el-paso-county"><strong>El Paso</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer</strong></a> counties on September 11.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On the night of September 11, torrential rainfall pounded the fire-scarred, oversaturated foothills. In Boulder, the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> began its first wave of evacuations and the city activated sirens along Boulder Creek, urging those in earshot to find higher ground. Throughout the night, rockslides, debris flows, and the surging St. Vrain, <strong>Big Thompson,</strong> and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong>Cache la Poudre</strong></a> rivers destroyed sections of US Highway 34, US Highway 36, Colorado Highway 14, and numerous county roads, stranding many mountain and foothill communities. The unrelenting downpour continued through September 12, forcing thousands living along the floodplains from <strong>Estes Park</strong>, Fort Collins, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/downtown-loveland-historic-district"><strong>Loveland</strong></a>, south to <strong>Lyons</strong>, Boulder, and Jamestown, to evacuate.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the rain briefly relented on September 13, army, national guard, and private helicopters began evacuating those stranded in mountain communities. After authorizing the use of <strong>Colorado National Guard</strong> helicopters in Boulder County the morning of the September 13, Governor <a href="/article/john-hickenlooper"><strong>John Hickenlooper</strong></a> signed an executive order declaring a disaster emergency across fourteen Front Range counties, providing resources for search-and-rescue operations and immediate highway repair. Through an emergency declaration on September 12, then a major disaster declaration two days later, President Barack Obama released federal funding to supplement the local and state response.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Overflowing waterways fueled by sustained precipitation also caused destruction east of the foothills. On the plains, floodwater rushing east forced evacuations, damaged agricultural land, overwhelmed wastewater facilities, and flooded oil wells. As in the foothills, swollen tributaries of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong> River</strong></a>—along with the South Platte itself—wiped out bridges, undercut roads, and tore buildings off their foundations. In the early hours of September 13, the Big Thompson River spilled over and temporarily closed <strong>Interstate 25</strong>. Just hours later in Weld County, the South Platte and the Cache la Poudre Rivers began to flood low-lying neighborhoods in Evans and Greeley, forcing evacuations.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Farther east, in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/morgan-county"><strong>Morgan County</strong></a>, the surging South Platte, usually running two feet high in September, reached thirteen feet high on the evening of September 14, damaging infrastructure and forcing evacuations. By the time the storm finally relented on September 16, the week of rain—totaling twenty inches in Boulder, nine in Estes Park, six in Loveland, and six in Fort Collins—had reshaped natural areas and river channels all the way to the state border, destroying nearly 2,000 houses, damaging 28,000 dwellings, and killing 8 people. Pouring into western Nebraska, the South Platte remained at a moderate flood stage through September 23.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Aftermath</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On Monday, September 16, as the storm cleared and helicopters continued to evacuate those stranded, students returned to classes at the University of Colorado. In the following days, grade schools in Larimer County reopened, road crews opened mountain roadways to flood-isolated towns, and response teams restored access to potable water and electricity from Evans to Estes Park. These steps toward recovery highlighted the resiliency of the afflicted communities and the experience and capability of responders, emergency planners, and disaster-relief crews. Decades of increasingly proactive zoning, modernized warning systems, and floodplain management helped minimize loss and streamline emergency response. Still, no town or city along the Front Range and the South Platte was fully prepared for that week of extreme rainfall, as illustrated by the expensive, prolonged recovery, the flooding of uninsured houses, and the tragic loss of life.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After sheriff’s offices accounted for missing persons, relief organizations provided shelter for the displaced, and road crews reached previously stranded communities, efforts shifted to long-term reconstruction. Relying on reimbursements from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the Federal Highway Administration, federal block grants, and state disaster funds, the Front Range began multiyear road reconstruction and neighborhood redevelopment projects. Slowed by the complicated contracts and price vetting that came with federal assistance, some of the hardest-hit mountain roadways did not reopen until 2016. US Highway 34—connecting Loveland, Estes Park, and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>—did not reopen until 2018. When it did, the reconstructed highway exemplified the region-wide response to the flooding: it reopened within its traditional corridor, the Big Thompson Canyon, but now followed a slightly different path to minimize washouts in the event of another storm.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With future flooding a primary concern, municipalities across the Front Range sought to rebuild in a manner that better prepared them for the next storm. Engineers designed roadways to better deflect and avoid floodwater, and city planners turned hard-hit, low-lying neighborhoods and mobile-home parks into greenspaces, sometimes to the detriment of those who relied on the now-vanished affordable housing. The enormity of the rainfall’s destruction, along with the difficulties that came with government shutdowns, accessing federal funds, congressional alterations to FEMA aid guidelines, and the varied needs of those affected by the floods ensured that the road to recovery was anything but straight.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Flooding in the Future</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Population growth, urban expansion, and increasingly volatile weather patterns associated with climate change mean that flooding will remain a pressing issue on the Front Range in the future. Scientists have not concluded that the abnormal rainfall from September 9 to 16, 2013, was the direct result of climate change, but aspects of the flood’s development—an abundance of moisture-rich air and increased storm volatility, both stemming from warmer temperatures—suggest that instances of heavy rainfall may increase across the region in the coming decades.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/purdy-tristan" hreflang="und">Purdy, Tristan</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/september-2013-floods" hreflang="en">september 2013 floods</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/front-range-floods" hreflang="en">front range floods</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/larimer-county" hreflang="en">larimer county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/weld-county" hreflang="en">weld county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/flooding-colorado" hreflang="en">flooding in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/flood-history" hreflang="en">flood history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/2013" hreflang="en">2013</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland" hreflang="en">loveland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder" hreflang="en">boulder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-collins" hreflang="en">fort collins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/greeley" hreflang="en">greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/estes-park" hreflang="en">Estes Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>John Aguilar, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2018/09/09/colorado-floods-2013-recovery/">‘We're About to Wake Up’: Victims of Colorado's 2013 Flood Look to End of Recovery</a>,” <em>The</em> <em>Denver Post</em>, September 9, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Aguilar and Charlie Brennan, “<a href="https://www.dailycamera.com/2013/09/21/eight-days-1000-year-rain-100-year-flood/">Eight Days, 1,000-Year Rain, 100-Year Flood</a>,” <em>Daily Camera </em>(Boulder), September 21, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ruth M. Alexander, “<a href="https://mountainscholar.org/bitstream/handle/10217/167378/2013ColoradoFloodOralHistoryFinalReport.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y">2013 Northern Colorado Flood Oral History Project: Final Report</a>” (Fort Collins: Northern Colorado Flood Oral History Collection, Water Resources Archive, Colorado State University Libraries, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kathleen A. Brosnan, <em>Uniting Mountain and Plain: Cities, Law, and Environmental Change Along the Front Range</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Terri Cook, “<a href="https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/disaster-strikes-along-colorados-front-range">Disaster Strikes Along Colorado’s Front Range</a>,” <em>EARTH Magazine</em>, January 20, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Michael deYoanna, “<a href="https://www.coloradoindependent.com/2019/09/19/parked-mobile-home-dwellers-left-behind-after-2013-colorado-floods/">Parked: Mobile-Home Dwellers Left Behind After 2013 Colorado Floods</a>,” <em>Colorado Independent, </em>September 19, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nolan J. Doesken, Roger A. Pielke, Sr., and Odilia A. P. Bliss, “<a href="https://climate.colostate.edu/climate_long.html">Climate of Colorado</a>,” Colorado Climate Center (Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dan England, “<a href="https://www.greeleytribune.com/2013/09/28/something-wicked-this-way-came-flood-brings-devastation-but-weld-endures/">Something Wicked This Way Came: Flood Brings Devastation but Weld Endures</a>,” <em>Greeley Tribune</em>, September 28, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert Follansbee and Leon R. Sawyer, <a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0997/report.pdf"><em>Floods in Colorado</em></a>, US Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 997 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1948).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jenni Grubbs, “<a href="https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2013/09/23/morgan-county-roads-bridges-see-damage-from-flood-2/">Morgan County Roads, Bridges See Damage From Flood</a>,” <em>Fort Morgan Times, </em>September 23, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wallace R. Hansen, John Chronic, and John Matelock, <a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1019/report.pdf"><em>Climatography of the Front Range Urban Corridor and Vicinity, Colorado</em></a><em>, </em>US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1019 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1978).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sarah Hines, “<a href="https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/science-application-integration/docs/science-you-can-use/2014-03.pdf">Our Relationship With a Dynamic Landscape: Understanding the 2013 Northern Colorado Flood</a>,” <em>Science You Can Use Bulletin</em> (March/April 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert A. Kimbrough and Robert R. Holmes, Jr., <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155119"><em>Flooding in the South Platte River and Fountain Creek Basins in Eastern Colorado, September 9–18, 2013</em></a><em>, </em>US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5119 (Virginia, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Danielle Langevin and Tessa Sullivan, “<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/spring-creek-flood-1997">Spring Creek Flood of 1997</a>,” <em>Colorado Encyclopedia</em>, last modified October 24, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Patricia N. Limerick and Jason Hanson, <em>A Ditch in Time: The City, the West and Wate</em>r (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jacy Marmaduke, “<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2019/05/03/big-thompson-flood-fema-hasnt-funded-road-bridge-repairs/3651296002/">6 Years After Big Thompson Flood, FEMA Hasn’t Paid Up: Lack of Reimbursement Has Delayed Road Repairs</a>,” <em>Coloradoan</em> (Fort Collins), May 6, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>National Weather Service, “<a href="https://www.weather.gov/lbf/southplatte_platte_flooding_2013#NebraskaFlooding">South Platte/Platte River Flooding of 2013</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Office of the Governor, “<a href="https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/archives/governor-hickenlooper-executive-orders">Executive Order D 2013-026 Declaring a Disaster Emergency Due to the Flooding in Adams, Arapahoe, Broomfield, Boulder, Denver, El Paso, Fremont, Jefferson, Larimer, Logan, Morgan, Pueblo, Washington, and Weld Counties (Front Range Flooding)</a>,” September 13, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Geoff Plumlee, “<a href="https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/when-water-gravity-and-geology-collide-firsthand-observations-impacts-2013-colorado-floods">When Water, Gravity and Geology Collide: Firsthand Observations of the Impacts of the 2013 Colorado floods</a>,” <em>EARTH Magazine, </em>January 21, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Katie Schimel, “<a href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/47.17/how-2013s-front-range-floods-changed-the-face-of-the-region">How 2013’s Front Range Floods Changed the Face of the Region</a>,” <em>High Country News, </em>October 12, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.reporterherald.com/2018/09/08/the-2013-flood-a-timeline/">The 2013 Flood: A Timeline</a>,” <em>Loveland (CO) Reporter-Herald</em>, September 8, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Daniel Tyler, <em>Silver Fox of the Rockies: Delphus E. Carpenter and Western Water Compacts </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Louis W. Uccellini, <a href="),%20https:/prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/atoms/files/NWS_CO_FSA.pdf"><em>The Record Front Range and Eastern Colorado Floods of September 11–17, 2013</em></a><em>,</em> US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Service Assessment (Silver Spring, MD, June 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Homeland Security, “<a href="https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2013/09/15/fema-continues-support-response-colorado-flooding">FEMA Continues to Support Response to Colorado Flooding</a>,” September 15, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Homeland Security, “<a href="https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2013/09/12/president-obama-signs-colorado-emergency-declaration">President Obama Signs Colorado Emergency Declaration</a>,” September 12, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Monte Whaley, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/09/13/flood-damaged-colorado-roads-are-getting-a-makeover/">Flood-Damaged Colorado Roads Are Getting a Makeover</a>,” <em>The</em> <em>Denver Post, </em>September 13, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Will Wright, “<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado">Flooding in Colorado</a>,” <em>Colorado Encyclopedia,</em> last modified October 23, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Wyckoff, <em>Creating Colorado: The Making of a Western American Landscape, 1860–1940 </em>(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Robert Crifasi, <em>A Land Made From Water: Appropriation and the Evolution of Colorado's Landscape, Ditches, and Water Institutions </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Darla Sue Dollman, <em>Colorado’s Deadliest Floods </em>(Charleston, SC: History Press, 2017).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jared Orsi, <em>Hazardous Metropolis: Flooding and Urban Ecology in Los Angele</em>s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ted Steinberg<em>, Acts of God: The Unnatural History of Natural Disaster in America</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 09 Jun 2020 20:45:08 +0000 yongli 3272 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Nathan Meeker http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nathan-meeker <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Nathan Meeker</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3321--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3321.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/nathan-meekers-home"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Nathan-Meeker-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=kTc8jWgm" width="900" height="621" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/nathan-meekers-home" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Nathan Meeker&#039;s Home</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After founding the city of Greeley in 1870, Nathan Meeker built himself a stately two-story house on Ninth Avenue. After his death in 1879, the home was purchased by Greeley residents and converted into the city's first history museum. Today it houses the Meeker Home Museum.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-01-15T14:44:30-07:00" title="Wednesday, January 15, 2020 - 14:44" class="datetime">Wed, 01/15/2020 - 14:44</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nathan-meeker" data-a2a-title="Nathan Meeker"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fnathan-meeker&amp;title=Nathan%20Meeker"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Nathan&nbsp;Cook Meeker (1817–1879) was an agriculturalist, newspaper editor, and Indian agent. He founded the <strong>Union Colony</strong> at present-day <a href="/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a> as well as the city’s oldest newspaper, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley-tribune-building"><strong><em>Greeley Tribune</em></strong></a>. In 1878 he was appointed <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agent</strong></a> of the <a href="/article/white-river-ute-indian-agency"><strong>White River Agency</strong></a> in northwest Colorado. He was killed at the agency in September 1879 after his poor treatment of the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Utes</strong></a> provoked a <a href="/article/meeker-incident"><strong>revolt</strong></a>. The small community of <a href="/article/meeker-0"><strong>Meeker</strong></a> in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rio-blanco-county"><strong>Rio Blanco County</strong></a> bears his name.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Nathan Meeker was born on July 12, 1817, in Euclid, Ohio, the third child of Enoch and Lurana Meeker. After a childhood spent working on his family’s farm, Meeker developed a passion for writing. Beginning at age seventeen, he worked for newspapers in New Orleans, Cleveland, and Louisville, Kentucky.</p> <p>Meeker was an avid reader despite having only a grade-school education. He read Greek classics, the Bible, poetry, and political theory. He was also a productive writer, keeping a diary and authoring poems, articles, short stories, and novels. His newspaper articles often focused on agriculture. Like some other nineteenth-century authors, Meeker had an opium habit.</p> <h2>Interests, Career, and Family</h2> <p>The works of Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson introduced the young, ambitious Meeker to the idea of the utopian community. Enthralled by the idea of gradually perfecting the human experience, Meeker studied attempts at utopian communities in Oneida, New York, and in Mormon Utah. The utopia became a central part of his religious philosophy, which focused on applying God’s gift of free will toward self- and community improvement. He rejected war and capital punishment and embraced temperance.</p> <p>As he endeavored to “do something of significance before I die,” Meeker came across French philosopher Charles Fournier’s theory of cooperative agriculture in the pages of <strong>Horace Greeley</strong>’s <em>New York Tribune</em>. Soon, he joined Greeley, Emerson, and others in establishing collective agricultural communities across the Midwest during the 1840s.</p> <p>In 1844 he married <strong>Arvilla Smith</strong>, a childhood friend from Euclid, Ohio. The pair would have five children: Ralph, George, Rozene, Mary, and <strong>Josephine</strong>.</p> <p>After the failure of his utopian community in Braceville, Ohio, Meeker tried to launch his literary career with the help of Horace Greeley. Meeker’s relationship with Greeley continued into the 1850s, when Greeley helped Meeker publish a novel about an English missionary expedition to the Sandwich Islands (present-day Hawai’i). In the novel, Meeker’s English captain attempts to “civilize” the island’s native population, with disastrous results—an uncanny foreshadowing of Meeker’s own fate.</p> <p>The novel sold poorly, and Meeker relocated his family to a farm in southern Illinois. After a brief period of success, the family was again short of money, so Meeker went back to writing agricultural articles for the <em>Cleveland Plain Dealer</em> and <em>New York Tribune</em>. Impressed by Meeker’s writing, Greeley hired him in 1861 as the <em>Tribune</em>’s <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a> correspondent in southern Illinois. After the war ended in 1865, Greeley made Meeker the <em>Tribune</em>’s agricultural editor, and the Meekers moved to New Jersey.</p> <h2>Union Colony</h2> <p>Greeley, the consummate booster, was obsessed with the West and its prospects for settlement and agriculture. In 1869 Greeley sent Meeker to <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> to write a series of articles, and on the way Meeker met railroad mogul <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-jackson-palmer"><strong>William Jackson Palmer</strong></a> and <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> editor <a href="/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William N. Byers</strong></a>. They told Meeker of their plans to build railroads and communities around <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, and Meeker began thinking of Colorado as the place where he might finally build his agrarian utopia.</p> <p>In New York, Greeley and Meeker drafted the charter for an agricultural community called the Union Colony. Through Byers, Meeker purchased land near the confluence of the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong>Cache la Poudre</strong></a> Rivers. In 1870 Meeker and the first group of colonists arrived at their new townsite; the colonists wanted to name the community after Meeker, but he demurred and instead suggested Greeley, in honor of his editor and financier.</p> <p>The Union Colony got off to a rough start, with the arid climate and unbroken land proving to be stubborn obstacles. Financial solvency was constantly an issue for the colony and for Meeker himself. In 1870 Meeker borrowed $1,500 from Greeley to found the <em>Greeley Tribune</em>. Although he delighted in publishing the paper, he was unable to repay the debt by the time Greeley died, and Greeley’s daughters eventually sued Meeker for the unpaid sum of $1,000. Compounding his hardship, Meeker’s son George died of tuberculosis in 1877. Grieving and again in financial trouble, Meeker looked for employment elsewhere.</p> <h2>Indian Agent</h2> <p>As Meeker racked up debt at Union Colony, the federal government was having a difficult time finding a permanent Indian agent for the White River Indian Agency in northwest Colorado. Established soon after the <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Ute Treaty of 1868</strong></a>, the agency’s primary purpose was to distribute rations and other <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/indian-annuities"><strong>annuities</strong></a> to the Parianuche and Yampa Ute bands, then known as the White River Utes. On account of federal negligence, the annuities often arrived late or not at all, prompting the Utes to reject agents’ efforts to encourage farming and instead continue their seasonal hunts, both on and off the reservation.</p> <p>Down on his luck, Meeker saw the salaried Indian agent job as one of several positions that might help him repay his debts and salvage his reputation. With a recommendation from Colorado senator <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/henry-teller"><strong>Henry Teller</strong></a>, among others, President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed Meeker to head the White River Agency in 1878. Meeker had no experience with American Indians and knew little of the Utes beyond stereotypes when he arrived at the White River Agency in early 1879.</p> <p>Appointed in part because of his agricultural experience, Meeker’s first order was to move the agency’s buildings onto land more suitable for farming and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a>—land that happened to be a Ute horse pasture. For the Utes, it was the first of many grievances against their new agent.</p> <p>While the Utes resisted farming and left the reservation to hunt, Meeker wrote articles that contradicted his belief that all people could be “reformed”—the Utes, he grumbled, were too set in their ways, imbued with an inferior intelligence and character. His frustration soon turned to cruelty, as at one point he withheld the Utes’ rations as punishment for their refusal to follow his teachings. He declared, in direct opposition to the 1868 treaty, that the reservation did not belong to the Utes but to the government; he ordered pasture after pasture to be plowed into farm fields. Where other agents might have taken a more lenient approach in exchange for cooperation, the stubborn Meeker would accept nothing but total compliance.</p> <h2>Meeker Incident</h2> <p>Meeker’s heavy-handedness began to wear on local Ute leaders, especially <strong>Johnson</strong> and <strong>Douglass</strong>. After Meeker arrived, both were willing to try a bit of farming, but as the agent’s conduct toward them worsened they grew increasingly frustrated. During one argument late in the summer of 1879, Johnson shoved Meeker and hurt the agent’s arm. Fearing for his life, Meeker wrote for federal troops to come to the agency and protect him.</p> <p>As US cavalry under Major Thomas Thornburgh advanced toward the agency, the Utes warned Meeker that troops entering the reservation would be taken as an act of war. Meeker relayed the Utes’ warning to Thornburgh, but the major had already decided to proceed to the agency. On September 29, 1879, Ute warriors pinned down Thornburgh’s cavalry at Milk Creek. When Utes at the agency learned that troops had entered the reservation, they set fire to the buildings and killed all white male employees, including Meeker.</p> <p>Army reinforcements finally relieved the US cavalry at Milk Creek on October 5, forcing the Utes’ surrender. The soldiers proceeded to the agency, where they found the burned buildings and the mutilated bodies of Meeker and his staff. Meeker’s head had been bludgeoned and impaled.</p> <p>It is perhaps a cruel irony that Meeker met a fate similar to the one he wrote for his literary character Captain Armstrong, who was run off by the native islanders he hoped to convert and “civilize.” But it is also apparent that Meeker did not take his own story to heart, as he failed to appreciate the folly of his actions at the Indian agency.</p> <p>Meeker’s body was recovered and now lies buried in Greeley’s Linn Grove Cemetery.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>In 1929 Greeley residents bought Nathan Meeker’s former home at 1324 Ninth Avenue and converted it into the Meeker Home Museum. Outside of Greeley, where he is still celebrated for his role in the city’s development, Meeker is largely remembered as an overzealous Indian agent who caused his own demise. His ambition, self-belief, and determination made him a successful entrepreneur and journalist as well as an ideal government agent; however, it was those same qualities that inspired the arrogance and willful ignorance that got him killed.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nathan-meeker" hreflang="en">nathan meeker</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/meeker" hreflang="en">meeker</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/white-river" hreflang="en">white river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/white-river-agency" hreflang="en">white river agency</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/meeker-massacre" hreflang="en">meeker massacre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/horace-greeley" hreflang="en">Horace Greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/union-colony" hreflang="en">union colony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/greeley" hreflang="en">greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agriculture" hreflang="en">agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indian-agent" hreflang="en">Indian Agent</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute" hreflang="en">ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-history" hreflang="en">ute history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rio-blanco-county" hreflang="en">rio blanco county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/weld-county" hreflang="en">weld county</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Peter R. Decker, <em>“The Utes Must Go!”: American Expansion and the Removal of a People </em>(Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2004).</p> <p>Mike Peters, “<a href="https://www.greeleytribune.com/2002/11/25/the-obituary-of-nathan-meeker-written-as-it-would-appear-today/">The Obituary of Nathan Meeker: Written as It Would Appear Today</a>,” <em>Greeley Tribune</em>, November 25, 2002.</p> <p>Emily Wenger, “<a href="https://www.greeleytribune.com/2019/06/06/meeker-home-museum-hosting-free-event-in-celebration-of-nathan-meekers-birthday/">Meeker Home Museum Hosting Free Event in Celebration of Nathan Meeker’s birthday</a>,” <em>Greeley Tribune</em>, June 6, 2019.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Sondra G. Jones, <em>Being and Becoming Ute: The Story of an American Indian People </em>(Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2019).</p> <p><a href="https://greeleymuseums.com/locations/meeker-home/">Meeker Home Museum</a></p> <p>Sandy Shimko, “<a href="https://www.theheraldtimes.com/letter-%E2%80%98meeker-incident%E2%80%99-waters-down-history/meeker/">Letter: ‘Meeker Incident’ Waters Down History</a>,” <em>Times Herald </em>(Meeker, CO), October 9, 2009.</p> <p>Robert Silbernagel, <em>Troubled Trails: The Meeker Affair and the Expulsion of Utes From Colorado </em>(Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2011).</p> <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> <p>Southern Ute Tribe, “<a href="https://www.southernute-nsn.gov/history/chronology/">Chronology</a>,” n.d.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 15 Jan 2020 21:44:30 +0000 yongli 3114 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Irrigation in Colorado http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Irrigation in Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-03T11:48:36-07:00" title="Friday, February 3, 2017 - 11:48" class="datetime">Fri, 02/03/2017 - 11:48</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado" data-a2a-title="Irrigation in Colorado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Firrigation-colorado&amp;title=Irrigation%20in%20Colorado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The tension between aridity and irrigated agriculture has been a defining characteristic of Colorado for much of its modern history. On average, the state receives less than fifteen inches of annual precipitation, making it the seventh driest state in the country. To complicate matters, the majority of the state’s <a href="/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> originates in basins that are not suited for agricultur­­e, making access to water not just a question of quantity but of engineered distribution. Consequently, Colorado farmers, politicians, and businesses developed sophisticated irrigation systems and complex laws for capturing, storing, and moving water from source to field.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Beginnings</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Though irrigation in the West has been practiced for over a millennium, its continuous use in Colorado stems from the mid-1800s. Beginning in 1852, descendants of Spanish settlers near the town of <strong>San Luis</strong> built community-owned ditches known as <em>acequias</em>, which diverted water from the Rio Grande and its tributaries. The next significant irrigation effort occurred near the confluence of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong>Cache la Poudre</strong></a> and <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte Rivers</strong></a>, where settlers established the <strong>Union Colony </strong>of Colorado. The colony’s success was predicated on irrigation sufficient to grow high-value crops. Despite higher-than-expected costs and poor planning, the colony—later named for cofounder <strong>Horace Greeley</strong>, editor of the <em>New York Tribune</em>—built twenty-seven miles of canal in its first year, capable of watering 25,000 acres. Following the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a> colony’s example, settlers in the region had appropriated every last drop of water in the South Platte watershed by the turn of the twentieth century. By 1900 extensive irrigation works watered fields in the <strong>Arkansas</strong>, <strong>Rio Grande</strong>, <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado</strong></a>, <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison</strong></a>, <a href="/article/animas-river"><strong>Animas</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/yampa-river"><strong>Yampa</strong> <strong>River</strong></a> watersheds. At the turn of the century, Colorado led the nation in irrigated acreage.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Water Law</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Precedent, scarcity, and economics pushed Colorado farmers to develop <a href="/article/water-law"><strong>water laws</strong></a> that diverged from those of their eastern peers, who possessed the right to divert water from a natural stream only if it coursed through their land and if their diversion did not damage the rights of downstream users. By contrast, during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59, miners diverted water from streams sufficient to conduct their operations. The right to divert water was not based on land ownership but on the order of their claim. Early water claims possessed priority over later ones. Farmers embraced that same “first in time, first in right,” or prior appropriation, doctrine, enabling them to divert water from streams on a first-come-first-served basis, regardless of the stream’s location. Prior appropriation was tested in 1874 when, in a drought year, Greeley farmers were unable to access sufficient water from the Cache la Poudre River because upstream farmers in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> nearly drained the river dry. The two sides were forced to come to an agreement that guaranteed Greeley its water based on its prior claim. Colorado’s 1876 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-constitution"><strong>constitution</strong></a> and the 1882 court case <em>Coffin v. Left Hand Ditch</em> <em>Co. </em>enshrined the doctrine of prior appropriation into law with one caveat: appropriators needed to demonstrate that they were putting water to beneficial use. Most states in the American West based their water laws on those established in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since the late nineteenth century, mutual irrigation companies have managed the majority of Colorado’s irrigation water. These companies issue stock to farmers; however, unlike stock traded on Wall Street, each share entitles the holder—generally, a farmer—to a volume of water in a given year. The amount of water attached to a share varies from one year to the next based on water available in streams and reservoirs and on the seniority of each company’s rights; senior appropriation rights guarantee more reliable flows than junior ones. To guarantee sufficient water, junior appropriators will often purchase water from others in low-water years to make up their deficit. This is only possible because the majority of canals, ditches, diversions, and reservoirs in the state are interconnected, which facilitates water exchanges.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Federal Measuring Projects</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the twentieth century, farmers, local boosters, and politicians prioritized making more water available and streamlining the delivery system. According to <strong>Elwood Mead</strong>, the first professional irrigation engineer in the state and a key figure in the federal <a href="/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a> in the early twentieth century, Coloradans in 1900 were taking as much as fifty times more water than they were allotted or could beneficially use. Without effective tools for water measurement, little could be done to regulate the system. As a result, the Colorado Agricultural College (CAC) at Fort Collins—now <strong>Colorado State University</strong>—and the federal Bureau of Agricultural Economics funded Colorado-based projects to accurately measure and distribute water. <strong>Ralph Parshall</strong>, perhaps the most influential of these irrigation engineers, developed tools for measuring water in streams and ditches to within 2 percent accuracy. This increased the amount of available water in Colorado streams by as much as 30 percent, a boon for junior appropriators who were often left high and dry in drought years. Parshall and his colleagues at the CAC also experimented with methods for removing silt and gravel from irrigation ditches, measuring <a href="/article/snow"><strong>snowpack</strong></a> to predict annual stream flow, and reforesting hillsides to slow spring runoff in attempts to make more water available later in the farming season. Still, Colorado farmers complained of insufficient water for their crops.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Transmountain Diversion Projects</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Effective measuring did not entirely solve water shortages. Transmountain diversion—moving water from a watershed with abundant water and little agriculture to parched regions with developed agriculture—presented another solution. The first and largest of these—the <a href="/article/colorado–big-thompson-project"><strong>Colorado-Big Thompson Project</strong></a> (C-BT)—was approved by Congress in the midst of the <strong>Depression</strong> and drought of the 1930s. Financed largely by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1937, it transferred 320,000 acre-feet of water annually from the headwaters of the Colorado River, on the west side of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a>, through a tunnel under the peaks of <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a> and into Eastern Slope reservoirs and streams that fed agriculture in northern Colorado. C-BT water annually added the equivalent of the total flow of the Cache la Poudre River to the South Platte River watershed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Subsequent transmountain diversion projects sponsored by Reclamation, such as the San Juan-Chama and Fryingpan-Arkansas Projects, transferred water from the Colorado and <strong>San Juan </strong>watersheds into the Arkansas and Rio Grande basins. In total, there have been more than thirty transmountain diversion projects in Colorado during the twentieth century.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Changes in Water Demand</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Water thirst in Colorado has been fed not just by scarcity but by real estate and consumer markets. A cursory glance at land values and crop evolution offers evidence. While land values across the state have generally increased in Colorado throughout the twentieth century, they rose most rapidly in irrigated lands. The costs of land and water on those lands, as well as property taxes, encouraged farmers to plant crops of high market value. In the early twentieth century, the most lucrative crop on the <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> and in the Arkansas and Platte River valleys was the <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet</strong>,</a> a vegetable requiring extensive irrigation. In the 1930s and 1940s, when new hybrid corns were developed that were better suited to the short growing season of the state’s eastern plains, farmers prioritized corn, which required even more water than beets.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On the Western Slope, hardy varieties of peaches—another water-loving crop—pushed farmers on irrigated lands to plant orchards. In the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>, where aridity and high elevations demanded crops that could withstand a short growing season, farmers prioritized potatoes, alfalfa, hay, barley, wheat, and lettuces.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The post–World War II era has challenged Colorado’s limited water supply. After massive population increases—especially on the arid <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>—municipalities demanded more water. This has enticed farmers and ditch companies to sell their lucrative water rights to growing municipalities and construction companies offering high prices, resulting in housing developments on land formerly used by farmers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Other parties seeking water rights include oil and gas companies, which often lease farmland for drilling and then employ purchased water rights to extract fossil fuels. Additionally, climate change threatens to reduce the state’s water supply, and higher temperatures result in evaporative water loss from the state’s reservoirs and streams. All of these factors place additional pressure on fish and other wildlife, which rely on consistent flows of clean water for their existence. While modern water users in Colorado employ the state’s streams for diverse purposes, they are still confronted with the same limits and challenges of aridity faced by nineteenth-century settlers.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/weeks-michael" hreflang="und">Weeks, Michael</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history" hreflang="en">history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-peoples-ditch" hreflang="en">san luis people&#039;s ditch</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agriculture" hreflang="en">agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sugar-beets" hreflang="en">sugar beets</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-plains" hreflang="en">Great Plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/parshall-flume" hreflang="en">parshall flume</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ralph-parshall" hreflang="en">ralph parshall</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/front-range" hreflang="en">front range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-river" hreflang="en">colorado river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/greeley" hreflang="en">greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/union-colony" hreflang="en">union colony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-reclamation" hreflang="en">bureau of reclamation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/canals" hreflang="en">canals</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/irrigation-ditches" hreflang="en">irrigation ditches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-law" hreflang="en">water law</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-big-thompson-project-0" hreflang="en">colorado big-thompson project</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dam" hreflang="en">dam</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/reservoirs" hreflang="en">reservoirs</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>David Boyd, <em>A History: Greeley and the Union Colony of Colorado</em> (Greeley CO: Greeley Tribune Press, 1890).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Environmental Health Center, Missouri River Basin Project (US), ed., <em>South Platte River Basin Water Pollution Investigation: Report</em> (Cincinnati, OH: The Center, 1950).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Greg Hobbs, <em>The Public’s Water Resource: Articles on Water Law, History, and Culture</em> 2nd ed. (Denver: Continuing Legal Education in Colorado, 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wells A. Hutchins, <em>Mutual Irrigation Companies</em>. US Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin No. 82 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1929).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William John May, <em>The Great Western Sugarlands: The History of the Great Western Sugar Company and the Economic Development of the Great Plains</em> (New York: Garland, 1989).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elwood Mead, <a href="https://archive.org/details/irrigationinsti02meadgoog"><em>Irrigation Institutions: A Discussion of the Economic and Legal Questions Created by the Growth of Irrigated Agriculture in the West</em></a> (London: Macmillan, 1903).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>R. L. Parshall, <em>The Parshall Measuring Flume</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado State College, Colorado Experiment Station, 1936).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alvin T. Steinel, History of Agriculture in Colorado: A Chronological Record of Progress in the Development of General Farming, Livestock Production and Agricultural Education and Investigation, on the Western Border of the Great Plains and in the Mountains of Colorado, 1858 to 1926 (Fort Collins: Colorado Agricultural College, 1926).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, South Platte River Basin Project, <em>The Beet Sugar Industry: The Water Pollution Problem and the Status of Waste Abatement and Treatment</em> (Denver: US Department of the Interior, 1967).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Daniel Tyler, <em>The Last Water Hole in the West: The Colorado-Big Thompson Project and the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1992).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><em>The</em> <em>Great Divide: The Destiny of the West is Written in the Headwaters of Colorado</em>. Directed by Jim Havey. Denver: Havey Productions, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert G. Hemphill, ed. <em>Irrigation in Northern Colorado</em>. US Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1026 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1922).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rose Laflin, <em>Irrigation, Settlement, and Change on the Cache La Poudre River</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, Colorado State University, n.d).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Donald J. Pisani, <em>To Reclaim a Divided West: Water, Law, and Public Policy, 1848–1902</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>José A. Rivera, <em>Acequia Culture: Water, Land, and Community in the Southwest</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Schorr, <em>The Colorado Doctrine: Water Rights, Corporations, and Distributive Justice on the American Frontier</em> (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 03 Feb 2017 18:48:36 +0000 yongli 2318 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Weld County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/weld-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Weld County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1107--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1107.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/weld-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/640px-Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_Weld_County.svg__0.png?itok=2mjb4iCP" width="640" height="463" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/weld-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Weld County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>One of Colorado's original seventeen counties, Weld County covers 4,017 square miles in northeastern Colorado and is home to more than 250,000 people.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-12-29T10:51:58-07:00" title="Tuesday, December 29, 2015 - 10:51" class="datetime">Tue, 12/29/2015 - 10:51</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/weld-county" data-a2a-title="Weld County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fweld-county&amp;title=Weld%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Weld County is the largest county in northeastern Colorado, covering 4,017 square miles of the <a href="/article/colorado’s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> and the <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> valley. One of the original seventeen counties in the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>, it is named for Louis Ledyard Weld, the first territorial secretary. The county is bordered to the north by the states of Wyoming and Nebraska, to the east by <a href="/article/logan-county"><strong>Logan</strong></a> and <a href="/article/morgan-county"><strong>Morgan</strong></a> Counties, to the south by <a href="/article/adams-county"><strong>Adams</strong></a> and <a href="/article/city-and-county-broomfield"><strong>Broomfield</strong></a> Counties, and to the west by <a href="/article/boulder-county"><strong>Boulder</strong></a> and <strong><a href="/article/larimer-county">Larimer</a> </strong>Counties. The county seat of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a> lies near the confluence of the South Platte and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong>Cache la Poudre</strong></a> Rivers, at the intersection of US Routes 34 and 85. Greeley is known for its farming and ranching community and is home to the University of Northern Colorado.</p> <p>A major agricultural county, Weld has a population of 252,825. More than a third of the population resides in Greeley, while the rest is spread out amongst smaller towns such as <strong>Fort Lupton </strong>and the county’s numerous farms and ranches. <strong>Interstate 25 </strong>runs through the western part of the county, while the <a href="/article/pawnee-national-grassland"><strong>Pawnee National Grassland</strong></a>&nbsp;occupies the sparsely populated land to the north and northeast.</p> <h2>Native Americans</h2> <p>The South Platte valley allowed many Plains Indian groups to hunt and trade with each other in what is now Colorado. After obtaining horses from the Spanish, the mountain-dwelling Utes began hunting bison in the Weld County area. Traveling south from Wyoming in the early 1700s, the <strong>Comanche</strong> also briefly inhabited the area before moving on to the <a href="/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas</strong></a> Valley. Pawnees also began to range into the Weld County area by 1719, prodded by their French trading partners to the east. The <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and <strong>Arapaho</strong> arrived in the early nineteenth century, driven from the upper Midwest by the Lakota. Like the Comanche farther south, the two groups relied on the power of the horse, the abundance of buffalo, and a robust trade network to survive and dominate Colorado’s northern plains. Soon after they arrived, the Arapaho and Cheyenne formed an alliance. They were among the first native groups to trade with whites in Colorado.</p> <h2>Europeans</h2> <p>The first European to enter the Weld County area was the Spaniard Don Pedro de Villasur in 1720, who sought to establish trade with Native Americans. Following the South Platte River out of its canyon near present-day <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, he led forty-two Spanish soldiers, sixty Native American allies, a priest, an interpreter, and a few settlers past the mouth of the Cache la Poudre River and into western Nebraska. There, the expedition met a quick demise in a raid by Pawnees, apparently egged on by their French allies. After losing all but thirteen of his men, Villasur fled back to Mexico City.</p> <p>The French brothers Pierre and Paul Mallet traversed the area in 1739, following the South Platte into the Rockies on their way to Taos, New Mexico. They were the first to call the river “Platte,” French for “flat” or “platelike.” Judging by their presence elsewhere on the plains and along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>, French trappers and traders may have frequented the Weld County area in the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century.</p> <h2>Americans</h2> <p>In 1820 the American explorer <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/stephen-h-long"><strong>Stephen H. Long</strong></a> and his expedition made a brief stop in the Weld County area. Long’s expedition was tasked with mapping the South Platte River, and in July he set up camp just south of where it meets the Cache la Poudre River near present-day Greeley. The expedition went on to explore the St. Vrain and Big Thompson Rivers to the west.</p> <p>In 1825 the seventy members of the William H. Ashley trapping party were the first whites to explore the Cache la Poudre river valley. The men were headed toward a rendezvous point along the Green River in Wyoming when a snowstorm stopped them for two weeks near present-day Greeley, giving rise to one of the stories about how the Cache la Poudre got its name - the party allegedly buried gunpowder and supplies near the river, naming it the “Cache la Poudre,” French for “powder cache.” The story is one of many unverified accounts of how the river got its name. In the ensuing decades, many of Ashley’s party would return to claim land in the Weld County area.</p> <h2>Trading Posts</h2> <p>The Long and Ashley expeditions, as well as the opening of the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a> to Americans in 1821, paved the way for the establishment of<a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong> trading posts</strong></a> in the Weld County area. <a href="/article/louis-vasquez"><strong>Louis Vasquez</strong></a> from St. Louis built the first one in 1835 along the South Platte near present-day Platteville. In exchange for buffalo robes, Vasquez gave the Cheyenne and Arapaho blankets, kettles, guns, knives, ammunition, and other items. The success of <a href="/article/fort-vasquez"><strong>Fort Vasquez</strong></a> prompted the establishment of several competing forts over the next two years.</p> <p>In 1836<strong> Lancaster Lupton</strong>, a former army lieutenant who had served on the frontier and recently joined the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a>, established Fort Lupton along the South Platte River northeast of present-day <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. Lupton married a Cheyenne woman named Tomasina, and the trading post prospered until 1844, when competition from other forts forced Lupton’s out of business. He and his wife spent five years in southern Colorado before heading to Arcata, California, in 1849 to join the gold rush.</p> <p>Not to be outdone by these two newcomers to the Colorado fur trade, the well-established Bent, St. Vrain and Company built Fort St. Vrain on the South Platte in 1836. Located just north of Fort Vasquez, Fort St. Vrain was operated until its closure in 1847 by Marcellin St. Vrain, <strong>Ceran St. </strong><strong>Vrain</strong>’s younger brother.</p> <p>The establishment of Forts Vasquez, Lupton, and St. Vrain on the South Platte placed significant pressure on the buffalo population, as the Cheyenne and Arapaho hunted more than they needed in order to meet traders’ demand for robes and their own desire for guns, tools, and ammunition. This early exploitation would prove a critical first step toward the buffalo’s demise, as it reduced the population just before a period of overhunting by the Comanche to the south and a fifteen-year dry spell that began in 1845.</p> <p>In 2012 the South Platte Valley Historical Society completed a rebuild of Lancaster Lupton’s fort, a project twenty-four years in the making. Rebuilding the fort was the impetus for the society’s formation in 1988, and the new fort is now the centerpiece of society’s 100-acre history park on the north side of Fort Lupton.</p> <h2>Treaties</h2> <p>After the traders came the gold seekers—first on their way to California after 1849, and then to the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> after gold was found west of present-day Denver in 1858. In between those years, the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-laramie"><strong>Treaty of Fort Laramie</strong></a> (1851) and the Treaty of Fort Atkinson (1853) had supposedly guaranteed that Cheyenne and Arapaho lands north of the Arkansas would remain free of white settlers. Congress did not ratify the 1851 treaty, and it was not enforced during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado</strong> <strong>Gold Rush of 1858–59</strong></a>, when whites poured into Cheyenne and Arapaho territory.</p> <p>At this time a handful of whites, including famed Weld County cattleman <strong>John Wesley Iliff</strong>, decided to forego gold digging and set up ranches. These would-be ranchers, prospectors, and settlers streamed west along the South Platte, killing game, trampling grass, and consuming precious timber and other resources that Native Americans relied on. Facing starvation, the Cheyenne and Arapaho resumed raiding, which only increased tension with the United States.</p> <p>Newspaper editor and western booster <strong>Horace Greeley</strong> visited the Cache la Poudre valley in 1859 and became convinced that the area, once properly irrigated, would make excellent farmland. But the slaughter of peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre </strong></a>of 1864 prompted an all-out war between Plains Indians and the US government. Greeley would have to wait until after the Cheyenne and Arapaho were removed to Oklahoma under the <strong><a href="/article/medicine-lodge-treaties">Medicine Lodge Treaty</a> </strong>(1867) to start his colony.</p> <h2>Early Communities</h2> <p>The first Territorial Legislature created Weld County in 1861. It initially occupied some 10,000 square miles, nearly the entire northeast quadrant of the new territory. By 1900 the county had shrunk close to its current size after the creation of <a href="/article/washington-county"><strong>Washington</strong></a>, Morgan, and Logan Counties in 1887 and <a href="/article/yuma-county"><strong>Yuma County</strong></a> in 1889. In 2001 the <a href="/article/city-and-county-broomfield"><strong>city and county of Broomfield </strong></a>split from Weld County.</p> <p>In December 1869, <a href="/article/nathan-meeker"><strong>Nathan C. Meeker</strong></a>, Greeley, and Robert A. Cameron organized the Union Colony Association. In New York, they recruited members to pool money to build a farming colony in Colorado. By the following spring, they had purchased some 12,000 miles of land along the Cache la Poudre from the Denver Pacific Railroad. In June 1870, just after the railroad completed a line from Cheyenne to Denver, Meeker and several hundred initial settlers founded the town of Greeley. With the help of the rail line, the colony managed to attract hundreds of new residents by the end of the month. Greeley was designated the county seat in 1877.</p> <p>Unlike the mining-centric towns that had sprung up to the west, Greeley had no saloons or liquor stores; its founders had imagined it as an orderly place where hardworking farm families could prosper in peace. The first <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> ditch was finished by the end of the summer, and another was completed early the next year. The ditches were the first to be dug in the west for the sole purpose of agriculture, and they combined to irrigate some 60,000 acres. A drought in 1874 convinced Union Colony officials to create the first of many private irrigation companies in Colorado. Other states, most notably California, adopted this strategy.</p> <p>Meanwhile, in 1872 the McKissick brothers, veterans of a local militia that fought Native Americans in the mid-1860s, opened one of the state’s first coal mines in southwestern Weld County. By 1907 the brothers’ land belonged to Ohio brothers Jacob and David Firestone, who opened the Firestone coal mine. The town of <strong>Firestone</strong> sprang up around the mine in 1908, and five coal mines remained in operation there until 1947.</p> <p>With the goal of training teachers for the state’s public schools, the State Normal School opened in Greeley on October 6, 1890. Initially offering two-year degree programs, the school began offering four-year degrees around the turn of the century, and in 1911 changed its name to Colorado State Teachers College. The college changed names again with the addition of a graduate program in 1935, becoming the Colorado State College of Education (shortened to Colorado State College in 1957). In 1970 it received its current name, University of Northern Colorado, to reflect more than thirty years of continued growth.</p> <h2>Farming and Ranching</h2> <p>By the turn of the century, farming and ranching spurred Weld County’s population to grow to 16,808. The expansion of irrigation networks turned potatoes and alfalfa into cash crops, while more than 90,000 sheep joined the cattle herds of the ranching industry. But the major cash crop of the early twentieth century was the <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet</strong></a>. Changes in the American diet led to increased demand for cooking and table sugar, but Weld County farmers were initially reluctant to plant sugar beets because there was no facility nearby that could process the crop and extract the sugar. This changed in 1901, when the Great Western Sugar Beet Company opened processing plants in Eaton and Greeley. Another processing plant opened in Windsor in 1904.</p> <p>Sugar beet cultivation required intensive manual labor, and farmers consistently experienced labor shortages. In the early years of the industry, farmers hired Japanese and German Russian laborers, but many of them eventually moved on to start farms of their own. The German Russian labor pool was further diminished by immigration restrictions during <a href="/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>. Meanwhile, hundreds of Mexican immigrants, many of whom had farming experience, were coming to Colorado in search of work. In Weld County these newcomers found seasonal jobs on beet farms; the Great Western Sugar Company, for example, built thirteen communities in Weld County and elsewhere across the plains to attract farm labor. Although many immigrants returned to Mexico after the harvest, some stayed, and many of their families formed the base of Latino communities in places such as Greeley and Fort Lupton.</p> <p>While Weld County farmers embraced the sugar beet boom, one local family fostered a revolution in ranching. The Monforts, one of the most prominent cattle-raising families in the nation, moved to Greeley in 1906. When Warren Monfort returned from service in World War I, he purchased some cattle to help his father’s struggling poultry farm. Instead of letting the cattle graze on the open range, he began feeding them with surplus crops. This innovative practice saved the family farm, and after several years of growth Monfort founded Monfort, Colorado, Inc. in 1930. Because he changed his cattle’s diet from grass to grain, and then to sugar beets, Monfort was also able to trade the open range for the feedlot. Feeding cattle in large pens close to the farm allowed him to provide fresh beef to consumers year-round. This method, combined with a rising demand for beef from the late 1940s, made his company extraordinarily successful: by 1950 his cattle herd numbered 8,000 and helped him earn a profit of $1 million.</p> <p>In 1960 Monfort’s company partnered with Capital Packing, Inc. to build a meat-packing plant in Greeley. After a slow start, Monfort bought Capital’s share and ramped up production; by cutting out the middlemen of the packers, Monfort again introduced a revolutionary practice to the beef industry. By the end of the decade, Monfort’s packing plant employed 931 people and had sold almost $162 million in beef. His feedlot held some 100,000 cattle, making it the largest in the world. In 1969 the company, now under the leadership of Warren’s son Kenneth, bought out another middleman, the Mapelli Brothers Food Distribution Company, an act that lowered production costs even further.</p> <p>After the company went public in 1970, Monfort’s Greeley feedlot had grown so large that residents began to complain about its acrid smell. The company responded by closing the Greeley lot and opening another in Kersey. Monfort lost a significant amount of money in the early 1980s due to tornados and labor disputes, but soon regained its profitability before it was bought out by ConAgra Foods in 1987. The Monfort family has since made major donations to Colorado universities, including $10.5 million to found the business school at the University of Northern Colorado in 1999 and a $5 million pledge to Colorado State University in 2002.</p> <h2>Energy Industry</h2> <p>Weld County sits atop the enormous Niobrara Shale formation, a subterranean rock formation containing oil and natural gas at depths between 3,000 and 14,000 feet. The county currently hosts approximately 20,000 oil and gas wells, more than any other county in the state. The energy industry is a huge contributor to the local economy; for example, since the beginning of the oil shale boom in 2010, Weld County employment has risen 21.5 percent. In 2011 the county collected $52 million in taxes from a single oil and gas producer. That money, like other revenue collected from the energy industry, has helped support Weld County schools, libraries, fire districts, and other services.</p> <p>Yet the economic benefits of oil drilling and hydraulic fracturing—in which a highly pressurized mix of water, sand, and chemicals is blasted into the ground to crack subterranean rock formations and release natural gas—come with concerns about the industry’s impact on public health and the environment.</p> <p>While environmental groups and citizens have reported a variety of negative side effects from the industry, the best-documented concerns—summarized in a 2014 report from the Natural Resources Defense Council—are leakage of cancer-causing chemicals such as benzene and air pollution caused by rigs and other heavy equipment. Additionally, in June 2015, a draft assessment of hydraulic fracturing’s potential effects on drinking water by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) concluded that “there are above and below ground mechanisms by which hydraulic fracturing activities have the potential to impact drinking water resources.” Weld County citizens’ concerns about the oil and gas industries were recorded in the county’s 2013 Community Health Survey; in 900 comments from more than 550 residents, “fracking/oil &amp; gas” and “environmental safety” were among the most commonly addressed topics.</p> <p>As it is elsewhere in Colorado and the nation, the conversation regarding hydraulic fracturing and the energy industry in Weld County remains highly polarized: energy companies and industry reps deny the harmful effects of extraction and claim that any kind of stringent regulation will hurt local economies, while environmentalists and others concerned about public health and the environment push for more transparency from companies and stricter regulations from the state and federal governments.</p> <h2>Natural Features and Disasters</h2> <p>After the disastrous <a href="/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong></a> of the 1930s, which resulted in the degradation of thousands of acres of grasslands across the central United States, Congress took action to restore and preserve large sections of native prairie. The Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act of 1937 allowed the federal government to purchase and restore damaged land, and in 1960 the government created seventeen national grasslands, including the Pawnee National Grassland (PNG) in northern Weld County. The grassland is named for the Pawnee people, a group of Plains Indians who frequented the eastern Colorado plains from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century.</p> <p>The PNG covers 193,060 acres of short-grass prairie. The area is home to Colorado’s <a href="/article/state-bird"><strong>state bird</strong></a>, the <strong>lark bunting</strong>, as well as hawks, falcons, and swallows, making it a premier destination for birdwatchers. The two Pawnee Buttes rise 300 feet above the grassland&nbsp;and can be accessed via hiking and horseback trails.</p> <p>Within the boundaries of the grassland, some eighty-eight ranchers still graze about 8,000 head of cattle on private lands; the ranchers also have grazing rights on the grassland&nbsp;but must adhere to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> regulations.</p> <p>After several days of heavy rain beginning on September 9, 2013, Weld County was one of fourteen Colorado counties to experience historically destructive <a href="/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flooding</strong></a>. Within Weld County alone, flood waters from the South Platte, Cache la Poudre, and other rivers damaged more than 3,000 homes and 122 bridges, washed out 654 miles of roads, and inundated 2,377 parcels of farmland. Immediately after the floods, Governor <a href="/article/john-hickenlooper"><strong>John Hickenlooper</strong></a> declared a state of emergency and funneled $6 million in state funds to pay for flood response and recovery.</p> <p>Recovery efforts were still going on when the Cache la Poudre flooded again in June 2014. Although shorter lasting and less destructive than those in 2013, the 2014 floods still damaged about two dozen homes and businesses in Greeley.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/weld-county" hreflang="en">weld county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/weld-county-history" hreflang="en">weld county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trade-colorado-0" hreflang="en">fur trade colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-vasquez" hreflang="en">fort vasquez</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-st-vrain" hreflang="en">fort st. vrain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/monfort-family" hreflang="en">monfort family</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/monfort-family-history" hreflang="en">monfort family history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cache-la-poudre-history" hreflang="en">cache la poudre history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/greeley" hreflang="en">greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stephen-h-long" hreflang="en">stephen h. long</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-lupton" hreflang="en">fort lupton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pawnee-national-grasslands" hreflang="en">pawnee national grasslands</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.weld.gov/">2013 Weld County Community Health Survey</a>,” Weld County Department of Public Health and Environment, May 26, 2015.</p> <p>Carl Abbott, Stephen Leonard, and David McComb, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1994).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/hf_es_erd_jun2015.pdf">Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas on Drinking Water Resources: Executive Summary</a>,” Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, June 2015.</p> <p>“<a href="http://greeleygov.com/museums/ShortHistory.aspx">A thumbnail history of Greeley</a>,” City of Greeley.</p> <p>Coleman Cornelius, “<a href="https://extras.denverpost.com/business/biz0203b.htm">Beef baron Monfort dies at 71</a>,” <em>Denver Post</em>, February 3, 2001.</p> <p>Sharon Dunn, “<a href="https://www.greeleytribune.com/2014/12/01/oil-gas-jobs-produce-labor-shortage-for-many-employers-in-weld-county/">Oil-gas jobs produce labor shortage for many employers in Weld County</a>,” <em>Greeley Tribune</em>, November 15, 2014.</p> <p>Pekka Hämäläinen, <em>The Comanche Empire </em>(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/museums/history-fort">History of the Fort</a>,” Fort Vasquez Museum, History Colorado.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.weldcounty150.org">History of Weld County Towns: Firestone</a>,” Weld County: Celebrating 150 Years, n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.weld.gov/">Industry</a>: About Weld,” <s>About Weld</s>, Weld County, n.d.</p> <p>Rheba Massey, "<a class="ext" href="https://history.poudrelibraries.org/archive/poudreriver.php">Was 'Cache La Poudre' the original name of the river that flows through Fort Collins? (link is external)</a>" Fort Collins History Connection, n.d.</p> <p>Carol Drake Mehls and Steven F. Mehls, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/crforms_edumat/pdfs/612.pdf">Weld County, Colorado: Historic Agricultural Context</a>,” History Colorado, 1988, rev. 2006.</p> <p>“<a href="https://greeleymuseums.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Five-Rivers-2006.641.pdf">Monfort of Colorado: Guide to the Five Rivers Collection</a>, ” City of Greeley Museums, June 24, 2011.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/the-new-fort-lupton-rises-on-the-banks-of-the-south-platte-river/">The New Fort Lupton Rises on the Banks of the South Platte River</a>,” <em>CBS Denver</em>, September 4, 2011.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.weldcounty150.org">Old Weld County 1859–1887</a>,” Weld County: Celebrating 150 Years, n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/quick-guide-colorados-pawnee-national-grassland">Quick Guide to Colorado’s Pawnee National Grassland</a>,” Colorado.com (Colorado Tourism), updated July 29, 2015.</p> <p>Corrie Sahling, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/06/03/greeley-residents-deal-with-more-flooding/">Greeley residents deal with more flooding</a>,” <em>Denver Post</em>, June 3, 2014.</p> <p>Blair Shiff, “Weld County: Businesses decimated by Colorado flooding,” <em>9 News</em>, September 17, 2013.</p> <p>Carol Rein Shwayder, “Weld County Old and New: Cache La Poudre Corridor Study,” prepared for the City of Greeley (Greeley, CO: Unicorn Ventures, 1990).</p> <p>Tanja Srebotnjak and Miriam Rotkin-Ellman, “<a href="https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/fracking-air-pollution-IB.pdf">Fracking Fumes: Air Pollution from Hydraulic Fracturing Threatens Public Health and Communities</a>,” Natural Resources Defense Council, December 2014.</p> <p>&nbsp;“<a href="https://www.spvhs.org/">Rebuilding</a> the Past for the Future,” South Platte Valley Historical Society, n.d.</p> <p>University of Northern Colorado, “<a href="http://www.unco.edu/president/unc-history.aspx">A short history of UNC</a>.”</p> <p>“Weld County,” <em>Colorado County Histories Notebook </em>(Denver: History Colorado, 1989–2000).</p> <p>Elliot West, <em>Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>David Boyd, <em>A History: Greeley and the Union Colony of Colorado</em> (Greeley, CO: Greeley Tribune Press, 1890).</p> <p>Sarah J. Deutsch, <em>No Separate Refuge</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).<a href="http://www.firestoneco.gov/">City of Firestone</a></p> <p><a href="http://greeleygov.com/">City of Greeley</a></p> <p>Arnold Hubert, <em>Resurrection of Fort Lupton </em>(Fort Lupton, CO: Self-published with Xlibris, 2011).</p> <p>Nancy Lynch, <em>Weld County Towns: The First 150 Years</em> (San Antonio, TX: Historical Publishing Network, 2011).</p> <p><a href="https://www.spvhs.org/">South Platte Valley Historical Society</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.unco.edu/">University of Northern Colorado</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.weld.gov/">Weld County</a></p> <p>Joshua Zaffos, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/news/the-blm-just-sold-more-leases-on-the-pawnee-and-environmentalists-say-thats-for-the-birds-6965224">The BLM Just Sold More Leases on the Pawnee—and Environmentalists Say That’s For the Birds</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, July 28, 2015.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Dec 2015 17:51:58 +0000 yongli 1064 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Greeley Tribune Building http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley-tribune-building <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Greeley Tribune Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x 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SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/greeley-tribune-building"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/1971.55.0005%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=J3kUsBp2" width="1000" height="829" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/greeley-tribune-building" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Greeley Tribune Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Designed by architect Sidney G. Frazier, the Beaux-Arts Greeley Tribune Building opened in 1929 and retains much of its original character today.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--663--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--663.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/greeley-tribune-building-lobby"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/1983.48.0003T%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=rh66YAF2" width="1000" height="788" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/greeley-tribune-building-lobby" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Greeley Tribune Building Lobby</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Greeley Tribune Building housed the offices of the Tribune newspaper from 1929 to 1986. It is now the home of the Greeley History Museum.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-09-15T12:54:03-06:00" title="Tuesday, September 15, 2015 - 12:54" class="datetime">Tue, 09/15/2015 - 12:54</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley-tribune-building" data-a2a-title="Greeley Tribune Building"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgreeley-tribune-building&amp;title=Greeley%20Tribune%20Building"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Beaux-Arts Greeley Tribune Building opened in 1929 to house the operations of the <em>Greeley Tribune</em>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a>’s oldest newspaper. From 1937 until the mid-1950s, the building also contained the offices of the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District, which administered the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%e2%80%93big-thompson-project"><strong>Colorado–Big Thompson Project</strong></a>. The <em>Greeley Tribune</em> moved to new offices in 1986, and after extensive renovations the former newspaper building reopened in July 2005 as the Greeley History Museum.</p> <h2>Charles Hansen’s Tribune</h2> <p>In 1870, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nathan-meeker"><strong>Nathaniel Meeker</strong></a> (1817–79) founded the town of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a> and the <em>Greeley Tribune</em>, one of Weld County’s oldest businesses. Prior to coming to <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>, Meeker had worked as the agricultural editor of the <em>New York Tribune</em>, a perch from which he advocated the establishment of agricultural cooperative communities in the West. When Meeker arrived in Colorado to set up such a community, he named the town in honor of <strong>Horace Greeley</strong>, his former boss at the <em>New York Tribune</em>, and named the town’s newspaper after the <em>New York Tribune</em>.</p> <p>In 1913 the <em>Tribune</em> merged with its main rival, the <em>Greeley Republican</em>. The combined paper was called the <em>Greeley Tribune Republican </em>for many years. It was published by the Tribune Republican Publishing Company under the direction of <strong>Charles Hansen</strong> (1873–1953). In 1929 Hansen moved the entire newspaper operation—news desks, administrative offices, and presses—to the new Greeley Tribune Building on Eighth Street. The building became a local landmark, and citizens often gathered there on Election Day to hear the results as they came in.</p> <p>The Tribune Building was the work of <strong>Sidney G. Frazier</strong>, who is regarded as one of Greeley’s most important architects. Frazier got his start in Denver, where he worked for prominent architects such as the Baerresen Brothers and William E. Fisher, before opening his own firm in Greeley in 1919. Known primarily for his school buildings, Frazier used many different styles throughout his career. For the Tribune Building he designed an elegant one-story Beaux-Arts structure. The building has a brick-and-concrete facade with terra-cotta trim. It is Frazier’s only Beaux-Arts building, perhaps the only example of that style in Greeley, and one of the few in Colorado.</p> <p>Hansen continued to publish the <em>Greeley Tribune</em> until his death in 1953. He used the paper to promote his pet issue, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> conservation, and was a staunch advocate of the <strong>Colorado–Big Thompson Project</strong>. He served as president of the board of the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District after it was established in 1937 to administer the Big Thompson Project. The water conservancy district’s offices were located on the garden level of the Tribune Building until the mid-1950s.</p> <p>The newspaper built modern additions on both sides of the Tribune Building in the 1960s and ’70s. The interior of the main building was remodeled in the early 1970s, when electronic typesetting equipment was installed. The newspaper added its first computer in 1980, making it an all-electronic publication. Other than those changes, the building remained essentially in its original condition until the newspaper moved to new offices in 1986.</p> <h2>Greeley History Museum</h2> <p>After the newspaper relocated, the Greeley Tribune Building was used for storage. <em>Greeley Tribune</em> publisher Dave Trussell also used it for his model railroad hobby before he opened the Freight Station Museum. In 2002 Greeley voters approved an initiative to improve cultural and recreational amenities throughout the city, which included establishing a new Greeley History Museum. Using money from the initiative, the State Historical Fund, and the Hazel E. Johnson Estate, the city acquired the Tribune Building and renovated it, adding a glass atrium on the west side to connect it to the building next door. The Greeley History Museum opened in the Tribune Building in July 2005. In addition to the museum’s exhibits and artifacts, the building also houses the Hazel E. Johnson Research Center, which contains newspaper, manuscript, and photograph collections documenting the history of Greeley and Weld County.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/greeley" hreflang="en">greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/greeley-tribune" hreflang="en">Greeley Tribune</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/newspapers" hreflang="en">newspapers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/charles-hansen" hreflang="en">Charles Hansen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sidney-frazier" hreflang="en">Sidney Frazier</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-big-thompson-project" hreflang="en">colorado-big thompson project</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/northern-colorado-water-conservancy-district" hreflang="en">Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/greeley-history-museum" hreflang="en">Greeley History Museum</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>John Dugan, <em>Greeley and Weld County</em> (Norfolk, VA: Donning, 1986).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Greeley, Colorado: History and Architecture of Its Downtown Buildings</em> (Greeley, CO: City of Greeley Museums, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Betsy Kellums, “Greeley Tribune Building,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (November 15, 2006).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>"<a href="https://coloradopreservation.org/programs/endangered-places/endangered-places-archives/downtown-greeley/">Downtown Greeley</a>," Colorado Preservation, Endangered Places Archive.</p> <p>Barbara Smith, <em>The First Hundred Years: Greeley, Colorado, 1870–1970</em> (Greeley, CO: Greater Greeley Centennial Commission, 1970).</p> <p>Daniel Tyler, <em>The Last Water Hole in the West: The Colorado–Big Thompson Project and the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1992).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Greeley Tribune Building was built as the offices for the <em>Greeley Tribune</em> newspaper. It opened in 1929. The newspaper moved to new offices in 1986. The building reopened in 2005 as the Greeley History Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Charles Hansen’s Tribune</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1870 <strong>Nathan Meeker</strong> moved to Colorado to start a farming community. He founded the town of Greeley. He started a newspaper called the <em>Greeley Tribune</em>. Before he moved to Colorado, Meeker worked for the <em>New York Tribune</em>. Meeker named his new town to honor Horace Greeley, who was his boss at the <em>New York Tribune</em>. Meeker named the town’s newspaper after the <em>New York Tribune</em>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1913 the newspaper was owned by <strong>Charles Hansen</strong>. In 1929 the newspaper moved into the new Greeley Tribune Building. The news desks, offices, and presses were located in the building.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Architect <strong>Sidney Frazier</strong> designed the new building. Frazier was known for using different styles in his buildings. He designed a one-story Beaux-Arts building for the Greeley Tribune. It has a brick-and-concrete front with terra cotta trim. It is Frazier’s only building in the Beaux-Arts style. In fact, it is the only one in Greeley and one of the few in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Charles Hansen and the Greeley Tribune supported the <strong>Colorado – Big Thompson Project</strong>. This was a huge project that brought water from western slope of Colorado to the eastern plains. Hansen was a leader in the organization that worked on the Big Thompson Project. That office was located in the Tribune Building until the 1950s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Additions were put on the building in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1970s, modern printing equipment was installed. The newspaper got its first computer in 1980. Other than those changes, the building stayed the same. The newspaper moved to new offices in 1986.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Greeley History Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the newspaper moved, the Greeley Tribune Building was used for storage. Greeley Tribune publisher Dave Trussell kept his model train there. He later opened the Colorado Model Railroad Museum at a different location.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2002 the people of Greeley voted to create a new Greeley History Museum. The city bought and fixed up the Tribune Building. A glass lobby was added to connect it with the building next door. The Greeley History Museum opened in July 2005. The museum has exhibits and artifacts, as well as newspapers, manuscripts, and photographs about the history of Greeley.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Greeley Tribune Building was built to house the <em>Greeley Tribune</em> newspaper. The building opened in 1929. The <em>Greeley Tribune</em> moved to a new location in 1986. In 2005 the former newspaper building reopened as the Greeley History Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Charles Hansen’s Tribune</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1870 <strong>Nathan Meeker</strong> founded the town of Greeley and the <em>Greeley Tribune</em>. The newspaper is one of Greeley’s oldest businesses. Before moving to <strong>Colorado Territory</strong>, Meeker worked as an editor of the <em>New York Tribune</em>. He moved to Colorado to start a cooperative farming community. Meeker named his new town in honor of Horace Greeley, his former boss at the New York Tribune. Meeker named the town’s newspaper after the <em>New York Tribune</em>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1913 the newspaper was owned and published by <strong>Charles Hansen</strong>. The <em>Tribune</em> had merged with its main rival, the <em>Greeley Republican</em>. The combined newspaper was called the <em>Greeley Tribune Republican</em>. In 1929 Hansen moved the newspaper, including the news desks, offices, and presses to the new Greeley Tribune Building. The building became a local landmark.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Architect <strong>Sidney Frazier</strong> was one of Greeley’s most important architects. He designed the Tribune Building. Frazier opened his own firm in Greeley in 1919. He specialized in designing school buildings. He used many different styles in his buildings. The Greeley Tribune Building is an elegant, one-story Beaux-Arts structure. The building has a brick-and-concrete front with terra cotta trim. It is Frazier’s only building in the Beaux-Arts style. In fact, it is the only example of that style in Greeley and one of the few in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hansen and his newspaper supported the <strong>Colorado–Big Thompson Project</strong>. This was a huge construction project that brought water from western slope of Colorado to the eastern plains. Hansen served as president of the board of the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District. This organization was started in 1937 to administer the Big Thompson Project. The project’s office was located in the Tribune Building until the mid-1950s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Modern additions were added to the Tribune Building in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1970s, electronic typesetting equipment was installed. The newspaper’s first computer was added in 1980. Other than those changes, the building remained in its original condition until the newspaper moved to new offices in 1986.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Greeley History Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the newspaper moved, the Greeley Tribune Building was used for storage. Greeley Tribune publisher Dave Trussell used the building to display his model railroad. Later, he started the Colorado Model Railway Museum at a different location.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2002 the people of Greeley voted to create a new Greeley History Museum. The city bought and renovated the Tribune Building. A glass atrium was added to connect it to the building next door. The Greeley History Museum opened in July 2005. The museum houses exhibits and artifacts. The Hazel E. Johnson Research Center has newspapers, manuscripts, and photographs about the history of Greeley and Weld County.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>         </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The Greeley Tribune Building opened in 1929 to house the <em>Greeley Tribune</em>, Weld County’s oldest newspaper. From 1937 until the 1950s, the building was also used as the offices of the <strong>Colorado–Big Thompson Project</strong>. The <em>Greeley Tribune</em> moved to new offices in 1986. After extensive renovations, the former newspaper building reopened in July 2005 as the Greeley History Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Charles Hansen’s Tribune</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1870 <strong>Nathan Meeker</strong> founded the town of Greeley and the <em>Greeley Tribune</em>. The newspaper is one of Weld County’s oldest businesses. Before coming to <strong>Colorado Territory</strong>, Meeker worked as the agricultural editor at the <em>New York Tribune</em>. He advocated for the establishment of cooperative farming communities in the West. Meeker moved to Colorado to set up such a community. He named the town to honor Horace Greeley, his former boss at the <em>New York Tribune</em>. Meeker named the town’s newspaper after the <em>New York Tribune</em>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1913 the Tribune merged with its main rival, the <em>Greeley Republican</em>. The combined paper was called the <em>Greeley Tribune Republican</em> for many years. It was published under the direction of <strong>Charles Hansen</strong>. In 1929 Hansen moved the newspaper operation—news desks, administrative offices, and presses—to the new Greeley Tribune Building. The building became a local landmark. Citizens gathered at the building on Election Day to hear the results as they came in.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Tribune Building was the work of architect <strong>Sidney G. Frazier</strong>. He is regarded as one of Greeley’s most important architects. Frazier got his start in Denver before he opened his own firm in Greeley in 1919. Frazier used many different styles throughout his career and is known primarily for his school buildings. For the Greeley Tribune Building he designed an elegant one-story Beaux-Arts structure. The building has a brick-and-concrete facade with terra-cotta trim. It is Frazier’s only building in the Beaux-Arts style. In fact, it is only example of that style in Greeley and one of the few in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hansen promoted the issue of water conservation. He and the newspaper were advocates of the <strong>Colorado–Big Thompson Project</strong>. This was a major construction project that brought water from Colorado’s western slope to its eastern plains. Hansen served as president of the board of the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District. This organization administered the Big Thompson Project. The water conservancy district’s offices were located in the Tribune Building until the 1950s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The newspaper built modern additions on both sides of the Tribune Building in the 1960s and 1970s. The interior of the main building was remodeled in the early 1970s, when electronic typesetting equipment was installed. The newspaper added its first computer in 1980, making it an all-electronic publication. Other than those changes, the building remained in its original condition until the newspaper moved to new offices in 1986.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Greeley History Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the newspaper relocated, the Greeley Tribune Building was used for storage. <em>Greeley Tribune</em> publisher Dave Trussell used it to display his model railroad. Later, he opened the Colorado Model Railway Museum at a different location.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2002 the town of Greeley voted to improve the cultural and recreational facilities in the city. This included creating a new Greeley History Museum. Using money from the initiative, the State Historical Fund, and the Hazel E. Johnson Estate, the city acquired and renovated the Tribune Building. A glass atrium was added to connect it to the building next door. The Greeley History Museum opened in the Tribune Building in July 2005. The museum houses exhibits and artifacts. The Hazel E. Johnson Research Center has newspaper, manuscript, and photographs about the history of Greeley and Weld County.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 15 Sep 2015 18:54:03 +0000 yongli 621 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org