%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Interstate 76 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-76 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Interstate 76</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-11-30T09:50:33-07:00" title="Tuesday, November 30, 2021 - 09:50" class="datetime">Tue, 11/30/2021 - 09:50</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-76" data-a2a-title="Interstate 76"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Finterstate-76&amp;title=Interstate%2076"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Construction of Interstate 80 South, later known as Interstate 76, began in 1958 and reflected the desire for easier transportation across the state of Colorado. The 184-mile highway connects <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> to western Nebraska and represents a vital link between two of the longest interstates in the nation, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> and Interstate 80. Mostly completed in the 1960s, the road was later renamed Interstate 76 to honor the nation’s bicentennial and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-overview"><strong>Colorado</strong></a>’s centennial. The highway not only provides travelers with an efficient route between Colorado and Nebraska, but also allows for the transportation of millions of dollars’ worth of freight each year.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>National System of Interstate and Defense Highways</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1956 Congress passed the Federal-Aid Highway Act, which encapsulated President Eisenhower’s vision of an efficient national highway system. This legislation provided billions of dollars of funding to complete the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, which would consist of four-lane highways with no intersections to keep travelers moving. The intention was to construct thousands of miles of connected highways that would greatly ease travel across the country. The federal government would shoulder 90 percent of the cost of construction.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Interstate 76 represented a good fit for these funds because it would improve the connection between Colorado and Nebraska, enhancing commerce between the two states and beyond. It was also an opportunity to connect the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>eastern part</strong></a> of the state to metro Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Construction</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The oldest piece of Interstate 76 is the thirty-six-mile stretch located between the Nebraska state line and Crook, Colorado. By the end of 1966, an additional 137 miles of roadway was completed as part of eight separate construction projects, connecting Interstate 76 to US 85 in Denver. It took another two years to complete the piece connecting the US 85 junction with <strong>Interstate 25</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After construction of the majority of the Colorado portion of the highway was complete, Colorado and Nebraska entered into a multi-million-dollar agreement to improve the road between <strong>Julesburg</strong> and the Nebraska state line. By 1968, the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> estimated, the interstate brought $278 million per year into Colorado and 81 percent of travelers on the new highway stopped in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The renaming of the road in 1975–76 was for the practical purpose of removing the letter “S” from the name of I-80 S, a policy implemented across the country. The <strong>Colorado Department of Transportation</strong> (CDOT) took advantage of this opportunity to name the highway after the nation’s bicentennial and Colorado’s centennial. The state replaced 488 signs along the route to display the new name for the interstate.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After its renaming, the road was extended beyond its initial terminus at Interstate 25 to connect all the way to Interstate 70. In 1985 construction connected Wadsworth and Sheridan Boulevards. In 1989 the section between Federal Boulevard and Pecos Street opened. This project included the construction of twelve bridges and cost $22.4 million. A later project closed the gap between Pecos and I-25. The state proclaimed the highway complete in 1993.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since I-76 was completed, CDOT has invested more than $100 million in road replacement projects along the route. As of 2021, the most recent and most expensive project rebuilt the interchange at 120th Avenue and cost approximately $45 million.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Shaping Communities</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>I-76 created advantages for larger communities on its route, like <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sterling"><strong>Sterling</strong></a>, <strong>Brush</strong>, and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-morgan"><strong>Fort Morgan</strong></a>. These places capitalized on their new connection to the Denver metro area and tried to lure people to live and work in their communities. During the 1970s, for instance, the Sterling Chamber of Commerce president emphasized that Sterling was only three hours from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ski-industry"><strong>ski slopes</strong></a> but was a much healthier place to raise a family than Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As happened with the railroads in the late nineteenth century, some smaller communities suffered from being farther from the highway route. This was not just a local issue, but a national one. Although the Federal-Aid Act was initially popular, the response shifted once people realized that it would siphon auto traffic from older highways and the communities that relied on them. With the construction of Interstate 76, communities      bypassed by the highway lost the economic benefit of tourism dollars.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As with all interstate highways, improvements must continue to keep Interstate 76 from crumbling. In 2020 CDOT repaired bridges, replaced signage, and resurfaced several miles of the interstate near Brush and Fort Morgan. Work on this section, including repaving, continued into 2021. The I-25 and I-76 junction in Denver is especially prone to bottlenecks, though it is unclear whether the state will address it. As the Denver metro area around it has grown exponentially, Interstate 76 continues to provide a direct route of travel for tourists and freight and will require constant maintenance to meet the challenges of the future.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/campbell-alyse" hreflang="und">Campbell, Alyse</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/interstate-76" hreflang="en">interstate 76</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-highways" hreflang="en">colorado highways</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-transportation-history" hreflang="en">colorado transportation history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/railroads" hreflang="en">railroads</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-interstates" hreflang="en">colorado interstates</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-interstate-76" hreflang="en">history interstate 76</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-i-76" hreflang="en">colorado i 76</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-interstate-76" hreflang="en">colorado interstate 76</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/logan-county" hreflang="en">logan county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-morgan" hreflang="en">Fort Morgan</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/phillips-county" hreflang="en">Phillips County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/morgan-county" hreflang="en">Morgan County</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Robert Autobee and Deborah Dobson-Brown, Colorado Historical Society, Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, <em>Colorado State Roads and Highways</em>, 2003.</p> <p><a href="https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/bio/32912/Bill+Cieslewicz+">Bill Cieslewicz </a>and <a href="https://www.bizjournals.com/denver/bio/33322/Denver+Business+Journal+Staff">Denver Business Journal Staff</a>, “<a href="https://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2020/02/24/denver-traffic-bottlenecks.html">Denver Is Home to Three of the Worst Traffic Bottlenecks in the U.S</a>.,” <em>Denver Business Journal</em>, February 24, 2020.</p> <p>Colorado Department of Transportation, “<a href="https://www.codot.gov/about/CDOTHistory/50th-anniversary/interstate-76.html">Interstate 76</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Colorado Department of Transportation, “<a href="https://www.codot.gov/projects/i-76-us-34-fort-morgan-brush-resurfacing">I-76 &amp; US 34 Resurfacing in Fort Morgan and Brush</a>,” 2021.</p> <p>“80S to Be Redesignated Interstate 76 January 1,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, November 1, 1974.</p> <p>Interstate-Guide.com, <a href="https://www.aaroads.com/interstate-guide/i-076-west/">Interstate 76 (Western)</a>, February 5, 2020.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/interstate-highway-system">The Interstate System</a>,” History.com Editors, June 7, 2019.</p> <p>James R. “Jim” Jones and Russ Collman, <em>Sterling Colorado: Crossroads on the Prairie</em> (Denver: Sundance Publications Limited, 2000).</p> <p>Matthew Salek, <a href="https://www.mesalek.com/colo/i76.html">Colorado Highways: Interstate 76</a>, March 9, 2014.</p> <p>Richard F. Weingroff, “<a href="https://highways.dot.gov/public-roads/marchapril-2006/essential-national-interest">Essential to the National Interest</a>,” Federal Highway Administration, March/April 2006.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Tom Lewis, <em>Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life </em>(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 30 Nov 2021 16:50:33 +0000 yongli 3639 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Denver Tramway Company http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-tramway-company <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver Tramway Company</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3391--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3391.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/denver-streetcar-1895"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Denver_streetcar_1895_0.jpg?itok=EXVm598Z" width="805" height="571" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/denver-streetcar-1895" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver streetcar 1895</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.3px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">View in Denver. "Take this car for the 'Healer' / Children and adults on streetcar with sign "take this car for the healer."</span></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-07-09T10:50:27-06:00" title="Thursday, July 9, 2020 - 10:50" class="datetime">Thu, 07/09/2020 - 10:50</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-tramway-company" data-a2a-title="Denver Tramway Company"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdenver-tramway-company&amp;title=Denver%20Tramway%20Company"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Denver Tramway Company (DTC) was the dominant private transit company in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s history, serving tens of millions of commuters per year at its peak and making it possible for the city to expand beyond its urban core. Established in 1885 by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William Byers</strong></a>, and other prominent locals, the company started out developing cable car lines in a bruising competition with its chief rival, the Denver City Cable Railway. DTC made an early conversion to electric streetcars, enabling it to emerge as Denver’s primary transit provider by 1900.</p> <p>Denver Tramway defined the city’s transit for seven decades, but it began to struggle as automobile ownership and suburbanization accelerated after the 1910s. The company converted entirely to bus service in the 1950s but could not stave off a downward spiral of service cuts and declines in ridership. In 1971 the company sold its assets to Denver, and in 1974 the publicly operated <strong>Regional Transportation District</strong> (RTD) took over DTC’s old buses and routes.</p> <h2>Origins of Transit in Denver</h2> <p>For more than a decade after Denver was established in 1858, the city was small enough that there was no need for public transportation. That changed after 1870, when the completion of the <strong>Denver Pacific</strong> and <strong>Kansas Pacific. </strong>Railroads tied Denver into the national rail network. From a town of fewer than 5,000 residents in 1870, Denver rapidly expanded to a metropolis of more than 35,000 people in 1880 and more than 105,000 in 1890.</p> <p>As the city grew, entrepreneurs saw opportunities for new businesses that would take people more quickly across town. In 1871 the Denver Horse Railroad Company became the city’s first transit company, with its horse-drawn car operating along tracks laid from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver"><strong>Auraria</strong></a> to <strong>Curtis Park</strong>, the city’s first streetcar suburb. By the 1880s, the company was known as Denver City Railway and had fifteen miles of track extending across the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado’s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a>, facilitating and sometimes directing growth to the southeast and northeast.</p> <h2>Cable Car Competition</h2> <p>Denver City Railway had an exclusive franchise on the use of horse cars, which forestalled competitors within city limits until new technologies became available. That moment arrived in 1885, when property owners on Fifteenth Street, frustrated at the lack of a transit line by their buildings, helped incorporate the Denver Electric and Cable Company. The property owners would build their own transit line using new electric streetcar technology pioneered by <strong>University of Denver</strong> physics professor Sidney Short. By 1886 the company had reorganized as the Denver Tramway Company, whose leaders included former governor John Evans, his son <strong>William Gray Evans</strong>, <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> owner William N. Byers, and local developer <strong>Henry C. Brown</strong>. That summer the company started to run electric streetcars on Fifteenth Street, but the line lasted less than a year before being removed. Short’s technology, which used an electrified third rail, had a bad habit of shocking people and horses when it got wet.</p> <p>The unsafe electric rail technology and the Denver City Railway’s monopoly on horse and mule cars led DTC to embrace cable cars, which were pulled along tracks by underground cables. In December 1888, the company opened a powerhouse at the southwest corner of Fifteenth Street, <strong>Colfax Avenue</strong>, and Broadway (in what is now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center Park</strong></a>). The powerhouse had large wheels turning cables that went straight down each thoroughfare. The next year, a fourth line branched out along Tremont Place to Eighteenth Avenue, completing a $2 million investment that yielded a twelve-mile cable network.</p> <p>Denver City Railway quickly shifted to cable cars as well. The company reincorporated as the Denver City Cable Railway and built <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-city-cable-railway-building"><strong>its own powerhouse and headquarters</strong></a> at the north corner of Eighteenth and Lawrence Streets, which opened in 1889. The rivalry between Denver City Cable and DTC, the two largest of Denver’s transit companies, spurred the development of one of the most extensive cable-car networks in the country. The Denver City Cable Railway Building drove the largest cable-car system ever run out of a single powerhouse, and the company’s Welton Street line, which stretched about seven miles, was the longest in the United States when it was built.</p> <h2>Dominating Denver Transit</h2> <p>By the early 1890s, new electric streetcar technology using overhead wires had proven superior to cable cars in most situations. DTC had the right to build electric streetcar lines thanks to its early, ill-fated experiment on Fifteenth Street, so in 1893 it quickly converted its major lines to the new system. Meanwhile, Denver City Cable only held a license for horse and cable cars, so its conversion to electricity proceeded more slowly via subsidiaries.</p> <p>The <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> sent Denver City Cable into bankruptcy and also imperiled many smaller competitors, such as the Denver &amp; Park Hill Railway and the Colfax Electric Railway. DTC used its stronger position to buy up smaller lines and expand its electric streetcar network throughout the 1890s, until it finally acquired Denver City Cable in 1898–99. By the time DTC converted its former rival’s thirty miles of cable lines to electricity in the spring of 1900, it was the only major streetcar company left standing in Denver.</p> <p>DTC’s electric streetcars provided the city’s primary mass transit system for the next fifty years. The company played an important role in the daily lives of tens of millions of commuters per year while also reshaping the city’s landscape. Thanks to DTC’s extensive network, which spanned 155 miles by 1903, people could live miles from work and pay only a nickel to get there. Starting with Curtis Park in the 1870s, streetcars made it possible to develop neighborhoods ever farther from the city’s core, such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/city-park"><strong>City Park</strong></a>, <strong>Park Hill</strong>, <strong>Montclair</strong>, <strong>South Denver</strong>, and <strong>Berkeley</strong>. Developers either enticed new streetcar lines to serve their parcels or built near existing or proposed lines.</p> <p>In the early 1900s, DTC consolidated its power under the leadership of William Gray Evans, who became company president in 1902. It did this first by building a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-tramway-powerhouse"><strong>large new powerhouse</strong></a> near the confluence of the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> and <strong>Cherry Creek</strong>. Opened in 1904 and expanded in 1911, the plant became the primary source of power for DTC’s electric streetcars.</p> <p>Next the company navigated the treacherous waters of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/progressive-era-colorado"><strong>Progressive Era</strong></a> antimonopoly politics—newspapers denounced Evans as a Napoleonic dictator—and in 1906 secured a thirty-year franchise. Its future secure, the company built an elegant red brick and white terra-cotta <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tramway-building-hotel-teatro"><strong>headquarters</strong></a> at the corner of Fourteenth and Arapahoe Streets, just a few blocks from the central loop, where its lines converged at Fifteenth and Lawrence Streets. By the time the new headquarters opened in 1911, DTC was expanding its regional reach with lines like the Denver &amp; Intermountain Railroad to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden"><strong>Golden</strong></a>.</p> <h2>Competing with Cars</h2> <p>Exhausted by battles with the press and newly occupied by advocating for the Moffat Tunnel after his friend David Moffat’s death, Evans resigned as DTC’s president in 1913. At the time, it seemed as if his company’s hold on transportation in Denver was secure. Yet the next decade posed unprecedented difficulties for DTC. In the long term, the company’s main problem was the rise of the personal automobile, whose use was increasingly rapidly in the 1910s. In 1914–15, for example, streetcar use in Denver declined 9 percent, while the city’s automobile traffic increased 50 percent. Although the streetcar was safer and cheaper than an automobile, it could not compete with the freedom and convenience of a car. It also could not compete with increasing public subsidies for cars and roads, while franchise regulations held streetcar fares at a nickel. The result, in Denver as elsewhere, was that streetcar ridership peaked around 1920 before entering a decades-long decline.</p> <p>In the short term, DTC faced problems with its trainmen, whose wages became unbearably low as prices rose with inflation during <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>. When DTC’s wage increases failed to keep up, workers unionized in 1918. The company tried to raise streetcar fares to pay for higher wages, but Denver mayor <strong>Dewey Bailey</strong> rolled back a one-penny increase, forcing DTC to fire workers and cut service. In these conditions, a short work stoppage in 1919 was the prelude to a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-tramway-strike-1920"><strong>major strike</strong></a> that started on August 1, 1920. By August 7, when Mayor Bailey and Governor <strong>Oliver Shoup</strong> sent in National Guard troops to protect strikebreakers and streetcars, seven people had been killed and dozens injured in one of the deadliest strikes in Colorado history.</p> <p>More than 700 strikers were fired after the strike, and the union disbanded. Still, franchise regulations kept DTC’s fares too low for it to properly invest in workers or service. Struggling financially, the company was in receivership for several years until it reorganized in 1925. At the same time, DTC started to convert some of its lines outside downtown to buses and trolley coaches—a trackless system where cars with rubber tires are powered&nbsp;by overhead wires.</p> <h2>Buses and Bankruptcy</h2> <p>As cars began to dominate the roads,&nbsp;conversion of downtown streetcars to buses and trolley coaches started in 1940 but&nbsp;was put on hold during <strong>World War II</strong>, when ridership surged as a result of gasoline rationing. After the war, however, automobile ownership increased and suburbanization accelerated, making DTC’s streetcar network obsolete. DTC ran its final streetcar on June 3, 1950, and by 1955 trolley coaches were also gone, as the company converted entirely to buses. The central loop was torn up; the Denver Tramway Powerhouse was shut down; and the company’s downtown headquarters was sold as it moved operations to an industrial section of South Santa Fe Drive.</p> <p>By the 1960s, DTC was in a downward spiral of declining ridership and reduced service. Annual ridership plunged by half in a decade, from about 40 million riders in 1960 to fewer than 20 million in 1969. Similar declines happened across the country, but they were steeper in Denver than in other cities. Seeing the writing on the wall, in 1969 the <strong>Colorado General Assembly</strong> created the Regional Transportation District (RTD) to plan and operate transit in the Denver metropolitan area, which had grown to nearly 1.3 million people.</p> <p>As DTC lurched toward insolvency, RTD joined with other local authorities—including DTC, the City and County of Denver, and the <strong>Denver Regional Council of Governments</strong>—to develop goals for service in the Denver area after DTC was gone. In 1971 DTC ceased operations and sold its buses and other assets to the city, which operated the system for several years as Denver Metro Transit. In 1973 voters approved a half-cent sales tax to fund RTD, which acquired Denver Metro Transit the next year and became the area’s primary public transportation agency.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Today DTC’s legacy lives on in RTD, its public successor, which operates a fleet of buses throughout the Denver metro area and has built up a network of light rail and commuter trains since 1994. Denverites continue to see DTC’s influence on the city’s growth whenever they encounter oddly wide streets that once carried streetcars or pass one of the numerous small neighborhood shopping areas that developed around streetcar stops.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-tramway" hreflang="en">Denver Tramway</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-tramway-corporation" hreflang="en">Denver Tramway Corporation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-tramway-company" hreflang="en">Denver Tramway Company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-gray-evans" hreflang="en">William Gray Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/streetcars" hreflang="en">streetcars</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/transportation" hreflang="en">transportation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mass-transit" hreflang="en">mass transit</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/regional-transportation-district" hreflang="en">Regional Transportation District</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rtd" hreflang="en">RTD</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Allen duPont Breck, <em>William Gray Evans, 1855</em><em>–</em><em>1924: Portrait of a Western Executive</em> (Denver: University of Denver Department of History, 1964).</p> <p>George W. Hilton, “Denver’s Cable Railways,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 44, no. 1 (Winter 1967).</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard, “Bloody August: The Denver Tramway Strike of 1920,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> 15, no. 3 (1995).</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p> <p>Sam Lusky, <em>101 Years Young: The Tramway Saga</em> (Denver: Denver Tramway, 1968).</p> <p>Kevin Pharris, <em>Riding Denver</em><em>’</em><em>s Rails: A Mile High Streetcar History</em> (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2013).</p> <p>Jerome C. Smiley, ed., <em>History of Denver: With Outlines of the Earlier History of the Rocky Mountain Country</em> (Denver: Times-Sun Publishing, 1901).</p> <p>W. C. Gilman and Company, “Prologue to Crisis,” Denver Transit Study, Summary Report (Denver: City and County of Denver, 1970).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Kenneth T. Jackson, <em>Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).</p> <p>Don Robertson et al., <em>Denver</em><em>’</em><em>s Street Railways</em>, 3 vols. (Denver: Sundance, 1999–2011).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Denver Tramway Company (DTC) was a private transit company. It served tens of millions of commuters per year. The company made it possible for the city to expand. It was established in 1885. The company started out developing cable car lines. It was in a competition with the Denver City Cable Railway. DTC made an early conversion to electric streetcars. This enabled it to emerge as Denver’s primary transit provider by 1900.</p> <p>Denver Tramway began to struggle as automobile ownership grew. The company converted to bus service in the 1950s. In 1971 the company sold its buses to Denver. In 1974 the <strong>Regional Transportation</strong> <strong>District </strong>(RTD) took over DTC’s old buses and routes.</p> <h2>Origins of Transit in Denver</h2> <p>For more than a decade after Denver was established in 1858, the city was small enough that there was no need for public transportation. That changed after 1870 with the completion of the <strong>Denver Pacific</strong> and <strong>Kansas Pacific</strong>. Railroads tied Denver into the national rail network. Denver was a town of fewer than 5,000 residents in 1870. The city grew to more than 35,000 people in 1880 and more than 105,000 in 1890.</p> <p>As the city grew, there was a need for new businesses to move people across town. In 1871 the Denver Horse Railroad Company became the city’s first transit company. Its horse-drawn car operated along tracks laid from <strong>Auraria </strong>to <strong>Curtis Park</strong>. By the 1880s, the company was known as Denver City Railway. It had fifteen miles of track.</p> <h2>Cable Car Competition</h2> <p>Denver City Railway had exclusive rights to use horse cars. This stopped competitors until new technologies became available. In 1885, property owners on Fifteenth Street became frustrated at the lack of a transit line by their buildings. They helped create the Denver Electric and Cable Company. The property owners built their own transit line using new electric streetcar technology. By 1886 the company had become the Denver Tramway Company. Leaders included former governor <strong>John Evans</strong>. That summer the company started to run electric streetcars on Fifteenth Street. The line lasted less than a year before being removed. The technology used an electrified third rail. It shocked people and horses when it got wet.</p> <p>Unsafe electric rail technology and the Denver City Railway’s monopoly on horse and mule cars led DTC to use cable cars. Cable cars were pulled along tracks by underground cables. In December 1888, the company opened a powerhouse in what is now <strong>Civic Center Park</strong>. The powerhouse had large wheels turning cables that went straight down each thoroughfare.</p> <p>Denver City Railway shifted to cable cars as well. The company became the Denver City Cable Railway. It built <strong>its own powerhouse </strong>at the north corner of Eighteenth and Lawrence Streets. The building opened in 1889. The rivalry between Denver City Cable and DTC lead to the creation of one of the largest cable-car networks in the country. The Denver City Cable Railway Building drove the largest cable-car system ever run out of a single powerhouse. The company’s Welton Street line, which stretched about seven miles, was the longest in the United States when it was built.</p> <h2>Dominating Denver Transit</h2> <p>By the early 1890s, new electric streetcar technology using overhead wires had proven better than cable cars. DTC had the right to build electric streetcar lines thanks to its experiment on Fifteenth Street. In 1893 it changed its major lines to the new system. Denver City Cable only held a license for horse and cable cars. Its conversion to electricity was slower.</p> <p>The <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> sent Denver City Cable into bankruptcy. DTC used its stronger position to buy up smaller lines. It expanded its electric streetcar network throughout the 1890s. Finally, it acquired Denver City Cable in 1898–99. DTC converted its former rival’s cable lines to electricity in the spring of 1900. By then, it was the only major streetcar company in Denver.</p> <p>DTC’s electric streetcars provided the city’s primary mass transit system for the next fifty years. The company played an important role in the daily lives of tens of millions of commuters per year. It reshaped the city’s landscape. DTC’s network spanned 155 miles by 1903. People could live miles from work and pay only a nickel to get there. Streetcars made it possible to develop neighborhoods farther from the city’s core. Developers built near existing or proposed lines.</p> <p>In the early 1900s, DTC consolidated its power under the leadership of <strong>William Gray Evans</strong>. It did this by building a large new powerhouse. The plant opened in 1904. It became the primary source of power for DTC’s electric streetcars.</p> <p>In 1906, the company secured a thirty-year franchise. Its future was secure. The company built a <strong>headquarters</strong> at the corner of Fourteenth and Arapahoe Streets. The new headquarters opened in 1911.</p> <h2>Competing with Cars</h2> <p>Evans resigned as DTC’s president in 1913. It seemed as if his company’s hold on transportation in Denver was secure. Yet the next decade posed difficulties for DTC. The company’s main problem was the rise of the automobile. In 1914–15, streetcar use in Denver fell 9 percent. The city’s automobile traffic grew 50 percent. Streetcars were safer and cheaper than an automobile. However, they could not compete with the convenience of a car.</p> <p>In the short term, DTC faced problems with its trainmen. Their wages became low as prices rose during <strong>World War I.</strong> Workers unionized in 1918. Rules kept streetcar fares at a nickel. The company tried to raise streetcar fares to pay for higher wages. Denver mayor <strong>Dewey Bailey</strong> rolled back a one-penny increase. This forced DTC to fire workers and cut service. A major strike started on August 1, 1920. By August 7, seven people had been killed. Dozens more had been injured in one of the deadliest strikes in Colorado history.</p> <p>More than 700 strikers were fired after the strike. The union disbanded. Regulations kept DTC’s fares too low for it to invest in workers or service. The company struggled financially. At the same time, DTC started to change some of its lines to buses and trolley coaches. This was a trackless system where cars with rubber tires were pulled by overhead wires.</p> <h2>Buses and Bankruptcy</h2> <p>Cars began to dominate the roads. In 1940 the Denver Planning Commission recommended streetcars be taken off major streets. Changeover of downtown streetcars to buses and trolley coaches started that year. The change was put on hold during <strong>World War II</strong>.</p> <p>After the war, more people bought cars. DTC’s streetcar network wasn't needed. DTC ran its final streetcar on June 3, 1950. By 1955 trolley coaches were also gone. The company changed to buses. The Denver Tramway Powerhouse was shut down. The company’s downtown headquarters were sold.</p> <p>By the 1960s, DTC had fewer riders. Yearly ridership was about 40 million in 1960. By 1969 there were fewer than 20 million rides. In 1969 the <strong>Colorado General Assembly</strong> created the Regional Transportation District (RTD) to plan and operate transit in Denver.</p> <p>RTD joined with other local groups to develop service goals after DTC was gone. In 1971 DTC stopped operations. It sold its buses to the city. The city ran the system for several years as Denver Metro Transit. In 1973 voters approved a half-cent sales tax to fund RTD. RTD acquired Denver Metro Transit the next year and became the area’s primary public transportation agency.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Today RTD runs buses throughout the Denver metro area. It has built a network of light rail trains. Denverites continue to see DTC’s influence whenever they see wide streets that once carried streetcars.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Denver Tramway Company (DTC) was the dominant private transit company in <strong>Denver</strong>’s history. It served tens of millions of commuters per year at its peak. The company made it possible for the city to expand beyond its urban core. Established in 1885 by prominent locals, the company started out developing cable car lines in a competition with the Denver City Cable Railway. DTC made an early conversion to electric streetcars. This enabled it to emerge as Denver’s primary transit provider by 1900.</p> <p>Denver Tramway defined the city’s transit for seven decades. It began to struggle as automobile ownership grew after the 1910s. The company converted to bus service in the 1950s. It could not stave off service cuts and declines in ridership. In 1971 the company sold its assets to Denver. In 1974 the publicly operated <strong>Regional Transportation District</strong> (RTD) took over DTC’s old buses and routes.</p> <h2>Origins of Transit in Denver</h2> <p>For more than a decade after Denver was established in 1858, the city was small enough that there was no need for public transportation. That changed after 1870 with the completion of the <strong>Denver Pacific</strong> and <strong>Kansas Pacific</strong>. Railroads tied Denver into the national rail network. Denver was a town of fewer than 5,000 residents in 1870. The city grew to more than 35,000 people in 1880 and more than 105,000 in 1890.</p> <p>As the city grew, there were opportunities for new businesses moving people across town. In 1871 the Denver Horse Railroad Company became the city’s first transit company. Its horse-drawn car operated along tracks laid from <strong>Auraria</strong> to <strong>Curtis Park</strong>. By the 1880s, the company was known as Denver City Railway. It had fifteen miles of track.</p> <h2>Cable Car Competition</h2> <p>Denver City Railway had exclusive rights to use horse cars. This stopped competitors until new technologies became available. In 1885, property owners on Fifteenth Street became frustrated at the lack of a transit line by their buildings. They helped incorporate the Denver Electric and Cable Company. The property owners built their own transit line using new electric streetcar technology. By 1886 the company had reorganized as the Denver Tramway Company. Leaders included former governor <strong>John Evans</strong>, his son <strong>William Gray Evans</strong>, <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> owner <strong>William N. Byers</strong>. That summer the company started to run electric streetcars on Fifteenth Street. The line lasted less than a year before being removed. The technology used an electrified third rail. It had a bad habit of shocking people and horses when it got wet.</p> <p>Unsafe electric rail technology and the Denver City Railway’s monopoly on horse and mule cars led DTC to use cable cars. Cable cars were pulled along tracks by underground cables. In December 1888, the company opened a powerhouse in what is now <strong>Civic Center Park</strong>. The powerhouse had large wheels turning cables that went straight down each thoroughfare.</p> <p>Denver City Railway shifted to cable cars as well. The company became the Denver City Cable Railway. It built <strong>its own powerhouse and headquarters</strong> at the north corner of Eighteenth and Lawrence Streets. The buildings opened in 1889. The rivalry between Denver City Cable and DTC lead to the creation of one of the largest cable-car networks in the country. The Denver City Cable Railway Building drove the largest cable-car system ever run out of a single powerhouse. The company’s Welton Street line, which stretched about seven miles, was the longest in the United States when it was built.</p> <h2>Dominating Denver Transit</h2> <p>By the early 1890s, new electric streetcar technology using overhead wires had proven better than cable cars. DTC had the right to build electric streetcar lines thanks to its ill-fated experiment on Fifteenth Street. In 1893 it converted its major lines to the new system. Denver City Cable only held a license for horse and cable cars. Its conversion to electricity went more slowly.</p> <p><strong>The Panic</strong> <strong>of 1893</strong> sent Denver City Cable into bankruptcy. DTC used its stronger position to buy up smaller lines and expand its electric streetcar network throughout the 1890s. Finally, it acquired Denver City Cable in 1898–99. By the time DTC converted its former rival’s thirty miles of cable lines to electricity in the spring of 1900, it was the only major streetcar company in Denver.</p> <p>DTC’s electric streetcars provided the city’s primary mass transit system for the next fifty years. The company played an important role in the daily lives of tens of millions of commuters per year. It reshaped the city’s landscape. DTC’s network spanned 155 miles by 1903. People could live miles from work and pay only a nickel to get there. Starting with Curtis Park in the 1870s, streetcars made it possible to develop neighborhoods farther from the city’s core. Developers built near existing or proposed lines.</p> <p>In the early 1900s, DTC consolidated its power under the leadership of William Gray Evans. It did this by building <strong>a large new powerhouse</strong> near the confluence of the <strong>South Platte River </strong>and <strong>Cherry Creek</strong>. Opened in 1904, the plant became the primary source of power for DTC’s electric streetcars.</p> <p>In 1906, the company secured a thirty-year franchise. Its future secure, the company built a red brick and white terra-cotta headquarters at the corner of Fourteenth and Arapahoe Streets. By the time the new <strong>headquarters </strong>opened in 1911, DTC was expanding its reach with lines like the Denver &amp; Intermountain Railroad to <strong>Golden</strong>.</p> <h2>Competing with Cars</h2> <p>Evans resigned as DTC’s president in 1913. It seemed as if his company’s hold on transportation in Denver was secure. Yet the next decade posed difficulties for DTC. The company’s main problem was the rise of the personal automobile. In 1914–15, streetcar use in Denver declined 9 percent. The city’s automobile traffic increased 50 percent. Although the streetcar was safer and cheaper than an automobile, it could not compete with the convenience of a car. It also could not compete with increasing public subsidies for roads. Regulations held streetcar fares at a nickel.</p> <p>In the short term, DTC faced problems with its trainmen. Their wages became low as prices rose with inflation during <strong>World War I</strong>. When DTC’s wage increases failed to keep up, workers unionized in 1918. The company tried to raise streetcar fares to pay for higher wages. Denver mayor <strong>Dewey Bailey</strong> rolled back a one-penny increase. This forced DTC to fire workers and cut service. A <strong>major strike</strong> started on August 1, 1920. By August 7, seven people had been killed and dozens injured in one of the deadliest strikes in Colorado history.</p> <p>More than 700 strikers were fired after the strike, and the union disbanded. Still, regulations kept DTC’s fares too low for it to invest in workers or service. Struggling financially, the company was in receivership for several years until it reorganized in 1925. At the same time, DTC started to convert some of its lines outside downtown to buses and trolley coaches. This was a trackless system where cars with rubber tires were pulled by overhead wires.</p> <h2>Buses and Bankruptcy</h2> <p>As cars began to dominate the roads, the Denver Planning Commission recommended in 1940 that streetcars be taken off major traffic arteries. Conversion of downtown streetcars to buses and trolley coaches started that year. The changeover was put on hold during <strong>World War II</strong>, when ridership surged as a result of gasoline rationing.</p> <p>After the war, automobile ownership increased. This made DTC’s streetcar network obsolete. DTC ran its final streetcar on June 3, 1950. By 1955 trolley coaches were also gone. The company converted entirely to buses. The Denver Tramway Powerhouse was shut down. The company’s downtown headquarters were sold. It moved operations to a section of South Santa Fe Drive.</p> <p>By the 1960s, DTC had fewer riders and reduced service. Yearly ridership went from about 40 million riders in 1960 to fewer than 20 million in 1969. Similar declines happened across the country. They were steeper in Denver than in other cities. In 1969 the <strong>Colorado General Assembly</strong> created the Regional Transportation District (RTD) to plan and operate transit in the Denver metropolitan area, which had grown to nearly 1.3 million people.</p> <p>RTD joined with other local authorities—including DTC, the City and County of Denver, and the <strong>Denver Regional Council of Governments</strong>—to develop goals for service in the Denver area after DTC was gone. In 1971 DTC stopped operations. It sold its buses to the city. The city operated the system for several years as Denver Metro Transit. In 1973 voters approved a half-cent sales tax to fund RTD. RTD acquired Denver Metro Transit the next year and became the area’s primary public transportation agency.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Today RTD operates buses throughout the Denver metro area and has built a network of light rail and commuter trains. Denverites continue to see DTC’s influence on the city’s growth whenever they see wide streets that once carried streetcars.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The Denver Tramway Company (DTC) was the dominant private transit company in <strong>Denver</strong>’s history. It served tens of millions of commuters per year at its peak. The company made it possible for the city to expand beyond its urban core. Established in 1885 by <strong>John Evans</strong>,<strong> William Byers</strong>, and other prominent locals, the company started out developing cable car lines in a competition with the Denver City Cable Railway. DTC made an early conversion to electric streetcars. This enabled it to emerge as Denver’s primary transit provider by 1900.</p> <p>Denver Tramway defined the city’s transit for seven decades. It began to struggle as automobile ownership and suburbanization accelerated after the 1910s. The company converted to bus service in the 1950s. It could not stave off service cuts and declines in ridership. In 1971 the company sold its assets to Denver. In 1974 the publicly operated <strong>Regional Transportation District</strong> (RTD) took over DTC’s old buses and routes.</p> <h2>Origins of Transit in Denver</h2> <p>For more than a decade after Denver was established in 1858, the city was small enough that there was no need for public transportation. That changed after 1870 with the completion of the <strong>Denver Pacific</strong> and <strong>Kansas Pacific</strong>. Railroads tied Denver into the national rail network. From a town of fewer than 5,000 residents in 1870, Denver grew to a city of more than 35,000 people in 1880 and more than 105,000 in 1890.</p> <p>As the city grew, entrepreneurs saw opportunities for new businesses that move people across town quickly. In 1871 the Denver Horse Railroad Company became the city’s first transit company. Its horse-drawn car operated along tracks laid from <strong>Auraria</strong> to <strong>Curtis Park</strong>. By the 1880s, the company was known as Denver City Railway. It had fifteen miles of track extending across the <strong>plains</strong>, facilitating and sometimes directing growth to the southeast and northeast.</p> <h2>Cable Car Competition</h2> <p>Denver City Railway had an exclusive franchise on the use of horse cars. This stopped competitors within city limits until new technologies became available. In 1885, when property owners on Fifteenth Street, frustrated at the lack of a transit line by their buildings, helped incorporate the Denver Electric and Cable Company. The property owners would build their own transit line using new electric streetcar technology pioneered by <strong>University of Denver </strong>physics professor Sidney Short. By 1886 the company had reorganized as the Denver Tramway Company. Leaders included former governor John Evans, his son <strong>William Gray Evans</strong>, <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> owner William N. Byers, and local developer <strong>Henry C. Brown</strong>. That summer the company started to run electric streetcars on Fifteenth Street. The line lasted less than a year before being removed. Short’s technology, which used an electrified third rail, had a bad habit of shocking people and horses when it got wet.</p> <p>The unsafe electric rail technology and the Denver City Railway’s monopoly on horse and mule cars led DTC to embrace cable cars. Cable cars were pulled along tracks by underground cables. In December 1888, the company opened a powerhouse at the southwest corner of Fifteenth Street, <strong>Colfax Avenue</strong>, and Broadway (in what is now <strong>Civic Center Park</strong>). The powerhouse had large wheels turning cables that went straight down each thoroughfare. The next year, a fourth line branched out along Tremont Place to Eighteenth Avenue, completing a $2 million investment that yielded a twelve-mile cable network.</p> <p>Denver City Railway quickly shifted to cable cars as well. The company reincorporated as the Denver City Cable Railway. It built <strong>its own powerhouse and headquarters</strong> at the north corner of Eighteenth and Lawrence Streets, which opened in 1889. The rivalry between Denver City Cable and DTC spurred the development of one of the most extensive cable-car networks in the country. The Denver City Cable Railway Building drove the largest cable-car system ever run out of a single powerhouse. The company’s Welton Street line, which stretched about seven miles, was the longest in the United States when it was built.</p> <h2>Dominating Denver Transit</h2> <p>By the early 1890s, new electric streetcar technology using overhead wires had proven superior to cable cars. DTC had the right to build electric streetcar lines thanks to its early, ill-fated experiment on Fifteenth Street. In 1893 it quickly converted its major lines to the new system. Meanwhile, Denver City Cable only held a license for horse and cable cars. Its conversion to electricity proceeded more slowly.</p> <p>The <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> sent Denver City Cable into bankruptcy. DTC used its stronger position to buy up smaller lines and expand its electric streetcar network throughout the 1890s. Finally, it acquired Denver City Cable in 1898–99. By the time DTC converted its former rival’s thirty miles of cable lines to electricity in the spring of 1900, it was the only major streetcar company in Denver.</p> <p>DTC’s electric streetcars provided the city’s primary mass transit system for the next fifty years. The company played an important role in the daily lives of tens of millions of commuters per year while reshaping the city’s landscape. DTC’s extensive network spanned 155 miles by 1903. People could live miles from work and pay only a nickel to get there. Starting with Curtis Park in the 1870s, streetcars made it possible to develop neighborhoods farther from the city’s core, such as <strong>City Park</strong>, <strong>Park Hill</strong>, <strong>Montclair</strong>, <strong>South Denver</strong>, and <strong>Berkeley</strong>. Developers either enticed new streetcar lines to serve their parcels or built near existing or proposed lines.</p> <p>In the early 1900s, DTC consolidated its power under the leadership of William Gray Evans. It did this first by building <strong>a large new powerhouse</strong> near the confluence of the <strong>South Platte River</strong> and <strong>Cherry Creek</strong>. Opened in 1904 and expanded in 1911, the plant became the primary source of power for DTC’s electric streetcars.</p> <p>Next the company navigated the treacherous waters of <strong>Progressive Era</strong> antimonopoly politics and in 1906 secured a thirty-year franchise. Its future secure, the company built an elegant red brick and white terra-cotta <strong>headquarters</strong> at the corner of Fourteenth and Arapahoe Streets. By the time the new headquarters opened in 1911, DTC was expanding its reach with lines like the Denver &amp; Intermountain Railroad to <strong>Golden</strong>.</p> <h2>Competing with Cars</h2> <p>Occupied by advocating for the Moffat Tunnel after his friend David Moffat’s death, Evans resigned as DTC’s president in 1913. At the time, it seemed as if his company’s hold on transportation in Denver was secure. Yet the next decade posed difficulties for DTC. The company’s main problem was the rise of the personal automobile. In 1914–15, for example, streetcar use in Denver declined 9 percent. The city’s automobile traffic increased 50 percent. Although the streetcar was safer and cheaper than an automobile, it could not compete with the freedom and convenience of a car. It also could not compete with increasing public subsidies for cars and roads. Regulations held streetcar fares at a nickel. Streetcar ridership peaked around 1920 before entering a decades-long decline.</p> <p>In the short term, DTC faced problems with its trainmen, whose wages became unbearably low as prices rose with inflation during <strong>World War I</strong>. When DTC’s wage increases failed to keep up, workers unionized in 1918. The company tried to raise streetcar fares to pay for higher wages, but Denver mayor <strong>Dewey Bailey</strong> rolled back a one-penny increase, forcing DTC to fire workers and cut service. In these conditions, a short work stoppage in 1919 was the prelude to a <strong>major strike</strong> that started on August 1, 1920. By August 7, when Mayor Bailey and Governor <strong>Oliver Shoup</strong> sent in National Guard troops to protect strikebreakers and streetcars, seven people had been killed and dozens injured in one of the deadliest strikes in Colorado history.</p> <p>More than 700 strikers were fired after the strike, and the union disbanded. Still, regulations kept DTC’s fares too low for it to properly invest in workers or service. Struggling financially, the company was in receivership for several years until it reorganized in 1925. At the same time, DTC started to convert some of its lines outside downtown to buses and trolley coaches—a trackless system where cars with rubber tires are pulled by overhead wires.</p> <h2>Buses and Bankruptcy</h2> <p>As cars began to dominate the roads, the Denver Planning Commission recommended in 1940 that streetcars be scrapped on major traffic arteries. Conversion of downtown streetcars to buses and trolley coaches started that year. The changeover was put on hold during <strong>World War II</strong>, when ridership surged as a result of gasoline rationing.</p> <p>After the war, automobile ownership increased and suburbanization accelerated. This made DTC’s streetcar network obsolete. DTC ran its final streetcar on June 3, 1950. By 1955 trolley coaches were also gone, as the company converted entirely to buses. The Denver Tramway Powerhouse was shut down. The company’s downtown headquarters were sold as it moved operations to an industrial section of South Santa Fe Drive.</p> <p>By the 1960s, DTC was in a downward spiral of declining ridership and reduced service. Annual ridership plunged by half in a decade, from about 40 million riders in 1960 to fewer than 20 million in 1969. Similar declines happened across the country, but they were steeper in Denver than in other cities. In 1969 the <strong>Colorado General Assembly</strong> created the Regional Transportation District (RTD) to plan and operate transit in the Denver metropolitan area, which had grown to nearly 1.3 million people.</p> <p>RTD joined with other local authorities—including DTC, the City and County of Denver, and the <strong>Denver Regional Council of Governments</strong>—to develop goals for service in the Denver area after DTC was gone. In 1971 DTC ceased operations and sold its buses and other assets to the city. The city operated the system for several years as Denver Metro Transit. In 1973 voters approved a half-cent sales tax to fund RTD, which acquired Denver Metro Transit the next year and became the area’s primary public transportation agency.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Today DTC’s legacy lives on in RTD, which operates a fleet of buses throughout the Denver metro area and has built a network of light rail and commuter trains. Denverites continue to see DTC’s influence on the city’s growth whenever they encounter wide streets that once carried streetcars or pass one of the numerous small neighborhood shopping areas that developed around streetcar stops.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 09 Jul 2020 16:50:27 +0000 yongli 3388 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Union Station http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/union-station-0 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Union Station </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2376--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2376.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/original-structure-union-station"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Denver-Union-Station-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=zv9JlMOm" width="1000" height="746" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/original-structure-union-station" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Original Structure of Union station</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>View of the original Union Station, showing its original tower topped with a weathervane.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2377--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2377.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/union-station-post-fire"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Denver-Union-Station-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=tlAtL_rP" width="1000" height="793" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/union-station-post-fire" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Union Station, post-fire</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Post-fire Union Station with the completed clock tower, seen from the building’s Wynkoop Street side.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-22T09:58:57-07:00" title="Wednesday, February 22, 2017 - 09:58" class="datetime">Wed, 02/22/2017 - 09:58</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/union-station-0" data-a2a-title="Union Station "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Funion-station-0&amp;title=Union%20Station%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Union Station, located in <a href="/article/lodo-lower-downtown-denver"><strong>Lower Downtown Denver (LoDo)</strong></a> on Wynkoop Street between Eighteenth and Sixteenth Streets, is downtown Denver’s main transportation center. It opened in 1881 as the city’s first consolidated railroad depot, and a renovation completed in 2014 reinvented the station as a transportation and visitor attraction.</p><h2>Development</h2><p>Although railroads have served <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> since 1868, no consolidated station existed for the city’s rail traffic until the completion of the Union Depot in 1881. The <strong>Denver Pacific Railroad</strong> (DP) built the first station in 1868 at Wazee and Twenty-first Streets. Three railroads used this station: the DP, which ran north to meet the Union Pacific in Cheyenne, Wyoming; the <strong>Kansas-Pacific Railroad</strong> (KP), which ran east toward Kansas, and the <strong>Colorado Central Railroad</strong> (CC), which ran west toward <a href="/article/golden-0"><strong>Golden</strong></a> and <a href="/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Central City</strong></a>. In 1871 <a href="/article/william-jackson-palmer"><strong>William Jackson Palmer</strong></a>’s <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> (D&amp;RG) built a second station at Nineteenth and Wynkoop Streets because it could not reach the existing depot due to right of way conflicts. The <strong>Denver, South Park &amp; Pacific Railroad</strong> (DSP&amp;P) built a third station in 1874 at Sixth and Walnut Streets, and the Colorado Central built a fourth station in 1875 at <strong>Sixteenth</strong> and Delgany Streets.</p><p>Momentum gathered for a general use structure in 1879. <strong>Jay Gould</strong>, controller of most of Colorado’s railroads at the time, suggested the formation of a commission to study the possibility of a joint terminal. Problems had arisen in transferring freight and passengers from one line to another across the dirt paths that connected the various rail stations downtown. Officials of the various railroads and local citizens held a meeting in November of 1879 that resulted in the formation of the Union Depot and Railroad Company (UDR).</p><p>UDR directors elected <strong>Walter S. Cheesman</strong>, a prominent Denver figure, as the first president. Shortly after its creation, the company purchased land at Seventeenth and Wynkoop for the facility. Construction began in 1880, and the depot opened for business in May 1881, with an official grand opening held in July.</p><h2>Original Union Station</h2><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/union-station-today" title="Denver Union Station Today"><img class="image-large" style="float:left;height:300px;margin:0px 15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Union%20Station%20Media%203_1.jpg?itok=QW-B04L-" alt="Denver Union Station Today" width="448" title="Denver Union Station Today"></a></p><p>The depot was built in an Italian Romanesque style with stone from several Colorado quarries. The foundation and walls had stones from near <strong>Castle Rock</strong>, where the D&amp;RG had built a line. The sandstone trim came from a quarry near <a href="/article/morrison"><strong>Morrison</strong></a>, and the DSP&amp;P line freighted it to Denver. The completed structure measured 65 feet by 503 feet, and had a 128-foot tall tower that measured 32 feet square. A lawn fronted the building on the side facing Wynkoop Street. The wings of the building contained baggage and office facilities, and passenger services were in the central portion. At the time of its completion, the structure was one of the largest depots in the American West.</p><p>In February 1880, representatives of the four lines that would use the depot signed a contract, which stated that the railroads would pay for use on a percentage basis, depending on the amount of freight and traffic each sent through the station.</p><p>On March 18, 1894, an electrical fire destroyed the central portion of the station. Though much of the building burned, the main areas, including the waiting room and baggage area, reopened the following day. Rebuilding commenced immediately. The new tower stood at 168 feet—40 feet taller than the old one. The top of this one contained four clocks, each fourteen feet in diameter.</p><h2>Twentieth Century Renovations</h2><p><a href="/image/union-station"><img style="float:right;height:320px;margin:0px 15px;" src="/sites/default/files/Union_Station_02.jpg" alt="Union Station " width="480"></a>In 1906 citizens of Denver dedicated a giant arch in front of the depot. The arch contained 17 tons of metal and 1,600 light bulbs. Originally, the arch read “Welcome” on both sides. In 1908 the Wynkoop Street side was changed to read “Mizpah,” a Hebrew word meaning, “may the Lord watch between you and I while we are apart.” By 1930 the city inspector found the arch to be structurally unsafe and, due to traffic concerns and financial constraints caused by the <strong>Great Depression</strong>, the city paid to dismantle it.</p><p>In 1914 the central part of the structure underwent a major renovation that created the Neoclassical front that stands today. A façade reminiscent of Roman arches replaced the clock tower. By 1916 the tracks to the west had been raised five feet, and the addition of passenger tunnels provided easier access to trains. At the same time, mechanical interlocking devices were installed to control the three main tracks which approached the depot, and the installation of umbrella sheds sheltered the tracks during inclement weather.</p><p>In August 1932 a $600,000 expansion helped the railroads distribute public mail. Traffic at Union Station increased during <strong>World War II</strong>, when between sixty and eighty trains arrived and departed every day, and one million passengers used the facility each year. In 1953 the structure underwent a $1 million facelift that thoroughly cleaned the structure. However, with the surge in air and car travel throughout the twentieth century, the use of Union Station steadily decreased. By the mid-1950s rail traffic had declined to nearly half its wartime levels, and the era of the great transcontinental trains came to a close. By 1974 only five trains used the station daily, and that year Denver Union Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><h2>Today</h2><p><a href="/image/union-station-interior"><img style="float:left;height:320px;margin:0px 15px;" src="/sites/default/files/Union_Station_03.jpg" alt="Union Station Interior" width="480"></a>In 2002 the city began planning a major redevelopment of Union Station. The <strong>Regional Transportation District </strong>(RTD) in Denver, the City and County of Denver, the Colorado Department of Transportation, and the Denver Regional Council of Governments partnered to create a Master Plan to redevelop Union Station. Work began on the redevelopment in 2012 and finished in July of 2014. The new Union Station provides passenger service for Amtrak and RTD buses and light rail. The main building now contains the Crawford Hotel and a number of restaurants and shops for visitors. The revitalization of Union Station came at the same time as the redevelopment of Lower Downtown Denver.</p><p><strong>Adapted from Mark E. Stevens, “Union Station,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination form, 1974.</strong></p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lodo" hreflang="en">lodo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/railroads" hreflang="en">railroads</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/union-station" hreflang="en">Union Station</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lower-downtown" hreflang="en">Lower Downtown</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/redevelopment" hreflang="en">redevelopment</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Kenton Forrest and Charles Albi, <em>Denver's Railroads: The Story of Union Station and the Railroads of Denver</em> (Golden, CO: Colorado Railroad Museum, 1981).</p><p>Jim Graebner, “<a href="https://www.unionstationadvocates.org/history.html">Denver’s Union Station: An Historical Overview</a>,” Union Station Advocates, 2011.</p><p>Regional Transportation District, “<a href="https://www.rtd-denver.com/">Denver Union Station Opens</a>,” RTD FasTracks, 2015.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/union-station-things-see-do">Union Station: Things to See &amp; Do</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p><p>Mark Jaffe, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/07/12/denvers-renovated-union-station-has-been-a-30-year-barn-raising/">Denver’s Renovated Union Station has been a 30-Year Barn-Raising</a>,” <em>The Denver Post, </em>July 13, 2014.</p><p>Rocky Mountain PBS,&nbsp;<a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365888582/">"Dana Crawford,"</a>&nbsp;<em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 10, 2016.</p><p>Union Station Alliance, “<a href="https://www.denverunionstation.com/">Union Station</a>,” 2015.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 22 Feb 2017 16:58:57 +0000 yongli 2371 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org The Rocky Mountain Fleet http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-fleet <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Rocky Mountain Fleet</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-23T11:09:00-07:00" title="Monday, January 23, 2017 - 11:09" class="datetime">Mon, 01/23/2017 - 11:09</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-fleet" data-a2a-title="The Rocky Mountain Fleet"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Frocky-mountain-fleet&amp;title=The%20Rocky%20Mountain%20Fleet"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>During World War II, <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s war production industry expanded to include the production of ship parts bound for assembly on the West Coast. Known colloquially as “the Rocky Mountain Fleet,” dozens of ships would eventually see production at the Colorado works. Today, the Rocky Mountain Fleet serves as a historical example of Colorado’s contribution to the war effort as well as how national industry operated during “total war”—before World War II, it was unheard of for prefabricated ship parts to be produced in a landlocked state.</p> <h2>War Production in Colorado</h2> <p>On August 22, 1942, the destroyer escort <em>Bentinck</em> launched at the Mare Island Navy Yard in Vallejo, California. The occasion might have been ordinary, had it not been for the fact that the <em>Bentinck</em> and twenty-three sister warships were largely constructed in landlocked Denver, Colorado—more than 1,000 miles from the ocean and a mile above it. The unusual consortium of Denver steel fabrication companies, working in cooperation with Mare Island, began in the Washington office of Democratic Congressman Lawrence Lewis when he met with G. H. Garrett, general manager of Denver’s Thompson Pipe and Steel Company, in July 1941. The <strong>Great Depression</strong> had damaged Denver’s economy, and city leaders were anxious to attract defense contracts to help restore the city. Denver successfully lured large defense-related employers such as Remington Arms and the <strong>Rocky Mountain Arsenal</strong>, but smaller local companies such as Thompson Pipe and Steel were in danger of going out of business because of their low priority for critical war materials—in this case, steel.</p> <p>Lewis arranged an appointment with Commander M. L. Ring, a navy purchasing agent, who put aside the pressures of his job to spend time with Garrett to discuss the navy’s shipbuilding requirements. Garrett spent three days in Washington discussing the navy’s construction priorities and how Thompson Pipe and Steel could help meet them. His final appointment in Washington proved instrumental in Denver’s involvement with Mare Island; before he boarded the train home to Denver, he met with Lieutenant Commander E. P. Simpson, who had just arrived in Washington from Mare Island. Simpson suggested that Garrett contact Captain F. G. Crisp, the industrial manager of the Mare Island Navy Yard, who Simpson knew required additional manufacturing facilities outside the Bay Area.</p> <h2>Ship Production Begins</h2> <p>The clincher for Denver’s manufacturing interest came in November 1941, when the navy designated Mare Island the site for the construction of destroyer escorts. The yard was already working at full capacity, and the navy wanted the ships completed by summer 1943. Denver’s manufacturing consortium helped provide the answer. The subsections of twenty-four ships were to be prefabricated in the Mile High City, shipped to Mare Island via railroad, and assembled there for launching. On December 2, 1941, in conjunction with Director Hartzell, Commander Antonio Pitre and a delegation from Mare Island formally announced the signing of contracts for building ship hull sections, bulkheads, decks, and other parts by the following Denver firms:</p> <ul> <li>Ajax Iron Works</li> <li>E. Burkhardt and Sons Steel and Iron Works</li> <li>Denver Steel and Iron Works</li> <li>Midwest Steel and Iron Works</li> <li>Silver Engineering Works</li> <li>Thompson Pipe and Steel</li> <li>R. Hardesty Manufacturing</li> <li>Eaton Metal Products</li> </ul> <p>Weicker Transfer and Storage was to receive and handle all steel when it arrived in Denver by rail, and reload the finished pieces for shipment to Mare Island. The terms of the contracts called for the Denver consortium to fabricate parts for twenty-four destroyer escorts with a total estimated value of $56 million, to be delivered by June 1943. Construction was scheduled to begin in January 1942.</p> <p>Though secret, the agreement between Denver and Mare Island marked the navy’s first foray into “farming-out” work and would be watched closely. The success or failure of the Denver program would help determine whether other navy yards would be allowed to use outside facilities to help fulfill contracts.</p> <p>The scope of the navy work meant that the Denver contractors needed to hire additional workers. The Emily Griffith Opportunity School assisted by providing welding training sessions around the clock. In addition to handling and storage facilities in Denver, the steelyard producing the ship parts needed space for two tanks fifty feet long by five feet wide and ten feet deep, plus a 25,000-gallon acid storage tank, all to be built by the navy. The tanks were to be sunk into the ground to form acid baths into which raw steel would be dipped to remove scale and dirt. The Denver program experienced an early problem with these tanks, colloquially known as “pickling tanks,” when the navy failed to specify that Weicker Transfer and Storage use corrosion-resistant steel bolts: the tanks collapsed after two weeks when the acid ate through the bolts.</p> <p>The railroad delivered the first 3,000-ton shipment of steel from Mare Island in December 1941, and fabrication began the following month. All subsequent shipments of steel came from US Steel’s eastern mills. Under normal circumstances, the navy would have relied upon the principal trunk lines—the <strong>Northern Pacific</strong>, <strong>Union Pacific</strong>, or the <strong>Southern Pacific</strong>—to transport the completed sections from Denver to California. However, these lines were already running at capacity, carrying war materials across the country. The rail route through and under Colorado’s 14,000-foot mountain ranges imposed limitations upon the size of the ship pieces to be shipped. The Moffat Tunnel, on the <a href="/article/denver-northwestern-pacific-railway-hill-route-moffat-road"><strong>line linking</strong></a> Denver and <strong>Craig</strong>, was the principal bottleneck. The tunnel’s narrow dimensions meant that ship pieces had to be reduced in size to fit through it. None could exceed seventeen feet from the rails in height, nine feet, six inches in width, and fifty feet in length.</p> <p>August 18, 1942, a delegation of forty Denver manufacturers and War Production Board officials, headed by Governor <a href="/article/ralph-carr"><strong>Ralph Carr</strong></a>, left Denver for Vallejo, California, to officially launch the first destroyer escort built in Colorado. Cynthia Carr, the governor’s daughter, was selected to christen the first such vessel almost entirely prefabricated in an inland city. Originally slated to join the US Navy as the USS <em>Bull</em>, the ship was given to the Royal Navy as the HMS <em>Bentinck</em> and launched on August 22, 1942, amid much fanfare.</p> <h2>Shipbuilding Expands</h2> <p>The destroyer escort program was so successful that on February 26, 1942, the navy named Denver as one of the major steel-fabricating points in the country for naval vessels. With this designation came an agreement to build more ships, resulting in a major expansion of shipbuilding operations in Denver. By being named a major shipbuilding center, Denver was also awarded new contracts to help build fifteen more destroyer escorts worth an estimated $3 million. Mare Island had been ordered to build the ships in 1942, with delivery for early 1944. However, the Allies won the Battle of the Atlantic by the summer of 1943, before all of the ordered ships could be delivered. Thus, five contracts were canceled, and the ships were ordered scrapped on March 13, 1944. Three others were canceled in September 1944.</p> <p>By late 1943, the tide of war was beginning to turn against the Axis. Allied defeats of the Germans in the Battle of the Atlantic and in North Africa initiated a shift in ship construction priorities. Destroyer escorts and other ships designed to combat the U-Boat menace were no longer the focus of Allied shipbuilding. On July 6, 1943, the navy ordered Mare Island to build eighty-seven LCT-6s (Landing Craft, Tank) for delivery in October. In spite of the limited time the navy allowed for the LCTs’ construction, production in Denver was ahead of schedule. The first vessel was ready for shipment to Mare Island in September. As with the first destroyer escort “launching,” Denver prepared an elaborate ceremony to commemorate the occasion.</p> <h2>War’s End</h2> <p>Denver’s contractors continued working on army barges and navy pontoons until the Japanese surrender in August 1945. The end of the war saw the end of “the Shipyard of the Rockies,” as defense contracts were cancelled and the companies were on their own again. Eaton Metals returned to peacetime work within twenty-four hours of Victory in Japan Day. On August 15, 1945, the workers who had previously built warships for service around the world returned to fabricating sheet and steel products such as storage tanks and farm equipment. Thus ended a unique and successful venture in which a Navy Yard in California and the Mile High City of Colorado not only made a substantial contribution to the war effort but also served as a role model for other “farm-out” efforts throughout the country. This was the program’s true significance, for were it not successful in Denver, it probably would not have been tried in other inland cities.</p> <p><strong>Adapted from Tom Lytle, “Shipbuilding on a ‘Mountaintop’: World War II’s Rocky Mountain Fleet,” <em>Colorado Heritage Magazine </em>18, no. 3 (1998).</strong></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountain-fleet" hreflang="en">Rocky Mountain Fleet</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fleet" hreflang="en">Fleet</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ship-production" hreflang="en">Ship Production</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>George W. Baer, <em>One Hundred Years of Sea Power: The U.S. Navy, 1890–1990 </em>(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994).</p> <p>Robert H. Connery, <em>The Navy and the Industrial Mobilization in World War II</em> (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951).</p> <p>LeRoy R. Hafen, <em>Colorado and Its People: A Narrative and Topical History of the Centennial State </em>(New York: Lewis Historical, 1948).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 23 Jan 2017 18:09:00 +0000 yongli 2194 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Fritchle Electric Automobile http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fritchle-electric-automobile <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fritchle Electric Automobile</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2162--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2162.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fritchle-electric-automobile"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/10049153_0.jpg?itok=ov0Oz5pk" width="536" height="303" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fritchle-electric-automobile" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Fritchle Electric Automobile</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Fritchle 100-Mile Electric Automobile debuted in 1904, the brain child of automotive engineer Oliver Parker Fritchle. In 1908, Fritchle famously demonstrated the capabilities of his vehicle by driving it some 1,800 miles from Lincoln, Nebraska, to New York City.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-18T10:35:58-07:00" title="Wednesday, January 18, 2017 - 10:35" class="datetime">Wed, 01/18/2017 - 10:35</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fritchle-electric-automobile" data-a2a-title="Fritchle Electric Automobile"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffritchle-electric-automobile&amp;title=Fritchle%20Electric%20Automobile"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Fritchle Electric Automobile was an early, fully electric car designed in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> in the early 1900s. The Fritchle stood as an example of the early period of automotive design, when the internal combustion engine had not yet secured its place as the most popular design for the burgeoning industry. Today, as electric cars are slowly making a comeback, the Fritchle’s historical significance remains as an example of an early, successful electric car at a time when there was no infrastructure to support it.</p> <h2>Oliver Fritchle</h2> <p>Oliver Parker Fritchle was born on September 15, 1874, in Mount Hope, Ohio. He was an accomplished student, excelling at the most difficult of chemistry and engineering courses. Fritchle graduated in 1896 from Ohio State University with a degree in chemistry, and became fond of saying, “I’d like to do something extraordinary.” Fritchle believed that processing gold and silver in Colorado would be extraordinary, and in 1899 he moved to <strong>Frisco</strong> to learn the chemical processes of smelting and refining. He became affiliated with the Boston and Colorado Smelting Works, which was among the principal ore-processing enterprises in the Mountain west. Moving to Denver, Fritchle became a commercial chemist and had an experience that would forever shake his faith in himself. A man entered his laboratory seeking analysis of a rock, and Fritchle determined that it contained <a href="/article/uranium-mining"><strong>uranium</strong></a>, which he proclaimed was worthless. As if to make up for this colossal mistake, Fritchle in 1902 pioneered a process for the analysis and refinement of tungsten ores that became the basis for a method applied for decades.</p> <p>At the turn of the century, however, the new phenomenon of motorized travel was generating wide public interest, and Fritchle began to gravitate away from chemistry toward automotive power. Three methods of propelling machines existed: steam, electricity, and the internal combustion gasoline engine. Fritchle was fascinated with the possibilities of electric power, and in 1903 he abandoned smelting and chemistry to start his own electrical-engineering business.</p> <h2>Electric Automobiles</h2> <p>The first practical electric vehicle was built in September 1890 by William Morrison of Des Moines, Iowa. At the turn of the century, 38 percent of automobiles built in the United States were electrically powered, far surpassing the modest 22 percent of gasoline-powered vehicles, and challenging the 40 percent powered by steam. By 1900, an electric car had won the world’s first hill climb and held the world record for a “flying kilometer.” Electric cars set other firsts, not all of them positive: the first automobile fatality was said to have occurred when an electric car ran over a pedestrian, and an electric ambulance sped the mortally wounded President William McKinley to an emergency hospital in 1901.</p> <p>Oliver Fritchle had been gaining experience in repairing other electric autos for his Denver clientele, and now he realized that the success and future of electric motive power depended on the sophistication of rechargeable batteries. His experimenting resulted in a twenty-eight-cell, 400- to 600-pound battery pack that powered an eight horsepower motor. On one overnight charge, a one-ton Fritchle could travel 100 miles or so over moderately flat land, a remarkable technological accomplishment. No other electric cars had batteries like the Fritchles.</p> <p>Fritchle’s first order to build a vehicle using this battery system arrived in 1904. In 1906 seven Fritchles were built, and by the following August, he had twenty orders for two- and four-passenger models. Because there were few parts manufacturers, Fritchle had to build his own axles, steering mechanisms, motors, speed controllers, batteries, and bodies—everything but the tires—in a garage at the rear of 1618 Pennsylvania Street. Striving to save weight so his cars could go longer distances than other electric vehicles, Fritchle employed other innovations: instead of using heavy iron frames, he utilized laminated ash, which he said would bend on collision and then return to its original shape. The growing company now moved from the Pennsylvania Street address to 1445 Clarkson Street and then to a huge former skating rink at 1510 Clarkson Street at the corner of East Colfax Avenue.</p> <p>Fritchles were sold through dealerships as far distant as Los Angeles and Salt Lake City. By 1912, Fritchle offered models from a five-passenger brougham for $3,600, a four-passenger roadster for $2,500, a two-passenger roadster for $2,100, and a half-ton truck for $2,000. By August 1912, the <a href="/article/daniels-and-fisher-tower"><strong>Daniels &amp; Fisher</strong></a> department store in Denver had two Fritchle trucks in service, making deliveries at an estimated three cents per package. Fritchle was among some twenty automobile-manufacturing plants functioning at one time or another in Colorado between 1900 and 1918. The Fritchle was a good car for its day, and one of the best electric vehicles made anywhere. They were expensive, however; a Ford of the same era cost $440 to $550. Because of its birthplace in Denver, it was designed not merely for the travel of city streets: in 1908 a Fritchle became the first electric cars to bounce over rocks four miles to the top of <strong>Lookout Mountain</strong> west of town.</p> <h2>Endurance Test</h2> <p>Oliver Fritchle loved to needle his competitors, and the idea of an endurance test intrigued him. Thus, in September 1908, he announced that he would run an assembly line Fritchle from Lincoln, Nebraska, to New York City. Fritchle challenged: “We take pleasure in extending a general invitation to all manufacturers of electric automobiles to participate with us. We suggest that this be made a race between two points.” His challenge had no takers, but he decided to go anyway. Embarking alone in his $2,000 two-seat Victoria on the damp and cold morning of October 31, 1908, Fritchle selected Lincoln rather than Denver as a starting place because he was uncertain whether there were adequate charging stations between Denver and Lincoln. Embarking on an adventure that nobody had undertaken before, Fritchle took one extra tire and one inner tube, tools, a small iron jack, a charging cable, battery grids, a rope and block-and-tackle (in case he hit a mud hole), a few maps, two suitcases of clothing, a tripod and camera, tire chains, a flashlight for “reading sign boards,” a canvas water bag, fuses, sulfuric acid and ammonia to service the batteries, and two lap robes. He brought no spare parts save the tire, testifying to the incredible confidence that Fritchle had in his little electric car.</p> <p>The Fritchle weighed 2,100 pounds, 800 of which were in batteries, and it occasionally carried seventy-five pounds of accumulated mud. Roads were incredibly bad, and routes were unmarked except for the occasional faded sign board. Near Pittsburgh, Fritchle traded a free charging for repairing the electric system of a nickelodeon theater. At York, Pennsylvania, “a big policeman grabbed me and directed me to the police station to secure a Pennsylvania license plate that I had neglected to obtain in Pittsburgh.” The same thing happened in New Jersey.</p> <p>Fritchle had only one flat, which was incredible given the state of tire-making at the time, but he had to reline the brakes (with camel hair) once after burning them out descending the Allegheny Mountains. At 6 pm on November 28, 1908, the little Fritchle electric car rolled up to its destination in front of the Hotel Knickerbocker in Times Square, New York City, the odometer registering 1,800 miles. The trip, completed with no breakdowns in twenty-eight days (the actual driving time was twenty days) was a success, providing Oliver Fritchle with substantial publicity and elevating him from a strictly local auto manufacturer to one of national recognition. From New York, Fritchle made a side trip to Washington, DC, where he drove up the circular driveway to the US capitol building. Fritchle hoped to build an eastern factory in Washington, but it never materialized. Fritchle and the car returned to Denver by rail.</p> <h2>End of an Era</h2> <p>Fritchle 100-Mile electric cars were made in Denver until 1917, when electric starters for gasoline cars were perfected. That improvement, more than any other factor, caused the decline of the electric automobile. By that time, the Fritchle factory in Denver had turned out some 500 automobiles, trucks, and even one racing car. The impending demise of the electric car presented a serious dilemma to Oliver Fritchle; he had to decide whether to stick with electrics, switch to the internal combustion engine, or quit. In 1917 the Fritchle plant closed down. The company became involved in wind-generated electricity, constructing eighty wind-electric plants in some twenty states and overseas between 1918 and 1923. Fritchle moved to Chicago in 1923 to work for the Buick motor car company.</p> <p>He was active in Chicago’s electric and radio industries until 1932, when he relocated to Long Beach, California. He remained in the electric and automobile fields until his retirement in 1941. He died in Long Beach on August 15, 1951.</p> <p><strong>Adapted from Clark Secrest, “Colorado’s Fritchle Electric Auto: Cross-Country in 1908,” <em>Colorado Heritage Magazine</em> 19 (1999).</strong></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fritchle" hreflang="en">Fritchle</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/electric" hreflang="en">Electric</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/automobile" hreflang="en">Automobile</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/electric-automobile" hreflang="en">Electric Automobile</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fritchle-electric-automobile" hreflang="en">Fritchle Electric Automobile</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fritchle-electric" hreflang="en">Fritchle Electric</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><em>100-mile Fritchle Electric</em> (Denver: Fritchle Automobile and Battery Company, 1910).</p> <p><em>Automotive Pioneers: Karl Benz, Preston Tucker, Henry Ford, Ferdinand Porsche, August Horch, Walter Chrysler, Wilhelm Maybach, Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen, Henry Royce, Elwood Haynes, Oliver Parker Fritchle, Adolphe Clément, John Delorean, Carl G. Fisher, Gottlieb Daimler</em> (Memphis: Books LLC, 2010).</p> <p>John Hanna,&nbsp;<em>An Inventory of the Papers of Fritchle Automobile and Battery Company, Fritchle Wind-power Electrical Manufacturing Co., Oliver Parker Fritchle: A Holding of the Library of the Colorado Historical Society</em> (Denver, Colorado: Denver Historical Society, 1990).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 18 Jan 2017 17:35:58 +0000 yongli 2161 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Denver, Laramie, & Northwestern Railroad http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-laramie-northwestern-railroad <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver, Laramie, &amp; Northwestern Railroad</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1806--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1806.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-southern-and-denver-laramie-northwestern-event"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/The-Denver-Laramie-and-Northwestern-Railroad-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=GWBcb3Dv" width="1000" height="1035" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-southern-and-denver-laramie-northwestern-event" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado &amp; Southern and Denver, Laramie &amp; Northwestern event</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Well dressed men and women, and railroad employees pose on and near a railroad flatcar filled with dirt at Utah Junction, near Pecos Street and Cargill Drive in Adams County. Lettering on the cars reads: "Denver, Laramie &amp; Northwestern Ry." Far smaller than many of its competitors, the DL&amp;NW existed between 1906 and 1917.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1808--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1808.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/denver-laramie-northwestern-railroad-construction"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/The-Denver-Laramie-and-Northwestern-Railroad-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=3MlGgV2m" width="1000" height="651" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/denver-laramie-northwestern-railroad-construction" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver, Laramie &amp; Northwestern Railroad construction</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>View of Denver, Laramie, &amp; Northwestern Railroad construction, likely in Colorado; men stand on the grade while others work with ties and horses.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-30T12:15:43-06:00" title="Tuesday, August 30, 2016 - 12:15" class="datetime">Tue, 08/30/2016 - 12:15</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-laramie-northwestern-railroad" data-a2a-title="Denver, Laramie, &amp; Northwestern Railroad"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdenver-laramie-northwestern-railroad&amp;title=Denver%2C%20Laramie%2C%20%26%20Northwestern%20Railroad"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Denver, Laramie, &amp; Northwestern Railroad Company (DL&amp;NW) was a small firm that planned to link <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and Seattle by rail in the early twentieth century. The company’s history serves as an example of the pitfalls of running a small railroad company in the western United States at a time when giant railroad conglomerates dominated the national scene. Today, the railroad is defunct, surviving only in museum collections, but its legacy lives on in the small towns established along its right-of-way.</p> <h2>Incorporation and Beginnings</h2> <p>The Denver, Laramie, &amp; Northwestern Railway Company (as the DL&amp;NW was originally known) was incorporated in Wyoming on March 5, 1906, with the ambitious scheme of building a line from Denver nearly straight to Seattle, touching the southwest corner of Yellowstone National Park. A basic problem with the route was that it paralleled the <strong>Union Pacific</strong>’s main line north out of Denver and cut through territory already served by the Great Western Railway and the Colorado &amp; Southern (C&amp;S). The DL&amp;NW was financed through the local sale of common stock at a time when the large banking houses of Wall Street financed most railroads. The DL&amp;NW may have challenged conventional wisdom regarding railroad financing, but attorney John D. Milliken, its leading principal investor, was highly experienced in railroad matters; Milliken served the Union Pacific for twenty years as legal counsel and the Rock Island Railroad for a dozen years in the same capacity.</p> <p>The DL&amp;NW was headquartered in Laramie but had offices in Denver. The articles of incorporation limited construction in Colorado to approximately 100 miles, with an additional 350 miles diagonally across Wyoming to Montana. The Colorado portion of the planned route followed the <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> north along its west bank to what is now the town of <strong>Milliken</strong>, southwest of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a>. At this point, the original plan called for the main line to turn northwest to <a href="/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>, Virginia Dale, and Laramie.</p> <p>By May 1908, there were 1,600 small stockholders, and this grassroots effort yielded enough capital to begin construction. Work began at a point immediately south of Utah Junction, about three miles north of downtown Denver. At first, construction was relatively easy, as the land along the west bank of the South Platte was flat, dissected by only a few streambeds. The only significant project was a long, low trestle across <strong>Clear Creek</strong>. Like many other railroads, the DL&amp;NW got into the real estate business along its right-of-way. With the formation of the Denver-Laramie Realty Company, towns were planned at locations along the rail line, with the hope that they would become trade centers in the predominantly agricultural regions of northern Colorado. The first town was Cline (later, Welby), about seven miles north of Denver. Next was Wattenberg, some twenty-two miles north of Denver. Seventeen miles farther, the town of Fort St. Vrain was established adjacent to the location of the old <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading post</strong></a>.</p> <h2>Trouble with Other Companies</h2> <p>The first significant town on the main line was Fort Collins, and the powerful Union Pacific worked to keep the DL&amp;NW from reaching the city. The rival road began work on its own branch between Denver and LaSalle, known as the Dent Branch, in 1909–10. In 1911 the Union Pacific laid track from <strong>Dent</strong>, seven miles west of LaSalle, twenty-five miles to Fort Collins. At one point, the Union Pacific intentionally placed its right-of-way to block the DL&amp;NW. At the same time, the DL&amp;NW was struggling to come up with sufficient funds to pass through <strong>Greeley</strong>. Eventually, a group of Greeley businessmen solved this problem by incorporating the Greeley Terminal Railway Company, which would purchase rights-of-way, pay for a little more than a mile of track within the city limits, and build a modest depot. The Greeley Terminal leased its track to the DL&amp;NW for ninety-nine years and the DL&amp;NW was able to reach Greeley.</p> <p>The DL&amp;NW also found itself opposed by the Chicago, Burlington &amp; Quincy Railroad, which wanted to build a route from its main line at Hudson north to Greeley; connect with its subsidiary, the C&amp;S; and then proceed northward to Fort Collins and Cheyenne. But the DL&amp;NW’s right-of-way blocked Burlington’s access to Greeley, and the company discarded its plan. The smaller DL&amp;NW notched a victory, but not without headache.</p> <p>Compounding all of this competition was a light rail line designed to connect all major communities in northern Colorado. It had already acquired a right-of-way from Greeley to the DL&amp;NW company town of Milliken, graded its line between Greeley and <strong>Evans</strong>, and planned to use a series of hydroelectric dams throughout the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> to power the trolley cars. Greeley’s city council realized that unless it gained some control over the many rail companies, competing railroads would enter the town at odd angles and create havoc with traffic patterns. The council elected to confine all railroad construction to Seventh Avenue, the east side of which was already occupied by the Union Pacific main line. Neutrality among the rail companies proved impossible to enforce because the mayor sided with the DL&amp;NW and many prominent citizens had invested in the DL&amp;NW companion line, the Greeley Terminal. Following a newspaper campaign, the DL&amp;NW was awarded the west side of Seventh Avenue and the Burlington got the center. Crowding was avoided because the Burlington never followed through on its plan to extend into Greeley and the light rail line went out of business before the streetcar line was completed.</p> <h2>DL&amp;NW Service</h2> <p>Despite ongoing obstacles and difficulties, the DL&amp;NW began scheduled rail service from Denver to Milliken on January 6, 1910. The DL&amp;NW now set its sights on raising money to lay 750 miles of track to reach Boise, Idaho, filing new incorporation papers in Wyoming on February 9, 1910. The line would now run through central Idaho via Pocatello, Twin Falls, and Boise and terminate in Vancouver, British Columbia, rather than Seattle. The name also changed from the Denver, Laramie, &amp;Northwestern <em>Railway </em>Company to <em>Railroad</em> Company. Not a single director from the old company was retained. It was imperative at this time for the DL&amp;NW to proceed beyond Greeley, and work began on the eleven-mile link from Greeley northwest to Severance.</p> <p>The DL&amp;NW’s original rolling stock included four former Union Pacific locomotives, which were antiques even then. In January 1909, the DL&amp;NW purchased a handsome engine from the Midland Valley Railroad, calling it Number 101. In 1910 the company bought two more locomotives, giving it one locomotive for every eight miles of existing track. The DL&amp;NW engines were painted red and became known as the “Red Torpedoes.” Each could travel from Denver to Greeley in one hour and fifty-five minutes, with sixteen stops and three round-trips daily. But with its meager fifty-six miles of track, the DL&amp;NW often did not have enough traffic to cover its operating costs. In early 1912, after suffering heavy losses for two years, president Charles Scott Johnson attempted a refinancing of the struggling railroad. As investors watched their money slip away, the stockholders called for a change of management, and Milliken and Johnson were forced to resign. In a matter of weeks, both the DL&amp;NW and its holding company entered receivership.</p> <h2>Receivership and Closure</h2> <p>At the receivership hearing for DL&amp;NW on June 12, 1912, Judge Harry C. Riddle of Denver District Court appointed his bailiff, Marshall B. Smith, as the railroad’s receiver, entrusted to watch over the DL&amp;NW on behalf of stockholders. Despite a complete lack of any applicable experience in such endeavors, Smith and his brother, Clinton, managed to keep the DL&amp;NW operating for another five years. During its final year, the railroad even turned a meager profit for the first time in its existence. Wages and salaries were cut across the board and resulted in the mass resignation of the entire traffic department. All grading contracts were canceled and no payments were made on any issued bonds. No taxes were paid either, and the railroad defaulted on all of its debts to equipment suppliers.</p> <p>The court issued a decree of foreclosure in 1915 for the sale of the DL&amp;NW, but it took considerable effort to actually sell the line, in May 1917, for the amount owed its creditors—some $215,000. Investor losses were calculated at $26.7 million. Shippers protested that the DL&amp;NW’s closure would negatively impact their business. The Great Western Sugar Company presented the strongest argument, noting that some 70,000 tons of <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beets</strong></a> would rot in the ground for lack of transportation. To save its crop, the company bought twenty-eight miles of track north and south of Milliken, plus two locomotives, four days before the end of service. At 9:10 pm on September 2, 1917, the last DL&amp;NW train ran from Denver to the Greeley Terminal depot. In a few weeks’ time, rails, ties, and telephone poles were removed from the portions of the line not sold to Great Western Sugar.</p> <p>Some vestiges of the long-struggling DL&amp;NW survive today. The town of Milliken is healthy and Wattenberg and Welby remain on some maps. The Butte Royal Tunnel, now on private property, can be reached from US Route 287 near Virginia Dale. Until the 1970s, a hand-decorated safe once owned by the DL&amp;NW rested in Great Western Sugar’s Loveland depot. By the 1980s, all DL&amp;NW track had been removed except for a hundred or so feet in Milliken. The DL&amp;NW’s Milliken depot was sold to a Great Western Sugar agent and moved to Milliken’s residential area. The Wattenberg depot, though modified, stood for many years near the abandoned railway grading. The smallest remaining remnant of the DL&amp;NW is a switch key, held in a private collection.</p> <p><strong>&nbsp;Adapted from Kenneth Jessen, “The Denver, Laramie &amp; Northwestern: What a Way to Run a Railroad,” <em>Colorado Heritage Magazine</em> 13, no. 3 (1993).</strong></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/laramie" hreflang="en">Laramie</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/northwestern" hreflang="en">Northwestern</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-laramie-and-northwestern" hreflang="en">Denver Laramie and Northwestern</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/railroad" hreflang="en">Railroad</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Denver, Laramie, &amp; Northwestern Railway Company, <em>Souvenir, the Denver Laramie &amp; Northwestern Railway</em> (Denver: Denver, Laramie &amp; Northwestern Railway, 1908).</p> <p>Claude A. Wiatrowski, <em>Railroads of Colorado: Your Guide to Colorado’s Historic Trains and Railway Sites</em> (Stillwater, MN: Voyageur, 2002).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 30 Aug 2016 18:15:43 +0000 yongli 1805 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Georgetown Loop http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/georgetown-loop <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Georgetown Loop</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1654--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1654.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-southern-high-bridge-georgetown-loop"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/The-Georgetown-Loop-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=b2Lsr8VF" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-southern-high-bridge-georgetown-loop" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado &amp; Southern High Bridge, Georgetown Loop</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>View of the Colorado &amp; Southern Railway narrow gauge High Bridge trestle over Clear Creek Canyon above Georgetown; a passenger train and locomotive run over Clear Creek.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-11T16:38:23-06:00" title="Thursday, August 11, 2016 - 16:38" class="datetime">Thu, 08/11/2016 - 16:38</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/georgetown-loop" data-a2a-title="Georgetown Loop"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgeorgetown-loop&amp;title=Georgetown%20Loop"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Georgetown Loop is a rail line running between <a href="/article/georgetown%E2%80%93silver-plume-historic-district"><strong>Georgetown</strong></a> and <a href="/article/georgetown%E2%80%93silver-plume-historic-district"><strong>Silver Plume</strong></a> that showcases Colorado’s mountain scenery and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a> heritage. The Georgetown Loop represents a major part of Colorado’s formative history—railroad development—as well as one of the state’s strongest industries—tourism. After a revival in the 1970s, the Georgetown Loop still runs several times a day for people interested in seeing Colorado’s sights and experiencing travel by rail.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Railroad History in Georgetown</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Initially founded as a gold mining center in 1859, Georgetown instead developed into a silver camp. Miners in Georgetown and other camps along <a href="/article/clear-creek-canyon-0"><strong>Clear Creek</strong></a>, thirty-five miles west of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, knew from the outset that a railroad must reach them if their settlements were to thrive. But the process of bringing rail lines up the valley was fraught with difficulties and delays. The <strong>Colorado Central Railroad</strong>, headquartered in Golden and led by <a href="/article/william-ah-loveland"><strong>William A.H. Loveland</strong></a>, became the first to undertake the challenge of building a narrow-gauge line up Clear Creek to Georgetown in 1861. While riches from the mines were certainly a worthwhile prize, Loveland knew that successful crossing of the Continental Divide would also work to lure the Transcontinental Railroad—which was still being planned—through Colorado. Loveland’s ambitions were delayed by the Civil War and then thwarted again when the transcontinental route bypassed Colorado, choosing instead a flatter route through southern Wyoming.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland recovered from these setbacks and in 1872 completed the Colorado Central Railroad from <a href="/article/golden"><strong>Golden</strong></a> to <a href="/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Black Hawk</strong></a>. The line then proceeded toward Georgetown via Floyd Hill before falling victim to financial difficulties in 1873. Although the line was fewer than twenty miles from Georgetown, not until August 1877 did the Colorado Central finally reach the mining community.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The railroad’s presence solidified Georgetown as the “Silver Queen of the Rockies.” As the seat of <a href="/article/clear-creek-county"><strong>Clear Creek County</strong></a>, Georgetown developed as an orderly community with streets of fine Victorian homes, blooming gardens, retailers, first-class hotels, restaurants, saloons, schools, and churches. Georgetown was favored by wealthy businessmen and merchants, while two miles to the west Silver Plume was the workers’ settlement, populated by miners of various cultural backgrounds and their families.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Recession </h2>&#13; &#13; <p>But, as so often happened in Rocky Mountain boom towns, the next great mineral discovery stole the light from Georgetown and Silver Plume. In the autumn of 1877, discoveries of carbonite silver in <a href="/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a>, fifty miles southwest of Georgetown, spawned one of history’s greatest rushes for riches. Georgetown watched helplessly as miners left to try their luck in Leadville. Faced with this dilemma, Georgetown focused on becoming a staging point for the Leadville rush, first via hastily hacked-out stage roads and next with the railroad. After all, Leadville’s fantastic wealth could finance the tunneling of rails beneath the 14,000-foot Continental Divide and beyond, perhaps even to the Pacific.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The transcontinental Union Pacific Railroad that had bypassed Colorado and proceeded through Wyoming was now intent on capturing some of Leadville’s wealth. In 1879 Union Pacific took over the Colorado Central and the substantial task of burrowing through the mountains to Leadville. The steep and narrow <a href="/article/clear-creek-canyon-0"><strong>Clear Creek Canyon</strong></a> between Georgetown and Silver Plume was a formidable obstacle. The total distance between the two towns was only two miles, but the daunting elevation gain of 638 feet would require locomotives to climb grades steeper than they were designed for.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Birth of the Georgetown Loop</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Starting with a survey of the proposed line in 1879, Union Pacific engineer Jacob B. Blickensderfer and his son Thomas, also an experienced railroad construction engineer, met delays and problems at every turn. To the Blickensderfers’ disgust, the survey crew proved incompetent and inexperienced, and the preliminary surveys were riddled with mistakes. After spending long days in the field, the crew sustained several injuries, and poor morale made it increasingly difficult to keep men on the job. Harsh winters cut the planning season short, and the Blickensderfers grew impatient with the sluggish progress.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As of February 1881, Union Pacific was pleased enough with the survey to incorporate the Georgetown, Breckenridge and Leadville Railway, although actual construction of the line would not begin until the following January. Residents in Georgetown and Silver Plume eagerly followed every development as some 200 laborers began working on what was known as the High Line and its Devil’s Gate Bridge. Construction of the bridge alone took two months, beginning in late September 1883. All appeared satisfactory with the bridge until the chief engineer, Robert B. Stanton, discovered that the entire bridge had been installed backwards: the support columns for the north end of the bridge should have been on the south. Stanton refused to accept the flip-flopped bridge, and crews tore it apart and reassembled it—a six-week job in the dead of winter. Finally, on February 28, 1884, Devil’s Gate Bridge was completed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After all of the worry, speculation, and expense—$254,700 to be exact—the line turned out to be the railroad to nowhere. Passing Silver Plume, the line only made it four more miles westward, halting at Bakerville in the shadow of Grays and Torreys Peaks, both over 14,000 feet tall. The Union Pacific had finally found an easier way into Leadville—coming up through South Park instead—and the Georgetown, Breckenridge and Leadville Railroad sat at a dead end. The Georgetown Loop thus never fulfilled its original purpose of transporting riches from the silver mines of Leadville. Rather, it now stood to mine a different sort of treasure—tourist revenue. The Loop’s construction coincided with a growing craze for railroad excursions, and it became popular with vacationers who came to Georgetown to view the natural and man-made wonders along the line. The daring could even walk over the high bridge to the delight of other train passengers. Beginning with famous images of the Georgetown Loop taken by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-henry-jackson"><strong>William Henry Jackson</strong></a> immediately after the line’s completion in March 1884, the bridge became among the most famous postcard views of Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Struggles</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Even though thousands of visitors rode the Loop each year, the line consistently failed to turn a profit. But the rails were about all that Georgetown and Silver Plume had left after 1893, when the devaluation of silver forced closure of the mines and smelters. The Loop struggled along until World War I. Then, improvements in automobiles and roads were making it easier for tourists to explore the mountains on their own. During the 1920s and 1930s the number of passenger trains along the Loop gradually decreased, and Georgetown and Silver Plume fell into a long slumber. The railroad line was finally abandoned in 1939, and its parts were salvaged until the railroad’s very presence began to disappear from the Clear Creek Valley. The Devil’s Gate Bridge was purchased for a paltry $600 by the Silver Plume Mine and Mill Company, which used it as part of its mining trestles.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Comeback</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late 1950s forces converged to resurrect the Georgetown Loop Railroad. One of the first to begin planning for its reconstruction was Georgetown summer resident Jared Morse, who was interested in preserving the area’s mining history. The greatest impetus to the project came when Denver attorney Stanley T. Wallbank donated nearly 100 acres of old mining claims and mill sites in the heart of the Loop district. At the urging of the Colorado Historical Society (now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a>), the state highway department began planning its <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> route higher than was intended along the hillside of the Clear Creek Valley, thus assuring preservation of the original path of the Georgetown Loop Railroad. At the same time, growth along Colorado’s Front Range of the Rockies began to prompt interest in the mountain towns to the west. Georgetown and Silver Plume reawakened as their citizens rallied to preserve and interpret their mining heritage for the growing number of Colorado-bound tourists. In 1966 the National Park Service created the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/georgetown–silver-plume-historic-district"><strong>Georgetown-Silver Plume National Historic Landmark District</strong></a>, galvanizing a variety of partners to restore the towns to their former glory.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1977 the new track started downward from Silver Plume and reached the upper end of Devil’s Gate. The Georgetown Loop Railroad company began running trains along the limited line during the summer months, allowing visitors to chart the progress of the reconstruction. In 1978 the renovated Lebanon Mine and Mill complex opened along the line, providing a chance for rail travelers to explore the innards of a silver mine.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The remaining elements of the restored line that included the Devil’s Gate Bridge and track extension along the old rail bed toward Georgetown required massive funding. In 1982 the <strong>Boettcher Foundation</strong> donated $1 million to reconstruct the bridge. The next summer the bridge was rebuilt much like the historic original, except for modifications for increased engine loads and safety considerations. Even with modern cranes and bulldozers, construction of the bridge was considered a remarkable feat. A century after its 1884 construction, the new Devil’s Gate Bridge was tested on June 1, 1984. The test was successful, and dedication day for the bridge arrived on <strong>Colorado Day</strong>, August 1. Governor <strong>Richard Lamm</strong> dedicated the bridge, and then attendees boarded two trains for the inaugural steam locomotive ride on the revitalized Loop.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In a partnership maintained since the reconstruction, the Georgetown Loop Railroad company continues to operate the line for History Colorado, which oversees the mine and mill and maintains the entire property. The relationship has resulted in the revival of a treasured part of Colorado rail, mining, and tourism history that almost became lost.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Adapted from Dianna Litvak, “Colorado’s Railroad to Nowhere: Building and Rebuilding the Georgetown Loop,” <em>Colorado Heritage Magazine </em>19, no. 2 (1999).</strong></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/georgetown" hreflang="en">georgetown</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loop" hreflang="en">Loop</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/georgetown-loop" hreflang="en">Georgetown Loop</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.georgetownlooprr.com/">Georgetown Loop Railroad</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>The Georgetown Loop: A Capsule History and Guide: Georgetown Loop Historic Mining and Railroad Park</em> (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1986).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>The Story of a Valley: Georgetown Loop Historic Mining and Railroad Park</em> (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1984).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.town.georgetown.co.us/">Town of Georgetown</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://townofsilverplume.org/p/home-town-of-silver-plume-colorado.html">Town of Silver Plume</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 11 Aug 2016 22:38:23 +0000 yongli 1653 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Denver Tramway Strike of 1920 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-tramway-strike-1920 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver Tramway Strike of 1920</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-11T13:15:04-06:00" title="Thursday, August 11, 2016 - 13:15" class="datetime">Thu, 08/11/2016 - 13:15</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-tramway-strike-1920" data-a2a-title="Denver Tramway Strike of 1920"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdenver-tramway-strike-1920&amp;title=Denver%20Tramway%20Strike%20of%201920"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Denver Tramway Strike of 1920 typified the active militancy of many labor unions during the early 1900s. The strike brought the conversation surrounding labor relations to the forefront of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> politics and would influence the larger labor landscape for decades to come. Today the strike is generally remembered as one of the bloodiest labor clashes of the era.</p> <h2>Denver Tramway Company</h2> <p>Public transportation grew with Denver, beginning in 1871 with the Denver Railway Company’s horse-car line. That system expanded slowly until in 1884 it had nearly sixteen miles of track on which it ran forty-five cars. In the meantime, the city’s population surged from 4,759 in 1870 to 54,308 in 1885. Seeing money to be made in transit and associated real estate development, <strong>William Gray Evans</strong>, Rodney Curtis, and other local entrepreneurs organized the Denver Electric and Cable Railway Company in 1885, before renaming the enterprise as the Denver Tramway Company one year later. In March 1900 the Tramway Company finished converting its network to electric trolley cars powered from overhead wires. By absorbing smaller companies and outlasting rivals, the Tramway dominated Denver’s public transportation by the turn of the century. In 1900 the company carried more than 35 million passengers; on average, each Denverite made more than 250 trips that year.</p> <p>In 1914 trainmen received twenty-four cents an hour as a starting wage. After five years’ experience they could look forward to thirty cents an hour. Such wages, although not high, were tolerable when a four-room terrace could be rented for ten dollars a month and twenty-two pounds of sugar could be had for a dollar. Low prices faded away after August 1914, when the outbreak of war in Europe produced inflation in the United States. Denver food prices shot up 41 percent, rent increased by 19 percent, and clothing costs rose 60 percent.</p> <p>Squeezed by inflation, in 1917 trainmen considered forming a union, an idea they abandoned after winning pay increases that brought top wages to thirty-four cents per hour. Spiraling prices quickly washed away those gains. To get higher wages, employees in July 1918 established Local 746 of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Railway Employees of America. Two months later the War Labor Board suggested pay increases to forty-eight cents an hour for all trainmen with more than one year of service. To fund such wages, the company asked for higher fares, and the City Council sanctioned a penny increase to six cents per ride in September 1918.</p> <p>The death of Mayor<strong> <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/robert-w-speer">Robert W. Speer</a></strong> in May 1918 had left Denver without a powerful political leader. In a bid for votes, <strong>Dewey C. Bailey</strong> promised that he would reduce fares to five cents. Bailey was elected and the city council followed his lead. On July 5, 1919 the city forced the company to roll back fares. In response, the company reduced trainmen’s top wages to thirty-four cents an hour, laid off hundreds, and reduced service.</p> <h2>Strike</h2> <p>On Sunday, August 1, 1920 at 5:30 a.m., Local 746’s members voted 887–11 in favor of striking in defiance of an injunction that prohibited the Tramway Company from lowering wages or the workers from striking. Five days before the scheduled walkout, John Jerome, a professional strikebreaker from San Francisco, telegraphed Tramway officials: “Am leaving this P.M. for Denver. In case of strike will break it for you.” Within minutes of the strike announcement, Jerome telegraphed and telephoned other strikebreakers, some of whom he held ready in San Francisco and Los Angeles. One of them, William A. Ingraham, reported that he was contacted by one of Jerome’s agents on Sunday and offered to serve as a guard.</p> <p>Monday, August 2 belonged to the strikers as an estimated 100,000 people were forced to find alternative transportation to work that morning. Only two streetcars ran that day, bound for <a href="/article/fitzsimons-general-hospital"><strong>Fitzsimmons Army Hospital</strong></a> in Aurora with the union’s permission. That afternoon, thirty-seven strikebreakers arrived by train in Littleton with another seventy-five expected the following day. As a convoy of twelve large automobiles carried the 150 strikebreakers to the Tramway’s South Denver barns in the 400 block of South Broadway, Ingraham recalled that, “missiles began to fly … stones, rocks, and everything but shots.” Jerome stood in one of the cars brandishing a gun in each hand, marshaling the convoy to safety. Once inside the barns, Jerome ordered that all unarmed strikebreakers be given guns. As the days wore on, thousands of footsore Denver commuters grew impatient with the seemingly ineffective strike.</p> <p>Wednesday, August 4 the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> urged the strikers to go back to work. Union sympathizers disagreed—at midday they surrounded a railcar at Sixteenth and Lawrence Streets and derailed it. Strikebreakers responded by spraying the strikers with fire extinguishers. Jerome’s men successfully put the car back on its rails. A bystander named Charles Harris was injured in the melee.</p> <p>On Thursday morning, August 5, 1920, the central business district in Denver wore an air of deceptive calm. Two thousand labor sympathizers paraded downtown as labor leaders met with Mayor Bailey, who agreed to consider an arbitration plan put forth by Charles A. Ahlstrom, president of the Denver Trades and Labor Assembly, an umbrella organization representing dozens of unions. Around 5 pm Ahlstrom warned the crowd: “Don’t fall into the trap set by the tramway company. They want you to start violence, but don’t do what they want you to.” Ahlstrom’s advice came too late. The crowd attacked the newest shipment of Jerome’s strikebreakers with bricks and rocks, breaking one’s jaw and gashing another’s head. Almost simultaneously, marchers made up of streetcar men and other railroad employees converged with other pro-union protesters, principally <strong><a href="/article/cigar-making-colorado">cigar makers</a></strong>. The group surged through downtown, forming several mobs as more joined throughout the evening. At Fifteenth and California Streets, the mob spied two streetcars blocked by a large truck stalled on the tracks. The mob tore off the cars’ recently-installed protective screening and began wrecking them. The <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> reported that “within a few minutes, seventeen men had been seriously injured and the cars virtually demolished.” The mob clashed with police and strikebreakers all evening as injuries continued to mount. As strikebreakers took shelter in the cathedral, a crowd 5,000 strong pelted the church with sticks, bricks, and stones.</p> <h2>Escalating Violence</h2> <p>At 9:30 pm on August 5, 1920, a mob of some 500 people sacked the home of <em>The Denver Post</em> on Champa Street. Infuriated by the newspaper’s support for the Denver Tramway Company, the crowed stormed into the building, smashing windows and rampaging through the offices. Using crowbars and hammers, the marauders attempted to disable the presses. With gasoline-soaked rags they attempted to ignite piles of newsprint. Most of the damage proved superficial and easily repaired; within eighteen hours the paper had recovered and was ready to do battle again.</p> <p>The <em>Post</em> was only a secondary victim of the early August Denver upheaval in 1920. Within thirty hours of the mob’s attack on the <em>Post</em>, seven people were fatally shot, putting the Tramway strike among the most deadly in Colorado’s history. At around 10 pm on August 5, another mob attacked the Tramway’s South Denver barns on South Broadway. Ingraham, one of the 126 strikebreakers quartered at the South Denver barns, reported that as early as 9 pm the barns were pelted by stones. An hour later one of Jerome’s henchmen, named Mullen, called for an attack on the crowd. About fifteen minutes later, the rioters doused a fence with gasoline and lit it on fire. Jerome had just arrived and, according to Ingraham, began shooting at the crowd along with the barn’s guards. Two nineteen-year-old boys were mortally wounded as they fled the strikebreakers, and several more were severely wounded in the turmoil. By the time police arrived forty-five minutes later, the mob was wavering and many rioters had left, saying they would return with their own guns.</p> <p>The night of August 6 was even bloodier than the previous night. At 9 pm a touring car full of Jerome’s strikebreakers arrived to reinforce the men in the barns. The crowd attacked the new arrivals, throwing bottles and bricks at the car’s inhabitants. As one of his men suffered a cut across the chest, Jerome’s men opened fire on the crowd, killing five and wounding eleven, including women and children.</p> <h2>End of the Strike</h2> <p>At 1:30 pm on August 7, 1920, Mayor Bailey and Colorado Governor <strong>Oliver Shoup</strong> placed Denver under US Army control, with 250 soldiers from Fort Logan occupying downtown. Jerome’s strikebreakers lost their guns but were protected by soldiers riding the streetcars. Even as the violence in East Denver progressed, labor leaders met to consider ending the strike. Many newspapers blamed Local 746 for the turmoil, and the strikers paid a heavy price for the violence. More than two-thirds of them lost their jobs, though a grand jury would not indict any of the strikers for their actions during the violence. Weakened by the strike, organized labor had an even worse chance of making Denver a union town than it had before.</p> <p>Not in the three-quarters of a century since those bloody August days has another labor dispute matched the Tramway Strike’s death toll, although an altercation at <strong>Columbine Mine </strong>near Lafayette in 1927 came close with six deaths. Between Wednesday, August 4, when the first serious injury occurred, and Saturday, August 7, when the US Army intervened, more than fifty people were hurt, many of them shot. At the conclusion of the strike, the union fell apart and the company was forced into receivership, with more than 700 strikers losing their jobs.</p> <p>In hindsight, labor’s defeat in the episode was predictable. A weak union confronted a powerful corporation. For the most part, the press and politicians favored the Tramway. Without a strong local labor movement, the motormen and conductors quickly spent their resources and used up whatever sympathy some Denverites may have had for them. In assaulting the Tramway, the trainmen challenged a Goliath that was as necessary to Denver as it was intertwined with the city’s development.</p> <p><strong>Adapted from Stephen J. Leonard, “Bloody August: the Denver Tramway Strike of 1920,” <em>Colorado Heritage Magazine</em> 15, no. 3 (1995).</strong></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tramway" hreflang="en">Tramway</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/strike" hreflang="en">Strike</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/1920" hreflang="en">1920</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-tramway-strike" hreflang="en">Denver Tramway Strike</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41828108?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Conciliation and Arbitration</a>,” <em>Monthly Labor Review</em>&nbsp;13, no. 4 (October 1921).</p> <p>Edward T.&nbsp;Devine, John A. Ryan, and John A. Lapp, <a href="https://archive.org/details/denvertramwayst00actigoog"><em>The Denver Tramway Strike of 1920</em></a> (Denver: Denver Commission of Religious Forces, 1921).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 11 Aug 2016 19:15:04 +0000 yongli 1648 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Stapleton International Airport http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/stapleton-international-airport <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Stapleton International Airport</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1570--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1570.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/airport-administration-building-1935"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Stapleton-International-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=pPmlMV3S" width="1000" height="644" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/airport-administration-building-1935" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Airport Administration building, 1935</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A view of the industrial style, three-story brick administration building at the Denver Municipal Airport in 1935. The Denver Municipal Airport opened in 1929, and the name was changed to Stapleton International Airport in 1964.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1571--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1571.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/stapleton-airport"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Stapleton-International-Media-2_1.jpg?itok=75GOz_CH" width="1000" height="792" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/stapleton-airport" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Stapleton Airport</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A United Airlines DC-6 passenger plane, also known as a "Mainliner 300," sits on the tarmac at Stapleton Airport, c. 1947. Built in 1929-30, Stapleton International Airport brought international air traffic and shipping&nbsp;to Denver.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-03T13:07:05-06:00" title="Wednesday, August 3, 2016 - 13:07" class="datetime">Wed, 08/03/2016 - 13:07</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/stapleton-international-airport" data-a2a-title="Stapleton International Airport"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fstapleton-international-airport&amp;title=Stapleton%20International%20Airport"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Stapleton International Airport opened as a small municipal airport in 1929–30 and went on to become Denver’s primary airport for sixty-five years, until it was replaced by <a href="/article/denver-international-airport"><strong>Denver International Airport</strong></a> in 1995. The airport played a major role in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s development as a national transportation and shipping hub. Today, Stapleton’s airport buildings lie vacant, as the land has since been subdivided and zoned for multiple other uses.</p> <h2>Beginnings</h2> <p>With the exception of the 1931–35 term, <strong>Benjamin Stapleton</strong> was mayor of Denver from 1923 to 1947. He was one of the few people in the city who foresaw the tremendous potential of the airplane in the 1920s, and he wanted to consolidate Denver’s local, growing aviation industry around a single airport. Enlisting the aid of his Improvements and Parks Department manager, <strong>Charles Vail</strong>, Stapleton’s administration began laying the necessary groundwork. From the beginning, the airport project was placed under the jurisdiction of Improvements and Parks. The airport encountered opposition from the start, as some argued that Denver had no right to build a facility that would be a commercial venture for the city.</p> <p>The site that Stapleton and Vail selected was called the Sand Creek site, or Rattlesnake Hollow, seven miles from downtown Denver. The new airport, named Denver Municipal Airport (DMA), celebrated its opening with a four-day program of events, from October 17 to October 20, 1929. Only three airlines had offices in the two-story administration building: Mid-Continent Express, which had just begun passenger service between Denver and El Paso; Western Air Express; and US Airways. Since there were so few passenger flights in 1929, the new facility functioned more like a glorified post office—the primary purpose of all three companies was flying the mail.</p> <p>Yet by the end of 1930, its first full year of service, DMA was already turning a profit, with thirty takeoffs and landings registered every day and three new companies signing on to provide service: Carlos Reavis Service, Eddie Brooks Service, and Western Flying Service. In January 1931 city and airport officials constructed a new hangar, initiating a fifty-year run of continuous growth. In 1937 both United and Continental Airlines began offering service to and from DMA. By the end of the 1930s Denver Municipal was the city’s premier airport, although the area also hosted a number of privately owned airfields. Yet passenger traffic still languished. Though local businesses were convinced of the facility’s importance, the average Denverite was still not using the airport or planes on a regular basis. This would change with the onset of World War II.</p> <h2>After World War II</h2> <p>World War II was the catalyst for giant leaps in aviation technology; after the war, the average American was introduced to flying in numbers never seen before. The war cultivated a mass appreciation for the airplane and helped it capture much of the passenger market that trains had held for generations. Moreover, many people around the nation and the world came to view Denver as an important air hub due to its central location between the country’s international borders and its proximity to military bases, and federal authorities seriously considered proposed commercial routes that would tie Denver to other important cities such as Chicago and Washington, DC.</p> <p>DMA was renamed Stapleton Airfield, in honor of the mayor, on August 25, 1944. When the war was over, Denver saw the airport as a key to the city’s future. The facility had kept up with all of the technological advances in aviation and was prepared for the future. Among these advances was a new control tower, added in 1941. The octagonal, six-story tower still stood atop the old administration building, but that same year, all of the runways were equipped with modern lighting; also, the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) announced it would be expanding its offices at the airport by installing a new teletype communication system.</p> <p>By 1945 the airport had experienced phenomenal growth. Its original 640 acres had grown to 1,435, and there were forty to fifty commercial flights a day, up from eight per day in 1929. Stapleton employed 1,200 people, up from forty at the start, and boasted four runways, two flying schools, and four major airlines. Along with the three-story administration building, Stapleton now had six hangars, a post office, fire station, control tower, USO lounge, and a café. The airport also housed the CAA’s five-state air traffic control, staffed by thirty-five CAA personnel and ten army flight controllers who coordinated all commercial, private, and military flights.</p> <p>To ensure the airport’s future, Stapleton and new improvements and parks manager George Cranmer unveiled an ambitious expansion plan in 1946. The $1 million proposal called for the extension of the east-west runway and the construction of a horseshoe-shaped terminal that would be built in units to allow for future expansion. However, when Stapleton left office, new mayor James Newton (1947–55) abandoned the expensive plan because the city had yet to experience the forecasted postwar aviation boom. With Denver’s newspapers, local politicians, and airport officials calling for more improvements, in September 1947 Newton decided to appoint a committee to study the airport. In a short time, Stapleton was growing once again.</p> <p>By the 1950s the airplane had become an established means of transportation. Stapleton was being pushed to its capacity with tremendous increases in passenger travel; the forecasted aviation boom had simply taken a few more years than expected. In 1950 nearly 2,000 people passed through the airport each day, and by 1955 the annual figure had reached 1 million passengers. The increased traffic required extensive growth, and the airport was under construction throughout the 1950s. First a south wing was added to the administration building, then a north wing. In 1954 the original terminal was replaced. To handle the corresponding increase in airplane activity, a new, six-story control tower was completed in June 1953, replacing the iconic octagonal tower.</p> <h2>Jet Flight</h2> <p>The first jet flight out of Denver took off from Stapleton on May 6, 1959—a Continental Boeing 707. The jet was intentionally underloaded with just ninety-three passengers, because Stapleton’s runways could not support jet-engine aircraft. Intending to construct jet-capable runways, the city of Denver originally placed an order for 252 acres of land on the nearby <strong>Rocky Mountain Arsenal</strong> in 1954, but by 1957 many airport experts felt that the jet age required more than just extending the east-west runway—it required a jet-age master plan that would accommodate airport growth several decades into the future.</p> <p>In 1958 Denver newspapers quoted Mayor William Nicholson (1955–59) saying that Stapleton would ultimately require not only all of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal land but also all of Buckley Field. The newly formed Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) denied all of the city’s requests for new land, citing an overabundance of active development proposals dating to the Stapleton era. Eventually, Denver received the original 2,520-acre request on April 7, 1959, and by the end of 1962 Stapleton completed construction of a new jet-engine runway.</p> <p>In 1960 Stapleton ranked fifth in total aircraft operations and served more than 1.5 million passengers annually. Only one year later, Stapleton jumped to third place and counted more than 2 million people through its gates. Consequently, the decade saw more expansion, including a new fourteen-story control tower, two new concourses, and new sections for the terminal that doubled its size and gave it the distinctive horseshoe shape. A twenty-bed fire station was added after the first major jet crash at Stapleton, which claimed seventeen lives on July 11, 1961. In 1964 the airport was renamed Stapleton International, reflecting its steady growth.</p> <h2>Decline</h2> <p>On April 30, 1967, thousands of Denverites came out to view the finished product of the 1950s master plan. With the newly expanded terminal, seven hangars, a new control tower, a fire station, a two-story parking lot, and the jet runway—all of which cost some $56 million—Stapleton International Airport represented a significant investment to the city.</p> <p>But Stapleton’s increasing popularity and rapid growth turned out to be its undoing. Unable to keep up with the ever-increasing demand for international air traffic, the size of jet aircraft, or the land necessary to support continuous expansion, Stapleton International Airport halted flight service on February 28, 1995, and ceded all commercial airliner traffic to the newly constructed Denver International Airport.</p> <p><strong>Adapted from Jeff Miller, “An Airport in Place: Stapleton International Airport’s First Fifty-Five Years of Growth,” <em>Colorado Heritage Magazine </em>4, no. 3 (1984).</strong></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stapleton" hreflang="en">Stapleton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/international" hreflang="en">International</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/airport" hreflang="en">Airport</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stapleton-international-airport" hreflang="en">Stapleton International Airport</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Janet R. Daly Bednarek, <em>America’s Airports: Airfield Development, 1918–1947</em> (College Station, TX: Texas A&amp;M University Press, 2001).</p> <p>Jeff Miller, <em>Stapleton International Airport: The First Fifty Years</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1983).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 03 Aug 2016 19:07:05 +0000 yongli 1569 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Interstate 70 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Interstate 70</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1252--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1252.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/i-70-near-genesee-park"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/I-70_GeneseePark_0_0.jpg?itok=QSEnWazP" width="1090" height="600" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/i-70-near-genesee-park" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">I-70 near Genesee Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The construction of Interstate 70 across Colorado's Rocky Mountains was one of the greatest engineering feats in US history and was essential to the growth of tourism in the high country.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-19T16:17:29-07:00" title="Thursday, November 19, 2015 - 16:17" class="datetime">Thu, 11/19/2015 - 16:17</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70" data-a2a-title="Interstate 70"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Finterstate-70&amp;title=Interstate%2070"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Interstate Highway 70 spans 2,100 miles across the United States, crossing the entire state of Colorado. The eastern end of the highway lies west of Baltimore, Maryland. From there it bisects&nbsp;the country until it reaches Cove Fort in Central Utah, where it merges into Interstate 15. In Colorado, I-70 crosses the <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a>, runs through <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, and crosses the Rocky Mountains, providing&nbsp;a direct route to many popular <strong>ski resorts</strong> and hiking trails. Because of its mountainous route, building I-70 through Colorado posed unique, often expensive, challenges to engineers and builders.</p> <p>The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 authorized the construction of Interstate 70 east of Denver, the first interstate highway to begin construction under the act. However, the initial route from Baltimore to Denver was deemed insufficient, as planners desired a more efficient connection between Southern California and the Northeast. Thus, the act was expanded in 1956, following the lobbying efforts of highway officials and road builders. The bill, passed under the title of “National Interstate and Defense Highways Act,” allocated $25 billion for enlarging and improving the highway system. The construction programs created by the 1956 act included the completion of the section of I-70 west of Denver into Central Utah, a monumental undertaking.</p> <p>The construction of I-70 was mostly started and completed during the 1960s and 1970s, although the final connection through Glenwood Canyon was not finished until 1992. The 449.5 miles of highway were built in phases in an east-to-west direction. After building across the flat plains east of Denver, builders faced the challenge of the high Rocky Mountain peaks. Engineers designed a complex system of tunnels and bridges to traverse this difficult terrain. One particularly problematic area was the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a> west of Denver. Engineers and construction crews had to cope with the high altitude, seemingly impassable mountain slopes, and harsh weather conditions. The solution was to build two tunnels—the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eisenhower-tunnel"><strong>Eisenhower Tunnel</strong></a>, which opened in 1973, and the Johnson Tunnel, which opened in 1979—both underneath <strong>Loveland Pass</strong>. These tunnels were named after President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Colorado governor <strong>Edwin C. Johnson</strong>, both of whom advocated for expanding the highway system and supported the 1956 highway act. The construction of the Eisenhower Tunnel cost twice the initial budget and ran two years over schedule, while construction of the Johnson Tunnel required $145 million and a work force of 800.</p> <p>The final piece of I-70, the section passing through <strong>Glenwood Canyon</strong>, did not begin until 1981. The first project plan was approved in 1975, but environmentalists denounced the plan as ecologically damaging, and construction was delayed until 1981. To mitigate damage to the canyon, the 12.4-mile stretch of highway was designed to flow with the natural geography of the canyon, using an incredible array of forty bridges, many tunnels, bike paths, and cantilevered lanes to weave gently between the soaring cliffs. Completed in 1992, the freeway through Glenwood Canyon was widely heralded as an environmental and engineering success, although it took a whopping $490 million and eleven years to build.</p> <p>Today, I-70 serves as a popular route for traveling across the Great Plains and through the mountains in Colorado, making it an important contributor to state and local economies. As a major east-west artery, the freeway is vitally important for interstate trade but is equally essential for drivers heading to the mountains for a variety of leisure activities. Its value to intrastate commerce is also noteworthy, as it accommodates trucks serving towns on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> and allows tourist dollars to filter into smaller mountain towns. Due to its economic and recreational importance, I-70 has become susceptible to heavy traffic congestion, especially west of Denver. The <strong>Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT)</strong> has attempted to ease traffic by funding carpool programs to ski areas, purchasing additional snowplows, and widening problem areas, but citizens remain dissatisfied. The highway will continue to face traffic issues as development continues along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> and as more drivers use I-70. Given the highway’s importance, CDOT will likely continue to fund projects aimed at improving safety and limiting congestion. Despite congestion issues, I-70 will continue to serve as the main gateway to the Rockies within Colorado as well as a major commercial artery connecting the eastern and western United States.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/i-70-colorado" hreflang="en">I-70 in Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/interstate-70-colorado" hreflang="en">interstate 70 Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-i-70-colorado" hreflang="en">history of I-70 in Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/building-i-70-colorado" hreflang="en">building I-70 in Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eisenhower-johnson-tunnels" hreflang="en">Eisenhower Johnson Tunnels</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/construction-i-70" hreflang="en">construction of I-70</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/i-70-rocky-mountains" hreflang="en">I-70 Rocky Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/i-70-glenwood-canyon" hreflang="en">I-70 Glenwood Canyon</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Associated Cultural Resource&nbsp;Experts, <a href="https://www.codot.gov/programs/environmental/archaeology-and-history/highways-to-the-sky"><em>Highways to the Sky: A Context and&nbsp;History of Colorado’s Highway System</em></a>, Colorado Department of Transportation (Littleton, CO: Associated Cultural Resource&nbsp;Experts, 2002).</p> <p>Colorado Department of Transportation, “<a href="https://www.codot.gov/about/CDOTHistory/50th-anniversary/interstate-70/construction-timeline.html">Construction Timeline</a>.”</p> <p>Colorado Department of Transportation, “<a href="https://www.codot.gov/about/CDOTHistory/50th-anniversary/interstate-70/eisenhower-johnson-memorial-tunnels.html">Eisenhower-Johnson Memorial Tunnels</a>.”</p> <p>Colorado Department of Transportation, “<a href="https://www.codot.gov/about/CDOTHistory/50th-anniversary/interstate-70">The History of I-70 in Colorado</a>.”</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.aaroads.com/interstate-guide/i-070.html">Interstate 70</a>,” AARoads’ Interstate Guide, June 8, 2014.</p> <p>Pat Mack, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/news/story/state-taking-steps-ease-i-70-traffic-congestion-mountains">State Taking Steps to Ease I-70 Traffic Congestion in Mountains</a>,”&nbsp;Colorado Public Radio, November 26, 2014.</p> <p>Monte Whaley, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/09/28/i-70-mountain-corridor-winter-travel-issues-to-get-extra-attention/">I-70 Mountain Corridor Winter Travel Issues to Get Extra Attention</a>,” <em>Denver Post</em>, August 29, 2014.</p> <p>Richard F. Weingroff, “<a href="https://highways.dot.gov/public-roads/marchapril-2006/essential-national-interest">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956: Creating the Interstate System</a>,” <em>Public Roads</em>, Summer 1996.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://i70solutions.org/">I-70 Coalition</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.wunderground.com/intellicast">I-70 Highway Conditions</a>, Intellicast.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.i-70east.com/index.html">I-70 East</a>, Colorado Department of Transportation, October 6, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Philpott, <em>Vacationland: Tourism and Environment in the Colorado High Country </em>(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://goi70.com/real-time-road-info/">Real-time Road info at GoI70.com</a> (I-70 Mountain Corridor Coalition)</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365611815/">"Gateway to the High Country,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 26, 2015.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Interstate Highway 70 spans 2,100 miles across the nation, crossing the entire state of Colorado. I-70 goes from east to west. The highway begins west of Baltimore, Maryland. It then cuts across most of the country until it reaches Cove Fort in Central Utah. There it connects with Interstate 15. The section of I-70 that is west of Denver winds through the Rocky Mountains. It provides a direct route to many popular ski resorts and hiking trails. Building I-70 through Colorado was difficult and expensive because of the mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The construction of Interstate 70 east of Denver was started because of The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944. This was the first interstate highway to begin construction under the act. The first route from Baltimore to Denver was not good enough. Highway planners wanted a better route between Southern California and the Northeast. The Highway Act was expanded in 1956. It provided $25 billion for enlarging and improving the highway system. Some of this money went toward finishing the section of I-70 west of Denver into Central Utah. This was a huge job.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>I-70 was built during the 1960s and 1970s. The last part of the highway, through Glenwood Canyon, was not finished until 1992. After going across the flat plains east of Denver, the builders faced the hard job of building through the high Rocky Mountains. Engineers designed a complex system of tunnels and bridges to cross the Rockies. It was very difficult to build the highway across the <strong>Continental Divide</strong> west of Denver. Engineers and construction crews had to cope with the high altitude. They also had to build on steep mountain slopes and deal with harsh weather conditions. The solution was to build two tunnels underneath <strong>Loveland Pass</strong>. The <strong>Eisenhower Tunnel</strong> was opened in 1973 and the Johnson Tunnel opened in 1979. These tunnels were named after President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Colorado governor <strong>Edwin C. Johnson. </strong>Both men wanted to expand the highway system. The construction of the Eisenhower Tunnel cost twice as much as it was supposed to, and it took two years longer to build than they thought it would. Construction of the Johnson Tunnel required $145 million and required 800 workers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The final piece of I-70 was the section passing through Glenwood Canyon. It did not begin until 1981. Environmentalists did not like the first plan. They felt it would damage the canyon. To lessen the damage to the canyon, the 12.4-mile stretch of highway was designed to match the natural geography of the canyon. Engineers built forty bridges, as well as many tunnels, bike paths, and supported lanes between the soaring cliffs. The freeway through Glenwood Canyon was completed in 1992. It was declared to be an environmental and engineering success. However, it took a whopping $490 million and eleven years to build.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, I-70 serves as a popular route for traveling across the Great Plains and through the mountains in Colorado. It is important to the state and local economies. It is a major east-west highway needed for business between states. I-70 is equally important for drivers heading to the mountains for many leisure activities. It also allows money from tourists to filter into smaller mountain towns. I-70 often has heavy traffic, especially west of Denver. The <strong>Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT)</strong> has tried to lessen traffic by starting carpool programs to ski areas. They have also purchased additional snowplows and widened problem areas. Citizens remain unhappy. CDOT will likely continue to fund projects to improve safety and help with the traffic problems. Despite the traffic, I-70 will continue to be the main gateway to the Rockies within Colorado. It will also remain a major business route connecting the eastern and western United States.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Along its 2,100-mile span, the east-west Interstate Highway 70 cuts across most of the nation and the entire state of Colorado. The highway begins west of Baltimore, Maryland, and bisects most of the country until it reaches Cove Fort in Central Utah, where it merges into Interstate 15. The section of I-70 that is west of Denver winds through the Rocky Mountains. It provides a direct route to many popular ski resorts and hiking trails. Because of its mountainous route, constructing I-70 through Colorado posed unique, often expensive challenges to engineers and builders.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 authorized the construction of Interstate 70 east of Denver. This was the first interstate highway to begin construction under the act. However, the initial route from Baltimore to Denver was deemed insufficient. Highway planners wanted a more efficient route between Southern California and the Northeast. Thus, the act was expanded in 1956, due to the efforts of highway officials and road builders. The bill was passed under the title of “National Interstate and Defense Highways Act.” It allocated $25 billion for enlarging and improving the highway system, including funds for the completion of I-70 west of Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The construction of I-70 was mostly started and completed during the 1960s and 1970s. The final connection through Glenwood Canyon was not finished until 1992. The 449.5 miles of highway were built in phases in an east-to-west direction. After building across the flat plains east of Denver, builders faced the challenge of the high Rocky Mountain peaks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Engineers designed a complex system of tunnels and bridges to traverse this difficult terrain. One particularly problematic area was the <strong>Continental Divide</strong> west of Denver. Engineers and construction crews had to cope with the high altitude, steep mountain slopes, and harsh weather conditions. The solution was to build two tunnels. The <strong>Eisenhower Tunnel</strong> opened in 1973, and the Johnson Tunnel opened in 1979. Both tunnels were underneath <strong>Loveland Pass</strong>. These tunnels were named after President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Colorado governor <strong>Edwin C. Johnson</strong>, both of whom advocated for expanding the interstate highway system. The construction of the Eisenhower Tunnel cost twice the initial budget. It also ran two years over schedule. Construction of the Johnson Tunnel required $145 million and a work force of 800.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Work on the final piece of I-70, the section passing through Glenwood Canyon, did not begin until 1981. The first project plan was approved in 1975. Environmentalists denounced that plan as ecologically damaging, so construction was delayed until 1981. To lessen the damage to the canyon, the 12.4-mile stretch of highway was designed to flow with the natural geography of the canyon. They built an array of bridges, tunnels, bike paths, and cantilevered lanes between the soaring cliffs. The freeway through Glenwood Canyon was completed in 1992 and was declared an environmental and engineering success. However, it took a whopping $490 million and eleven years to build.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, I-70 serves as a popular route for traveling across the Great Plains and through the Colorado mountains. It is an important contributor to state and local economies. As a major east-west artery, the freeway is vitally important for interstate trade. I-70 is equally essential for drivers heading to the mountains for a variety of leisure activities. It also allows tourist dollars to filter into smaller mountain towns. Due to its economic and recreational importance, I-70 often has heavy traffic congestion, especially west of Denver. The <strong>Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT)</strong> has attempted to ease traffic by funding carpool programs to ski areas. They have also purchased additional snowplows and widened problem areas, but citizens remain dissatisfied. The highway will continue to face traffic issues as development increases along the Front Range. Given the highway’s importance, CDOT will likely continue to fund projects aimed at improving safety and limiting congestion. Despite its current traffic issues, I-70 will continue to serve as the main gateway to the Rockies within Colorado, as well as a major business route connecting the eastern and western United States.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Along its 2,100-mile span, Interstate Highway 70 cuts across most of the nation and the entire state of Colorado. The highway begins west of Baltimore, Maryland, and bisects most of the country until it reaches Cove Fort in Central Utah, where it merges into Interstate 15. The section of I-70 west of <strong>Denver</strong> winds through the Rocky Mountains, providing a direct route to many popular ski resorts and hiking trails. Because of its mountainous route, constructing I-70 through Colorado posed unique and expensive challenges to engineers and builders.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 authorized the construction of Interstate 70 east of Denver. This was the first interstate highway to begin construction under the act. However, the initial route from Baltimore to Denver was deemed insufficient. Highway planners desired a more efficient connection between Southern California and the Northeast, so the act was expanded in 1956. The bill was passed under the title of “National Interstate and Defense Highways Act.” It allocated $25 billion for enlarging and improving the highway system. The construction programs created by the 1956 act included the completion of the section of I-70 west of Denver into Central Utah. This was a monumental undertaking.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The construction of I-70 was mostly started and completed during the 1960s and 1970s, although the final connection through Glenwood Canyon was not finished until 1992. The 449.5 miles of highway were built in phases in an east-to-west direction. After building across the flat plains east of Denver, builders faced the challenge of the high Rocky Mountain peaks. Engineers designed a complex system of tunnels and bridges to traverse this difficult terrain. One problematic area was the <strong>Continental Divide</strong> west of Denver. Engineers and construction crews had to cope with the high altitude, steep mountain slopes, and harsh weather conditions. The solution was to build two tunnels, the <strong>Eisenhower Tunnel</strong>, which opened in 1973, and the Johnson Tunnel, which opened in 1979. Both tunnels were underneath <strong>Loveland Pass</strong>. They were named after President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Colorado governor <strong>Edwin C. Johnson</strong>, both of whom supported expanding the highway system. The construction of the Eisenhower Tunnel cost twice the initial budget and ran two years over schedule. Construction of the Johnson Tunnel required $145 million and a work force of 800.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The final piece of I-70, the section passing through Glenwood Canyon, did not begin until 1981. The first project plan was approved in 1975, but environmentalists denounced the plan as ecologically damaging, and construction was delayed until 1981. To mitigate the damage to the canyon, the 12.4-mile stretch of highway was designed to flow with the natural geography of the canyon. Engineers built an incredible array of bridges, tunnels, bike paths, and cantilevered lanes between the soaring cliffs. Completed in 1992, I-70 through Glenwood Canyon was widely heralded as an environmental and engineering success. However, it took a whopping $490 million and eleven years to build.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, I-70 serves as a popular route for traveling across the Great Plains and through the Colorado mountains, making it an important contributor to state and local economies. As a major east-west artery, the freeway is vitally important for interstate trade but is equally essential for drivers heading to the mountains for a variety of leisure activities. Its value to intrastate commerce is also noteworthy. It accommodates trucks serving towns on the Western Slope and allows tourist dollars to filter into smaller mountain towns. Due to its economic and recreational importance, I-70 is prone to heavy traffic congestion, especially west of Denver. The <strong>Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT)</strong> has attempted to ease traffic by funding carpool programs to ski areas. They have also purchased additional snowplows, and widened problem areas, but citizens remain dissatisfied. The highway will continue to face traffic issues as development increases along the Front Range. Given the highway’s importance, CDOT will likely continue to fund projects aimed at improving safety and limiting congestion. Despite congestion issues, I-70 will continue to serve as the main gateway to the Rockies within Colorado, and will remain a major commercial artery connecting the eastern and western United States.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 19 Nov 2015 23:17:29 +0000 yongli 957 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1072--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1072.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5CT_46_1-b_001_Photograph%20%281%29.jpg?itok=VDAPbdXP" width="1000" height="787" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach is a mud wagon like those that operated on the Barlow and Sanderson lines in the San Luis Valley in the 1870s and 1880s. The Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach was acquired by the Monte Vista Commercial Club sometime before 1947 and donated to the Colorado Historical Society in 1959.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1073--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1073.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5CT_46_1-b_001_Photograph_0.jpg?itok=i34SHINs" width="1000" height="787" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After being housed for years in History Colorado's Fort Garland Museum, the stagecoach is now in Monte Vista.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1074--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1074.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/stagecoach-ride"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5CT_46_1-b_003_Photograph_0.jpg?itok=sMfsAzPd" width="1000" height="773" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/stagecoach-ride" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Stagecoach Ride</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Stagecoaches were used to transport mail, freight, and people between towns prior to the rapid expansion of the railroad in the 1870s and 1880s. By the early 1880s Barlow and Sanderson stagecoaches were primarily operating between mining camps in the San Juan Mountains.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1075--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1075.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/abbot-downing-catalog-listing"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5CT_46_1-c_012_Drawing_0.jpg?itok=6rZsx3TJ" width="1000" height="1294" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/abbot-downing-catalog-listing" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Abbot, Downing Catalog Listing</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach in Monte Vista was initially mistaken as a Concord, a popular model made by Abbott, Downing, and Company. It was later determined that the Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach was actually an Abbott, Downing "mud wagon," designed to be smaller, lighter, and lower to the ground.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-05T10:24:20-07:00" title="Thursday, November 5, 2015 - 10:24" class="datetime">Thu, 11/05/2015 - 10:24</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach" data-a2a-title="Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbarlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach&amp;title=Barlow%20and%20Sanderson%20Stagecoach"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach in <strong>Monte Vista</strong> is a mud wagon like those that operated in the 1870s and 1880s along Barlow and Sanderson lines in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>. The only regional example of its type, the stagecoach was acquired by the Monte Vista Commercial Club and donated in 1959 to the Colorado Historical Society, which housed it for decades in the <strong>Fort Garland Museum</strong>. Because of conditions imposed on the original donation, in 2014 History Colorado (formerly the Colorado Historical Society) returned the stagecoach to Monte Vista, where it is in storage awaiting renovation and display in the Transportation of the West Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Barlow and Sanderson in the San Luis Valley</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Before the rapid expansion of <strong>railroads</strong> in the West in the 1870s and 1880s, stagecoaches carried passengers, mail, and freight from town to town. Bradley Barlow and Jared Sanderson first entered the stagecoach business in the early 1860s in Missouri. The first use of the Barlow, Sanderson and Company name came in 1866, by which time it had a route to California. It was the only major company operating on western mainlines aside from Wells, Fargo and Company, which had come to dominate stage lines in the West. In the early 1870s Barlow and Sanderson controlled the <strong>Southern Overland Mail and Express Company</strong>, which was the last transcontinental stage line and the last stagecoach carrier of mail to California, as well as the mail route between Denver and Santa Fe. At its height, the company reportedly had 5,000 horses and mules in constant use on stage lines in Colorado and New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-1870s stagecoaches were becoming feeders operating at the fringes of the railroads rather than main lines of transportation. Barlow and Sanderson began to operate a network of lines linking the San Luis Valley and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong> </a>to the railroads. As the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> and the <strong>Atchison, Topeka &amp; Santa Fe Railroad</strong> moved into the San Luis Valley, the stage terminus shifted each time the railroads opened a new section of track. By the early 1880s Barlow and Sanderson was operating primarily between mining camps in the San Juan Mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barlow retired in 1878. The company continued to operate in Colorado under the name J. L. Sanderson and Company until 1884, when Sanderson sold his Colorado operations to the Colorado and Wyoming Stage, Mail and Express Company. The same coaches continued to serve the company’s stage lines, but by this time stage use in Colorado had entered a period of permanent decline.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Stagecoach at Fort Garland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime before 1947, the Monte Vista Commercial Club (predecessor of the Chamber of Commerce) bought a Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach that had been used in the San Luis Valley in the 1870s and 1880s. In 1959 the club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society, which decided to display it at the Fort Garland Museum to illustrate the fort’s use as a stage stop. In 1962 the stagecoach was restored and painted red, the color found on the popular Concord model made by leading nineteenth-century New Hampshire–based stagecoach manufacturer Abbot, Downing and Company.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1993, the stagecoach was examined by Merri Ferrell, a curator and carriage expert from the Museums at Stony Brook (now the Long Island Museum of American Art, History, and Carriages). Ferrell determined that the stagecoach was made by Abbot, Downing but was not a Concord coach. Instead, the stagecoach resembles a “mud wagon” found in the 1871 Abbot, Downing catalog. This type of wagon was smaller, lighter, and lower to the ground than a Concord coach. It was used primarily on steep and rough mountain roads in the West, especially in bad weather. The original color used on mud wagons was straw yellow, not the red of Concord coaches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1996, a State Historical Fund grant allowed the stagecoach to be properly restored to its original color scheme. It continued to suffer damage over the next two decades, however, because it was displayed at <a href="/article/fort-garland-0"><strong>Fort Garland</strong></a> in a shed that was open to the elements.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Move to Monte Vista</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the Monte Vista Commercial Club originally donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society in 1959, the donation came with conditions, including a provision allowing Monte Vista to use the stagecoach for special events and prohibiting its removal from Fort Garland for any other reason. This meant that History Colorado could not maintain the stagecoach in accordance with professional museum standards. As a result, History Colorado officially removed the stagecoach from its holdings on July 24, 2014, and transferred custody to Monte Vista.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The stagecoach is now in storage in Monte Vista awaiting decisions about funding and renovations. The Monte Vista Historical Society hopes the stagecoach will be renovated and placed in the Transportation of the West Museum, which offers an enclosed location to protect the stagecoach and an appropriate interpretive framework for understanding its history.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/transportation" hreflang="en">transportation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stagecoaches" hreflang="en">stagecoaches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-overland-mail-and-express-company" hreflang="en">Southern Overland Mail and Express Company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bradley-barlow" hreflang="en">Bradley Barlow</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jared-sanderson" hreflang="en">Jared Sanderson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-garland" hreflang="en">Fort Garland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/monte-vista-historical-society" hreflang="en">Monte Vista Historical Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/transportation-west-museum" hreflang="en">Transportation of the West Museum</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Jeanne Brako, “Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (March 10, 1995).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Frances McCullough, “The Barlow and Sanderson Stage Line in the San Luis Valley,” <em>San Luis Valley Historian</em> 30, no. 3 (1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ralph Moody, <em>Stagecoach West</em> (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1967).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Morris F. Taylor, “The Barlow and Sanderson Stage Lines in Colorado, 1872–1884,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 50, no. 2 (1973).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Morris F. Taylor, <em>First Mail West: Stagecoach Lines on the Santa Fe Trail</em> (1971; repr., Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Philip L. Fradkin, <em>Stagecoach: Wells Fargo and the American West</em> (New York: Simon and Schuster Source, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert N. Mullin, “Stagecoach Pioneers of the Southwest,” <em>Southwestern Studies</em>, Monograph 71 (1983).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365603249/">"The San Luis Valley,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 12, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The San Luis Valley: Land of the Six-Armed Cross</em> (Boulder: Pruett Publishing, 1979).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach in <strong>Monte Vista</strong> is a mud wagon. It is the only regional example of its kind.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Barlow and Sanderson in the San Luis Valley</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Before <strong>railroads</strong> came to the West in the 1870s and 1880s, stagecoaches carried people and mail from town to town. Bradley Barlow and Jared Sanderson entered the stagecoach business in the early 1860s. The first use of the Barlow, Sanderson and Company name was in 1866. It was the only major company operating out west besides Wells, Fargo and Company. In the early 1870s Barlow and Sanderson controlled the <strong>Southern Overland Mail and Express Company</strong>. The company was the last transcontinental stage line. It was also the mail route between Denver and Santa Fe. At its height, the company had 5,000 horses and mules in use in Colorado and New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-1870s stagecoaches were operating at the edges of the railroad. Barlow and Sanderson began linking the San Luis Valley and the <strong>San Juan Mountains</strong> to the railroads. The end of their service shifted when railroads opened a new section of track. By the early 1880s Barlow and Sanderson was operating mostly between mining camps in the San Juan Mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barlow retired in 1878. The company continued to operate in Colorado until 1884. That's when Sanderson sold his Colorado operations.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Stagecoach at Fort Garland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime before 1947, the Monte Vista Commercial Club bought a Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach. The coach had been used in the San Luis Valley in the 1870s and 1880s. In 1959 the club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society. The Society decided to display the coach at the Fort Garland Museum. They wanted to show the fort’s use as a stage stop. In 1962 the stagecoach was painted red. That was the color of the popular Concord model made by stagecoach builder Abbot, Downing and Company.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1993, the stagecoach was looked at by a carriage expert. The expert said that the stagecoach was not a Concord coach. Instead, it was a “mud wagon.” This type of wagon was smaller and lower to the ground. It was used on steep mountain roads in the West. The original color used on mud wagons was straw yellow, not red.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1996, the stagecoach was repainted its original color. However, it was damaged because it was displayed in a shed that was open to the elements.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Move to Monte Vista</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the stagecoach was donated, there were conditions. Monte Vista could use the stagecoach for special events. The coach could not be removed from <strong>Fort Garland</strong> for any other reason. This meant that the stagecoach could not be maintained to museum standards. As a result, the stagecoach was moved to Monte Vista.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The stagecoach is now in storage in Monte Vista in hopes it can be placed in the Transportation of the West Museum. The museum can protect the stagecoach.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach in <strong>Monte Vista</strong> is a mud wagon. It is the only regional example of its kind.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Barlow and Sanderson in the San Luis Valley</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Before <strong>railroads</strong> came to the West in the 1870s and 1880s, stagecoaches carried passengers, mail, and freight from town to town. Bradley Barlow and Jared Sanderson first entered the stagecoach business in the early 1860s in Missouri. The first use of the Barlow, Sanderson and Company name came in 1866. It was the only major company operating on western mainlines besides Wells, Fargo and Company. In the early 1870s Barlow and Sanderson controlled the <strong>Southern Overland Mail and Express Company</strong>. The company was the last transcontinental stage line and the last stagecoach carrier of mail to California. It was also the mail route between Denver and Santa Fe. At its height, the company had 5,000 horses and mules in use on lines in Colorado and New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-1870s stagecoaches were operating at the edges of the railroad. Barlow and Sanderson began linking the San Luis Valley and the <strong>San Juan Mountains</strong> to the railroads. The end of the line shifted when railroads opened a new section of track. By the early 1880s Barlow and Sanderson was operating mostly between mining camps in the San Juan Mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barlow retired in 1878. The company continued to operate in Colorado under the name J. L. Sanderson and Company until 1884. That's when Sanderson sold his Colorado operations.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Stagecoach at Fort Garland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime before 1947, the Monte Vista Commercial Club bought a Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach. The coach had been used in the San Luis Valley in the 1870s and 1880s. In 1959 the club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society. The Society decided to display the coach at the Fort Garland Museum to illustrate the fort’s use as a stage stop. In 1962 the stagecoach was painted red. That was the color of the popular Concord model made by leading stagecoach builder Abbot, Downing and Company.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1993, the stagecoach was examined by carriage expert Merri Ferrell. Ferrell determined that the stagecoach was made by Abbot, Downing. However, it was not a Concord coach. Instead, the stagecoach resembles a “mud wagon.” This type of wagon was smaller and lower to the ground than a Concord coach. It was used on steep mountain roads in the West. The original color used on mud wagons was straw yellow, not the red of Concord coaches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1996, a State Historical Fund grant allowed the stagecoach to be restored to its original color. However, it suffered damage over the next two decades because it was displayed in a shed that was open to the elements.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Move to Monte Vista</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the Monte Vista Commercial Club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society in 1959, there were conditions. Monte Vista could use the stagecoach for special events. The coach could not be removed from <strong>Fort Garland</strong> for any other reason. This meant that History Colorado could not maintain the stagecoach to museum standards. As a result, History Colorado removed the stagecoach from its holdings on July 24, 2014. It was transferred to Monte Vista.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The stagecoach is now in storage in Monte Vista. The Monte Vista Historical Society hopes the stagecoach will be renovated and placed in the Transportation of the West Museum. The museum offers an enclosed location to protect the stagecoach.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach in <strong>Monte Vista</strong> is a mud wagon like those that operated in the 1870s and 1880s along Barlow and Sanderson lines in the <strong>San Luis Valley</strong>. It is the only regional example of its type. The stagecoach was acquired by the Monte Vista Commercial Club and donated in 1959 to the Colorado Historical Society. In 2014 History Colorado returned the stagecoach to Monte Vista. It is in storage awaiting renovation and display in the Transportation of the West Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Barlow and Sanderson in the San Luis Valley</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Before the rapid expansion of <strong>railroads</strong> in the West in the 1870s and 1880s, stagecoaches carried passengers, mail, and freight from town to town. Bradley Barlow and Jared Sanderson first entered the stagecoach business in the early 1860s in Missouri. The first use of the Barlow, Sanderson and Company name came in 1866, by which time it had a route to California. It was the only major company operating on western mainlines aside from Wells, Fargo and Company. In the early 1870s Barlow and Sanderson controlled the <strong>Southern Overland Mail and Express Company</strong>. The company was the last transcontinental stage line and the last stagecoach carrier of mail to California. It was also the mail route between Denver and Santa Fe. At its height, the company reportedly had 5,000 horses and mules in use on lines in Colorado and New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-1870s stagecoaches were operating at the fringes of the railroad. Barlow and Sanderson began to operate a network of lines linking the San Luis Valley and the San Juan Mountains to the railroads. The stage terminus shifted each time the railroads opened a new section of track. By the early 1880s Barlow and Sanderson was operating primarily between mining camps in the San Juan Mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barlow retired in 1878. The company continued to operate in Colorado under the name J. L. Sanderson and Company until 1884. That's when Sanderson sold his Colorado operations to the Colorado and Wyoming Stage, Mail and Express Company. The same coaches continued to serve the company’s stage lines. However, stage use in Colorado was decreasing.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Stagecoach at Fort Garland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime before 1947, the Monte Vista Commercial Club bought a Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach that had been used in the San Luis Valley in the 1870s and 1880s. In 1959 the club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society. The Society decided to display the coach at the <strong>Fort Garland Museum</strong> to illustrate the fort’s use as a stage stop. In 1962 the stagecoach was restored and painted red. That was the color of the popular Concord model made by leading nineteenth-century stagecoach builder Abbot, Downing and Company.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1993, the stagecoach was examined by carriage expert Merri Ferrell. Ferrell determined that the stagecoach was made by Abbot, Downing. However, it was not a Concord coach. Instead, the stagecoach resembles a “mud wagon.” This type of wagon was smaller, lighter, and lower to the ground than a Concord coach. It was used primarily on steep and rough mountain roads in the West. The original color used on mud wagons was straw yellow, not the red of Concord coaches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1996, a State Historical Fund grant allowed the stagecoach to be properly restored to its original color scheme. It suffered damage over the next two decades because it was displayed in a shed that was open to the elements.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Move to Monte Vista</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the Monte Vista Commercial Club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society in 1959, there were conditions. These included a provision allowing Monte Vista to use the stagecoach for special events and prohibiting its removal from Fort Garland for any other reason. This meant that History Colorado could not maintain the stagecoach in accordance with museum standards. As a result, History Colorado officially removed the stagecoach from its holdings on July 24, 2014. It was transferred to Monte Vista.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The stagecoach is now in storage in Monte Vista awaiting decisions about funding and renovations. The Monte Vista Historical Society hopes the stagecoach will be renovated and placed in the Transportation of the West Museum. The museum offers an enclosed location to protect the stagecoach and an appropriate interpretive framework for understanding its history.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 05 Nov 2015 17:24:20 +0000 yongli 785 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Manitou and Pikes Peak Cog Railway http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/manitou-and-pikes-peak-cog-railway <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Manitou and Pikes Peak Cog Railway</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--664--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--664.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/manitou-and-pikes-peak-railway-station"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/X-17589_0.jpg?itok=7jtLwn_d" width="1000" height="582" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/manitou-and-pikes-peak-railway-station" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Manitou and Pikes Peak Railway Station</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Zalmon G. Simmons decided to finance the Manitou and Pikes Peak Cog Railway in 1889, and the track was opened in 1891.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-08-21T15:16:48-06:00" title="Friday, August 21, 2015 - 15:16" class="datetime">Fri, 08/21/2015 - 15:16</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/manitou-and-pikes-peak-cog-railway" data-a2a-title="Manitou and Pikes Peak Cog Railway"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmanitou-and-pikes-peak-cog-railway&amp;title=Manitou%20and%20Pikes%20Peak%20Cog%20Railway"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Manitou and Pikes Peak Cog Railway climbs the 8.9 miles to the 14,110-foot summit of <a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a>. The railway is the highest in North America and was built as a tourist attraction in the late nineteenth century. Other cog railways can be found on Mt. Washington in New Hampshire and throughout the Alps in Switzerland.</p> <p>Zalmon G. Simmons, a New York–born inventor and founder of the Simmons Beautyrest Mattress Company, started the railway. In 1888, Simmons traveled to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> to inspect telegraph insulators on the side of Pikes Peak. When it took two miserable days to scale the peak by mule, he decided to finance construction of the Manitou and Pikes Peak Cog Railway in 1889. The track, built by Italian laborers, opened in 1891. After losing money for years, Simmons sold the railway to local philanthropist and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/broadmoor"><strong>Broadmoor Hotel</strong></a> owner <a href="/article/spencer-penrose"><strong>Spencer Penrose</strong></a> for a reported $50,000 in 1925. Today, the Broadmoor Hotel owns the cog railway.</p> <p>Pushing a passenger train up a 14,110-foot mountain is no easy task. The first trains used were steam locomotives designed by Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia. Each of these trains had heavily tilted boilers to keep them level on the average 16 percent grade up the mountain. The railway had three steam locomotives named John Hulbert, Manitou, and Pikes Peak, which were later changed to Engines 1, 2, and 3. These engines were not coupled to the coach; they simply pushed the train car up the mountain and slowed it down during the descent. Each steam engine had to be filled with water three times during the ascent—once at the beginning, once halfway up, and a final time before the 25 percent-grade point called Big Hill.</p> <p>A gasoline train car, believed to be the first of its kind in the world, was installed in 1938. Over time, the General Electric gasoline-powered engines replaced the steam engines. Steam engines were heavier and thus less likely to derail in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a> than gasoline engines, so by 1958 the only steam locomotive still in use served to plow snow at the summit.</p> <p>By 1964, the railway needed more locomotives. For the first time in its seventy-six-year history, the owners went abroad for new railcars. In late 1964, Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works (SLMW) delivered two red railcars to Colorado. These Swiss-made cars were so successful and reliable that SLMW delivered two more in 1968. As of 2014, all four original SLMW railcars were still in operation.</p> <p>As the number of visitors grew during the 1970s, the Manitou and Pikes Peak Railway added two articulated, or semi-permanently connected, railcars built by SLM. This type of railcar was split in the middle, allowing it to make tighter turns on its track. The railway also constructed passing routes in several places along the mountainside. Originally, trains could only pass at the Mountain View siding, which allowed just three trains per day to travel up the mountain. With the addition of more passing areas, the railway can now send up eight trains per day.</p> <p>Since its inception, the Manitou and Pikes Peak Cog Railway has taken thousands of tourists from the base station at 7,400 feet all the way up America’s Mountain to the Summit House at 14,110 feet.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/tutt-davis" hreflang="und">Tutt, Davis</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/manitou-railroad" hreflang="en">manitou railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/manitou-cog-railway" hreflang="en">manitou cog railway</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cog-railway" hreflang="en">cog railway</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/manitou-springs" hreflang="en">manitou springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pikes-peak-cog-railway" hreflang="en">pikes peak cog railway</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pikes-peak-railway" hreflang="en">pikes peak railway</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pikes-peak" hreflang="en">pikes peak</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Morris W. Abbott, <em>The Pike’s Peak Cog Road</em> (San Marino, CA: Golden West, 1972).</p> <p>Bruce D. Heald, <em>The Mount Washington Cog Railway: Climbing the White Mountains of New Hampshire</em> (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2011).</p> <p><a href="https://www.cograilway.com/">Manitou and Pikes Peak Railway</a></p> <p>Claude Wiatrowski, <em>All Aboard for America’s Mountain: The Manitou and Pike’s Peak Railway</em> (Manitou, CO: Manitou and Pike’s Peak Railway, 2007).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://www.manitouincline.net/main.htm">Manitou Incline Website</a></p> <p>Rocky Mountain PBS,&nbsp;<a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2364990522/">"Spencer &amp; Julie&nbsp;Penrose,"</a>&nbsp;<em>Colorado Experience</em>, April 4, 2013.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 21 Aug 2015 21:16:48 +0000 yongli 599 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Eisenhower Tunnel http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eisenhower-tunnel <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Eisenhower Tunnel</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2473--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2473.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/eisenhower-tunnel"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Eisenhower_Tunnel_20170413_02_0.jpg?itok=RmfTF17r" width="1000" height="667" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/eisenhower-tunnel" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Eisenhower Tunnel</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Eisenhower-Johnson Memorial Tunnel (also known simply as the Eisenhower Tunnel) carries <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> traffic underneath the <strong>Continental Divide</strong>.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2474--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2474.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/eisenhower-tunnel-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Eisenhower_Tunnel_20170413_01_0.jpg?itok=mGhfdlNd" width="1000" height="632" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/eisenhower-tunnel-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Eisenhower Tunnel</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The 1.6-mile-long pair of tunnels, carrying two lanes of traffic east and west, respectively, is seventy miles west of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> in <a href="/article/summit-county"><strong>Summit County</strong></a> and provides an important transportation link for Western Slope and Front Range commerce, the ski industry, and tourism throughout the state. At 11,155 feet above sea level, they are the highest vehicle tunnels in the world.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-08-21T12:19:58-06:00" title="Friday, August 21, 2015 - 12:19" class="datetime">Fri, 08/21/2015 - 12:19</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eisenhower-tunnel" data-a2a-title="Eisenhower Tunnel"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Feisenhower-tunnel&amp;title=Eisenhower%20Tunnel"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Eisenhower-Johnson Memorial Tunnel (also known simply as the Eisenhower Tunnel) carries <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> traffic underneath the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a>. The 1.6-mile-long pair of tunnels, carrying two lanes of traffic east and west, respectively, is seventy miles west of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> in <a href="/article/summit-county"><strong>Summit County</strong></a> and provides an important transportation link for <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> commerce, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ski-industry"><strong>ski industry</strong></a>, and tourism throughout the state. At 11,155 feet above sea level, they are the highest vehicle tunnels in the United States.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fully opened for traffic in 1979, the tunnels today carry an average of roughly 30,000 cars per day, a number that peaks at 40,000 in July. During a busy holiday weekend, as many as 50,000 cars might pass through in a day. A massive ventilation system pumps fresh air throughout the tunnels, while a security team in a control room monitors remote video feeds to control traffic and keep motorists safe. Fifty-two full-time employees work at the tunnels to clear roads, watch surveillance monitors, remove <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a>, and perform other maintenance duties. Their efforts have paid dividends with an impressive safety record – to date, nearly 400 million cars have passed through the tunnels without a single fatality.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Prior to the construction of the tunnels and Interstate 70, vehicles crossed the Continental Divide by driving over <strong>Loveland Pass</strong> (11,922 feet) on Highway 6, a winding two-lane highway that could take more than an hour to navigate. In 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Federal Aid Highway Act, which authorized the federally funded construction of an Interstate Highway System in the United States. The original highway planners had no intention of constructing an interstate through the formidable Colorado Rockies, which many believed would be too expensive and too difficult. However, Colorado governor <strong>Edwin C. “Big Ed” Johnson</strong> and members of the state’s congressional delegation lobbied federal officials to extend Interstate 70 through the <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>. Johnson and his supporters argued that the interstate would pay for itself through the increase in commerce, especially money from tourism. The federal government eventually agreed to extend the interstate through Colorado and to pay 90 percent of the construction costs; the state was responsible for the remaining 10 percent.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Construction on the tunnels beneath the Continental Divide proved difficult, expensive, and dangerous. Digging on the first tunnel started in March 1968, with the goal of opening it in three years. However, the engineers and construction workers quickly discovered that the project was going to be more difficult than originally planned. Harsh winters made for short work years outside the tunnel, and the men and equipment did not work as well at the high altitude. Inside the tunnel, miners discovered fragile rock layers the engineers had not anticipated, and the mountain could not support itself once certain sections had been dug through. With a little ingenuity, however, the crews devised a way to bore through the tunnel without triggering a collapse, and the tunnel continued to inch deeper into the mountain.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Among the project’s large workforce, Janet Bonnema deserves special attention. The Colorado Highway Department mistakenly hired her, a highway engineer with a degree from the University of Colorado, because they believed they were hiring a well-qualified “Mr. Bonnema.” When Bonnema arrived on the job, she was not allowed to enter the tunnels, even though it was her job to do so as an engineering technician. She was kept outside the tunnels and at a desk because construction workers believed having a woman in the tunnels would jinx the worksite. The taboo was so widely believed that on the day Bonnema finally entered the tunnels – surrounded by reporters, many of them also women– most of the work crew walked out of the tunnel, some of whom never returned to the job. The majority of the crew, however, returned to work the next day, and Bonnema continued to work in the tunnels, often dressed in loosely fitting coveralls so no one could tell her identity.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After five years of construction, the first tunnel opened for highway traffic on March 8, 1973. The eastbound tunnel opened for traffic six years later, on December 21, 1979. When it opened, the Eisenhower-Johnson Memorial Tunnel was the highest mountain tunnel in the world. It has since been surpassed by several railroad tunnels in Asia, but it remains the highest vehicular tunnel in the world and the highest point in the US Interstate Highway System.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The project went far over budget, totaling more than $257 million by the time both tunnels were finished, a sum Colorado transportation historian Thomas A. Thomas noted was “approximately equal to the original estimate of the entire stretch of Interstate 70 from Denver to the Utah state line.” All told, more than 1,000 men and women worked six days a week year-round to complete the tunnels. Despite safety precautions, three people lost their lives constructing the first bore of the tunnel and four on the second bore, and many others suffered amputations, surgeries, and a wide variety of other work-related injuries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The work and sacrifices of these men and women made the commute from the Front Range to the Western Slope much easier and helped increase access to the high country. A drive through the tunnels from one side of the Continental Divide to the other takes about five minutes, while a trip over Loveland Pass can still take more than an hour. The shorter and much safer commute has strengthened commercial ties between the Front Range and the Western Slope. It has boosted the economy for many mountain towns and is a boon for skiers, snowboarders, and anyone else who wishes to visit or live in the Colorado Rocky Mountains.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/rebhan-ryan" hreflang="und">Rebhan, Ryan</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eisenhower-tunnel" hreflang="en">eisenhower tunnel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/i-70-tunnel" hreflang="en">I-70 tunnel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/continental-divide-tunnel" hreflang="en">continental divide tunnel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eisenhower-tunnel-colorado" hreflang="en">eisenhower tunnel colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/janet-bonnema" hreflang="en">janet bonnema</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Associated Cultural Resource Experts, “Highways to the Sky: A Context and History of Colorado’s Highway System” (Denver: Colorado Department of Transportation, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Department of Transportation, “<a href="https://www.codot.gov/travel/eisenhower-tunnel/description.html">Eisenhower Tunnel Description</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dan McNichol, <em>The Roads That Built America: The Incredible Story of the U.S. Interstate System</em> (New York: Sterling, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joe Moylan, “Eisenhower Tunnel Has 40-Year History as ‘Safest Two Miles of Highway in the State System,’” <em>Summit Daily</em>, November 20, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas A. Thomas, “Roads to a Troubled Future: Transportation and Transformation in Colorado’s Interstate Highway Corridors in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries” (PhD dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1996).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Colorado Department of Transportation, <a href="https://www.codot.gov/travel/eisenhower-tunnel">Eisenhower Tunnel</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jane Howard, “Janet Fights the Battle of Straight Creek Tunnel,” <em>Life</em>, December 8, 1972.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365611815/">"Gateway to the High Country,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 26, 2015.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 21 Aug 2015 18:19:58 +0000 yongli 585 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org