%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Fort Uncompahgre http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-uncompahgre <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Uncompahgre</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-15T16:13:03-06:00" title="Monday, August 15, 2016 - 16:13" class="datetime">Mon, 08/15/2016 - 16:13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-uncompahgre" data-a2a-title="Fort Uncompahgre"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffort-uncompahgre&amp;title=Fort%20Uncompahgre"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Fort Uncompahgre was constructed in 1828 by <strong>Antoine Robidoux</strong>, a trader based out of Mexican Santa Fé. The <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading post</strong></a> was situated about two miles down from the confluence of the <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison</strong></a> and <strong>Uncompahgre</strong> Rivers near the present-day community of <strong>Delta</strong> in western Colorado. The precise location of the fort has been lost due to the shifting bed of the Gunnison River, but Robidoux chose the area because it afforded abundant timber for construction and firewood as well as pasture for pack animals. It was also a favored gathering spot of the <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Ute Indians</strong></a> and a natural ford nearby offered an easy river crossing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Utes apparently encouraged the presence of a trader in their territory so they could obtain firearms. Although Spanish law and, later, Mexican law prohibited the sale or trade of firearms to Indians, such activities might be conducted at a remote, rugged location without much fear of official sanction.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robidoux established several trails for supplying Fort Uncompahgre. The first of these, known as the Mountain Branch of the <strong>Old Spanish Trail</strong>, led north out of Santa Fé, up into the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>, northwest across <strong>Cochetopa Pass</strong>, then down into the Gunnison valley to the fort. This was a challenging route, but if not snowbound, it was much shorter than following the main branch of the Old Spanish Trail. The second trail, known as Robidoux’s Cutoff, was used for goods imported from St. Louis. The cutoff left the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a> near <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a>, proceeded westward to the vicinity of present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>, then around the south end of the <strong>Wet Mountains</strong> and over Mosca Pass into the San Luis Valley. Here it joined with the Mountain Branch. The cutoff was advantageous because it was far shorter than freighting the goods north from Santa Fé and avoided Mexican customs, where taxes reached as high as 30 percent.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Little is known about the construction or layout of Fort Uncompahgre except that it was on the south bank of the Gunnison River. Few travelers passed through the fort because of its remote location. There are no known contemporary descriptions of the fort, but it probably resembled Fort Uintah, another fort Robidoux built in present-day eastern Utah. Fort Uncompahgre probably consisted of a few crude log buildings surrounded by a fence of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>cottonwood</strong></a> pickets. This type of construction would have been acceptable to the Utes, who were sensitive about permanent structures built on their lands.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Accounts indicate that the fort had between fifteen and eighteen male employees. These men would have been responsible for trading, limited trapping, preparing hides and skins, and bundling fur packs. Additionally, the cottonwood pickets and log structures would have needed continual maintenance and replacement as the soft cottonwood rotted. Transportation to the area was difficult and expensive, and anything that could be made or grown locally would reduce costs significantly. Employees probably raised a garden, which may have included corn, wheat, beans, lentils, potatoes, melons, and squash. Sheep or goats were probably also kept at the fort.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robidoux’s employees were all Mexicans, probably from the Santa Fé area. Employees typically worked under a one-year contract and would be paid in trade goods received at the end of their service. At the time, Nuevo México (as the northern colonies of Old Mexico were known) had a surplus of labor and wage rates were approximately $5 per month for skilled craftsmen, while unskilled labor was worth no more than $2 per month.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The primary structure on the post would have been the trade room, where <strong>trappers</strong> and Indians would have brought their skins and furs to be graded and weighed. They could then choose from a selection of trade goods displayed in another area of the trade room. The living quarters of the <strong>trader</strong> or his principal would have adjoined the trade room. Other structures on the post probably included a storage building for the furs, a kitchen/living quarters for the post cook, and a blacksmith/carpenter’s shop.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In September 1831, authorities in Santa Fé granted Robidoux a license for a second trading post near the confluence of the Whiterock and Uintah rivers. This post, known as Fort Uintah, served both Anglo and Mexican trappers as well as Ute and sometimes Shoshoni Indians. Rufus Sage, in <em>Rocky Mountain Life</em>, described this fort from his visit in the early 1840s as follows: “Robideau’s Fort is situated on the right bank of the Uintah . . . The trade of this post is conducted principally with the trapping parties frequenting the Big Bear, Green, Grand, and the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado</strong></a> Rivers, with their numerous tributaries, in search of fur-bearing game. A small business is also carried on with the Snake and Utah Indians, living in the neighborhood of this establishment. The common articles of dealing are horses, with <a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a>, otter, deer, sheep, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a> skins, in barter for ammunition, fire-arms, knives, tobacco, beads, awls, &amp;c.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1837, the Hudson’s Bay Company was becoming competitive in the area, and to hold them back, Robidoux built a third post—Fort Robidoux—near the confluence of the Green and White rivers in present-day Utah. Fort Robidoux was probably just a temporary post, and in 1838, when the Hudson’s Bay Company withdrew from the Uintah Basin, it was abandoned.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Toward the end of the 1830s, the price of beaver pelts declined precipitously. To make up for lost revenues, Fort Uncompahgre increased its trade in California horses and Indian slaves. Although Spanish and, later, Mexican authorities prohibited the taking of new slaves, the prohibition was not enforced. Powerful tribes would capture women and children of their weaker neighbors and sell them in the northern colonies (New Mexico), where demand was high for laborers and wives. In the 1830s, boys between the ages of eight and twelve years were valued at $50 to $100 in trade goods, and girls were worth approximately twice as much.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1841, other developments were changing the economics of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a>. The Oregon Trail had opened up, taking a steady stream of emigrants across the plains to Oregon and California. In addition to emigrants, the trail became a major route for hauling freight that supplied posts such as Fort Hall and Fort Bridger. The resulting lower freight costs, combined with industrial expansion in the East, meant the prices for trade goods were much lower than what Robidoux could offer with his Santa Fé–based operations. The Indians concluded that the Santa Fé and Taos traders, including Robidoux, had cheated them for years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During summer 1843, hostilities broke out between Utes and Mexicans in the Santa Fé area. Warfare spread up the San Luis Valley and into the Gunnison Basin, engulfing Fort Uncompahgre.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although it was known as a fort, Robidoux’s structure was designed more as a holding area for livestock and to secure trade goods and furs; it was never intended as a defensive structure during war. With one exception, all of the Mexicans were slaughtered and their women taken prisoner. Only a single Mexican trapper, Calario Cortez, escaped the carnage. He arrived in Taos fourteen days later, hungry and exhausted.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Utes also captured an American visiting the fort. He was later released with a message for Robidoux telling him that the furs, hides, and buildings were intact, and that the Utes’ quarrel was with the Mexicans, not the Americans or the French. The Utes’ motivation for leaving the fort unscathed is uncertain. Did they expect that Robidoux would return to the fort as if nothing had happened, or were they trying to lure him back so he too could be killed? It is also not known why the Utes did not attack Fort Uintah, which was also staffed by Mexicans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Uncompahgre was left vacant for about two years before local Utes destroyed it. Robidoux never returned to the Uintah Basin to trap or trade for furs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1990 Fort Uncompahgre was reconstructed upriver from its presumed original location, on land owned by the city of Delta. There has been renewed interest in the fort in recent years, and in 2015 the reconstructed fort was reopened to the public.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Adapted from the Old Spanish Trail Association, “<a href="https://ostcolorado.org/fort-uncompahgre/">Fort Uncompahgre</a>,” n.d.</strong></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/miller-chris" hreflang="und">Miller, Chris</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trade" hreflang="en">fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nineteenth-century-fur-trade" hreflang="en">nineteenth century fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/antoine-robidoux" hreflang="en">antoine robidoux</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-uintah" hreflang="en">Fort Uintah</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/19th-century-trading-posts" hreflang="en">19th century trading posts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trading-posts-colorado" hreflang="en">trading posts colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-indian-tribe" hreflang="en">Ute Indian Tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gunnison-river" hreflang="en">gunnison river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/old-spanish-national-historic-trail" hreflang="en">old spanish national historic trail</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/delta-colorado" hreflang="en">delta colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ken Reyher, <em>Antoine Robidoux and Fort Uncompahgre: The Story of a Western Fur Trader</em> (Ouray, CO: Western Reflections, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rufus B. Sage, <em>Rocky Mountain Life, or, Startling Scenes and Perilous Adventures in the Far West during an Expedition of Three Years</em> (1859; repr., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>C. Gregory Crampton and Steven K. Madsen, <em>In Search of the Spanish Trail: Santa Fe to Los Angeles, 1829–1848</em> (Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joseph J. Hill, “Antoine Robidoux, Kingpin in the Colorado River Fur Trade, 1824–1844,”<em> Colorado Magazine</em> 7 (July 1930).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.southernute-nsn.gov/history/">History of the Southern Ute</a>,” Southern Ute Indian Tribe, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://interpcolorado.org/">Interpretive Association of Western Colorado</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ron Kessler, <em>Old Spanish Trail North Branch and Its Travelers: Stories of the Exploration of the American Southwest</em> (Santa Fe: Sunstone, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Douglas M. Knudson, <em>Characters of the Old Spanish Trail</em> (South Fork, CO: Sylvan Trail Books, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Greg Mac Gregor and Siegfried Halus, <em>In Search of Dominguez &amp; Escalante: Photographing the 1776 Spanish Expedition through the Southwest</em> (Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jeremy Miller, “<a href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/44.5/following-the-old-spanish-trail-across-the-southwest">Following the Old Spanish Trail across the Southwest</a>,” <em>High Country News</em>, April 6, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="http://www.mman.us/fortuncompahgre.htm">Mountain Men and Life in the Rocky Mountain West—Fort Uncompahgre</a>,” Malachite’s Big Hole, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://oldspanishtrail.org/">Old Spanish Trail Association</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Douglas D. Scott, “Robidoux’s Fort on the Uncompahgre and the Matlock Homestead: The Case of the Missing Resources,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 48 (December 1982).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elizabeth von Till Warren, “<a href="https://ostcolorado.org/history/">The Old Spanish Trail</a>,” Old Spanish Trail Association, 2004.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 15 Aug 2016 22:13:03 +0000 yongli 1692 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Bent's Forts http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bents-forts <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bent&#039;s Forts</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1329--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1329.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bents-old-fort"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/IMG_7748.jpg?itok=xO9-0jcV" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bents-old-fort" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bent&#039;s Old Fort</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Inside Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1330--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1330.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/plaza-bents-old-fort-historic-site"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/IMG_7711.jpg?itok=7_mqN0MH" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/plaza-bents-old-fort-historic-site" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Plaza, Bent&#039;s Old Fort Historic Site</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>View of the plaza within Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site. In the 1830s and '40s, Native Americans, Anglo-Americans, and Hispanos met in the plaza to conduct trade.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1331--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1331.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bents-new-fort-plan"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Bents%20New%20Fort%20sketch%20mapwkey_0.jpg?itok=lU1dbetW" width="1090" height="1152" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bents-new-fort-plan" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bent&#039;s New Fort Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1849 a decline in the bison hide trade forced William Bent to close his original trading post and open a new one farther down the Arkansas River. This sketch by archaeologist Michelle A. Slaughter outlines the layout of the new fort (click for larger image).</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1328--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1328.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/richard-carrillo"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/RichardCarrillo%20%281%29.jpg?itok=sUUHSBnl" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/richard-carrillo" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Richard Carrillo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Richard Carrillo explains excavation results at Bent’s New Fort. At the time of his death in 2014, Carrillo was the preeminent Southeastern Colorado archaeologist and historian and was working on a project at Bent’s New Fort.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/nick-johnson" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Nick Johnson</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-06T10:52:40-06:00" title="Friday, May 6, 2016 - 10:52" class="datetime">Fri, 05/06/2016 - 10:52</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bents-forts" data-a2a-title="Bent&#039;s Forts"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbents-forts&amp;title=Bent%27s%20Forts"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>In the early and mid-nineteenth century, when the western United States was in a seemingly unending state of flux as people competed for dominance over the land and its resources, three men moved to what would eventually become southeastern Colorado and there established a trading and commercial empire. The Bents—brothers William, Charles, and <a href="/article/george-bent"><strong>George</strong></a>—arrived in the area in the late 1820s, and established two <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading posts</strong></a> that were essential in the eventual establishment of permanent communities in the region.</p> <p>The Bents’ empire mixed the American influence of St. Louis and Westport, Missouri, with the existing Spanish and French Canadian influences and traditions in the region. The <strong>Kiowa</strong>, <strong>Comanche</strong>, Plains <strong>Apache</strong>, and Nuche (<a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people) also controlled territory in southeastern Colorado and influenced the region’s cultural medley. As the Bents increased their economic domain, the <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and <strong>Arapaho</strong> peoples made increasing inroads into the plains bounded by the Rockies on the west, the Platte Rivers to the north, and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> to the south.</p> <p>Perhaps anticipating the value of the small, but competitive tribes who came to the region to capitalize on the wild horse trade, in 1838 <a href="/article/william-bent"><strong>William Bent</strong></a> (sometimes called “Colonel,” “Little White Man,” and “Gray Beard”) joined the Cheyenne tribe by marrying <a href="/article/mistanta-owl-woman"><strong>Owl Woman</strong></a> (Mistanta), daughter of White Thunder, the esteemed Keeper of the Arrows. Owl Woman bore four children: Mary, Robert, George, and Julia. When Owl Woman died at the birth of Julia, William continued with Cheyenne tradition and married her sister Yellow Woman, who gave birth to his fifth and last child, Charlie. At some point Yellow Woman left, so William married his third and last wife, Island, another sister of Owl Woman.</p> <p>Even though the beaver-trapping era of the mountain men and voyageurs was coming to an end in the early 1830s, the Bents and their partners, the St. Vrains, were expanding their trade empire with the construction of Bent’s Old Fort (Fort William), 1832–34. They pioneered the <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> hide version of the <a href="/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a>, and by the mid-1840s the Bents were trading tens of thousands of bison hides, along with other animal hides, for consumption in the East. Bent’s Old Fort was located on the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a><strong>,</strong> and this major trade route put William Bent at a pivotal point on the border of US Territory and the Mexican nation, which gained independence from Spain in 1821.</p> <p>Bent’s Old Fort was a focal point on the Santa Fé Trail, and had served for at least sixteen years as a haven for local trappers and traders until it was misused by General Stephen Watts Kearny’s Army of the West during the Mexican-American War in 1846. Kearny intended Bent’s Fort as a rallying point for preparation of the invasion of New Mexico, northern Mexico, and the expedition to California in support of Americans already living there. This did not sit well with William Bent, and in 1849 it is debated whether or not Bent actually blew up or destroyed his old fort before abandoning it. Being a consummate businessman, Bent would hardly have expended the many barrels of black powder necessary to raze the thick-walled adobe fort. Perhaps he only planted explosives enough to ruin fireplaces, cooking rooms, the well, the blacksmith’s shop, and anything else that might be of value to the federal government. A second theory is that the cholera epidemic that year may have also influenced Bent’s decision to abandon the fort.</p> <p>In 1853, photographer Solomon Nunes Carvalho mentions that “all the material saved from the fort was removed to Mr. Bent’s house, on Big Timber.” In the 1860s, a portion of the fort was renovated by the Missouri Stage Company and served as a stage stop for various companies, including Barlow and Sanderson, until the 1880s.</p> <p>In 1853, William again took to building a so-called New Fort at the “<strong>Big Timbers</strong>” section of the Arkansas River. He chose a bluff overlooking the river valley and began a new trading post there, which was situated near the camping grounds of the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Kiowa, who came there regularly, according to early travelers and diarists. Comanche and some <strong>Pawnee</strong> were known to frequent the area as well. Some estimated that at any one time, there could be thousands camped in the vicinity. The New Fort established a place for negotiation and resupply for the government and its agents. It established a destination for the building of the cut-off military road from the Smoky Hill River to the Arkansas River in 1853–56. It saw the tribes gather for their annual<a href="/article/indian-annuities"> <strong>annuities</strong></a> and saw many major and minor councils held between the tribes and with the government representatives.</p> <p>In its short active life, 1853–67, Bent’s New Fort saw the conflict between whites and Native Americans rise from Sumner’s Solomon River expedition against the Cheyennes to Chivington’s atrocious attack at <a href="/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek</strong></a>. It also found itself as a jumping-off point for soldiers in campaigns against Plains Indians in the Red River War. On the other hand, it served as a destination for military and civilians who tried to maintain peaceful relations between the government and the tribes. There is no denying the key role that Bent’s two forts played in the commerce and development of southeastern Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/carrillo-richard" hreflang="und">Carrillo, Richard</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/slaughter-michelle" hreflang="und">Slaughter, Michelle A.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bents-fort-0" hreflang="en">bent&#039;s fort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-bent" hreflang="en">william bent</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bents-old-fort" hreflang="en">bent&#039;s old fort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bents-new-fort" hreflang="en">Bent&#039;s New Fort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bents-fort-history" hreflang="en">bent&#039;s fort history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/owl-woman" hreflang="en">Owl Woman</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mistanta" hreflang="en">mistanta</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ceran-st-vrain" hreflang="en">Ceran St. Vrain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trade" hreflang="en">fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison" hreflang="en">bison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne" hreflang="en">cheyenne</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapaho" hreflang="en">arapaho</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trading-post" hreflang="en">trading post</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arkansas-river" hreflang="en">Arkansas River</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/otero-county" hreflang="en">otero county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/la-junta" hreflang="en">La Junta</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Richard F. Carrillo, <em>The Results of the University of Colorado–Colorado Springs 1994 and 1995 Historical Archaeology Field Schools at Boggsville Historic Site (5BN363): An Early 1860s Village in Southeastern Colorado, Bent County, Colorado</em>, ed. Thomas J. Wynn, prepared for the Pioneer Historical Society of Bent County, Las Animas, Colorado and the State Historical Fund, Colorado Historical Society, Denver (Denver: History Colorado, 1997).</p> <p>Solomon Nunes Carvalho, <em>Incidents of Travel and Adventure in the Far West with Colonel Frémont’s Last Expedition</em> (Lincoln, NE: Bison Books, 2004).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>George E. Hyde, <em>Life of George Bent</em>, ed. Savoie Lottinville (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1968).</p> <p>David Lavender, <em>Bent’s Fort</em> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1954).</p> <p>National Park Service, “<a href="https://www.nps.gov/beol/index.htm">Bent’s Old Fort National Historic Site</a>,” last modified November 18, 2015.</p> <p>National Park Service, “<a href="https://www.nps.gov/safe/learn/historyculture/bents-new-fort.htm">Bent’s New Fort</a>,” last modified November 27, 2015.</p> <p>State Historical Society of Colorado, <em>Bent’s Old Fort</em> (Denver: State Historical Society of Colorado, 1979).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teacher-resources--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-teacher-resources.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-teacher-resources.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teacher-resources field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-teacher-resources"><p><a href="/sites/default/files/TRS_Bents_Old_Fort.docx">Bent's Forts Teacher Resource Set - Word&nbsp;</a></p> <p><a href="/sites/default/files/TRS_Bents_Old_Fort.pdf">Bent's Forts Teacher Resource Set - PDF</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>In the late 1820s, three brothers, William, Charles, and George Bent, built two <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading posts</strong></a>. These posts were located near what is today <strong>La Junta</strong>, Colorado. American, French Canadian, Spanish, and American Indian cultures mixed together in this southeastern Colorado region. The trading posts were important in starting lasting communities in this region.</p> <p>In 1838 <a href="/article/william-bent"><strong>William Bent</strong></a> joined the <strong>Cheyenne</strong> tribe by marrying <a href="/article/mistanta-owl-woman"><strong>Owl Woman</strong></a> (Mistanta), the daughter of White Thunder. Owl Woman had four children: Mary, Robert, <a href="/article/george-bent"><strong>George</strong></a>, and Julia. When Owl Woman died, William married her sister Yellow Woman. She gave birth to his fifth and last child, Charlie.</p> <p>By the early 1830s, the trading business of the Bents and their partners, the St. Vrains, was growing. They built Bent’s Old Fort, also called Fort William from 1832 to 1834. By the mid-1840s the Bents were trading many thousands of buffalo and other hides to people living in the eastern United States. Bent’s Old Fort was located on the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a><strong>. </strong>It was a major trade route on the border of the US and Mexico. Bent’s Old Fort was a main point on the Santa Fé Trail for sixteen years before it was destroyed.</p> <p>In 1853, William built a New Fort at the “<strong>Big Timbers</strong>” area of the Arkansas Valley. He chose a bluff overlooking the river valley and began a new trading post there. It was located near the camping grounds of the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Kiowa, who visited the fort often.</p> <p>From 1853 to 1867, those living at Bent’s New Fort saw the conflict between whites and Native Americans grow. But, it also was a place for military and civilians who tried to keep the peace between the government and the tribes. Bent’s two forts played an important part in developing southeastern Colorado.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>In the early and mid-nineteenth century three brothers moved to what would become southeastern Colorado.&nbsp; There, they created a trading and commercial empire. William, Charles, and George Bent built two <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading posts</strong></a> in southeastern Colorado that were key in the beginnings of permanent communities in the region. The Bents’ empire mixed Americans with the existing Spanish and French-Canadian influences and traditions in the region. The <strong>Kiowa</strong>, <strong>Comanche</strong>, Plains <strong>Apache</strong>, and <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> also controlled territory in the region and helped shape the southeastern Colorado’s cultural mixture.</p> <p>In 1838 <a href="/article/william-bent"><strong>William Bent</strong></a> (sometimes called “Colonel,” “Little White Man,” and “Gray Beard”) joined the Cheyenne tribe by marrying <a href="/article/mistanta-owl-woman"><strong>Owl Woman</strong></a> (Mistanta), daughter of White Thunder, the respected Keeper of the Arrows. Owl Woman had four children: Mary, Robert, <a href="/article/george-bent"><strong>George</strong></a>, and Julia. When Owl Woman died at the birth of Julia, William, in keeping with Cheyenne tradition, married her sister Yellow Woman. She gave birth to his fifth and last child, Charlie. William then married his third and last wife, Island, another sister of Owl Woman.</p> <p>Even though the beaver-trapping era of the mountain men was coming to an end in the early 1830s, the Bents and their partners, the St. Vrains, were expanding their trade empire. They built Bent’s Old Fort, also called Fort William, from 1832 to 1834. They started the buffalo hide version of the <a href="/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a>. By the mid-1840s the Bents were trading tens of thousands of buffalo hides, along with other animal hides, to people living in the East. Bent’s Old Fort was located on the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a><strong>,</strong> and this major trade route put William Bent at a key point on the border of the United States and Mexico.</p> <p>Bent’s Old Fort was a central point on the Santa Fé Trail, and had served for at least sixteen years as a shelter for local trappers and traders until General <strong>Stephen Watts </strong><strong>Kearny</strong>’s Army of the West tried&nbsp; to use it as a base during the Mexican-American War in 1846. The fur trade was in decline by this time, and in 1849 the fort was destroyed. There are several theories about the destruction of the fort, but it is not known for sure what happened.</p> <p>In 1853, William again started building a so-called Bent’s New Fort at the “<strong>Big Timbers</strong>” section of the Arkansas Valley. He chose a bluff overlooking the river valley and began a new trading post there, located near the camping grounds of the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Kiowa, who came there regularly. Comanche and some <strong>Pawnee</strong> were known to visit the area as well. Some thought it likely that at any one time, there could be thousands camped in the vicinity. Bent’s New Fort became a place for compromise and resupply for the government and its agents.</p> <p>In its short active life, 1853–67, Bent’s New Fort saw the conflict between whites and Native Americans increase. It served as a jumping-off point for soldiers in campaigns against Plains Indians in the Red River War. But it also became a destination for military and civilians who tried to maintain peaceful relations between the government and the tribes. There is no denying the key role that Bent’s two forts played in the commerce and development of southeastern Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>In the early and mid-nineteenth century, three men moved to what would eventually become southeastern Colorado and established a trading and commercial empire. The Bents—brothers William, Charles, and George—arrived in the area in the late 1820s, and established two <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading posts</strong></a> that were essential in the eventual establishment of permanent communities in the region.</p> <p>The Bents’ empire mixed the American influence of St. Louis and Westport, Missouri, with the existing Spanish and French Canadian influences in the region. The <strong>Kiowa</strong>, <strong>Comanche</strong>, Plains <strong>Apache</strong>, and <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> also controlled territory in southeastern Colorado and influenced the region’s cultural mix. As the Bents increased their economic power, the <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and <strong>Arapaho</strong> peoples made increasing inroads into the plains bounded by the Rockies on the west, the Platte Rivers to the north, and the <strong>Arkansas River</strong> to the south.</p> <p>In 1838 <a href="/article/william-bent"><strong>William Bent</strong></a> (sometimes called “Colonel,” “Little White Man,” and “Gray Beard”) joined the Cheyenne tribe by marrying <a href="/article/mistanta-owl-woman"><strong>Owl Woman</strong></a> (Mistanta), daughter of White Thunder, the esteemed Keeper of the Arrows. Owl Woman bore four children: Mary, Robert, <a href="/article/george-bent"><strong>George</strong></a>, and Julia. When Owl Woman died at the birth of Julia, William, in keeping with Cheyenne tradition, married her sister Yellow Woman. She gave birth to his fifth and last child, Charlie. At some point Yellow Woman left, so William married his third and last wife, Island, another sister of Owl Woman.</p> <p>Even though the beaver-trapping era of the mountain men was coming to an end in the early 1830s, the Bents and their partners, the St. Vrains, were expanding their trade empire with the construction of Bent’s Old Fort (Fort William), 1832–34. They pioneered the buffalo hide version of the <a href="/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a>, and by the mid-1840s the Bents were trading tens of thousands of buffalo hides, along with other animal hides, for consumption in the East. Bent’s Old Fort was located on the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a><strong>,</strong> and this major trade route put William Bent at a pivotal point on the border between the United States and Mexico.</p> <p>Bent’s Old Fort was a focal point on the Santa Fé Trail, and had served for at least sixteen years as a haven for local trappers and traders until General <strong>Stephen Watts </strong><strong>Kearny</strong>’s Army of the West misused it during the Mexican-American War in 1846. Kearny intended Bent’s Fort as a rallying point for preparation of the invasion of New Mexico (northern Mexico) and the expedition to California in support of Americans already living there. This did not sit well with William Bent, who was a lifelong friend of the Indians. The fur trade was in decline by that time, and in 1849 it was debated whether or not Bent actually blew up his old fort before abandoning it. A second theory is that the cholera epidemic that year may have also influenced Bent’s decision to abandon the fort.</p> <p>In 1853 photographer Solomon Nunes Carvalho mentioned that “all the material saved from the fort was removed to Mr. Bent’s house, on Big Timber.” In the 1860s, a portion of the fort was renovated by the Missouri Stage Company and served as a stage stop for various companies, including Barlow and Sanderson, until the 1880s.</p> <p>In 1853, William again took to building a so-called New Fort at the “<strong>Big Timbers</strong>” section of the Arkansas Valley. He chose a bluff overlooking the river valley and began a new trading post there, which was situated near the camping grounds of the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Kiowa, who came there regularly, according to early travelers and diarists. Comanche and some <strong>Pawnee</strong> were known to frequent the area as well. Some estimated that at any one time, there could be thousands camped in the vicinity. The New Fort established a place for negotiation and resupply for the government and its agents. It established a destination for the building of the cut-off military road from the Smoky Hill River to the Arkansas River in 1853–56.</p> <p>In its short active life, 1853–67, Bent’s New Fort saw the rising conflict between whites and Native Americans from Sumner’s Solomon River expedition against the Cheyenne to Chivington’s atrocious attack at <strong>Sand Creek</strong>. It was also a jumping-off point for soldiers in campaigns against Plains Indians in the Red River War. On the other hand, it served as a destination for military and civilians who tried to maintain peaceful relations between the government and the tribes. There is no denying the key role that Bent’s two forts played in the commerce and development of southeastern Colorado.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 06 May 2016 16:52:40 +0000 Nick Johnson 1327 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Fort Jackson http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-jackson <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Jackson</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-03T15:46:26-06:00" title="Tuesday, May 3, 2016 - 15:46" class="datetime">Tue, 05/03/2016 - 15:46</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-jackson" data-a2a-title="Fort Jackson"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffort-jackson&amp;title=Fort%20Jackson"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>In the summer of 1837, Henry Fraeb and Peter Sarpy arrived at a location on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> a few miles north of present-day <strong>Fort Lupton</strong>. They arrived with $10,909.75 worth of goods for trade with the <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and <strong>Arapaho</strong> who frequented the area. Upon arrival, Fraeb and Sarpy began construction of a stockade adobe trade fort, which they christened Fort Jackson. Along with <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-vasquez"><strong>Fort Vasquez</strong></a> (established 1835), Fort Lupton (1837), and <strong>Fort St. Vrain</strong> (1837), Fort Jackson was part of an intense but short-lived trading locus along a thirteen-mile stretch of the South Platte River.</p> <p>Along with the other forts, Fort Jackson was built near the wintering grounds of the Cheyenne and Arapaho so it could easily take in <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> robes produced by the Native Americans after their summer hunts. Although no records exist of its size, based on similarities between it and other contemporary South Platte forts, Fort Jackson was likely around 100 square feet with high walls and bastions.</p> <p>Pratte, Chouteau &amp; Company of St. Louis financed the goods brought by Fraeb and Sarpy, who hoped to make inroads into the burgeoning regional trade. During the trade of 1837–38, inventory records indicate that Fort Jackson took in 2,920 robes from adult bison and calves worth $9,715.87 ($249,125 today). Despite these numbers, the post was short-lived and was transferred in October of 1838 to <strong>Bent, St. Vrain &amp; Company</strong>, which operated Fort St. Vrain. Following the transfer of the post inventory, Fort Jackson was demolished. It is likely that financial difficulties brought on by the Panic of 1837 were partly responsible for Fort Jackson’s closing. With its demise and the closings of Fort Vasquez and Fort Lupton in 1842, the trading locus on the South Platte ceased to be economically important. However, the story of Fort Jackson, along with the other nearby posts, is an important part of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a> history of Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/newton-cody" hreflang="und">Newton, Cody</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-lupton" hreflang="en">fort lupton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trade" hreflang="en">fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trapper" hreflang="en">fur trapper</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trading-posts" hreflang="en">trading posts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-vasquez" hreflang="en">fort vasquez</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-st-vrain" hreflang="en">fort st. vrain</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>William B. Butler, <em>The Fur Trade in Colorado </em>(Lake City, CO: Western Reflections Publishing Company, 2012).</p> <p>LeRoy Hafen, “The Early Fur Trade Posts on the South Platte,” <em>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</em> 12 (1925).</p> <p>LeRoy Hafen, “Fort Jackson and the Early Fur Trade on the South Platte,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 5 (February 1928).</p> <p>Cody Newton, “Native Place, Environment, and the Trade Fort Concentration on the South Platte River, 1835–1845,” <em>Ethnohistory </em>59 (2012).</p> <p>R. G. Robertson, <em>Competitive Struggle: America’s Western Fur Trading Posts, 1764–1865</em> (Boise, ID: Tamarack Books, 1999).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>“<a href="http://www.mman.us/fortjackson.htm">Fort Jackson</a>,” Malachite’s Big Hole.</p> <p>Hiram Martin Chittendon, <em>The American Fur Trade of the Far West </em>(2 vols.) (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986 [1935]).</p> <p>David J. Wishart, <em>The Fur Trade of the American West, 1807–1840</em> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 03 May 2016 21:46:26 +0000 yongli 1323 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Overland Trail http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/overland-trail <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Overland Trail</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1204--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1204.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/gis-map-colorado-trails"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/OverlandTrailCO2022_MW_0.jpg?itok=aWx_2nov" width="1090" height="842" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/gis-map-colorado-trails" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">GIS Map of Colorado Trails</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>GIS map of Colorado illustrating the Overland and other trails.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1205--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1205.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cutoff-trails"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Figure_2_Cutoff_trails%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=6p3_g63D" width="659" height="548" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cutoff-trails" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cutoff Trails</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>1867 General Land Office “exterior boundaries” plat.&nbsp; Green arrow indicates location of the original Overland Trail (pre-1864), and the red arrows point to the “Cut-off” trail route (post-1864). Higher resolution: www.glorecords.blm.gov/details/survey/default.aspx?dm_id=186783&amp;sid=0bzquvdh.omx&amp;surveyDetailsTabIndex=1</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1207--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1207.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/concord-coach"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Figure_3_Concord_coach%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=whJeccpL" width="1090" height="535" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/concord-coach" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Concord Coach</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A Concord Coach stands in front of a building that is probably a stage station. Note the African American soldiers atop the vehicle. The figure with the long beard (wearing light-colored trousers) resembles Ben Holladay.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-03-11T16:42:09-07:00" title="Friday, March 11, 2016 - 16:42" class="datetime">Fri, 03/11/2016 - 16:42</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/overland-trail" data-a2a-title="Overland Trail"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Foverland-trail&amp;title=Overland%20Trail"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Overland Trail, also known as the "Central Overland Emigrant Route," was an important nineteenth-century corridor for explorers, colonists, miners, and traders that ran from Atchison, Kansas, to Fort Bridger, Wyoming. It followed preexisting Indigenous and early explorer trails throughout most of its length. At <strong>Julesburg</strong>, the Overland Trail in Colorado veered southwest from the main route, passing through <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sterling-0"><strong>Sterling</strong></a>, <a href="/article/fort-morgan"><strong>Fort Morgan</strong></a>, <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> before rejoining the main trail south of Laramie, Wyoming. The Overland Trail was later an important mail delivery route operated by the Overland Mail &amp; Express Company, and Wells, Fargo &amp; Co.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Overland Trail in the northeastern part of Colorado followed the route established by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/stephen-h-long"><strong>Stephen H. Long</strong></a> (1819), which was then used by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-c-fr%C3%A9mont"><strong>John C. Frémont</strong></a> in 1842 and 1843. In 1856, after Lt. Francis T. Bryan announced that he had discovered a “good Indian trail along the south side of the <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a>,” the US Army began using the route. In 1858 the army undertook many improvements, making it better suited as a stagecoach route, and the Overland Trail in Colorado was established. Two stagecoach companies had operated along the Overland Trail prior to 1862, but quickly went bankrupt.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to spreading <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/impact-disease-native-americans"><strong>disease</strong></a>, the massive number of travelers on the trail reduced grazing lands and diminished important sources of game and shelter for Indigenous people. By 1862 Indigenous resistance along the Oregon Trail's main route prompted the US mail to move south to the Overland Trail. That same year,<strong> Ben Holladay</strong>, an entrepreneur known as the “Stagecoach King,” saw opportunity and bought the second of the failing stagecoach companies. Holladay supplied his newly formed Overland Mail &amp; Express Company with sturdy Concord coaches and numerous new stage stations; a telegraph line was installed along the trail in 1863.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By early 1864, the <strong>Civil War</strong> required Union troops guarding the Overland Trail to turn their attention elsewhere. In late summer 1864, Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors attacked white stage stops and ranches on the Plains, attempting to drive the invaders from their homelands. With the increasing conflict along the trail and not enough troops to spare, the government closed the Overland Trail, resulting in serious repercussions for the residents of Colorado: mail delivery was slowed to a crawl, and food was in short supply.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Massacre &amp; Mayhem</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>With their people starving or dying of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/impact-disease-native-americans"><strong>disease</strong></a>, the <strong>bison</strong> herds disappearing, and white immigrants pouring across their lands, Indigenous nations needed no further reason to resist the US invasion. But in late November 1864, additional motivation came via atrocity. As the citizens of fledgling <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> reacted to the attack on the <strong>Hungate family</strong> beyond the city and feared a larger Indigenous attack, Colonel <strong>John M. Chivington</strong>, the military commander of <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>, ordered his troops to massacre more than 200 peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho—mostly women, elders, and children—along <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek</strong></a> on November 29. Chivington ordered the attack despite the two nations having submitted to US military protection and flying an American flag above their camp.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Knowing that Indigenous retaliation was coming, Chivington on December 2 ordered that traffic along the Overland Trail move to the “Cut-off Route.” This route turned southwest at Fort Morgan toward Denver, where it joined the Cherokee Trail and passed through Fort Collins, forcing the Holladay Overland Mail &amp; Express Company to either move or abandon its entire infrastructure. Benjamin Holladay later testified to a congressional committee that the process of “removing barns, houses, stations, corrals, stock, provisions and other property” put him to “great cost and expense,” for which he felt he ought to be compensated by the government, despite previously receiving millions of dollars in subsidies for carrying the mail.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Decline</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The year 1865 was a very violent one along the Overland Trail in Colorado. Nearly all the ranches along the route were burned, and Julesburg was essentially destroyed. Despite the continuing hostilities, in 1866 Wells Fargo bought the Overland Mail &amp; Express Company from Ben Holladay for $1.8 million.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The advancing railroads overwhelmed the stagecoach travel industry within a few years. The <strong>Union Pacific Railroad</strong> arrived in a rebuilt Julesburg in 1867, and in 1869 the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/battle-summit-springs-0"><strong>Battle of Summit Springs</strong></a> marked the last of the major military conflicts with Indigenous people on Colorado's <a href="/article/colorado’s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a>. Despite improved safety for travelers along the Overland Trail, the US government entered into a mail delivery contract with the railroad, effectively eliminating the majority of operating capital for the stagecoach companies. In 1870 the last stagecoach on the Overland Trail reached Denver, along with the first train.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Archaeology</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Relatively little remains of the original trail, but archaeologists continue to pursue identification of trail remnants using archival research and remote-sensing techniques, such as aerial images. The <strong>Bureau of Land Management</strong>, for example, has curated and digitized original survey maps that depict the trail, drawn as early as 1867. Maps created by early explorers are also <a href="https://www.oldmapsonline.org/en/Colorado"><strong>available online</strong></a>. Agriculture, modern roads (many of which were built atop the historic trails) and construction have erased almost all evidence of this historic corridor. However, field verification occasionally results in the identification of intact segments, and despite the near total destruction of buildings along the trail, several stage station sites have been recorded, and the <strong>Virginia Dale</strong> Stage Station still stands.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Life on the Trail</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The interested reader can find many stories and detailed descriptions of the rough living that characterized travel along the trail. The most famous author who wrote about the Overland Trail was Mark Twain, in his book <em>Roughing It</em>. Accounts written by Edwin James and John C. Frémont, along with Benjamin Holladay’s congressional testimony, contain fascinating details that provide a sense of the trail culture during the 1860s. </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/weimer-monica" hreflang="und">Weimer, Monica</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-trails" hreflang="en">historic trails</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cherokee-trail" hreflang="en">Cherokee Trail</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/overland-route" hreflang="en">Overland Route</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-overland-mail-and-express-company" hreflang="en">Southern Overland Mail and Express Company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pony-express" hreflang="en">Pony Express</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wells-fargo-co" hreflang="en">Wells Fargo &amp; Co.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>"<a href="https://www.oldmapsonline.org/en/Colorado">Colorado</a>," Old Maps Online.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Charles Frémont, "The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont: Volume 1, Travels from 1838 to 1844”, eds. Donald Jackson and Mary Lee Spence (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Edwin James, "1823, James's Account of S. H. Long's Expedition, 1819-1820," (Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1823).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Glenn R. Scott and Carol Rein Schwayder, <em>Historic Trail Map of the Sterling 1° × 2° Quadrangle, Colorado and Wyoming</em>, Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map I-1894, (Denver: USDI–US Geological Survey, 1989).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Glenn R. Scott and Carol Rein Schwayder, <em>Historic Trail Map of the Greeley 1° × 2° Quadrangle, Colorado and Wyoming</em>, Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map I-2326 (Denver: USDI–US Geological Survey, 1993).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Henry M. Teller, “<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iKwZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PR35&amp;lpg=PR35&amp;dq=benjamin+holladay+congress+45th+congress&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ivnnqzEFDJ&amp;sig=o4KJ-aC3a03sm81JxtRNAmoAL1c&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMI5K6e7PfTyAIVDNBjCh1hXwd-#v=onepage&amp;q=benjamin%20holladay%20congress%2045th%20congress&amp;f=false">Report to Accompany Bill S. 1398</a>,” 45th Congress, 2nd Session, Report No. 513, June 13, 1878, in <em>Reports of Committees of the Senate of the United States for the First and Second Sessions of the Forty-Fifth Congress, 1877–’78</em>, Volume III (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1878).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Frank Albert Root and William Elsey Connelley, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sBUWAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><em>The Overland Stage to California: Personal Reminiscences and Authentic History of the Great Overland Stage Line and Pony Express from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean</em></a> (Topeka, KS: Crane &amp; Co., 1901).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>National Park Service, "<a href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/war-on-the-oregon-california-trails.htm">War on the Oregon &amp; California Trails</a>," n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia Dale Community Club, “<a href="https://www.virginiadalecommunityclub.org/apps/photos/album?albumid=2859521">Virginia Dale Stage Station Through the Years</a>,” 2007.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wyoming Tales and Trails, “<a href="http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/stagelines.html">Overland Stage</a>,” 2011.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 11 Mar 2016 23:42:09 +0000 yongli 1203 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org William Bent http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-bent <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">William Bent</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--430--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--430.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/william-bent"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Bent-County---Media-2---0029139_0_0.jpg?itok=rP-6xNUi" width="500" height="624" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/william-bent" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">William Bent</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>William Bent (1809-69) built an adobe trading post on the Arkansas River west of present-day Las Animas in 1833. Bent's Fort was situated along the Santa Fé Trail that connected Missouri and Mexico and quickly became the center of trade on the Great Plains.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1329--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1329.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bents-old-fort"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/IMG_7748.jpg?itok=xO9-0jcV" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bents-old-fort" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bent&#039;s Old Fort</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Inside Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" 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field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-12-29T11:23:09-07:00" title="Tuesday, December 29, 2015 - 11:23" class="datetime">Tue, 12/29/2015 - 11:23</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-bent" data-a2a-title="William Bent"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwilliam-bent&amp;title=William%20Bent"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>William Bent (1809–69) played a pivotal role in the early development of Colorado. He initially came to the area as a fur trapper but became a liaison between whites and Native Americans via his trading fort on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> near present-day <strong>La Junta</strong>. The <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a> was the strategic location for his trading post, which supplied goods to Mexicans, Native Americans, and white Americans. He was a friend of the <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and was a key player in relations between them and the US government.</p> <p>William Bent was born May 23, 1809, in St. Louis, Missouri, as one of eleven children. In the 1820s, at the age of fifteen, he and his brother Charles traveled west to trap <a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beaver </strong></a>along the Arkansas River. During these early years, they hauled goods between St. Louis and Santa Fé along the Santa Fé Trail. When William was seventeen, the brothers moved their operation to an area around the North Platte River. William, Charles, and their business partner, <strong>Ceran St. Vrain</strong>, established <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a> in 1833, after they had managed to take away the majority of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a> from Taos. Through his dealings with various ethnic groups in the region, Bent learned French, several Native languages, and sign language, making him an important intermediary between Native Americans and whites.</p> <p>Bent’s Fort employed approximately 100 people and functioned as a trading post as well as an outfitter for trappers, a safe resting place for travelers, a watch post for the US Army, and the center of the bison hide trade. Most of his dealings were with the Cheyenne. In 1830, he saved two Cheyenne from a group of wandering <strong>Comanche</strong>. Chief Yellow Wolf, the Cheyenne chief, was extremely grateful and eventually became a trading partner of Bent’s who would often set up camp just outside the fort. It is during this time that Bent became a liaison for the Native Americans. In 1835 he married <a href="/article/mistanta-owl-woman"><strong>Owl Woman</strong></a>, daughter of the Cheyenne White Thunder. She taught Bent the Cheyenne language and bore him four children: Robert, Mary, <a href="/article/george-bent"><strong>George</strong></a>, and Julia. Owl Woman died in 1847 during childbirth, and after her death, per Cheyenne custom, Bent took in her two sisters, Island and Yellow Woman. He and Yellow Woman had one son, Charley. Yellow Woman eventually went back to her tribe and Island became mother to all of Bent’s children.</p> <p>Due to its prime location on the border of the United States and Mexico, Bent’s Fort was used as a staging area by Colonel Stephen Watts Kearney during the invasion of Mexico in 1846. Afterwards, William Bent tried to sell his fort to the US Army, but it is rumored that their offer was so low he decided to destroy it instead. Another possibility for its demise was a cholera epidemic in 1849. It was burned to the ground that same year. In 1853, Bent moved thirty miles east and built Bent’s New Fort overlooking the Arkansas River at a place known as <strong>Big Timbers</strong>. Unfortunately, trade dwindled in the 1850s, so Bent became a mediator and representative for the Native Americans. He tried relentlessly to get them better treatment from the federal government. From 1859–60 he served as Indian agent for the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/upper-arkansas-indian-agency"><strong>Upper Arkansas Indian Agency</strong></a>, which was stationed for a short time at Bent’s New Fort.</p> <p>The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a> of 1864, in which more than 150 peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians were slaughtered by US troops, was devastating to William Bent. His first three wives were Cheyenne, and all of his children were half Cheyenne. During the 1864 massacre, his children George, Charley, and Julia were in the Cheyenne camp. Colonel John Chivington coerced Bent’s son, Robert, to guide him and his troops to the camp. Captain Silas Soule rescued Charley; George and Julia escaped separately, with Julia being saved by her future husband. At Chivington’s trial, Robert and William Bent both testified against Chivington and condemned his actions. William Bent, on his own behalf, described his efforts to make peace between the whites and Native Americans. Prior to the massacre, Bent had informed Chivington that the Cheyenne leaders Black Kettle and White Antelope wanted to live in peace, but Chivington had dismissed Bent’s information.</p> <p>As a result of the massacre, Bent’s sons, Charley and George, joined the Dog Soldiers and led war parties of Cheyenne and <strong>Lakota</strong> against settlers of eastern Colorado. Charley would eventually die from a fever caused by a gunshot wound in 1868. George became an interpreter for <strong>Edward Wynkoop</strong> when he became an Indian Agent. Julia had three children with the man who rescued her from the Sand Creek Massacre. William Bent’s daughter Mary died in 1878. Earlier she had claimed that Charley had visited the Bent home one night to murder their father. It was sheer luck Bent was not at home.</p> <p>William Bent married his fourth wife, Adeline Harvey, a white woman, in 1867. The marriage was short lived due to his death in 1869 from pneumonia. He is buried in the Las Animas Cemetery in Las Animas, Colorado. His legacy is preserved in the reconstructed Bent’s Fort, now a tourist attraction, and in <a href="/article/bent-county"><strong>Bent County</strong></a>, which bears his name.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/king-judy" hreflang="und">King, Judy</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bents-fort-0" hreflang="en">bent&#039;s fort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/santa-fe-trail" hreflang="en">Santa Fe Trail</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/santa-fe-trade" hreflang="en">Santa Fe Trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nineteenth-century-fur-trade" hreflang="en">nineteenth century fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trapper" hreflang="en">fur trapper</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ceran-st-vrain" hreflang="en">Ceran St. Vrain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/owl-woman" hreflang="en">Owl Woman</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State, </em>5th ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013).</p> <p>Cheryl Beckwith, <em>William Bent: Frontiersman</em> (Palmer Lake, CO: Filter Press, 2011).</p> <p>“<a href="http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/the-west/">William Bent (1809–1869)</a>,” PBS Interactive, 2001. &nbsp;</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradovirtuallibrary.org/digital-colorado/colorado-histories/beginnings/william-bent-frontiersman/">William Bent: Frontiersman</a>,” Colorado Virtual Library, July 13, 2015.</p> <p>Carol Turner, <em>Forgotten Heroes and Villains of Sand Creek</em> (Charleston, S.C.: History Press, 2010).</p> <p>Elliott West, <em>The Way to the West: Essays on the Central Plains</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Melvin Bacon and Daniel Blegan, <em>Bent’s Fort: Crossroads of Culture on the Santa Fe Trail</em> (Palmer Lake, CO: Filter Press, 2001).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.nps.gov/beol/index.htm">Bent’s Old Fort</a>,” National Park Service, updated August 31, 2015,.</p> <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mq35mc_IxWc">Colorado Experience: Bent’s Fort</a>,” Youtube video, 28:19, posted by Rocky Mountain PBS, June 4, 2013.</p> <p>Anne F. Hyde, <em>Empires, Nations, and Families: A History of the North American West, 1800–1860</em> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Dec 2015 18:23:09 +0000 yongli 1065 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org The Fur Trade in Colorado http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Fur Trade in Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3818--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3818.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fort-vasquez-reconstruction"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Fort%20Vasquez_FurTrade_0.jpg?itok=Ge_0xeud" width="1090" height="638" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fort-vasquez-reconstruction" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Vasquez Reconstruction</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built in 1835 by laborers working for the traders Louis Vasquez and William Sublette, <a href="/article/fort-vasquez"><strong>Fort Vasquez</strong></a> was a <a href="/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur-trading</strong></a> hub on the<strong> <a href="/article/south-platte-river">South Platte River</a></strong> in present-day <a href="/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a>. It did brisk business in <a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a> pelts and other commodities for several years before being abandoned in 1842.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-10-30T13:26:33-06:00" title="Friday, October 30, 2015 - 13:26" class="datetime">Fri, 10/30/2015 - 13:26</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado" data-a2a-title="The Fur Trade in Colorado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffur-trade-colorado&amp;title=The%20Fur%20Trade%20in%20Colorado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The trading of animal skins has been a prominent activity throughout the known human occupation of Colorado. These skins—as hides, furs, or robes—provided protection from the elements as well as a valuable commodity traded for economic gain; their trade strengthened and maintained political relationships. Preceded by many millennia by Indigenous exchange systems that included animal skins, the fur trade was the economic incentive that drove early European (and later European American) contact with Native Americans inhabiting the Colorado region.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The presence of bone needles, such as those found at the 13,000-year-old <a href="/article/lindenmeier-folsom-site"><strong>Lindenmeier Site</strong></a>, indicates the use of animal skins in tailored clothing since the earliest human habitation of Colorado. The prehistoric inhabitants of Colorado relied on animal skins and fur-bearing animals for protection and shelter, and the trading of animal skins or furs between Indigenous groups was undoubtedly a facet of these early lifeways. The presence of nonlocal goods at prehistoric archaeological sites attests to the early exchange systems of Native American groups. As perishable items, material goods manufactured from animal skins rarely survive in the present archaeological record. However, dry caves and rock shelters in Colorado have yielded preserved items made from animal skins.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At <a href="/article/mantles-cave"><strong>Mantle’s Cave</strong></a> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dinosaur-national-monument"><strong>Dinosaur National Monument</strong></a>, caches containing a deerskin pouch and a deer scalp headdress were found, along with a long-tailed weasel pelt and items made of rabbit fur. At <a href="/article/franktown-cave"><strong>Franktown Cave</strong></a>, on the Palmer Divide, clothing made of leather and rabbit hides—including robes, footwear, and leggings—was recovered. Snares and other artifacts found at both sites indicate small animal procurement was an important subsistence activity. The items found at these two sites indicate that animal skins were used for a variety of items, both utilitarian and ritualistic. Prehistoric trade was a barter system wherein nonlocal goods were exchanged for a variety of reasons including subsistence, maintenance of political or kinship ties, and rituals. The earliest European explorers encountered Indigenous groups that were skilled and knowledgeable in the art of bartering.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Initially, the abundance of fur-bearing animals in northern North America attracted Europeans who traded metal and glass for the skins of beavers, otters, bears, and other animals. This exchange certainly drove some of the earliest encounters in Colorado. The Spaniards witnessed indigenous trade fairs and exchange between Puebloan groups and neighboring hunter-gatherers that primarily involved agricultural goods being traded for animal products including skins.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>European Fur Traders</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Not long after the initial Spanish exploration of the American Southwest, the largely undocumented <em>entradas</em> of trappers and traders began. Based out of Spanish settlements such as Taos and Santa Fe, these entrepreneurs were trapping and trading in the Colorado Plateau and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> region by the beginning of eighteenth century. Early contact with <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> groups in the region often took place under the auspice of trade. In the eighteenth century, Spanish explorers such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/juan-antonio-maría-de-rivera"><strong>Juan María Antonio de Rivera</strong></a> (1765), the first documented European to enter the Colorado Plateau, and the friars<strong> Francisco Domínguez and Silvestre Escalante</strong><strong> </strong>(1776), who ventured through the region eleven years later, employed Spanish trappers and/or used the trappers’ knowledge of the Colorado region.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the late eighteenth century, trappers and traders from Spain, France, and England were obtaining fur-bearing animals in present-day Colorado and conducting trading fairs to obtain other animal products including bison robes and meat. The French may have even had a post on the upper Arkansas River prior to 1762. These trade fairs on the Arkansas River were based on earlier indigenous trading systems, such as <strong>Comanche</strong> trade fairs, and were later the basis for European American trade networks. Small parties of trapper-traders continued to journey into Colorado to trap animals, particularly fur-bearers, into the early 1800s. The trappers were limited in number, though, largely due to restrictive Spanish policies that generally disallowed trapper-traders from other empires to extract resources from what they viewed as Spanish territory.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Anglo-American Trappers</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Following the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, American trappers and traders began to enter the region in greater numbers, particularly north of the <a href="/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a>, even though the Spanish viewed and regulated the region as their territory. St. Louis traders such as <strong>Jules DeMun </strong>and<strong> Auguste Chouteau</strong> learned this the hard way when they were captured in 1817 while trading along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>. They were taken to Santa Fe, tried, and imprisoned and, for their unlawful trading in Spanish territory, had their merchandise confiscated. Given this atmosphere, trapping and trading remained sporadic, or at least covert, in the Colorado region until the 1820s, when dramatic political and territorial changes drastically altered the region’s trading patterns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821 resulted in the opening of trade between the United States and Mexico, particularly with the establishment of the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a> and the advent of open trapping and trading in Colorado. Companies began organizing trapping ventures. Begun in 1824 by William Ashley, annual trading rendezvous were held to exchange the pelts taken by both commercial and free trappers for goods and supplies. European American trappers and traders as well as Native Americans took part in these events. The rendezvous largely took place in the Green River Basin north of Colorado, but it involved the exchange of furs obtained from the <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> and Colorado Plateau.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The fur trade era in the region initiated direct contact between Native American groups and European Americans. By the late 1820s and early 1830s, following the trappers’ rendezvous, several permanent <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>posts</strong></a> were constructed in Colorado. Generally situated along major waterways, these early posts provided permanent locations for trade in animal skins. They included <a href="/article/fort-uncompahgre"><strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong></a> (1828) on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a>, <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Old Fort</strong> </a>(1834) on the Arkansas River, <a href="/article/fort-vasquez"><strong>Fort Vasquez</strong></a> (1835) on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> , and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-davy-crockett"><strong>Fort Davy Crockett</strong> </a>(1837) on the Green River.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On the western <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a>, the construction of these posts also coincided with a shift in the late 1830s from trade in <a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a> pelts to trade in <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> robes. By the late 1830s, trappers had decimated the beaver populations, inflicting critical damage on <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wetlands-and-riparian-areas"><strong>wetlands</strong></a> and the ecology of what became Colorado. But as the market for beaver pelts largely crashed around the same time, a strong market for bison robes developed. These market trends were primarily dictated by European fashion, where beaver felt hats fell out of style but bison robes used as blankets became popular. The shift could not have come at a better time for the North American beaver, which barely avoided extinction in some places.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Beaver To Bison</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As the beaver-based fur trade economy waned, trade in <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> robes and other Native American–acquired goods became more prevalent, particularly on the western Great Plains. In 1838, during the winter trading season,<a href="/article/fort-jackson"> <strong>Fort Jackson</strong></a> on the South Platte River took in 2,920 bison robes as opposed to just 53 beaver pelts. In contrast with the earlier fur trade, which relied on Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands culture to harvest pelts, the trade in bison robes depended upon groups of Plains Nations who took the robes from large bison herds on the eastern Colorado plains. At trading posts or temporary camps, Indigenous groups traded the robes to European Americans for gunpowder, rifles, flour, iron tools and cookware, and other goods. The demand for bison robes resulted in a trade primarily catering to Native American groups; the location of posts, types of goods, and timing of this trade were all dictated by Indigenous preference.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, other than a few places such as Bent’s Old Fort, the majority of these trading posts was not economically sustainable and did not last long. In his overview of the fur trade in Colorado, William Butler notes the establishment of twenty-four posts in the state between 1800 and 1850. The average length of operation for ten posts built in Colorado between 1828 and 1837 was about seven years. Although the Southern Plains bison robe trade remained strong into the 1840s, elsewhere in Colorado the combination of overhunting and waning furbearer markets took its toll, and the fur trade diminished to a nominal level by the mid-1840s.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Summary</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The exchange and use of animal skins—whether as clothing or shelter in prehistoric times or to supply foreign markets in the historic fur trade—together comprise an important theme throughout the human occupation of Colorado. The nineteenth-century fur trade also represents the first time Colorado's natural products were tied to global markets, staking those involved in the trade to the whims of those markets as well as driving them to over-exploit a critical part of the local ecology, whether beaver or bison. In this sense, the fur trade can be deemed Colorado's first boom-and-bust cycle, as well as the beginning of the ecological destruction wrought by European and American imperialism and the rising capitalist world system.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/newton-cody" hreflang="und">Newton, Cody</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trade-colorado" hreflang="en">fur trade in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-fur-trade-colorado" hreflang="en">history of fur trade in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trade-history" hreflang="en">fur trade history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison" hreflang="en">bison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/beaver" hreflang="en">beaver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/native-american-trading" hreflang="en">native american trading</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trading-posts-colorado" hreflang="en">trading posts colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Robert F. Burgh and Charles R. Scoggin, <em>The Archaeology of Castle Park, Dinosaur National Monument</em>, University of Colorado Studies, Series in Anthropology No. 2 (Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 1948).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William B. Butler, <em>The Fur Trade in Colorado </em>(Lake City: Western Reflections Publishing Company, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>E. Steve Cassells, <em>The Archaeology of Colorado</em>, 2nd ed. (Boulder: Johnson Publishing Company, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hiram Martin Chittenden, <em>The American Fur Trade of the Far West</em>, 2 vols. (orig. 1902; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>LeRoy R. Hafen, “Fort Jackson and the Early Fur Trade on the South Platte,” <em>Colorado Magazine </em>5 (February 1928).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Anthony King, "Substance Dynamics and Stone Tools at Franktown Cave,<em> </em>Colorado" (M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Denver, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Austin Nelson Leiby, <em>Borderland Pathfinders: The 1765 Diaries of Juan María Antonio de Rivera</em> (PhD diss., Department of History and Political Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, 1984.)</p>&#13; &#13; <p>R. G. Robertson, <em>Competitive Struggle: America’s Western Fur Trading Posts, 1764–1865 </em>(Boise: Tamarack Books, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Katherine A. Spielmann, ed., <em>Farmers, Hunters, and Colonists: Interaction between the Southwest and the Southern Plains</em> (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1991).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mark Stiger, <em>Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology of the Colorado High Country</em> (Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Amos Stoddard, <em>Sketches, Historical and Descriptive, of Louisiana</em> (Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1812).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>George S. Ulibarri, “The Chouteau-Demun Expedition to New Mexico, 1815­–17,” <em>New Mexico Historical Review</em> 36 (October 1961).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Susan C. Vehik, “Conflict, Trade, and Political Development on the Southern Plains,” <em>American Antiquity</em> 67 (January 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ted J. Warner, ed., <em>The Domínguez-Escalante Journal: Their Expedition through Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico in 1776 </em>(Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1995).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David J. Weber, <em>The Taos Trappers: The Fur Trade in the Far Southwest, 1540–1846</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David J. Wishart, <em>The Fur Trade of the Far West 1807–1840 </em>(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/historic-forts-colorado">Historic Forts in Colorado</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.mman.us">Malachite’s Big Hole</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.rmnr.org/">Rocky Mountain National Rendezvous Site</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The trading of animal skins has been a major activity for as long as people lived in Colorado. These skins—hides, furs, or robes—gave protection from the weather.  They were also a valuable trade item for economic gain. American Indians had traded skins for many years before European Americans came to the area.  Trading furs gave European Americans contact with Native Americans living in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bones used as needles were found at the <strong>Lindenmeier Site</strong>, which is 13,000 years old.  The needles were used to make clothing for the earliest people living in what would become Colorado. Items made from animal skins were found in dry caves and rock shelters in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At <strong>Mantle’s Cave</strong> in <strong>Dinosaur National Monument</strong>, a deerskin pouch and things made from rabbit fur were found. Clothing made of leather and rabbit hides was found at <strong>Franktown Cave</strong>, on the Palmer Divide. The items found at these two sites show that animal skins had many uses.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At first, Colorado’s large numbers of furry animals attracted Europeans. They traded metal and glass for the skins of <strong>beavers</strong>, otters, bears, and other animals.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Spanish explored the American Southwest and soon after trapping and trading began. Spanish explorer <strong>Juan María Antonio de Rivera</strong> (1765), was the first European to enter the <strong>Colorado Plateau</strong>. Friars<strong> Francisco Domínguez and Silvestre Escalante </strong>(1776) came through the area eleven years later. They hired Spanish trappers who knew a lot about the Colorado region.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the late 1700s, trappers and traders from Spain, France, and England were catching animals with fur in the area that would become Colorado. They had trading fairs to get other animal products including <strong>bison</strong> robes and meat.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, American trappers and traders began to enter the region in greater numbers. When Mexico got independence from Spain in 1821, the opening of trade between the United States and Mexico started.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the creation of the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a><u>,</u> open trapping and trading took place in Colorado. Fur companies began trapping in the area. In 1824 William Ashley, began yearly trading meetings to swap pelts for goods and supplies. European American trappers and traders as well as Native Americans took part in these gatherings.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The fur trade era caused direct contact between Native American groups and European Americans. By the late 1820s and early 1830s, several permanent <strong>posts</strong> were built in Colorado. These early posts were places to trade animal skins. They included <strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong> (1828) on the Gunnison River, <strong>Bent’s Old Fort</strong> (1834) on the Arkansas River, <strong>Fort Vasquez</strong> (1835) on the South Platte River, and <strong>Fort Davy Crockett</strong> (1837) on the Green River. In the late 1830s the market for beaver pelts crashed. A strong market for bison robes began. One reason for this change was European fashion.  People no longer wanted beaver felt hats.  Instead, blankets made from bison robes became trendy. Along with bison robes, other Native American goods became more popular. Native Americans traded the robes for gunpowder, rifles, flour, iron tools and cookware.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The trade and use of animal skins together is an important theme throughout Colorado. The value of this natural resource has always been known, and the use of animal skins plays a key role in Colorado history.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The trading of animal skins has been a major activity throughout the known human occupation of Colorado. These skins—as hides, furs, or robes—gave protection from the weather as well as valuable items traded for economic gain. Preceded by many thousands of years of Native American exchange systems, the fur trade was the economic reason that drove early European (and later European American) contact with Native Americans living in the Colorado region.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The presence of bone needles, such as those found at the 13,000-year-old <strong>Lindenmeier Site</strong>, shows that the earliest humans in Colorado used animal skins for clothing. Colorado’s prehistoric people relied on animal skins and fur-bearing animals for protection and shelter. The trading of animal skins or furs between Native American groups was a part of these early lifestyles. Dry caves and rock shelters in Colorado have yielded preserved items made from animal skins.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At <strong>Mantle’s Cave</strong> in <strong>Dinosaur National Monument</strong>, a deerskin pouch and a deer scalp headdress were found, along with a long-tailed weasel pelt and items made of rabbit fur. At <strong>Franktown Cave</strong>, on the Palmer Divide, clothing made of leather and rabbit hides—robes, footwear, and leggings—was recovered. Snares and other artifacts found at both sites indicate finding small animals was an important survival activity. The items found at these two sites suggest that animal skins were used for a variety of items, both practical and ceremonial.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Initially, the abundance of fur-bearing animals in northern North America attracted Europeans who traded metal and glass for the skins of <strong>beaver</strong><a href="/article/beaver"><strong>s,</strong></a> otters, bears, and other animals. This exchange certainly drove some of the earliest encounters in Colorado. The Spaniards witnessed Native American trade fairs and exchange between Puebloan groups and neighboring hunter-gatherers that primarily involved agricultural goods being traded for animal products including skins.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At the beginning of the eighteenth century trapping and trading began in the Colorado Plateau and the Western Slope. Based out of Spanish settlements such as Taos and Santa Fe, these entrepreneurs were trapping and trading in the Colorado Plateau and Western Slope region. Early contact with <strong>Ute Indian</strong> groups in the region often took place through trade. In the eighteenth century, Spanish explorers such as <strong>Juan Antonio María de Rivera</strong> (1765), entered the Colorado Plateau, and the friars<strong> Francisco Domínguez and Silvestre Escalante </strong>(1776), ventured through the region eleven years later. They used Spanish trappers and/or their knowledge of the Colorado region.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the late 1700s, trappers and traders from Spain, France, and England were getting fur-bearing animals in present-day Colorado and operating trading fairs to get other animal products, including <strong>bison</strong> robes and meat. The French may have even had a post on the upper Arkansas River before 1762. These trade fairs on the <strong>Arkansas River</strong> were based on earlier American Indian trading systems, such as <strong>Comanche</strong> trade fairs. Later they were the basis for European American trade networks. Small parties of trapper-traders continued to journey into Colorado to trap animals, particularly fur-bearers, into the early 1800s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Following the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, American trappers and traders began to enter the region in greater numbers, particularly north of the Arkansas River, even though the Spanish viewed the region as their territory. St. Louis traders such as <strong>Jules DeMun </strong>and<strong> Auguste Chouteau</strong> learned this the hard way when they were captured in 1817 while trading along the Front Range. They were taken to Santa Fé, tried, and imprisoned for their unlawful trading in Spanish territory. They also had their merchandise taken away. Given this environment, trapping and trading remained patchy, or at least hidden, in the Colorado region until the 1820s, when political and territorial changes changed the region’s trading patterns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821 and later expulsion of the Spanish from the Southwest resulted in the opening of trade between the United States and Mexico. With the establishment of the <strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong> and the beginning of open trapping and trading in Colorado, companies began organizing trapping projects. Begun in 1824 by William Ashley, annual trading rendezvous were held to exchange the pelts taken by both company and free trappers for goods and supplies. European American trappers and traders as well as Native Americans took part in these events. The rendezvous largely took place in the Green River Basin north of Colorado, but it involved the exchange of furs which came from the Western Slope and Colorado Plateau.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the late 1820s and early 1830s, following the trappers’ rendezvous, several permanent <strong>posts</strong> were constructed in Colorado. Generally located along major waterways, these early posts provided permanent locations for trade in animal skins. They included <strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong> (1828) on the <strong>Gunnison River</strong>, <strong>Bent’s Old Fort</strong> (1834) on the Arkansas River, <strong>Fort Vasquez</strong> (1835) on the South Platte River, and <strong>Fort Davy Crockett</strong> (1837) on the Green River. On the western Great Plains, the construction of these posts came at the same time as a shift in the late 1830s from trade in beaver pelts to trade in bison robes. As the market for beaver pelts largely crashed in the late 1830s, a strong market for bison robes developed. These market trends were primarily dictated by European fashion, where beaver felt hats fell out of style and bison robe blankets became popular.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the beaver-based fur trade economy decreased, trade in bison robes and other goods from Native Americans became more popular, particularly on the western <strong>Great Plains</strong>. At trading posts or temporary camps, Native Americans traded the robes to European Americans for gunpowder, rifles, flour, iron tools, cookware and other goods. The demand for bison robes resulted in a trade primarily catering to Native American groups; the location of posts, types of goods, and timing of this trade were all dictated by Native American preference.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The exchange and use of animal skins—whether as clothing or shelter in prehistoric times or to supply foreign markets in the historic fur trade—together are an important theme throughout the human occupation of Colorado. Although basic uses and trading systems have varied through time, the value of this natural resource has always been recognized, and the use of animal skins for subsistence or economic benefit plays a key role in Colorado history.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The trading of animal skins has been a major activity throughout the known human occupation of Colorado. These skins—as hides, furs, or robes—provided protection from the elements as well as a valuable commodity traded for economic gain. Their trade strengthened and maintained political relationships. Preceded by many millennia by Native American exchange systems that included animal skins, the fur trade was the economic incentive that drove early European (and later European American) contact with Native Americans in the Colorado region.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The presence of bone needles, such as those found at the 13,000-year-old <strong>Lindenmeier Site</strong>, indicates the use of animal skins in tailored clothing since the earliest human habitation of Colorado. The prehistoric inhabitants of Colorado relied on animal skins and fur-bearing animals for protection and shelter. Trading animal skins or furs was undoubtedly an aspect of these early Native American lifeways. The presence of nonlocal goods at prehistoric archaeological sites confirms the early exchange systems of Native American groups. Dry caves and rock shelters in Colorado have yielded preserved items made from animal skins.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At <strong>Mantle’s Cave</strong> in <strong>Dinosaur National Monument</strong>, a deerskin pouch and a deer scalp headdress were found, along with a long-tailed weasel pelt and items made of rabbit fur. At <strong>Franktown Cave</strong>, on the Palmer Divide, clothing made of leather and rabbit hides—including robes, footwear, and leggings—was recovered. Snares and other artifacts found at both sites indicate finding small animals was an important subsistence activity. The items found at these two sites indicate that animal skins had a variety of uses, both utilitarian and ritualistic. The earliest European explorers encountered Native American groups that were skilled and knowledgeable in the art of bartering.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Initially, the abundance of fur-bearing animals in northern North America attracted Europeans who traded metal and glass for the skins of beavers, otters, bears, and other animals. This exchange certainly drove some of the earliest encounters in Colorado. The Spaniards witnessed indigenous trade fairs and exchange between Puebloan groups and neighboring hunter-gatherers that primarily involved agricultural goods being traded for animal products including skins.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Not long after the initial Spanish exploration of the American Southwest trapping and trading began. Based out of Spanish settlements such as Taos and Santa Fe, these entrepreneurs were trapping and trading in the Colorado Plateau and Western Slope region by the beginning of eighteenth century. Early contact with <strong>Ute Indian</strong> groups in the region often took place due to trade. In the eighteenth century, Spanish explorers such as <strong>Juan Antonio María de Rivera</strong> (1765) entered the Colorado Plateau. The friars<strong> Francisco Domínguez and Silvestre Escalante </strong>(1776), ventured through the region eleven years later, using Spanish trappers and their knowledge of the Colorado region.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the late eighteenth century, trappers and traders from Spain, France, and England were obtaining fur-bearing animals in present-day Colorado and conducting trading fairs to get other animal products, including <strong>bison </strong>robes and meat. The French may have even had a post on the Upper Arkansas River prior to 1762. These trade fairs on the <strong>Arkansas River</strong> were based on earlier Native American trading systems, such as <strong>Comanche</strong> trade fairs, and were later the basis for European American trade networks. Small parties of trapper-traders continued to journey into Colorado to trap animals, particularly fur-bearers, into the early 1800s. The trappers were limited in number, though, largely due to restrictive Spanish policies that generally banned trapper-traders from other empires to take resources from Spanish territory.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Following the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, American trappers and traders began to enter the region in greater numbers, particularly north of the Arkansas River, even though the Spanish viewed the region as their territory. St. Louis traders such as <strong>Jules DeMun </strong>and<strong> Auguste Chouteau</strong> learned this the hard way when they were captured in 1817 while trading along the Front Range. They were taken to Santa Fé, tried, imprisoned, and had their merchandise confiscated. Given this atmosphere, trapping and trading remained sporadic, or at least covert, in the Colorado region until the 1820s, when dramatic political and territorial changes altered the region’s trading patterns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821 and the following expulsion of Spanish from the Southwest resulted in the opening of trade between the United States and Mexico, particularly with the establishment of the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a> and the beginning of open trapping and trading in Colorado. Companies began organizing trapping ventures. Begun in 1824 by William Ashley, annual trading rendezvous were held to exchange the pelts taken by both commercial and free trappers for goods and supplies. European American trappers and traders as well as Native Americans took part in these events. The rendezvous largely took place in the Green River Basin north of Colorado, but it involved the exchange of furs obtained from the <strong>Western Slope</strong> and <strong>Colorado Plateau</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The fur trade era in the region initiated direct contact between Native American groups and European Americans. By the late 1820s and early 1830s, following the trappers’ rendezvous, several permanent <strong>posts</strong> were constructed in Colorado. Generally situated along major waterways, these early posts provided permanent locations for trade in animal skins. They included <strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong> (1828) on the <strong>Gunnison River</strong>, <strong>Bent’s Old Fort</strong> (1834) on the Arkansas River, <strong>Fort Vasquez</strong> (1835) on the <strong>South Platte River</strong>, and <strong>Fort Davy Crockett</strong> (1837) on the Green River. On the western Great Plains, the construction of these posts also came about with a shift in the late 1830s from trade in beaver pelts to trade in <strong>bison</strong> robes. As the market for beaver pelts largely crashed in the late 1830s, a strong market for bison robes developed. These market trends were primarily dictated by European fashion, where beaver felt hats fell out of style but bison robe blankets became popular.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the beaver-based fur trade economy waned, trade in bison robes and other Native American–acquired goods became more dominant, particularly on the western <strong>Great Plains</strong>. At trading posts or temporary camps, Native Americans traded the robes to European Americans for gunpowder, rifles, flour, iron tools, cookware and other goods. The demand for bison robes resulted in a trade primarily catering to Native American groups; the location of posts, types of goods, and timing of this trade were all dictated by Native American preference.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although the Southern Plains bison robe trade remained strong into the 1840s, elsewhere in Colorado the combination of overhunting and waning fur markets took its toll, and the fur trade diminished to a minimal level by the mid-1840s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The exchange and use of animal skins—whether as clothing or shelter in prehistoric times or to supply foreign markets in the historic fur trade—together comprise an important theme throughout the human occupation of Colorado. Although basic uses and trading systems have varied through time, the value of this natural resource has always been recognized, and the use of animal skins for subsistence or economic benefit plays an essential role in Colorado history.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 30 Oct 2015 19:26:33 +0000 yongli 736 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Santa Fé Trail http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/santa-fe-trail <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Santa Fé Trail</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1635--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1635.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/santa-fe-trail-ruts-kansas"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Santa%20Fe%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=7uNuLVqA" width="600" height="900" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/santa-fe-trail-ruts-kansas" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Santa Fe Trail Ruts in Kansas</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>These ruts west of Dodge City, Kansas were made by wagons crossing the Santa Fe Trail, an important nineteenth-century trading route that connected Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--666--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--666.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/old-trading-post-colorado"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/X-6591_0.jpg?itok=w1p7NStb" width="1000" height="767" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/old-trading-post-colorado" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Old Trading Post in Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Amity, Colorado, was at one point a trading post and stage station along the Santa Fe Trail. It is one of many examples of settlements that appeared along the trail in southeastern Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--668--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--668.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/dry-ridge"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Z-90_0.jpg?itok=P1prGtRE" width="1000" height="535" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/dry-ridge" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Dry Ridge</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A photograph of buffalo hides stretched on the ground with men posed in the background reads "Dry Ridge at one time a settlement on the Santa Fe." The southern route of the Santa Fe Trail, the Cimarron Cutoff, contained many long, dry stretches between water sources.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-08-21T11:11:50-06:00" title="Friday, August 21, 2015 - 11:11" class="datetime">Fri, 08/21/2015 - 11:11</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/santa-fe-trail" data-a2a-title="Santa Fé Trail"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsanta-fe-trail&amp;title=Santa%20F%C3%A9%20Trail"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Santa Fé Trail was an international overland route of both commerce and social interaction, joining the US prairie state of Missouri with the province of México Nuevo, Mexico, through much of the nineteenth century. Though its specific date of origin is unclear, it appears to have been the northeastern-most segment of a much older Native American, French, and Spanish trail system.</p> <p>The southern route of the trail, the Cimarron Cutoff, passes through the very southeastern corner of Colorado, passing from southwestern Kansas through the Oklahoma Panhandle and into New Mexico. This route proved risky, however, because there were long stretches of dry country between <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> sources. The Spanish called it <em>La Jornada del Muerto</em>, “Dead Man’s Journey<em>.</em>” The northern segment of the trail established through Colorado, where water was more available, is commonly known as the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fé Trail and follows the <a href="/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas</strong></a> and <strong>Purgatoire</strong> Rivers through the southeastern portion of the state, continuing over <a href="/article/raton-pass"><strong>Ratón Pass</strong></a> into New Mexico.</p> <h2>Trail Development</h2> <p>Most historic road signs, textbooks, and encyclopedia authors assert that Missourian <strong>William Becknell</strong> “pioneered” the Santa Fé Trail in 1821. In contrast, <strong>Josiah Gregg</strong>, a US trader along the trail at its nineteenth-century peak, described the trail’s origins far more vaguely. In his 1844 book <em>Commerce of the Prairies, </em>he says that “the overland trade between the United States and the northern provinces of Mexico seems to have had no very definite origin, having been more the result of accident than of any organized plan of commercial interest.”</p> <p>Archaeologists and historians working with Spanish and French documents note that Native American men and women traded along this route well before European contact. Pedro Vial, a New World Spaniard, was arguably the first documented non-native person to traverse the trail from Santa Fé to Independence, Missouri, in 1700.</p> <p>New Spain and New France dabbled with the idea of open trade between French Missouri and Spanish Santa Fé, and in 1739 the French Canadian <strong>Mallet brothers</strong> traveled the Mountain Branch between La Junta and Picuris Pueblo. Ten years later, a Spaniard named Felipe de Sandoval accompanied a party of <span class="wsc-grammar-problem" data-grammar-phrase="Frenchmen" data-grammar-rule="W_STYLE_INCLUSIVE" data-wsc-id="lgw40paelfcbx2s7x" data-wsc-lang="en_US">Frenchmen</span> returning from their trading venture to Santa Fé by way of Ratón Pass and the Mountain Branch. French and Spanish traders joined Osage, <strong>Comanche,</strong> and other groups along the trail between Missouri and Mexico.</p> <p>US traders attempted trade along the trail after the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, but Spain still outlawed trade with them. William Becknell was not the first to traverse the trail, but he did have excellent timing, arriving in Santa Fé at the historical moment of Mexico’s independence from Spain. Had Becknell arrived earlier, he would have been thrown in prison. However, an independent Mexico welcomed trade with the United States and received him well.</p> <p>Becknell was something of a one-hit wonder in the history of commerce along the trail; the Santa Fé market for US goods was saturated within four years of his first venture, and thereafter New Mexican traders transported such goods further south along the Camino Real (Royal Road) into Chihuahua. Becknell may have recognized this trend, as his third and last trading party to Santa Fé was in 1824. He then returned to Missouri to pursue a career in politics.</p> <p>The 1821 opening of trade to the United States did not mean that US traders benefited most from the trade. Native Americans and Mexicans were always the majority of traders along the Santa Fé Trail. One such trader, José Chávez, was the first New Mexican to earn a seat on the New York Stock Exchange. Anglo-American traders from the United States and points east often married multi-lingual New Mexican or Native American women and sometimes converted to Catholicism. These women generally had kinship ties to those who controlled customs houses, stores, trading forts, or territories in places like Taos, Santa Fé, Bernalillo, and Saltillo.</p> <h2>Life on the Trail</h2> <p>Becknell’s opening of the trail to US trade did encourage more Anglo-American traders and settlers to make homes in places like <a href="/article/boggsville"><strong>Boggsville</strong></a>, <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/el-pueblo"><strong>El Pueblo</strong></a>, where they married Native American or Mexican women and raised multiethnic families. Two Anglo-American women, Susan Shelby Magoffin and Marion Russell, left very complete written accounts of travel and life along the Santa Fé Trail.</p> <p>In 1852, when she was seven years old, Russell began accompanying her mother and stepfather along the trail. Her memoirs were published posthumously in 1954. In the 1860s, she and her husband, Lt. Richard D. Russell, established the Tecalote trading post along the trail, north of Santa Fé and west of Las Vegas. The wares they vended were mostly traded locally or shipped to points east along the trail. Russell wrote that</p> <p>There were implements, feed, food, household furnishings, clothing, saddles, bridles, harness and Navajo blankets. There were strings of red peppers and jars of <em>azule </em>or Indian corn. There were jars of Mexican beans and piles of golden pumpkins . . . We bought everything the Mexicans or Indians had for sale or trade . . . We bought pottery, blankets and beadwork from the Mexicans and Indians, and were usually able to trade these things to wagoners eastward bound.</p> <p>In 1846, at age eighteen, Magoffin accompanied her husband, Samuel Magoffin, along the route, an experience published in her diary in 1926. Given the Santa Fé market’s saturation with US goods, the party traveled south along the Camino Real to the trading center of Saltillo, Coahuila, in Mexico. Following General Stephen W. Kearney’s Army of the West by about ten days, the Magoffins’ trading party often traveled at night to avoid violent encounters as well as the heat of the day. Approaching grass fires were also more visible at a distance at night. Nevertheless, <span class="wsc-grammar-problem" data-grammar-phrase="Mrs." data-grammar-rule="W_STYLE_INCLUSIVE" data-wsc-id="lgw40q4ye3oloswfv" data-wsc-lang="en_US">Mrs.</span> Magoffin found night travel challenging: “I am not an advocate though for night travelling when I have to be shut up in the carriage in a road I know nothing of, and the driver nodding all the time, and letting the reins drop from his hands to the entire will of the mules. I was kept in a <em>fever </em>the whole night, though everyone complained bitterly of the cold.”</p> <p>Susan Magoffin considered herself, and is considered by historians, to be the first “American lady” to make the journey along the trail, and she did so following a war party, a circumstance that no doubt shaped her experience. The wife of her brother-in-law, James Wiley Magoffin, was the daughter of a Chihuahua merchant and undoubtedly more typical of the women who lived and traveled along the trail for most of its history.</p> <p>In 1846, as Susan Magoffin traversed it, the trail served as the route of conquest for General Kearney’s troops during the Mexican-American War. With the signing of the <a href="/article/treaty-guadalupe-hidalgo"><strong>Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</strong></a> in 1848, the United States annexed enormous portions of the Republic of Mexico. Archaeologists and historians agree that these seemingly disruptive international events had little immediate impact on daily life, trade, or the multiethnic profile of trader families who continued their regular business ventures and created intercultural communities along the trail. Arguably, the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> and the aftermath of the Civil War had greater impact, as entire families from eastern US states made their way to settle and live in southern Colorado. Some of the racialized and nationalist attitudes of former Civil War soldiers came to Colorado with those settlers.</p> <h2>Shift in Trade Relations</h2> <p>The arrival of these easterners changed the character of the interethnic trading communities along the trail. In 1864, Colonel John Chivington set out to attack a community of peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho, purportedly to defend the settlers. Among these Native Americans were camped several white traders and their mixed-blood offspring, most famously Charles and George Bent, sons of <a href="/article/william-bent"><strong>William Bent</strong></a> and <a href="/article/mistanta-owl-woman"><strong>Owl Woman</strong></a>. The result was the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a>, in which more than 150 Native Americans were killed.</p> <p>Three years later and further west along the trail, the <strong>Christmas Day War</strong> (Trinidad Race War) of 1867 violently demonstrated escalating tensions among Anglo-American, Hispanic, and Native American residents of Trinidad and its environs. The episode escalated from a street brawl between an Anglo-American and a Mexican American man to a larger shootout between the two groups in Trinidad. Having fruitlessly offered to involve themselves on the side of Hispanic townspeople, Ute Indians watched the conflict from the surrounding bluffs. Afterward, federal troops were called in to keep the peace. These events all too clearly demonstrated that after the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a>, trade along the trail was increasingly detached from generations of more peaceful interethnic family ties that had shaped earlier trade relations.</p> <p>In his book <em>The Santa Fe Trail</em>, David Dary’s chapter “The Slow Death of the Trail, 1866–1880” places the trail’s end in the years after the Civil War. Colorado became an organized territory of the United States, and what had been the Santa Fé Trail through Bleeding Kansas was rapidly becoming a route of the Barlow and Sanderson Overland Mail Company. By 1867 the company had moved its headquarters to a place called “Junction City,” the exact location of which in Colorado or perhaps Kansas is unclear. From here the company created routes throughout southeastern Colorado Territory in the 1860s and 1870s and more firmly established Anglo-American settlement and culture in the region. Still, in many places, people with Spanish surnames were the majority into the twentieth century.</p> <p>Between 1873 and 1876, construction of the <strong>Atchison, Topeka&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Santa Fé Railroad</strong> crept along the Mountain Branch, displacing both the trail and the overland mail route. Geographically, the trail and the railroad ran along the same route, but they were artifacts of a different nature. What is commonly referred to as the trail was mostly a corduroy pattern of wheel ruts miles wide, converging only at watering holes, fords, or passes. The railroad, in contrast, was a linear and narrow line. Communities that had thrived along the broad trail withered as they were bypassed by the railroad. Some who had traded along the Santa Fé Trail spent the 1870s working on the railroad as a way to build capital and begin new careers in farming, ranching, or service industries in newer railroad towns. In 1876 workers completed a line over Ratón Pass, the final segment of the railroad through the new state of Colorado. By 1880 the railroad was in full service, and the children of traders along the Santa Fé Trail joined the townspeople along it.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/church-minette" hreflang="und">Church, Minette</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/santa-fe-trail" hreflang="en">Santa Fe Trail</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nineteenth-century-trade-routes" hreflang="en">nineteenth century trade routes</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/old-spanish-national-historic-trail" hreflang="en">old spanish national historic trail</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Barron B. Beshoar, <em>Hippocrates in a Red Vest: The Biography of a Frontier Doctor</em> (Palo Alto, CA: American West, 1973).</p> <p>Donald J. Blakeslee, <em>Along Ancient Trails: The Mallet Expedition of 1739</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1995).</p> <p>Bonnie J. Clark, <em>The Women of Boggsville: Life along the Santa Fe Trail, </em>technical document for site interpretation and investigation and documentation for the Women of Boggsville brochure (Denver: National Park Service, 1997).</p> <p>Douglas C. Comer, <em>Ritual Ground: Bent's Old Fort, World Formation, and the Annexation of the Southwest </em>(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).</p> <p>David Dary, <em>The Santa Fe Trail: Its History, Legends and Lore</em> (New York: Penguin, 2000).</p> <p>Josiah Gregg, <em>Commerce of the Prairies</em>, ed. Max I. Moorhead (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954 [1844]).</p> <p>Pekka Hämäläinen, <em>The Comanche Empire</em> (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008).</p> <p>Anne F. Hyde, <em>Empires, Nations and Families: A History of the North American West, 1800–1860</em> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2012).</p> <p>David Lavander, <em>Bent’s Fort</em> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1954).</p> <p>Susan S. Magoffin, <em>Down the Santa Fe Trail and into Mexico: The Diary of Susan Shelby Magoffin, 1846–1847</em>, ed. Stella M. Drumm (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962).</p> <p>Marion Russell, <em>Land of Enchantment: Memoirs of Marion Russell along the Santa Fé Trail as Dictated to <span class="wsc-grammar-problem" data-grammar-phrase="Mrs." data-grammar-rule="W_STYLE_INCLUSIVE" data-wsc-id="lgw40pg04a9lnqkmt" data-wsc-lang="en_US">Mrs.</span> Hal Russell, </em>ed. Garnet M. Brayer (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1954).</p> <p>David A. Sandoval, “Who Is Riding the Burro Now? A Bibliographical Critique of Scholarship on the New Mexican Trader,” <em>The Santa Fe Trail: New Perspectives</em>, ed. Colorado Historical Society (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1992 [1987]).</p> <p>Elliott West, <em>The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p> <p>Elliott West, <em>The Way West: Essays on the Central Plains</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/colorado-scenic-byway-santa-fe-trail">Colorado Scenic Byway: Santa Fé Trail</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nps.gov/safe/index.htm">National Park Service, “Santa Fé National Historic Trail.”</a></p> <p>Rocky Mountain PBS,&nbsp;<a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365573330/">"Boggsville,"</a>&nbsp;<em>Colorado Experience</em>, October 1, 2015.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>In the 1800s the Santa Fé Trail was an overland route for business. It joined the US state of Missouri with the province of México Nuevo, Mexico. The part of the trail located in Colorado is known as the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fé Trail. It followed the <strong>Arkansas</strong> and <strong>Purgatoire</strong> Rivers through the southeastern part of the state.</p> <h2>Trail Development</h2> <p>Native American men and women traded along this route long before Europeans came into the area. Pedro Vial was the first non-native person to travel on the trail from Santa Fé to Independence, Missouri, in 1700. Later, French and Spanish traders joined Osage, <strong>Comanche</strong> and other Indian groups along the trail.</p> <p>US traders wanted to trade along the trail after the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, but Spain would not let them. William Becknell was the first American to arrive in Santa Fé at the time of Mexico’s independence from Spain in 1821. After that, Mexico welcomed trade with the United States.</p> <p>The 1821 opening of trade to the United States did not mean that US traders profited most from the trade. Native Americans and Mexicans were always the most regular traders along the Santa Fé Trail. Anglo-American traders from the United States often married New Mexican or Native American women. Often these women were related to those who were in charge of stores or trading forts on the trail. Traders and settlers made homes and raised families in places like <strong><a href="/article/boggsville">Boggsville</a></strong>, <strong><a href="/article/bents-forts">Bent’s Fort</a></strong>, and <strong>Pueblo.</strong></p> <h2>Life on the Trail</h2> <p>In the 1860s, Marion Russell and her husband started the Tecalote trading post along the trail, north of Santa Fé. The items they sold were mostly traded locally. Some were shipped to points east along the trail. Russell wrote that</p> <p>There were implements, feed, food, household furnishings, clothing, saddles, bridles, harness and Navajo blankets. There were strings of red peppers and jars of <em>azule </em>or Indian corn. There were jars of Mexican beans and piles of golden pumpkins . . . We bought everything the Mexicans or Indians had for sale or trade . . . We bought pottery, blankets and beadwork from the Mexicans and Indians, and were usually able to trade these things to waggoneers eastward bound.</p> <p>In 1846, at age eighteen, Susan Shelby Magoffin traveled with her husband Samuel along the trail. She also wrote a diary. The Magoffin’s trading party often traveled at night for safety and to stay away from the heat of the day. <span class="wsc-grammar-problem" data-grammar-phrase="Mrs." data-grammar-rule="W_STYLE_INCLUSIVE" data-wsc-id="lgw40q033ed8qybky" data-wsc-lang="en_US">Mrs.</span> Magoffin found night travel difficult.&nbsp; She wrote: “I am not an advocate though for night travelling when I have to be shut up in the carriage in a road I know nothing of, and the driver nodding all the time, and letting the reins drop from his hands to the entire will of the mules. I was kept in a <em>fever </em>the whole night, though everyone complained bitterly of the cold.” Susan Magoffin was the first “American lady” to make the journey along the trail to Santa Fé.</p> <h2>End of the Trail</h2> <p>Between 1873 and 1876, the <strong>Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé Railroad</strong> was built. It replaced both the trail and the overland mail route. Communities that had grown along the trail faded as the railroad passed them by. By 1880 the railroad was in full service, and the children of traders along the Santa Fé Trail joined the townspeople along it.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Santa Fé Trail was an international overland route for both business and social interaction through much of the 1800s. It joined the US state of Missouri with the province of México Nuevo, Mexico.</p> <p>The southern route of the trail, the Cimarron Cutoff, misses the state of Colorado, passing from southwestern Kansas through the Oklahoma Panhandle and into New Mexico. This route proved risky, however, because there were long stretches of dry country between water sources. The segment of the trail established through Colorado, where water was more available, is known as the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fé Trail. It follows the <strong>Arkansas</strong> and <strong>Purgatoire </strong>Rivers through the southeastern portion of the state, continuing over <strong>Ratón Pass</strong> into New Mexico.</p> <h2>Trail Development</h2> <p>Most historic road signs, textbooks, and encyclopedia authors claim that Missourian <strong>William Becknell</strong> “pioneered” the Santa Fé Trail in 1821. However, <strong>Josiah Gregg</strong>, a US trader along the trail described its origins far more vaguely. In his 1844 book <em>Commerce of the Prairies, </em>he says that “the overland trade between the United States and the northern provinces of Mexico seems to have had no very definite origin, having been more the result of accident than of any organized plan of commercial interest.”</p> <p>Archaeologists and historians note that Native American men and women traded along this route well before European contact. Pedro Vial, a New World Spaniard, was probably the first non-native person to travel the trail from Santa Fé to Independence, Missouri, in 1700.</p> <p>New Spain and New France played with the idea of open trade between French Missouri and Spanish Santa Fé, and in 1739 the French Canadian <strong>Mallet brothers</strong> traveled the Mountain Branch between present-day <strong>La Junta</strong> and Picuris Pueblo. Ten years later, a Spaniard named Felipe de Sandoval accompanied a party of <span class="wsc-grammar-problem" data-grammar-phrase="Frenchmen" data-grammar-rule="W_STYLE_INCLUSIVE" data-wsc-id="lgw40p5xu6izsci6p" data-wsc-lang="en_US">Frenchmen</span> returning from their trading venture to Santa Fé by way of Ratón Pass and the Mountain Branch. French and Spanish traders joined Osage, <strong>Comanche,</strong> and other groups along the trail between Missouri and Mexico.</p> <p>US traders attempted trade along the trail after the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, but Spain still outlawed trade with them. William Becknell was the first to arrive in Santa Fé at the historical moment of Mexico’s independence from Spain in 1821. An independent Mexico welcomed trade with the United States.</p> <p>The 1821 opening of trade to the United States did not mean that US traders benefited most from the trade. Native Americans and Mexicans were always the majority of traders along the Santa Fé Trail. Anglo-American traders and settlers from the United States often married multi-lingual New Mexican or Native American women and sometimes converted to Catholicism. These women generally had kinship ties to those who controlled customs houses, stores, trading forts, or territories in places like Taos and Santa Fé. Encouraged by the opening of the Santa Fé Trail these new families made homes in places like <strong>Boggsville</strong>, <strong>Bent’s Fort</strong>, and <strong>Pueblo</strong>.</p> <h2>Life on the Trail</h2> <p>Two Anglo-American women, Susan Shelby Magoffin and Marion Russell, left very complete written accounts of travel and life along the Santa Fé Trail.</p> <p>In 1852, when she was seven years old, Russell began accompanying her mother and stepfather along the trail. In the 1860s, she and her husband, Lt. Richard D. Russell, established the Tecalote trading post along the trail, north of Santa Fé and west of Las Vegas (NM). The wares they sold were mostly traded locally or shipped to points east along the trail. Russell wrote that</p> <p>There were implements, feed, food, household furnishings, clothing, saddles, bridles, harness and Navajo blankets. There were strings of red peppers and jars of <em>azule </em>or Indian corn. There were jars of Mexican beans and piles of golden pumpkins . . . We bought everything the Mexicans or Indians had for sale or trade . . . We bought pottery, blankets and beadwork from the Mexicans and Indians, and were usually able to trade these things to waggoneers eastward bound.</p> <p>In 1846, at age eighteen, Magoffin accompanied her husband Samuel along the route. The Magoffins’ trading party often traveled at night for safety and to avoid the heat of the day. Approaching grass fires were also more visible at a distance at night. Nevertheless, <span class="wsc-grammar-problem" data-grammar-phrase="Mrs." data-grammar-rule="W_STYLE_INCLUSIVE" data-wsc-id="lgw40pzx266oh6utz" data-wsc-lang="en_US">Mrs.</span> Magoffin found night travel challenging: “I am not an advocate though for night travelling when I have to be shut up in the carriage in a road I know nothing of, and the driver nodding all the time, and letting the reins drop from his hands to the entire will of the mules. I was kept in a <em>fever </em>the whole night, though everyone complained bitterly of the cold.”</p> <p>Susan Magoffin is considered by historians to be the first “American lady” to make the journey along the trail to Santa Fé.</p> <p>In 1846, as Susan Magoffin traveled it, the trail served as the route of conquest for General Stephen W. Kearny’s troops during the Mexican-American War. With the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, the United States annexed enormous portions of the Republic of Mexico. These troublesome international events had little immediate impact on daily life, trade, or the multiethnic trader families who continued their regular business ventures and created intercultural communities along the trail.</p> <h2>Decline of the Trail</h2> <p>Between 1873 and 1876, construction of the <strong>Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé Railroad</strong> along the Mountain Branch displaced both the trail and the overland mail route. Geographically, the trail and the railroad ran along the same route, but they were artifacts of a different time. Communities that had thrived along the broad trail withered as they were bypassed by the railroad. Some who had traded along the Santa Fé Trail spent the 1870s working on the railroad as a way to build capital and begin new careers in farming, <strong>ranching</strong>, or service industries in newer railroad towns. In 1876 workers completed a line over Ratón Pass, the final segment of the railroad through the new state of Colorado. By 1880 the railroad was in full service, and the children of traders along the Santa Fé Trail joined the townspeople along it.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The Santa Fé Trail was an international overland route of both commerce and social interaction, joining the US prairie state of Missouri with the province of México Nuevo, Mexico, through much of the nineteenth century. It appears to have been the northeastern-most segment of a much older Native American, French, and Spanish trail system.</p> <p>The southern route of the trail, the Cimarron Cutoff, misses the state of Colorado, passing from southwestern Kansas through the Oklahoma Panhandle and into New Mexico. This route proved risky, however, because there were long stretches of dry country between water sources. The Spanish called it <em>La Jornada del Muerto</em>, “Dead Man’s Journey<em>.</em>” The segment of the trail established through Colorado, where water was more available, is commonly known as the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fé Trail and follows the <strong>Arkansas</strong> and <strong>Purgatoire</strong> Rivers through the southeastern portion of the state, continuing over <strong>Ratón Pass</strong> into New Mexico.</p> <h2>Trail Development</h2> <p>Most historic road signs, textbooks, and encyclopedia authors claim that Missourian <strong>William Becknell</strong> “pioneered” the Santa Fé Trail in 1821. In contrast, <strong>Josiah Gregg</strong>, a US trader along the trail, described its origins far more vaguely. In his 1844 book <em>Commerce of the Prairies, </em>he says that “the overland trade between the United States and the northern provinces of Mexico seems to have had no very definite origin, having been more the result of accident than of any organized plan of commercial interest.”</p> <p>Archaeologists and historians working with Spanish and French documents note that Native American men and women traded along this route well before European contact. Pedro Vial, a New World Spaniard, was probably the first documented non-native person to traverse the trail from Santa Fé to Independence, Missouri, in 1700.</p> <p>New Spain and New France toyed with the idea of open trade between French Missouri and Spanish Santa Fé, and in 1739 the French Canadian <strong>Mallet brothers</strong> traveled the Mountain Branch between present-day <strong>La Junta</strong> and Picuris Pueblo. Ten years later, a Spaniard named Felipe de Sandoval accompanied a party of <span class="wsc-grammar-problem" data-grammar-phrase="Frenchmen" data-grammar-rule="W_STYLE_INCLUSIVE" data-wsc-id="lgw40pbwwfscsroma" data-wsc-lang="en_US">Frenchmen</span> returning from their trading venture to Santa Fé by way of Ratón Pass and the Mountain Branch. French and Spanish traders joined Osage, <strong>Comanche,</strong> and other groups along the trail between Missouri and Mexico.</p> <p>US traders attempted to trade along the trail after the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, but Spain still outlawed trade with them. William Becknell was not the first to traverse the trail, but he did have excellent timing, arriving in Santa Fé at the historical moment of Mexico’s independence from Spain. An independent Mexico welcomed trade with the United States and received him well.</p> <p>The 1821 opening of trade to the United States did not mean that US traders benefited most from the trade. Native Americans and Mexicans were always the majority of traders along the Santa Fé Trail. Anglo-American traders from the United States and points east often married multi-lingual New Mexican or Native American women and sometimes converted to Catholicism. These women generally had kinship ties to those who controlled customs houses, stores, trading forts, or territories in places like Taos, Santa Fé, Bernalillo, and Saltillo.</p> <h2>Life on the Trail</h2> <p>Becknell’s opening of the trail to US trade did encourage more Anglo-American traders and settlers to make homes in places like <strong>Boggsville</strong>, <strong>Bent’s Fort</strong>, and <strong>Pueblo</strong>, where they married Native American or Mexican women and raised multiethnic families. Two Anglo-American women, Susan Shelby Magoffin and Marion Russell, left very complete written accounts of travel and life along the Santa Fé Trail.</p> <p>In 1852, when she was seven years old, Russell began accompanying her mother and stepfather along the trail. In the 1860s, she and her husband, Lieutenant Richard D. Russell, established the Tecalote trading post along the trail, north of Santa Fé and west of Las Vegas (NM). The wares they sold were mostly traded locally or shipped to points east along the trail. Russell wrote that</p> <p>There were implements, feed, food, household furnishings, clothing, saddles, bridles, harness and Navajo blankets. There were strings of red peppers and jars of <em>azule </em>or Indian corn. There were jars of Mexican beans and piles of golden pumpkins . . . We bought everything the Mexicans or Indians had for sale or trade . . . We bought pottery, blankets and beadwork from the Mexicans and Indians, and were usually able to trade these things to wagoners eastward bound.</p> <p>In 1846, at age eighteen, Magoffin accompanied her husband, Samuel Magoffin, along the route. Following General Stephen W. Kearny’s Army of the West by about ten days, the Magoffins’ trading party often traveled at night to avoid violent encounters as well as the heat of the day. Approaching grass fires were also more visible at a distance at night. Nevertheless, <span class="wsc-grammar-problem" data-grammar-phrase="Mrs." data-grammar-rule="W_STYLE_INCLUSIVE" data-wsc-id="lgw40q2n7339pq62g" data-wsc-lang="en_US">Mrs.</span> Magoffin found night travel challenging: “I am not an advocate though for night travelling when I have to be shut up in the carriage in a road I know nothing of, and the driver nodding all the time, and letting the reins drop from his hands to the entire will of the mules. I was kept in a <em>fever </em>the whole night, though everyone complained bitterly of the cold.”</p> <p>Susan Magoffin considered herself, and is considered by historians, to be the first “American lady” to make the journey along the trail, and she did so following a war party, a circumstance that no doubt shaped her experience. The wife of her brother-in-law, James Wiley Magoffin, was the daughter of a Chihuahua merchant and undoubtedly more typical of the women who lived and traveled along the trail for most of its history.</p> <p>In 1846, as Susan Magoffin traversed it, the trail served as the route of conquest for General Kearny’s troops during the Mexican-American War. With the signing of the <strong>Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</strong> in 1848, the United States annexed enormous portions of the Republic of Mexico. Archaeologists and historians agree that these seemingly disruptive international events had little immediate impact on daily life, trade, or the multiethnic shape of trader families who continued their regular business ventures and created intercultural communities along the trail.</p> <h2>Shift in Trade Relations</h2> <p>The character of the interethnic trading communities along the trail changed with the arrival of some easterners who came after the Civil War. In 1864 Colonel <strong>John Chivington</strong> attacked a community of peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho. Among these Native Americans were camped several white traders and their mixed-blood offspring, most famously Charles and <strong>George Bent</strong>, sons of <strong><a href="/article/william-bent">William Bent</a></strong> and <strong><a href="/article/mistanta-owl-woman">Owl Woman</a></strong>. The result was the Sand Creek Massacre, in which more than 150 Native Americans were killed.</p> <p>Three years later and further west along the trail, the <strong>Christmas Day War</strong> (Trinidad Race War) of 1867 violently demonstrated escalating tensions among Anglo-American, Mexican American, and Native American residents of <strong>Trinidad</strong> and the surrounding area. The episode grew from a street brawl between an Anglo-American and a Mexican American man to a larger shootout between the two groups in Trinidad. Afterward, federal troops were called in to keep the peace. These events all too clearly demonstrated that after the Civil War, trade along the trail was increasingly detached from generations of more peaceful interethnic family ties that had shaped earlier trade relations.</p> <p>In his book <em>The Santa Fe Trail</em>, David Dary’s chapter “The Slow Death of the Trail, 1866 – 1880” places the trail’s end in the years after the Civil War. Colorado became an organized <strong>territory</strong> of the United States, and what had been the Santa Fé Trail through Kansas was rapidly becoming a route of the Barlow and Sanderson Overland Mail Company. By 1867 the company had moved its headquarters to “Junction City, Colorado,” possibly where the modern town of La Junta now sits at the junction of the Arkansas and Purgatoire Rivers. From here the company created routes throughout southeastern Colorado Territory in the 1860s and 1870s and more firmly established Anglo-American settlement and culture in the region. Still, in many places, people with Spanish surnames were the majority into the twentieth century.</p> <p>Between 1873 and 1876, construction of the <strong>Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé Railroad</strong> crept along the Mountain Branch, displacing both the trail and the overland mail route. Geographically, the trail and the railroad ran along the same route, but they were artifacts of a different time. Communities that had thrived along the broad trail withered as they were bypassed by the railroad. Some who had traded along the Santa Fé Trail spent the 1870s working on the railroad as a way to build capital and begin new careers in farming, ranching, or service industries in newer railroad towns. In 1876 workers completed a line over Ratón Pass, the final segment of the railroad through the new state of Colorado. By 1880 the railroad was in full service, and the children of traders along the Santa Fé Trail joined the townspeople along it.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 21 Aug 2015 17:11:50 +0000 yongli 583 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Old Spanish National Historic Trail http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/old-spanish-national-historic-trail <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Old Spanish National Historic Trail</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--462--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--462.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/old-spanish-trail-map"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Old%20Spanish%20Trail%20Map_0.jpg?itok=ViflX2oB" width="500" height="303" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/old-spanish-trail-map" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Old Spanish Trail Map</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even">Stretching from New Mexico to California, the Old Spanish Trail consisted of three distinct trade routes in the American West from 1829–48. All three of the routes, the main Spanish Trail, the North Branch, and the Armijo Route passed through different areas in Colorado. The trail was designated a national historic trail in 2002.</div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-06-12T15:58:24-06:00" title="Friday, June 12, 2015 - 15:58" class="datetime">Fri, 06/12/2015 - 15:58</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/old-spanish-national-historic-trail" data-a2a-title="Old Spanish National Historic Trail"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fold-spanish-national-historic-trail&amp;title=Old%20Spanish%20National%20Historic%20Trail"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Old Spanish Trail was designated a <strong>national historic trail</strong> by an act of Congress in 2002. From 1829 to 1848, the major trade route extended 2,700 miles between Santa Fé de Nuevo Mexico (Santa Fe, New Mexico), and Alta California (Los Angeles, California). Mexico’s independence from Spain in 1821 allowed the trail to be opened to California, initiating trade between Missouri and Santa Fé. California was seen as an important market, and annual trade caravans carried woven woolen goods from Nuevo Mexico and returned with mules and horses. Native Americans captured while traveling in both directions were readily sold as slaves in California and Nuevo Mexico. The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people were also active participants in the horse and slave trades of the time, though they used the trail less frequently.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Old Spanish Trail in Colorado was part of three trail systems on very different routes with individual histories. The Armijo Route was used only once by a party led by Antonio Armijo in 1829; it clipped the far southwestern corner of the state. Beginning in 1831, the main Spanish Trail traversed a larger portion of southwestern Colorado before entering Utah and crossing the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> at Moab, Utah, en route to California. The portion in Colorado was initially traveled by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/juan-antonio-maría-de-rivera"><strong>Juan de Rivera</strong></a> in 1765 and by the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/spanish-exploration-western-colorado"><strong>Dominguez-Escalante expedition</strong></a> in 1776.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The North Branch is the longest of the routes in Colorado. It extended northward through Taos, New Mexico, through the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>, westward across Cochetopa Pass, over Cerro Summit into the Uncompahgre Valley, and across the Uncompahgre River near the <a href="/article/ute-indian-museum"><strong>Ute Indian Museum</strong></a> in Montrose. It then headed northward to a crossing of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a> northwest of Delta, continued north along the general course of present US Highway 50, crossed the Colorado River at <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>, and continued into Utah near the spot where <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> enters the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The North Branch intersected the main Spanish Trail in Utah’s Cisco Desert before crossing the Green River. A variant of the trail took a more northerly course after crossing Cochetopa Pass, passing through present-day Gunnison, then taking a route through present-day Crawford and down the North Fork of the Gunnison River, where it joined the more frequently used route northwest of Delta. The North Branch was the trail used by trappers to access large areas of western Colorado and eastern Utah. The trappers’ primary destinations were Antoine Roubidoux’s trading posts at <a href="/article/fort-uncompahgre"><strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong></a> (near present-day Delta), Fort Uintah (in Utah’s Uintah Basin), and the Salt Lake Valley. New Mexicans also used the North Branch as a principal route for trade with the Utes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>End of International Trade and Modern Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The US acquisition of New Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War (1846–48) ended use of the Spanish Trail as a trade route between New Mexico and California. Some used the main trail to reach California during the 1849 gold rush, and thousands of sheep were driven to California from New Mexico in the early 1850s to feed hungry miners. Also in the 1850s, the trail was used by government exploration expeditions. Explorations were undertaken in 1853 to identify a route for a transcontinental railroad. Traveling along the North Branch in that year was Colonel Edward Beale, followed a few months later by <a href="/article/john-w-gunnison"><strong>John W. Gunnison</strong></a> and then<a href="/article/john-c-fremont"><strong>John</strong></a><a href="/article/john-c-fremont"> <strong> C. Frémont</strong></a>. In 1858, portions of the North Branch were improved by Colonel William Loring as part of a military wagon road connecting Utah’s Salt Lake Valley to Fort Union, New Mexico. The main trail was used by the <strong>Macomb expedition</strong> in 1859 in its journey to find the junction of the Colorado and Green Rivers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thereafter, more of the trail was improved as wagon roads for local travel and later as county roads and highways for automobiles. Where it has not been improved it is difficult, if not impossible, to see the original trail route. In 2010 the Bureau of Land Management funded a project to identify portions of the trail on its land. This resulted in more accurate knowledge of the route, and seventy-six miles of the trail in Colorado were precisely mapped and described.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/horn-jonathon-c" hreflang="und">Horn, Jonathon C.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/spanish-trail" hreflang="en">spanish trail</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/spanish-trail-colorado" hreflang="en">spanish trail in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/juan-de-rivera" hreflang="en">juan de rivera</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dominguez-escalante-expedition" hreflang="en">dominguez escalante expedition</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cochetopa-pass" hreflang="en">cochetopa pass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gunnison-river" hreflang="en">gunnison river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-river" hreflang="en">colorado river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uncompahgre-river" hreflang="en">uncompahgre river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/north-branch" hreflang="en">north branch</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/antoine-robidoux" hreflang="en">antoine robidoux</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-c-fremont" hreflang="en">john c. fremont</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Edward G. Beckwith, <em>Report of Explorations for a Route for the Pacific Railroad, by Capt. J. W. Gunnison, Topographical Engineers, Near the 38th and 39th Parallels of North Latitude, from the Mouth of the Kansas River, Mo., to the Sevier Lake, in the Great Basin</em> (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1854).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>LeRoy R. Hafen, “Colonel Loring’s Expedition across Colorado in 1858,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 23 (March 1946).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>LeRoy R. Hafen, “Armijo’s Journal of 1829–30: The Beginning of Trade between New Mexico and California,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 27 (January 1950).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Gwinn Harris Heap, <em>Central Route to the Pacific, from the Valley of the Mississippi to California: Journal of the Expedition of E. F. Beale, Superintendent of Indian Affairs in California, and Gwinn Harris Heap, from Missouri to California, in 1853</em> (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Brambo, and Col, 1854).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Steven K. Madsen, <em>Exploring Desert Stone: John N. Macomb’s 1859 Expedition to the Canyonlands of the Colorado</em> (Logan: Utah State University Press, 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>National Park Service, <a href="http://parkplanning.nps.gov/document.cfm?parkID=454&amp;projectID=12591&amp;documentID=38207"><em>National Historic Trail Feasibility Study and Environmental Assessment: Old Spanish Trail, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, California</em></a> (United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 2001).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://alpinearchaeology.com/cms/">Alpine Archaeological Consultants, Inc.</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.nps.gov/olsp/index.htm">National Park Service entry on Old Spanish National Historic Trail</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://oldspanishtrail.org/">Old Spanish Trail Association</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://oldspanishnationalhistorictrail.blogspot.com/p/reading.html">The Old Spanish Trail Documentation Project</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Old Spanish Trail was made a <strong>national historic trail</strong> by an act of Congress in 2002. From 1829 to 1848, the trail was a major trade route between Santa Fé de Nuevo Mexico (Santa Fe, New Mexico), and Alta California (Los Angeles, California). Trade between Missouri and California started in 1821, when Mexico won independence from Spain. California was an important market. Each year, trade caravans carried woven woolen goods from Nuevo Mexico and returned with mules and horses.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Old Spanish Trail in Colorado was part of three trail routes. The Armijo Route was used only once by a party led by Antonio Armijo in 1829. It cut through the far southwestern corner of the state. In 1831 the main Spanish Trail went by a large part of southwestern Colorado and crossed the Colorado River at Moab, Utah, on the way to California. This part of Colorado was first traveled by <strong>Juan de Rivera</strong> in 1765 and by the <strong>Dominguez-Escalante expedition</strong> in 1776.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The North Branch is the longest of the routes in Colorado. It went north through Taos, New Mexico and through the San Luis Valley. Then it turned west across Cochetopa Pass and over Cerro Summit into the Uncompahgre Valley. The trail then went across the Uncompahgre River near the Ute Indian Museum in Montrose. It headed north to a crossing of the Gunnison River northwest of Delta and then went north along the present US Highway 50. Finally, it crossed the Colorado River at Grand Junction, and continued into Utah near the spot where Interstate 70 enters the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The North Branch crossed the main Spanish Trail in Utah’s Cisco Desert before crossing the Green River. A different part of the trail went north after crossing Cochetopa Pass, passing through present-day Gunnison. Then it went through present-day Crawford and down the North Fork of the Gunnison River. There, it joined a well-used route northwest of Delta. The North Branch was the trail that trappers used to get to parts of western Colorado and eastern Utah. The trappers were headed to Antoine Roubidoux’s trading posts at Fort Uncompahgre (near present-day Delta), Fort Uintah (in Utah), and the Salt Lake Valley. New Mexicans also used the North Branch as a main route for trade with the Utes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>End of International Trade and Modern Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the United States got New Mexico after the Mexican American War (1846–48) it ended the use of the Spanish Trail as a trade route. Some still used the main trail to reach California during the 1849 Gold Rush. Thousands of sheep were driven to California from New Mexico in the early 1850s to feed hungry miners. In the 1850s, the trail was used by explorers. Expeditions to find a route for a transcontinental railroad began in 1853. Traveling along the North Branch that year was Col. Edward Beale, followed a few months later by <strong>John W. Gunnison</strong> and then <strong>John C. Frémont</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After 1859, the trail was used as wagon roads for local travel and later as county roads and automobile highways. In 2010 the Bureau of Land Management funded a project to identify portions of the trail on its land. </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Old Spanish Trail was made a <strong>national historic trail</strong> by an act of Congress in 2002. From 1829 to 1848, the trail was the major trade route between Santa Fé de Nuevo Mexico (Santa Fe, New Mexico), and Alta California (Los Angeles, California). The trail was opened to California after Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821. California was an important market, and annual trade caravans carried woven woolen goods from Nuevo Mexico and returned with mules and horses. Native Americans captured while traveling in both directions were readily sold as slaves in California and Nuevo Mexico. The Ute Indians were also active participants in the horse and slave trades, though they used the trail less often.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Old Spanish Trail in Colorado was part of three trail systems on very different routes. The Armijo Route was used only once by a party led by Antonio Armijo in 1829. It cut through the far southwestern corner of the state. Beginning in 1831, the main Spanish Trail passed through a larger portion of southwestern Colorado before crossing the Colorado River at Moab, Utah, on the way to California. The portion in Colorado was initially traveled by <strong>Juan de Rivera</strong> in 1765 and by the <strong>Dominguez-Escalante expedition</strong> in 1776.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The North Branch is the longest of the routes in Colorado. It extended northward through Taos, New Mexico, through the San Luis Valley, and then west across Cochetopa Pass, over Cerro Summit, and into the Uncompahgre Valley. It crossed the Uncompahgre River near present-day Montrose and then headed north to cross the Gunnison River northwest of Delta. Continuing north along present US Highway 50, it crossed the Colorado River at Grand Junction and continued into Utah near the spot where Interstate 70 enters the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The North Branch intersected the main Spanish Trail in Utah’s Cisco Desert before crossing the Green River. Another part of the trail took a more northerly course after crossing Cochetopa Pass, passing through present-day Gunnison, then taking a route through present-day Crawford and down the North Fork of the Gunnison River, where it joined the more frequently used route northwest of Delta. The North Branch was the trail trappers used to access parts of western Colorado and eastern Utah. The trappers’ primary destinations were Antoine Roubidoux’s trading posts at Fort Uncompahgre (near present-day Delta), Fort Uintah (in Utah’s Uintah Basin), and the Salt Lake Valley. New Mexicans also used the North Branch as a principal route for trade with the Utes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>End of International Trade and Modern Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the United States acquired New Mexico because of the Mexican-American War (1846–48) the Spanish Trail ceased to be a major trade route between New Mexico and California. Some used the main trail to reach California during the 1849 Gold Rush, and thousands of sheep were driven to California from New Mexico in the early 1850s to feed hungry miners. Also in the 1850s, the trail was used by government explorers. Expeditions to identify a route for a transcontinental railroad began in 1853. Col. Edward Beale traveled along the North Branch that year. He was followed a few months later by <strong>John W. Gunnison</strong> and then <strong>John C. Frémont</strong>. In 1858 portions of the North Branch were improved by Col. William Loring as part of a military wagon road connecting Utah’s Salt Lake Valley to Fort Union, New Mexico. The main trail was used by the <strong>Macomb expedition</strong> in 1859 in its journey to find the junction of the Colorado and Green Rivers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Other parts of the trail were improved as wagon roads for local travel, and later as county roads and automobile highways. Where it has not been improved it is difficult, if not impossible, to see the original trail route. In 2010 the Bureau of Land Management funded a project to identify portions of the trail on its land. This resulted in more accurate knowledge of the route, and seventy-six miles of the trail in Colorado were mapped and described.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The Old Spanish Trail was designated a <strong>national historic trail</strong> by an act of Congress in 2002. From 1829 to 1848, this major trade route extended 2,700 miles between Santa Fé de Nuevo Mexico (Santa Fe, New Mexico), and Alta California (Los Angeles, California). The trail was opened to California when Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821. California was an important market, and annual trade caravans carried woven woolen goods from Nuevo Mexico and returned with mules and horses. Captured Native Americans were readily sold as slaves in California and Nuevo Mexico. The Ute Indians also participated in the horse and slave trades, though they used the trail less frequently.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Old Spanish Trail in Colorado was part of three trail systems on very different routes. The Armijo Route was used only once by a party led by Antonio Armijo in 1829; it clipped the far southwestern corner of the state. Beginning in 1831, the main Spanish Trail traversed a larger portion of southwestern Colorado before entering Utah and crossing the Colorado River at Moab, Utah, en route to California. The portion in Colorado was initially traveled by <strong>Juan de Rivera</strong> in 1765 and by the <strong>Dominguez-Escalante expedition</strong> in 1776.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The North Branch is the longest of the routes in Colorado. It extended north through Taos, New Mexico, through the San Luis Valley, then west across Cochetopa Pass, over Cerro Summit, and into the Uncompahgre Valley. It crossed the Uncompahgre River near present-day Montrose and then headed north to cross the Gunnison River northwest of Delta. Continuing north along the general course of present US Highway 50, it crossed the Colorado River at Grand Junction, and continued into Utah near the spot where Interstate 70 enters the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The North Branch intersected the main Spanish Trail in Utah’s Cisco Desert before crossing the Green River. Another part of the trail took a more northerly course after crossing Cochetopa Pass, passing through present-day Gunnison, then taking a route through present-day Crawford and down the North Fork of the Gunnison River, where it joined the more frequently used route northwest of Delta. The North Branch was the trail trappers used to access parts of western Colorado and eastern Utah. The trappers’ primary destinations were Antoine Roubidoux’s trading posts at Fort Uncompahgre (near present-day Delta), Fort Uintah (in Utah’s Uintah Basin), and the Salt Lake Valley. New Mexicans also used the North Branch as a principal route for trade with the Utes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>End of International Trade and Modern Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the United States acquired New Mexico because of the Mexican-American War (1846–48), the Spanish Trail ceased to be a major trade route between New Mexico and California. Some used the main trail to reach California during the 1849 Gold Rush, and thousands of sheep were driven to California from New Mexico in the early 1850s to feed hungry miners. Also in the 1850s, the trail was used by government explorers. Expeditions to identify a route for a transcontinental railroad began in 1853. Traveling along the North Branch that year was Col. Edward Beale, followed a few months later by <strong>John W. Gunnison</strong> and then <strong>John C. Frémont</strong>. In 1858 portions of the North Branch were improved by Col. William Loring as part of a military wagon road connecting Utah’s Salt Lake Valley to Fort Union, New Mexico. The main trail was used by the <strong>Macomb expedition</strong> in 1859 in its journey to find the junction of the Colorado and Green Rivers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>More of the trail was improved as wagon roads for local travel, and later as county roads and automobile highways. Where it has not been improved it is difficult, if not impossible, to see the original trail route. In 2010 the Bureau of Land Management funded a project to identify portions of the trail on its land. This resulted in more accurate knowledge of the route, and seventy-six miles of the trail in Colorado were mapped and described.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 12 Jun 2015 21:58:24 +0000 yongli 461 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Nineteenth-Century Trading Posts http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Nineteenth-Century Trading Posts</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--406--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--406.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bents-old-fort-reconstructed"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/bents-old-fort_0.jpg?itok=2jmh2MrY" width="800" height="640" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bents-old-fort-reconstructed" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bent&#039;s Old Fort, Reconstructed</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Bent's Old Fort was built near present-day La Junta in 1833 by the trading partners Ceran St. Vrain and William and Charles Bent. The fort was the center of trade along the Santa Fé Trail until about 1850. This reconstruction of Bent's Old Fort was completed in 1976.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-04-06T15:43:01-06:00" title="Monday, April 6, 2015 - 15:43" class="datetime">Mon, 04/06/2015 - 15:43</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts" data-a2a-title="Nineteenth-Century Trading Posts"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fnineteenth-century-trading-posts&amp;title=Nineteenth-Century%20Trading%20Posts"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The historic <a href="/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a> era in the Colorado region, which began in the early nineteenth century, ushered in a period of direct contact between Native Americans and whites. By this time, the hides and robes provided by Colorado’s furbearing animals had become valuable commodities in American and European markets. White trappers and traders constructed the first permanent American outposts as places to take in furs and robes. As this trade waned in the mid-nineteenth century, many of the posts were abandoned. However, several of these locations remained important to later emigrant or freighting operations and served as future sites of many Colorado cities and towns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Vague accounts exist of trading posts built by French traders on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> and in the western plains of Colorado in the eighteenth century. The Spanish also built such posts during this time or even earlier in the upper Arkansas region, but these early French and Spanish posts have not been located and are known only through vague historical references. Explorer <a href="/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Pike</strong></a> built a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pike’s-stockade"><strong>stockade</strong></a> in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a> shortly before being detained by the Spanish in 1807, and the Spanish constructed a short-lived military fort in 1819 to limit foreign access through Sangre de Cristo Pass west of modern-day Walsenburg. <a href="/article/fort-uncompahgre"><strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong></a>, built in 1828 on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a> in western Colorado, was the first fort unequivocally established in Colorado for the fur trade.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In his overview of the fur trade in Colorado, William Butler indicates that twenty-four trading posts were built in the state between 1800 and 1850. They varied from small wooden buildings, such as Gant’s Post on Fountain Creek, to those that resembled settlements, such as Buzzard’s Roost near modern-day Pueblo, to large adobe stockades, such as <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Old Fort</strong></a> on the Arkansas River. Several locations in the state were home to multiple forts, particularly on the <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a>, where <a href="/article/fort-vasquez"><strong>Fort Vasquez</strong></a>, <strong>Fort Lupton</strong>,<strong> <a href="/article/fort-jackson">Fort Jackson</a></strong>, and <strong>Fort St. Vrain</strong> were built along a thirteen-mile stretch of the river and operated simultaneously from 1837 to 1839.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Most of these trading posts did not survive the collapse of the fur trade in the early 1840s; however, some, such as Bent’s Old Fort, became an important stopping point along the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a>, the commercial link between Mexico and the United States. Other locations, such as <a href="/article/el-pueblo"><strong>El Pueblo</strong></a> and Greenhorn, were early communities founded by trappers and traders. As the earliest permanent non-native establishments in Colorado, these posts were important centers of economic and social activity among trappers, traders, and Native Americans. In the nineteenth century, as the economic focus shifted from the fur trade to mining, ranching, and farming, these posts became centers of commerce for many early communities in Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/newton-cody" hreflang="und">Newton, Cody</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-vasquez" hreflang="en">fort vasquez</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-lupton" hreflang="en">fort lupton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bents-fort-0" hreflang="en">bent&#039;s fort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bents-old-fort" hreflang="en">bent&#039;s old fort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trade" hreflang="en">fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nineteenth-century-fur-trade" hreflang="en">nineteenth century fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/platte-river" hreflang="en">platte river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-st-vrain" hreflang="en">fort st. vrain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-uncompahgre" hreflang="en">fort uncompahgre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/19th-century" hreflang="en">19th century</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/19th" hreflang="en">19th</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/19th-century-trading-posts" hreflang="en">19th century trading posts</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>William B. Butler, <em>The Fur Trade in Colorado</em> (Lake City: Western Reflections, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hiram Martin Chittendon, <em>The American Fur Trade of the Far West</em> (2 vols.) (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986 [1935]).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Donald Jackson, <em>The Journals of Zebulon Montgomery Pike</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Janet Lecompte, <em>Pueblo, Hardscrabble, Greenhorn: Society on the High Plains, 1832–1856</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Janet Lecompte, “Gant’s Fort and Bent’s Picket Post,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 41 (1964).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cody Newton, “Native Place, Environment, and the Trade Fort Concentration on the South Platte River, 1835–1845,” <em>Ethnohistory</em> 59 (2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Roland G. Robertson, <em>Competitive Struggle: America’s Western Fur Trading Posts, 1764–1865</em> (Boise: Tamarack Books, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Amos Stoddard, <em>Sketches, Historical and Descriptive, of Louisiana</em> (Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1812).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chauncey Thomas, “The Spanish Fort in Colorado, 1819,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 14 (1937).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/historic-forts-colorado">Historic Forts in Colorado</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.mman.us/">Malachite’s Big Hole</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The historic fur trade era in the Colorado region began in the early 1800s. It was a period of direct contact between Native Americans and whites. By this time, the hides from Colorado’s furbearing animals had become valuable goods in American and European markets. White <strong>trappers</strong> and traders built the first long-lasting American outposts as places to take in furs and robes. As this trade faded in the mid-1800s, many of the posts were abandoned. Several of these locations remained important and served as future sites of many Colorado cities and towns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/article/fort-uncompahgre"><strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong></a>, built in 1828 on the Gunnison River in western Colorado, was the first fort started in Colorado for the fur trade. Author William Butler notes that twenty-four trading posts of various sizes and structures were built in the state between 1800 and 1850. There were small wooden buildings such as Gant’s Post on Fountain Creek, as well as settlements such as Buzzard’s Roost near modern-day Pueblo. Large adobe stockades, such as <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Old Fort</strong> </a>on the Arkansas River, served as trading posts. Several forts were built along the South Platte River, including <a href="/article/fort-vasquez"><strong>Fort Vasquez</strong></a>, <strong>Fort Lupton</strong>, <a href="/article/fort-jackson"><strong>Fort Jackson</strong></a>, and <strong>Fort St. Vrain</strong>. They all operated at the same time, from 1837 to 1839.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Most of these trading posts did not survive the end of the fur trade in the early 1840s. Some, such as Bent’s Old Fort, became important stopping points along the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a>. Other locations, such as El Pueblo and Greenhorn, were early communities founded by trappers and traders. These posts were important centers of economic and social activity among trappers, traders, and Native Americans. In the 1800s, as the economic focus shifted from the fur trade to mining, ranching, and farming, these posts became centers of business for many early communities in Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The historic fur trade era in the Colorado region, which began in the early nineteenth century, was a period of direct contact between Native Americans and whites. By this time, the hides and robes provided by Colorado’s furbearing animals had become valuable goods in American and European markets. White <strong>trappers</strong> and traders built the first permanent American outposts as places to take in furs and robes. As this trade declined in the mid-nineteenth century, many of the posts were abandoned. Several of these locations remained important to later emigrant or freighting operations and served as future sites of many Colorado cities and towns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/article/fort-uncompahgre"><strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong></a>, built in 1828 on the Gunnison River in western Colorado, was the first fort established in Colorado for the fur trade. In his overview of the fur trade in Colorado, author William Butler notes that twenty-four trading posts were built in the state between 1800 and 1850. They varied from small wooden buildings, such as Gant’s Post on Fountain Creek, to those that resembled settlements, such as Buzzard’s Roost near modern-day Pueblo. There were also large adobe stockades, such as <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Old Fort</strong></a> on the Arkansas River. Several locations in the state were home to multiple forts, particularly on the South Platte River, where <a href="/article/fort-vasquez"><strong>Fort Vasquez</strong></a>, <strong>Fort Lupton</strong>, <a href="/article/fort-jackson"><strong>Fort Jackson</strong></a>, and <strong>Fort St. Vrain</strong> were built along a thirteen-mile stretch of the river. They all operated at the same time from 1837 to 1839.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Most of these trading posts did not survive the collapse of the fur trade in the early 1840s; however, some, such as Bent’s Old Fort, became important stopping points along the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a>. They served as the commercial link between Mexico and the United States. Other locations, such as El Pueblo and Greenhorn, were early communities founded by trappers and traders. As the earliest permanent non-native establishments in Colorado, these posts were important centers of economic and social activity among trappers, traders, and Native Americans. In the nineteenth century, as the economic focus shifted from the fur trade to mining, ranching, and farming, these posts became centers of commerce for many early communities in Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The historic fur trade era in the Colorado region, which began in the early nineteenth century, ushered in a period of direct contact between Native Americans and whites. By this time, the hides and robes provided by Colorado’s furbearing animals had become valuable commodities in American and European markets. White <strong>trappers</strong> and traders constructed the first permanent American outposts as places to take in furs and robes. As this trade waned in the mid-nineteenth century, many of the posts were abandoned. However, several of these locations remained important to later emigrant or freighting operations and served as future sites of many Colorado cities and towns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Explorer <a href="/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Pike</strong></a> built a stockade in the San Luis Valley shortly before being detained by the Spanish in 1807, and the Spanish constructed a short-lived military fort in 1819 to limit foreign access through Sangre de Cristo Pass west of modern-day Walsenburg. <a href="/article/fort-uncompahgre"><strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong></a>, built in 1828 on the Gunnison River in western Colorado, was the first fort established in Colorado for the fur trade.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In his overview of the fur trade in Colorado, author William Butler indicates that twenty-four trading posts were built in the state between 1800 and 1850. They varied from small wooden buildings, such as Gant’s Post on Fountain Creek, to those that resembled settlements, such as Buzzard’s Roost near modern-day Pueblo. There were also large adobe stockades, such as <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Old Fort</strong></a> on the Arkansas River. Several locations in the state were home to multiple forts, particularly on the South Platte River, where <a href="/article/fort-vasquez"><strong>Fort Vasquez</strong></a>, <strong>Fort Lupton</strong>, <a href="/article/fort-jackson"><strong>Fort Jackson</strong></a>, and <strong>Fort St. Vrain</strong> were built along a thirteen-mile stretch of the river and operated simultaneously from 1837 to 1839.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Most of these trading posts did not survive the collapse of the fur trade in the early 1840s. Some, such as Bent’s Old Fort, became important stopping points along the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a>, the commercial link between Mexico and the United States. Other locations, such as El Pueblo and Greenhorn, were early communities founded by trappers and traders. As the earliest permanent non-native establishments in Colorado, these posts were important centers of economic and social activity among trappers, traders, and Native Americans. In the nineteenth century, as the economic focus shifted from the fur trade to mining, ranching, and farming, these posts became centers of commerce for many early communities in Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 06 Apr 2015 21:43:01 +0000 yongli 404 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org