%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Pike’s Stockade http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pikes-stockade <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Pike’s Stockade</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1190--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1190.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/pike-stockade"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/144020lkg%2520w.12.02.05%5B1%5D.jpg?itok=jC70u5p4" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/pike-stockade" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Pike Stockade</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Anticipating attacks by Spaniards or Indians, US explorer Zebulon Pike and his men built a stockade like this one in southern Colorado in 1807.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1191--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1191.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/view-sierro-del-ojito"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/NEW-IMAGE_0.jpg?itok=WMrx8eWk" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/view-sierro-del-ojito" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">View from Sierro del Ojito</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Zebulon Pike climbed this 600-foot butte adjacent to his camp in early February 1807. The wooded Rio Conejos winds through the foreground. Blanca Peak looms in background, just south of the prominent dip in the horizon that marks Medano Pass, where Pike entered the San Luis Valley.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1192--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1192.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/pickets-inside-stockade"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Stockade%2520Interior3.06.06.29%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=cPBEHp8s" width="768" height="1024" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/pickets-inside-stockade" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Pickets Inside Stockade</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Pike and his men lined the inside of their stockade with sharpened posts called pickets.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1193--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1193.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/rio-conejos"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/144820Conejos20upstrm.12.02.05%5B1%5D.jpg?itok=qzV6mN00" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/rio-conejos" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rio Conejos</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Rio Conejos runs near the Stockade.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1194--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1194.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/picnic-pikes-stockade-c-1940s" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Picnic at Pike’s Stockade, c. 1940s</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Gathering at Pike Stockade, c. 1940s.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1195--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1195.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/stockade-and-sierro-del-ojito"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/143520fr%2520ne.12.02.05%5B1%5D.jpg?itok=_o3C02oo" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/stockade-and-sierro-del-ojito" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Stockade and Sierro del Ojito</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Pike Stockade with Sierro del Ojito in background.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1196--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1196.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/entrance-pikes-stockade-grounds" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Entrance to Pike’s Stockade Grounds</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Pike's Stockade grounds are closed during the winter months but are open to the public and tour groups from Memorial Day weekend to September 30.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * 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<!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pikes-stockade" data-a2a-title="Pike’s Stockade"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fpikes-stockade&amp;title=Pike%E2%80%99s%20Stockade"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Pike Stockade is a reconstruction of a small fortress built by the soldiers of the 1806–7 <a href="/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Pike</strong></a> expedition. It is located on the <strong>Rio Conejos</strong>, a tributary of the <strong>Rio Grande</strong>, in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>, seventeen miles southeast of <strong>Alamosa</strong>. Administered by <strong>History Colorado</strong>, the stockade commemorates one of the first documented structures built by Americans in what is now Colorado. More broadly, it testifies to Colorado’s role in North American exploration in the era of Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and the Louisiana Purchase.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pike Expedition</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After six grueling months of travel from St. Louis, Pike and his crew of nine American soldiers and one civilian arrived at the mouth of the Conejos on January 31, 1807. They ascended the stream several miles and camped there for the next month. In selecting the site, Pike sought timber, defense against potential Indian hostilities, and a base from which to rescue five frostbitten men he had left behind in the mountains earlier that month. Although his journal did not mention it explicitly, he also undoubtedly wanted access to water and game. The well-timbered spot on the Conejos at the foot of the 600-foot rise of Sierro del Ojito, a promising lookout point, fit the bill. Additionally, a hot spring nearby keeps water flowing year-round.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pike’s journal, which he later published, describes the construction of a “small fortification.” According to a footnote in his entry of February 6, the structure was “36 feet square” and made of “heavy cotton-wood logs, about two feet [in] diameter.” The structure rose to a height of twelve feet and had sharpened outward-pointing pickets to deter attackers. Its south face abutted the river, and the men dug a moat that encircled the stockade. To enter and exit, they crawled through a small hole at the base. Satisfied, Pike raised an American flag over the stockade.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While Pike awaited the return of the rescue party, some Spanish dragoons arrived on February 26, though they were considerably less threatening than the marauders who haunted Pike’s imagination. Their commander informed Pike that the Americans were camped in Spanish territory and insisted that Pike and his men accompany him to Santa Fé to answer to the Spanish governor. After minimal protest, Pike consented. He left two men at the stockade with a detachment of Spaniards to wait for the rescue party’s return.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>He would not return to the United States until July 1, when the Spanish escorted him and his men back to Fort Claiborne in present-day Louisiana.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Did They Actually Build It?</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In his 1978 book, <em>Pike in Colorado</em>, San Luis Valley historian Carrol Joe Carter raised the question of whether Pike and his men actually built the fort. Although detailed in describing the completed structure, Pike’s journal was vague about the construction process, recounting it only with phrases like “We continue to go on with the works of our stockade,” and “labored at our works.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carter, however, thought the structure as described by Pike exceeded the basic shelter the men really needed. Pike, he wrote, “had no reason to fear attack” from Spaniards or Indians. Carter also doubted whether the party had the necessary equipment to construct something so substantial, noting that when the Spaniards later sold his tools at auction, axes, adzes, and shovels were not among the items listed. Nor, he said, did Spanish documents comment on the existence of a fort. Finally, Carter maintained, the men were too few and too weak for heavy labor. Carter theorized that the officer Pike and the gentleman civilian were unlikely to do manual labor. That left only nine men, already exhausted from arduous mountain crossings, to fell, haul, and hoist thirty-foot timbers and hack a ditch into the frozen ground. After the departure of the rescue party, this number dwindled to four. Thus, Carter concluded that the men likely constructed something more modest, along the lines of what they had erected twice before on the expedition. Pike’s journal provided no details of these structures, but they appear to have each been thrown up in a day.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carter, however, offered no motive for why Pike would have wanted to lie about a fort he never constructed. Moreover, any of the men would have been able to contradict any falsehoods he published. In addition, Pike did genuinely worry about attackers. He had seen no Indians since meeting an aggressive war party on November 22, but he had seen plenty of signs of them. Moreover, neither that encounter nor his time among the Pawnees in the fall had gone smoothly. He also believed (erroneously as it turned out) that Spanish soldiers had trekked from Santa Fé the previous fall to thwart his expedition. Perhaps the stockade surpassed what he needed, but it did not exceed what he feared. And, as even Carter noted, occupying bored men with work would have boosted morale—it was not as if they had much else to do.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As for tools, nearly a year elapsed between his arrest in the San Luis Valley and the auction in Chihuahua, more than 800 miles away. This was plenty of time and space for an axe or two or other items to be lost or broken or to fall into the hands of an opportunistic Spaniard.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carter may also have overestimated the severity of the men’s condition. While Pike’s journal repeatedly discussed his comrades’ failing conditions between January 17 and 27, after that he ceased all mention of hunger, frostbite, fatigue, and other ailments. Possibly the men were recovering. He went hunting frequently, so at the least, the party enjoyed a healthy supply of meat. Moreover, while Carter doubted the frozen ground would allow for a moat, Pike, who had carefully chronicled poor weather in the weeks before, made not a single reference to cold while camped on the Conejos. Although the region’s winter temperatures can dip well below freezing, a warm February in 1807 that softened the earth and made a ditch feasible would not be out of the question.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Finally, it is true that the Spaniards did not comment on the fort, but they did not comment on much of anything else either. The record is silent on just about all details of the encounter. While an absence of evidence can raise doubts, it cannot prove the fort was not built.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Restoration</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Whether Pike built the fort or not, the people of Colorado have taken a keen interest in commemorating his visit to the San Luis Valley. Late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century lore among valley old-timers testified to stockade debris remaining at the site and a depression in the ground possibly marking the moat. Subsequent archeological investigations, however, have found no corroborating evidence.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Efforts to preserve the site began with historian D. E. Newcombe raising a flag there in 1910 and convincing the US Army to survey the area. Not surprisingly, given the history of flooding and the perishable construction materials, no evidence of the fort was found. The army report did, however, confirm the location.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Beginning in 1924, the Colorado State Historical Society (today known as History Colorado) took an interest in the site. The society’s Albert B. Sanford called it “almost sacred ground.” In 1926 he arranged for the state to purchase 120 acres to be preserved as Pike’s Stockade Park. That year, riprapping and a dam were installed to reduce erosion.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A permanent plaque and monument were installed in 1936, and 600 people gathered with Governor <strong>Edwin C. Johnson</strong> for a celebratory picnic. In 1946, the legislature appropriated $5,250 for the site, and the historical society began planning a replica stockade in 1947. In 1949, thanks to a donation from W. A. Braiden, the society purchased another 840 acres, including Sierro del Ojito. Additional lands were acquired in the 1950s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The stockade replica was completed in 1952. It followed Pike’s specifications, with the exception of substituting more durable spruce logs in place of short-lived <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>cottonwood</strong></a> ones. The following year Pike’s Stockade Park was named a State Historical Monument, and in 1961 the stockade was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, History Colorado manages the site as an adjunct to <strong><a href="/article/fort-garland-0">Fort Garland</a> Museum</strong>. In addition to the reconstructed stockade, it has interpretive plaques, monuments commemorating the expedition, restrooms and picnic facilities, and paths through the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wetlands-and-riparian-areas"><strong>riparian</strong></a> forest and along the river. Its wintertime closure, remote location at the end of several miles of unpaved road, and swarms of summertime mosquitos make it a lightly visited place. Visitors who brave the obstacles, however, enjoy serenity, lush greenery, and good birding. And with just a little imagination, they can transport themselves back to 1807 and the earliest days of American exploration as they walk the very ground trod by Zebulon Pike and his comrades. Quietly, the stockade and its surroundings testify to an era when Colorado was contested among Americans, Spaniards, and Native Americans, and when its character and contents were still tantalizing mysteries to Euro-Americans.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/orsi-jared" hreflang="und">Orsi, Jared</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/zebulon-pike" hreflang="en">zebulon pike</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/american-explorers" hreflang="en">American explorers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/military-posts" hreflang="en">military posts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/conejos-river" hreflang="en">Conejos River</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Kevin D. Black, <a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/Programs/PAAC_PikeStockade_Survey_Report_nomap.pdf"><em>An Archaeological Inventory in the Pike’s Stockade Area, Conejos County, Colorado</em></a> (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, October 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carrol Joe Carter, <em>Pike in Colorado: The Explorations of Zebulon Montgomery Pike in the San Luis Valley of Colorado</em> (Fort Collins, CO: Old Army Press, 1978).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Donald Jackson, <em>The Journals of Zebulon Montgomery Pike With Letters and Related Documents</em>, 2 vols. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joseph Scott Mendinghall, “<a href="http://focus.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/nhls/text/66000244.PDF">National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Pike’s Stockade</a>,” Historic Sites Survey (Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1975).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Frank C. Spencer, “Dedication of a Monument at the Site of Pike’s Fort on the Conejos,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 13 (September 1936).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>History Colorado, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/location/fort-garland">Fort Garland Museum &amp; Pike’s Stockade</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jared Orsi, <em>Citizen Explorer: The Life of Zebulon Pike</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 07 Mar 2016 23:17:37 +0000 yongli 1189 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado Territory http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Territory</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1144--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1144.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/us-states-and-territories-february-8-1860-january-29-1861"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/The%20Colorado%20Territory%20Media%201_0.png?itok=UtauD0QI" width="1000" height="677" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/us-states-and-territories-february-8-1860-january-29-1861" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">U.S. States and Territories, February 8, 1860 to January 29, 1861</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>U. S. states and territories prior to the establishment of the Colorado Territory.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1146--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1146.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/us-states-and-territories-march-2-1861-august-1-1861"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/The%20Colorado%20Territory%20Media%202_0.png?itok=x7CX8sog" width="1000" height="677" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/us-states-and-territories-march-2-1861-august-1-1861" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">U.S. States and Territories, March 2, 1861 to August 1, 1861</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>U. S. states and territories after the establishment of the Colorado Territory.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1147--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1147.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/astor-house-territorial-meeting-place"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorado%20Media%203_0.jpg?itok=GaKB8Krj" width="1090" height="845" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/astor-house-territorial-meeting-place" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Astor House, a Territorial Meeting Place</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Astor House was a popular meeting place for territorial officials. The building still stands on 12th St. in Golden, where it is now a house museum.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-02-25T14:22:09-07:00" title="Thursday, February 25, 2016 - 14:22" class="datetime">Thu, 02/25/2016 - 14:22</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory" data-a2a-title="Colorado Territory"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-territory&amp;title=Colorado%20Territory"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Territory of Colorado (1861–76) was the&nbsp;predecessor to the state of <strong><a href="/article/colorado-overview">Colorado</a></strong>, created on February 28, 1861. The territory was formed&nbsp;in response to the secession crisis as well as&nbsp;a massive influx of white immigrants&nbsp;during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>. It&nbsp;was organized by an act of the Thirty-Sixth Congress and was signed into law by President James Buchanan, just before incoming President Abraham Lincoln took office.</p> <p>The Colorado Territory was carved from existing territories, including the Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Utah territories. Leaders in Denver had also&nbsp;provisionally governed the area as the Jefferson Territory between October 24, 1859 and February 28, 1861, though it&nbsp;was never legally recognized by the federal government.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> The looming <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a> figured into the&nbsp;territory's creation. Before 1860&nbsp;Congressional Republicans, largely aligned with northern, antislavery interests,&nbsp;and Democrats, who were southern and&nbsp;pro-slavery, clashed over the expansion of slavery in the territories.&nbsp;But&nbsp;when&nbsp;southern states left&nbsp;the Union after Lincoln's election, Congressional Republicans consolidated power&nbsp;and passed the Colorado Organic Act in mid-February 1861. While&nbsp;Republicans&nbsp;intended to ban slavery in&nbsp;the new territory, the chairman of the&nbsp;Congressional Committee on Territories&nbsp;was a Democrat from Missouri. Confident&nbsp;that&nbsp;the recent election of a Republican president would allow the advancement of antislavery provisions in the future,&nbsp;Republicans&nbsp;left out any language referencing slavery to avoid fanning the flames of the secession crisis.&nbsp;</p> <p>Another obstacle to the creation of the territory were Indigenous rights to much of what is now Colorado,&nbsp;enshrined in the 1851 <a href="/article/treaty-fort-laramie"><strong>Treaty of Fort Laramie</strong></a>. The constant stream of mostly white gold seekers to the <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a> after 1851 led to tension and conflict with the Arapaho and Cheyenne, so in mid-February 1861 the US government negotiated a new treaty, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Treaty of Fort Wise</strong></a>, which greatly reduced&nbsp;Arapaho and Cheyenne holdings in what became the Colorado Territory.</p> <p>Once established, the Colorado Territory had a governor, territorial legislature, and judicial system. Over its short lifespan, the territory had seven separate governors (holding eight separate appointments). <strong><a href="/article/william-gilpin">William Gilpin</a> </strong>served as the first territorial governor from 1861 to 1862, followed by <a href="/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>, who served until 1865. Other famous territorial governors included <strong>Samuel Hitt Elbert</strong> (1873–74) and <a href="/article/john-l-routt"><strong>John Long Routt</strong></a> (1875). The territory had its capital first at <strong>Colorado City</strong> (1861–62), later at <strong><a href="/article/golden">Golden</a> </strong>(1862–67), and finally at <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver">Denver City</a> </strong>(1867–76). The capital’s move to Denver was hotly debated and allegedly settled by a narrow one-vote margin.</p> <p>Many who came during the gold rush&nbsp;thought Colorado would quickly become a state—indeed, local&nbsp;officials&nbsp;wanted to skip territorial organization entirely—the Colorado Statehood Bill was twice vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, who argued that Colorado’s population was too small for statehood. Colorado remained a territory until March 1875, when the territorial delegate to the US House of Representatives,<strong> Jerome B. Chaffee,</strong> in his final week in office, convinced Congress that there were more than 150,000 residents in the territory. With the same boundaries, Colorado was admitted to the Union by President Ulysses S. Grant on August 1, 1876.</p> <p>The lands that would become the territory and state of Colorado came under US control via various actions, including the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819, the Texas annexation in 1845, and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treaty-guadalupe-hidalgo"><strong>Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo</strong></a> in 1848. Specifically, the Louisiana Purchase secured those areas in Colorado east of the <a href="/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a>. Those areas east of the Continental Divide but south of the Arkansas River were subsequently ceded to Spain under the terms of the Adams-Onís Treaty.</p> <p>Following the declaration of Mexican independence from Spain in 1821, the Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico in 1836 and was eventually annexed by the United States in 1845. At that time, Texas included the areas south of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> and large parts of the western half of present-day Colorado. The annexation of Texas escalated existing US-Mexican tensions into open war. The brief conflict ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, which established the Rio Grande as the US-Mexican border and consolidated all of the lands that would later become Colorado under US ownership.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/troyer-michael-d" hreflang="und">Troyer, Michael D. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gold-rush" hreflang="en">gold rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/kansas-territory" hreflang="en">Kansas Territory</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nebraska-territory" hreflang="en">Nebraska Territory</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/utah-territory" hreflang="en">Utah Territory</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/new-mexico-territory" hreflang="en">New Mexico Territory</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jefferson-territory" hreflang="en">Jefferson Territory</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/statehood" hreflang="en">statehood</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Colorado: A Historical Atlas</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015).</p> <p>Susan Schulten,&nbsp;"<a href="https://academic.oup.com/whq/article-abstract/44/1/21/1869144?redirectedFrom=fulltext">The Civil War and the Origins of the Colorado Territory</a>,"&nbsp;<em>Western Historical Quarterly&nbsp;</em>44, no. 1 (Spring 2013).</p> <p>Carl Ubbelohde, Maxine Benson-Cook, and Duane A. Smith, <em>A Colorado History,</em> 10th ed. (Boulder: Pruett Publishing Company, 2015).</p> <p>World Public Library, “<a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Timeline_of_Colorado_history">Timeline of Colorado History</a>,” n.d.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Eugene H. Berwanger, <em>The Rise of the Centennial State: Colorado Territory, 1861–76 </em>(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007).</p> <p>World Public Library, “<a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/article/WHEBN0000005399/Colorado">Colorado</a>,” n.d. &nbsp;</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 25 Feb 2016 21:22:09 +0000 yongli 1139 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Spanish Exploration in Southeastern Colorado, 1590–1790 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/spanish-exploration-southeastern-colorado-1590-1790 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Spanish Exploration in Southeastern Colorado, 1590–1790</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-09-01T14:45:34-06:00" title="Tuesday, September 1, 2015 - 14:45" class="datetime">Tue, 09/01/2015 - 14:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/spanish-exploration-southeastern-colorado-1590-1790" data-a2a-title="Spanish Exploration in Southeastern Colorado, 1590–1790"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fspanish-exploration-southeastern-colorado-1590-1790&amp;title=Spanish%20Exploration%20in%20Southeastern%20Colorado%2C%201590%E2%80%931790"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Spanish effort to conquer and control the lands that would eventually become southeastern Colorado tended to be slow and methodical. The lands claimed by New Spain extended from Panama to the Arctic, although the capital was located in Mexico City. Gradually, rumors of riches in the area of present-day New Mexico and Colorado spread south to Mexico City during the early 1500s. Several attempts to find the riches were made, including that of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Coronado Expedition</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1540, Coronado began his exploration of the American Southwest. Marching northward with seventy-five men, he found mud pueblos inhabited by Native Americans. The Spanish subdued the natives, established bases, and sent out smaller exploration parties. Coronado’s expedition failed in its search for wealth, but it brought about the first contact between Europeans and the Native American population. Native Americans eventually gained two valuable commodities from subsequent contacts with Europeans – the horse and the gun. The Spaniards reported on Native Americans, the absence of cities of gold, and land they considered worthless.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the Spaniards first arrived in the American Southwest, Native American groups already possessed elaborate trade networks that included a vast communication system, as well as more traditional trading relationships. The Spaniards and their New Mexican descendants recognized the economic successes of these trading relationships and adopted many of the Native Americans’ trade patterns and customs. This resulted in the development of cultural and economic traditions adaptable to the environment of the Southwest. The arid semi-desert environment required creative innovation in terms of water usage, crops, and livestock-raising techniques.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Development of trade with Native Americans allowed the aboriginal inhabitants access to European material culture, such as iron and other metals, as early as the mid-eighteenth century. Another shared aspect of life was the Roman Catholic religion, which many friars and padres brought with material goods to the Native Americans of the Southwest.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Summary of Other Expeditions</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>At least twelve recorded expeditions into present-day Colorado occurred between 1593 and 1780 (table 1). Several lack documentation; however, they are mentioned by later expeditions. The initial visit to the region of present-day Colorado was an unauthorized expedition led by Francisco Leyva de Bonilla and Antonio Gutierrez de Humana in 1593. During the expedition, Humana murdered Bonilla, and all but one of the remaining members of the group were killed somewhere in the vicinity of the Purgatoire River. In a 1952 publication, historian Herbert Bolton places the encounter in eastern Kansas. In 1601, Juan de Oñate explored the region in an effort to locate evidence of the earlier Humana and Bonilla expedition and discovered the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a>, which he named El Rio de San Francisco. However, the most significant expedition, in terms of being the first to document eastern Colorado, was the one led by Juan de Ulibarri in 1706 – 100 years before the much-heralded <a href="/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Pike</strong></a> expedition.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Table 1: Spanish Expeditions into Southeastern Colorado (1590–1790)</p>&#13; &#13; <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="width: 709px;" width="590">&#13; <tbody>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 13.86%;">&#13; <p>1594–96</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 620px;">&#13; <p>Juan de Humana and Francisco Leyva de Bonilla explore New Mexico and Colorado as far as the Purgatoire River.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 13.86%;">&#13; <p>1596</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 620px;">&#13; <p>Juan de Zaldivar enters the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a> in Colorado.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 13.86%;">&#13; <p>1598–1608</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 620px;">&#13; <p>Don Juan de Oñate establishes the first colony in New Mexico; explores New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 13.86%;">&#13; <p>1610</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 620px;">&#13; <p>In Santa Fé, New Mexico, the Spanish build the block-long adobe El Palacio as a seat for the governor-general.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 13.86%;">&#13; <p>1664</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 620px;">&#13; <p>Juan de Archuleta enters eastern Colorado as far as <a href="/article/kiowa-county"><strong>Kiowa County</strong></a> to capture a group of Pueblo Indians living with the Apaches who participated in revolts against the Spanish.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 13.86%;">&#13; <p>1680</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 620px;">&#13; <p>Indians under Chief Popé expel the Spanish from Santa Fé, New Mexico, during the Pueblo Revolt. The Pueblo Indians take possession of Santa Fé and destroy many Spanish churches there and in Taos.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 13.86%;">&#13; <p>1694</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 620px;">&#13; <p>Francisco de Vargas re-conquers New Mexico and enters the San Luis Valley.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 13.86%;">&#13; <p>1706</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 620px;">&#13; <p>Juan de Ulibarri crosses into Colorado as far as the Arkansas Valley in Kiowa County to retrieve some of the participants in the Pueblo Revolt who were requested to return to New Mexico.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 13.86%;">&#13; <p>1719</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 620px;">&#13; <p>Antonio Valverde y Cosio explores Colorado as far as the Platte River and also explores Kansas.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 13.86%;">&#13; <p>1720</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 620px;">&#13; <p>Pedro de Villasur explores Colorado and Nebraska. The majority of his party members are killed by Pawnee with the encouragement of the French.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 13.86%;">&#13; <p>1779</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 620px;">&#13; <p>Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza leads a punitive expedition against the Comanche across New Mexico and Colorado. His forces corner and kill the Comanche chief Cuerno Verde and other leaders at the base of Greenhorn Mountain, south of Pueblo, Colorado.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 13.86%;">&#13; <p>1787</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 620px;">&#13; <p>De Anza finally makes a lasting Spanish-Comanche peace. The Arapaho and Cheyenne move onto the plains and begin to trade peacefully with the Spanish <em>comancheros</em> and <em>ciboleros</em> riding out of Santa Fé and Taos.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; </tbody>&#13; </table>&#13; &#13; <p>Adapted from Gray and Lewis (1999–2007); History Colorado 1999–2013; Public Lands Interpretive Association 2006–14; Sangres.com, n.d., and others.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>El Cuartelejo in the Seventeenth Century</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early seventeenth century, prior to the 1680 Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico, religious persecution inspired local pueblos to lead a series of mini-rebellions against the Spanish. Pueblo spiritual leaders were subjected to flogging, imprisonment, slavery, or death by hanging. In 1640, ongoing revolts in Taos and the death of the mission priest Fray Pedro de Miranda led a number of Taos residents to flee to the plains to live with the Apache. The Taos fugitives went to a place that came to be called El Cuartelejo, a site north of the Arkansas River where they lived with other Pueblo refugees and Apaches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1642 (earlier accounts indicate the 1660s), Juan de Archuleta led an expedition to the high plains to pacify the rebellious Pueblos. Although Archuleta’s journal has not been found, accounts of his expeditions taken from other sources indicate that he journeyed onto the plains prior to 1642 with twenty soldiers and a group of allied Pueblos.<br />&#13; The location of this place remains in dispute because historical evidence seems to place it near the junction of the Purgatoire and Arkansas Rivers in present-day Colorado, near the famous <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Old Fort</strong></a>. Archaeological evidence places it a considerable distance to the east, in what is now Scott State Park in Kansas. In 1939–40 and 1969–70, the archaeological remains of a masonry pueblo, initially discovered in the late nineteenth century, were examined by researchers from the Smithsonian Institution and the Kansas State Historical Society, respectively. This was considered the site of El Cuartelejo. According to several historians, both locations may be correct.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The disastrous Villasur expedition was the last of the expeditions that had started at the end of the sixteenth century with the intent of finding the fabled Cibola, or Seven Cities of Gold, and protecting New Spain’s northern boundary from French intrusions. The last expedition, in 1779, was a punitive sojourn to confront the Comanche who had been raiding New Mexico since the early eighteenth century. The subsequent treaty between the Spanish and the Comanche in 1787 opened up the plains of eastern Colorado to trade for nearly 100 years.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/carrillo-richard" hreflang="und">Carrillo, Richard</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/francisco-coronado" hreflang="en">francisco coronado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/el-cuartelejo" hreflang="en">el cuartelejo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/spanish-exploration-colorado" hreflang="en">spanish exploration of colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/spanish-explorers" hreflang="en">spanish explorers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/spanish-colorado" hreflang="en">spanish colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Eugene F. Bannon, The Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 1513–1821 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Herbert E. Bolton, Spanish Exploration in the Southwest, 1542–1706 (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1952).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Herbert E. Bolton, The Spanish Borderlands (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Brandon, Quivera: Europeans in the Region of the Santa Fe Trail, 1540–1820 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Richard F. Carrillo, A Summary of the Culture History of Southeastern Colorado (La Junta, CO: Cuartelejo HP Associates, 2009).<br />&#13; Phil Carson, Across the Northern Frontier: Spanish Explorations in Colorado (Boulder: Johnson Books, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Vickie Gray and Angela Lewis, “<a href="https://bernalillo.nmgenweb.us/time.htm">Brief Timeline of New Mexico History</a>.” Bernalillo County, 1999–2007.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>History Colorado, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/educators/timeline-overview">Colorado Hispanic/Latino Historical Overview</a>.” Denver, 1999–2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Public Lands Interpretive Association, “<a href="https://publiclands.org/visitorcenter/exhibits.php?e=History&amp;amp;s=Spanish&amp;amp;c=History3">Timeline of Spanish in North America</a>.” Albuquerque, NM, 2006–14.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sangres.com, “<a href="http://sangres.com/history/deanza.htm">Juan Bautista de Anza and Cuerno Verde</a>.” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alfred B. Thomas, After Coronado (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1935).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David J. Weber, The Spanish Frontier in North America (New York: Yale University Press, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Waldo Wedel, An Introduction to Kansas Archeology, Bulletin 174 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, 1959).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Frederic J. Athearn, <a href="https://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/wo/Planning_and_Renewable_Resources/coop_agencies/new_documents/co1.Par.35086.File.dat/athearn_forgotten.pdf">A Forgotten Kingdom: The Spanish Frontier in Colorado and New Mexico, 1540–1821 </a>(Denver: Colorado Bureau of Land Management, 2nd ed., 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kansas Historical Society, “<a href="https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/el-cuartelejo-scott-county/12026">El Cuartelejo, Scott County</a>.” Topeka, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Andrew L. Knaut, The Pueblo Revolt of 1680: Conquest and Resistance in Seventeenth-Century New Mexico (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Janet LeCompte, Pueblo, Hardscrabble, and Greenhorn (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, The San Luis Valley: Land of the Six-Armed Cross (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2nd ed., 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Hurst Thomas, ed., Columbian Consequences, vol. 1: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands West (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ted J. Warner and Himmerich Y. Valencia, eds., The Dominguez-Escalante Journal: Their Expedition through Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico in 1776 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1995).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><h2>Coronado Expedition</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1540, <strong>Francisco Vásquez de Coronado</strong> began to explore the American Southwest. He found mud pueblos occupied by Native Americans. The Spanish set up bases and sent out smaller parties to explore. Coronado’s expedition was the first meeting of Europeans and Native Americans. Native Americans got two important things from the Europeans: the horse and the gun.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the time the Spaniards came to the American Southwest, Native American groups already had trade networks with each other. The Spaniards copied many of the Native Americans’ trade patterns and customs. Trading between the Spanish and Native Americans gave the Indians European goods made of iron and other metals.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Other Expeditions</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>At least twelve expeditions into present-day Colorado took place between 1593 and 1780. In 1601, Juan de Oñate explored the region near the Purgatoire River and discovered the Arkansas River, which he named El Rio de San Francisco. An important expedition led by Juan de Ulibarri in 1706, mapped eastern Colorado, one hundred years before the famous <strong>Zebulon Pike</strong> expedition.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Villasur expedition started at the end of the 1500s. The expedition went in search of the famous Cibola, or Seven Cities of Gold. One last expedition, in 1779, resulted in treaty between the Spanish and the Comanche in 1787. It opened up the plains of eastern Colorado to trade for nearly 100 years.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Spanish effort to control the lands that would become southeastern Colorado tended to be slow. The lands claimed by New Spain extended from Panama to the Arctic, although the capital was located in Mexico City. Rumors of riches in what is now New Mexico and Colorado spread south to Mexico City during the early 1500s. Several attempts to find the riches were made, including that of <strong>Francisco Vásquez de Coronado</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Coronado Expedition</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1540, Coronado began his exploration of the American Southwest. Marching northward with seventy-five men, he found mud pueblos inhabited by Native Americans. The Spanish established bases and sent out smaller exploration parties. Coronado’s expedition failed in its search for wealth, but it brought about the first contact between Europeans and Native Americans. Native Americans gained two valuable items from contact with Europeans: the horse and the gun. The Spaniards reported on Native Americans, the absence of cities of gold, and land they considered worthless.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At the time the Spaniards first arrived in the American Southwest, Native American groups already had detailed trade networks that included a vast communication system, as well as more traditional trading relationships. The Spaniards and their New Mexican descendants understood the economic successes of these trading relationships and adopted many of the Native Americans’ trade patterns and customs. This outcome was the development of cultural and economic traditions adaptable to the environment of the Southwest. The arid semidesert environment needed creative innovation in terms of water usage, crops, and livestock-raising techniques.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Development of trade with Native Americans gave Indians access to European goods made of iron and other metals. The many friars and padres sent to bring the Roman Catholic religion to the inhabitants also brought European goods to the Native Americans of the Southwest.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Summary of Other Expeditions</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>At least twelve recorded expeditions into present-day Colorado occurred between 1593 and 1780 (table 1). The first visit to the region of present-day Colorado was led by Francisco Leyva de Bonilla and Antonio Gutiérrez de Humana in 1593. During the expedition, Humana murdered Bonilla, and all but one of the remaining members of the group were killed somewhere in the vicinity of the Purgatoire River. In 1601, Juan de Oñate explored the region in an effort to locate evidence of the earlier Humana and Bonilla expedition and discovered the Arkansas River, which he named El Río de San Francisco. The most important expedition, in terms of mapping eastern Colorado, was led by Juan de Ulibarri in 1706—100 years before the famous <strong>Zebulon Pike</strong> expedition.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Over time, Spanish settlement efforts expanded farther and farther north. These settlements were slow to form, as inhabitants lived in constant danger of attack. Raids by Comanche and Ute bands were a threat to the newly formed outposts. In response, the Spanish were supposed to have established an outpost at the site of El Cuartelejo (the Far Quarter) in 1709. The plan was abandoned after the killing of <strong>Pedro de Villasur</strong> in 1720. The exact location is unknown, although according to several historians, the site was located in present-day southeastern Colorado or western Kansas.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Table 1: Spanish Expeditions into Southeastern Colorado (1590–1790)</p>&#13; &#13; <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="width: 702px;" width="636">&#13; <tbody>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1594–96</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 568px;">&#13; <p>Juan de Humana and Francisco Leyva de Bonilla explore New Mexico and Colorado as far as the Purgatoire River.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1596</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 568px;">&#13; <p>Juan de Zaldívar enters the San Luis Valley in Colorado.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1598–1608</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 568px;">&#13; <p>Don Juan de Oñate establishes the first colony in New Mexico; explores New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1610</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 568px;">&#13; <p>In Santa Fé, New Mexico, the Spanish build the block-long adobe El Palacio as a seat for the governor-general.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1664</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 568px;">&#13; <p>Juan de Archuleta enters eastern Colorado as far as Kiowa County to capture a group of Pueblo Indians living with the Apaches who participated in revolts against the Spanish.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1680</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 568px;">&#13; <p>Indians under Chief Popé expel the Spanish from Santa Fé, New Mexico, during the Pueblo Revolt. The Pueblo Indians take possession of Santa Fé and destroy many Spanish churches there and in Taos.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1694</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 568px;">&#13; <p>Francisco de Vargas reconquers New Mexico and enters the San Luis Valley.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1706</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 568px;">&#13; <p>Juan de Ulibarri crosses into Colorado as far as the Arkansas Valley in Kiowa County to bring back some of the participants in the Pueblo Revolt who were asked to return to New Mexico.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1719</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 568px;">&#13; <p>Antonio Valverde y Cosío explores Colorado as far as the Platte River and also explores Kansas.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1720</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 568px;">&#13; <p>Pedro de Villasur explores Colorado and Nebraska. The majority of his party members are killed by Pawnee with the encouragement of the French.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1779</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 568px;">&#13; <p>Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza leads an expedition against the Comanche across New Mexico and Colorado. His forces kill the Comanche chief Cuerno Verde and other leaders at the base of Greenhorn Mountain, south of Pueblo, Colorado.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1787</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 568px;">&#13; <p>De Anza finally makes a lasting Spanish-Comanche peace. The Arapaho and Cheyenne move onto the plains and begin to trade peacefully with the Spanish <em>comancheros</em> and <em>ciboleros</em> riding out of Santa Fé and Taos.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; </tbody>&#13; </table>&#13; &#13; <p>Adapted from Gray and Lewis (1999–2007); History Colorado 1999–2013; Public Lands Interpretive Association 2006–14; Sangres.com, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>El Cuartelejo in the Seventeenth Century</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early 1600s, before the 1680 Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico, religious bullying encouraged local pueblos to lead a series of minirebellions against the Spanish. Pueblo spiritual leaders faced whipping, imprisonment, slavery, or death by hanging. In 1640, ongoing revolts in Taos and the death of the mission priest Fray Pedro de Miranda led a number of Taos residents to flee to the plains to live with the Apache. The Taos fugitives went to a place that came to be called El Cuartelejo, a site north of the Arkansas River where they lived with other Pueblo refugees and Apaches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1642, Juan de Archuleta led an expedition to the high plains to calm the rebellious Pueblos. Although Archuleta’s journal has not been found, accounts of his expeditions taken from other sources indicate that he journeyed onto the plains prior to 1642 with twenty soldiers and a group of allied Pueblos.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The location of this place remains in dispute because historical evidence seems to place it near the junction of the Purgatoire and Arkansas Rivers in present-day Colorado, near the famous <strong>Bent’s Old Fort</strong>. Archaeological evidence places it a considerable distance to the east, in what is now Scott State Park in Kansas. According to several historians, both locations may be correct.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The disastrous Villasur expedition, in 1779, was the last of the expeditions that had started at the end of the 1500s with the aim of finding the fabled Cibola, or Seven Cities of Gold, and protecting New Spain’s northern boundary from French invasions. The goal of the expedition was to confront the Comanche who had been raiding New Mexico since the early 1700s. A treaty between the Spanish and the Comanche in 1787 opened up the plains of eastern Colorado to trade for nearly 100 years.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The Spanish effort to conquer and control the lands that would become southeastern Colorado tended to be slow and methodical. The lands claimed by New Spain extended from Panama to the Arctic, although the capital was located in Mexico City. Rumors of riches in the area of present-day New Mexico and Colorado spread south to Mexico City during the early 1500s. Several attempts to find the riches were made, including that of <strong>Francisco Vásquez de Coronado</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Coronado Expedition</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1540, Coronado began his exploration of the American Southwest. Marching northward with seventy-five men, he found mud pueblos inhabited by Native Americans. The Spanish subdued the natives, established bases, and sent out smaller exploration parties. Coronado’s expedition failed in its search for wealth, but it brought about the first contact between Europeans and the Native American population. Native Americans eventually gained two valuable merchandise from following contact with Europeans: the horse and the gun. The Spaniards reported on Native Americans, the absence of cities of gold, and land they considered worthless.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the Spaniards first arrived in the American Southwest, Native American groups already had detailed trade networks that included a vast communication system, as well as more traditional trading relationships. The Spaniards and their New Mexican descendants understood the economic successes of these trading relationships and adopted many of the Native Americans’ trade patterns and customs. This resulted in the development of cultural and economic traditions adaptable to the environment of the Southwest. The arid semidesert environment required creative innovation in terms of water usage, crops, and livestock-raising techniques.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Development of trade with Native Americans allowed the aboriginal inhabitants access to European material culture, such as iron and other metals, as early as the mid-eighteenth century. The many friars and padres sent to bring the Roman Catholic religion to the inhabitants also brought European goods to the Native Americans of the Southwest.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Summary of Other Expeditions</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>At least twelve recorded expeditions into present-day Colorado occurred between 1593 and 1780 (table 1). Several lack documentation; however, they are mentioned by later expeditions. The initial visit to the region of present-day Colorado was an unauthorized expedition led by Francisco Leyva de Bonilla and Antonio Gutiérrez de Humana in 1593. During the expedition, Humana murdered Bonilla, and all but one of the remaining members of the group were killed somewhere in the vicinity of the Purgatoire River. In 1601, Juan de Oñate explored the region in an effort to locate evidence of the earlier Humana and Bonilla expedition and discovered the Arkansas River, which he named El Río de San Francisco. The most significant expedition, in terms of being the first to map eastern Colorado, was the one led by Juan de Ulibarri in 1706—100 years before the famed <strong>Zebulon Pike</strong> expedition.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Gradually, Spanish settlement efforts expanded farther and farther north. These settlements were slow to form, as inhabitants lived in constant danger of attack. Raids by Comanche and Ute bands were a constant and disruptive threat to the  newly formed outposts. In response, the Spanish were supposed to have established an outpost at the site of El Cuartelejo (the Far Quarter) in 1709. The plan was abandoned after the killing of <strong>Pedro de Villasur</strong> in 1720. The exact location is unknown, although according to several historians, the site was located in present-day southeastern Colorado or western Kansas.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Table 1: Spanish Expeditions into Southeastern Colorado (1590–1790)</p>&#13; &#13; <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="width: 697px;" width="636">&#13; <tbody>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1594–96</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 563px;">&#13; <p>Juan de Humana and Francisco Leyva de Bonilla explore New Mexico and Colorado as far as the Purgatoire River.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1596</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 563px;">&#13; <p>Juan de Zaldívar enters the San Luis Valley in Colorado.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1598–1608</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 563px;">&#13; <p>Don Juan de Oñate establishes the first colony in New Mexico; explores New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1610</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 563px;">&#13; <p>In Santa Fé, New Mexico, the Spanish build the block-long adobe El Palacio as a seat for the governor-general.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1664</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 563px;">&#13; <p>Juan de Archuleta enters eastern Colorado as far as Kiowa County to capture a group of Pueblo Indians living with the Apaches who participated in revolts against the Spanish.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1680</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 563px;">&#13; <p>Indians under Chief Popé expel the Spanish from Santa Fé, New Mexico, during the Pueblo Revolt. The Pueblo Indians take possession of Santa Fé and destroy many Spanish churches there and in Taos.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1694</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 563px;">&#13; <p>Francisco de Vargas reconquers New Mexico and enters the San Luis Valley.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1706</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 563px;">&#13; <p>Juan de Ulibarri crosses into Colorado as far as the Arkansas Valley in Kiowa County to retrieve some of the participants in the Pueblo Revolt who were requested to return to New Mexico.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1719</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 563px;">&#13; <p>Antonio Valverde y Cosío explores Colorado as far as the Platte River and also explores Kansas.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1720</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 563px;">&#13; <p>Pedro de Villasur explores Colorado and Nebraska. The majority of his party members are killed by Pawnee with the encouragement of the French.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1779</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 563px;">&#13; <p>Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza leads a punitive expedition against the Comanche across New Mexico and Colorado. His forces kill the Comanche chief Cuerno Verde and other leaders at the base of Greenhorn Mountain, south of Pueblo, Colorado.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; <tr>&#13; <td style="width: 20.06%;">&#13; <p>1787</p>&#13; </td>&#13; <td style="width: 563px;">&#13; <p>De Anza finally negotiates a lasting Spanish-Comanche peace. The Arapaho and Cheyenne move onto the plains and begin to trade peacefully with the Spanish <em>comancheros</em> and <em>ciboleros</em> riding out of Santa Fé and Taos.</p>&#13; </td>&#13; </tr>&#13; </tbody>&#13; </table>&#13; &#13; <p>Adapted from Gray and Lewis (1999–2007); History Colorado 1999–2013; Public Lands Interpretive Association 2006–14; Sangres.com, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>El Cuartelejo in the Seventeenth Century</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early seventeenth century, prior to the 1680 Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico, religious persecution inspired local pueblos to lead a series of minirebellions against the Spanish. Pueblo spiritual leaders faced whipping, imprisonment, slavery, or death by hanging. In 1640, ongoing revolts in Taos and the death of the mission priest Fray Pedro de Miranda led a number of Taos residents to flee to the plains to live with the Apache. The Taos fugitives went to a place that came to be called El Cuartelejo, a site north of the Arkansas River where they lived with other Pueblo refugees and Apaches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1642, Juan de Archuleta led an expedition to the high plains to pacify the rebellious Pueblos. Although Archuleta’s journal has not been found, accounts of his expeditions taken from other sources indicate that he journeyed onto the plains prior to 1642 with twenty soldiers and a group of allied Pueblos.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The location of this place remains in dispute because historical evidence seems to place it near the junction of the Purgatoire and Arkansas Rivers in present-day Colorado, near the famous <strong>Bent’s Old Fort</strong>. Archaeological evidence places it a considerable distance to the east, in what is now Scott State Park in Kansas. According to several historians, both locations may be correct.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The disastrous Villasur expedition, in 1779, was the last of the expeditions that had started at the end of the sixteenth century with the intent of finding the fabled Cibola, or Seven Cities of Gold, and protecting New Spain’s northern boundary from French invasions. The point of this expedition was to confront the Comanche who had been raiding New Mexico since the early eighteenth century. The subsequent treaty between the Spanish and the Comanche in 1787 opened up the plains of eastern Colorado to trade for nearly 100 years.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 01 Sep 2015 20:45:34 +0000 yongli 610 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Spanish Exploration in Western Colorado http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/spanish-exploration-western-colorado <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Spanish Exploration in Western Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-07-28T11:09:47-06:00" title="Tuesday, July 28, 2015 - 11:09" class="datetime">Tue, 07/28/2015 - 11:09</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/spanish-exploration-western-colorado" data-a2a-title="Spanish Exploration in Western Colorado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fspanish-exploration-western-colorado&amp;title=Spanish%20Exploration%20in%20Western%20Colorado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Spanish colony of New Mexico was founded in 1598. Until 1821, Colorado was part of the extensive Spanish territories governed by the colony. These territories extended far to the north of the New Mexico capital in Santa Fé. In the sixteenth century and later, some Spaniards explored the <a href="/article/colorado’s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> portions of these territories in eastern Colorado. Colorado’s <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> was not explored as early as the Eastern Slope because it was occupied by <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> Native Americans who did not welcome Spaniards in their territories. For many years, Utes attacked the Spaniards and their Native American allies.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Two major factors contributed to the Spaniards’ drive to explore Colorado’s Western Slope. The first was the colony’s need to find minable <strong>silver</strong> deposits. The second was the need to check out an ancient legend known as the Legend of Teguayo.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Need for Silver Mines</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-eighteenth century, the New Mexico colony had not grown and prospered like many of the other Spanish colonies farther south in what is now Mexico because, unlike New Spain’s more prosperous colonies, they had not found any silver deposits that could be easily mined. Based on silver specimens they obtained by trading with some Utes, the Spanish suspected silver to be present in the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> of southwestern Colorado, 200 miles north of Santa Fé. This area was controlled by the Utes and was thus off-limits to the Spaniards.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1750s, New Mexico had a bright and capable governor named Tomás Vélez Cachupín, who served two terms (1749–54 and 1762–67). He recognized that the colony would have to make peace with the Utes if it ever hoped to develop silver mines. He knew he could bring about a peaceful relationship if he would allow the Spaniards to begin trading with the Native Americans. If he could gain the Utes’ trust and make peace with them, he might be able to explore the San Juans and find the source of their silver.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Legend of Teguayo</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>According to an ancient Native American legend, Teguayo (pronounced TewaYO) was an unexplored land far to the north of the colony near a large lake. It was said to be beyond the mountains, the territory of the Utes, and the then-uncharted <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a>, which was known as the River Tizón. This land was supposedly the home of a variety of Native American people who spoke many different languages.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>These people were said to include a strange kind of white people who grew long beards and looked more like Europeans than Native Americans. The Spanish authorities in New Mexico were afraid that these strange bearded people might be Frenchmen or Russians who were encroaching on their territories. They therefore considered it necessary to find out who these strange people were and to determine if they posed any threat to the colony. The Spaniards could not go to Teguayo, however, until peace had been made with the Utes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During his second term in office, Governor Vélez Cachupín finally succeeded in making peace with the Utes of western Colorado. They gave him permission to send a party into their territory to look for the Colorado River and search for silver in the mountains. The governor sent a small group of men from New Mexico into the Ute territories to accomplish these things. This party of explorers was led by <a href="/article/juan-antonio-maría-de-rivera"><strong>Juan Antonio María de Rivera</strong></a>. In 1765 the governor sent two expeditions north under his leadership.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Rivera’s First Expedition, 1765</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In June and July 1765 Rivera and his men traveled north on horseback from Abiquiú​, New Mexico, to the Piedra Parada (Standing Rock). This prominent geological feature, located just west of <a href="/article/pagosa-springs"><strong>Pagosa Springs</strong></a>, Colorado, is now known as <a href="/article/chimney-rock-0"><strong>Chimney Rock</strong></a>. From Piedra Parada the party traveled west along the south edge of the San Juan Mountains to the <a href="/article/animas-river"><strong>Animas River </strong></a>near present-day <strong>Durango</strong>. From there they headed west to a big bend of the Dolores River, where there was an important trail junction. Rivera and his men followed the path that became the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/old-spanish-national-historic-trail"><strong>Old Spanish Trail</strong></a> through this region. During their travels they named several of Colorado’s rivers, including the Navajo, San Juan, Piedra, Pinos (Pine), Florida, Animas, and Dolores Rivers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rivera’s party was supposed to meet a Ute named Cuero de Lobo (Wolf Hide) in a Native American village on the Animas. This man was supposed to know where the Spaniards could easily find some pure silver ore high up in the La Plata (Silver) Mountains. However, when Rivera and his men arrived, the man was not present; he had gone off far to the west to visit his mother-in-law, a Paiute Indian.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rivera and his men were still committed to finding the silver, so they spent several days riding along the south edge of the La Platas looking for it and for the man who supposedly knew where it was. Rivera finally caught up with the man on the La Plata River, and he guided the Spaniards into the high mountains. Although Rivera found some silver ore, it was not the pure, virgin silver he had been seeking.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On this first trip Rivera did meet a lot of Ute- and Paiute-speaking Native Americans. They told him the way to the Colorado River and the trail ahead toward the legendary land of Teguayo. Although he did not find any pure silver, Rivera did cement good friendships with the Native Americans, and they invited him to come back in the fall when the weather was cooler. They offered to guide him to the great Colorado River if he returned to their land. Rivera headed home and reported the results of his expedition to the governor. He had gained a lot of information on the land and peoples of extreme southwestern Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Rivera’s Second Expedition, 1765</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After Rivera returned to the colony from his first trip, a number of Utes and Paiutes came to Abiquiú​ and met with him and the governor. They made plans for another Spanish expedition into Ute country in the fall. The governor gave Rivera very precise instructions: he was to return to the big bend of the Dolores where he had ended his first trip; he was then to proceed to the Colorado River with the help of his Paiute guides. He was to cross the river, look over the land, and make notes on the people living there. He was then to proceed to the land of Teguayo and locate and report on the strange-looking bearded men who were said to live there. Once he had completed these objectives, the governor would allow him to trade with the Native Americans for tanned buckskins and to prospect for silver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rivera and his men set out again for the Ute territories in early October. They met up with their new Indian friends on the La Plata River at the base of the La Plata Mountains. Some of the Indians did not want to honor their promise to assist Rivera. They were afraid that if they let him travel ahead and meet other Native Americans, it would spoil their role as brokers in the native trade. At that time, the Indians were moving trade goods from the colony on to more distant people by trading from hand to hand, or, as Rivera called it, “nation to nation.” This difficulty almost led to violence between various factions of Utes and Paiutes. Rivera managed to resolve the dispute and obtained Paiute guides to lead him toward the Colorado River.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Keeping with the governor’s instructions, Rivera and his men returned to the camping place at the big bend of the Dolores River. From there they proceeded over the Dolores Plateau to Disappointment Valley on an old route that became known as the Navajo-Uncompahgre Trail. They followed this route across Big Gypsum Valley into Dry Creek Basin in extreme western Colorado. The Paiute guide then took them to Monogram and Davis Mesas high above the massive <strong>Paradox Valley</strong> near Bedrock, Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The guide then tried to take Rivera down the difficult Dolores Canyon to the Colorado River, but Rivera and his men could not get all their horses and mules down the tight canyon. They could not move forward and were forced to stand in cold water. They finally escaped from the canyon and proceeded to present-day Naturita, Colorado. There they camped with Tabeguache Utes at a place called Pissochi. They rested for a few days and traveled to the top of the Uncompahgre Plateau, where they camped in a wet, cold fall storm at Iron Springs. Rivera named that location “Purgatorio,” or purgatory, because he thought it was halfway between heaven and hell.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rivera and his men then traveled down the crest of the Uncompahgre Plateau and dropped into Roubideau Canyon. Rivera left his name carved on a cliff face there. This inscription is one of the oldest in the western United States. Rivera proceeded to the Roubideau Bottoms just west of present-day Delta. At that point he was on the <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a>, an upper tributary of the Colorado. He rested his men and livestock there and interviewed all the Native Americans he could about the trail ahead toward Teguayo. Keeping with the governor’s instructions, he crossed the river and looked for native settlements.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rivera and his men then traveled south up the Uncompahgre Valley to present-day Montrose, where they camped on the Marsh of San Francisco near the present-day <a href="/article/ute-indian-museum"><strong>Ute Indian Museum</strong></a>. Rivera continued up the Uncompahgre Valley to present-day Colona. There, at the junction of some major trails, including the Navajo-Uncompahgre Trail, he asked a Sabuagana Ute leader about the way to Teguayo and sources of silver. The Ute man was too sick to take Rivera to the silver and warned that there was much danger from marauding Comanche raiders in the area. Rivera then turned his party homeward and arrived back in the colony in November 1765. Once he left the Uncompahgre Valley he made no more entries in his journal.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Expedition Results</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although Rivera did not find any rich silver deposits or reach Teguayo, he did make peace with many Utes and learned about the trail that supposedly led to the legendary land. He essentially pried open the door to Teguayo and opened the Ute territory up for more traders to come in.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In recent years a few historians have encountered some problems interpreting Rivera’s route. It is known for certain that Rivera arrived at the Gunnison River near present-day Delta. This is confirmed in the travel journal of Fathers Domínguez and Vélez de Escalante when they went to the Gunnison River near <strong>Delta</strong>: on August 26, 1776, Father Vélez de Escalante wrote that Rivera had arrived at the same river but at a point a few miles downstream. Historians have considered the fathers’ journal a reliable source for decades; the fact that they were on the Gunnison when they made this comment was never disputed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>This all changed in the early 1970s, after Rivera’s actual journals were discovered in Madrid, Spain by personnel working for the noted historian Donald Cutter. Cutter translated the journals and published an article in a major historical journal, in which he overlooked what Vélez de Escalante had written about Rivera traveling to the Gunnison. Instead, Cutter stated that Rivera had gone to the Colorado River at Moab, Utah. Over the years, a couple of other writers followed Cutter’s lead and also wrote that Rivera had gone to Moab. No one challenged that view and as a result, much of the recent writing about the early Spanish explorers, including websites and books, has argued that Rivera went to Moab. It is thus very easy for the unwary reader to believe in the Moab destination. But there is no evidence to support this viewpoint. More recent scholarship has resulted in a definitive trail study of Rivera’s expeditions and it is clear that he went to the Gunnison. Joseph Sánchez has prepared a good translation of the Rivera diaries and also did not accept the Moab routing. In 2004 Cutter publicly recanted his earlier work and now accepts that Rivera arrived on the Gunnison.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Domínguez-Escalante Expedition, 1776</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1776, no Spanish expedition had ever been able to reach Teguayo. Thus, there were still unanswered questions in the minds of colonial authorities about the bearded white men who were supposed to live there. By that time Spain had also established some missions in California. The Spanish were interested in finding an overland route from Santa Fe to California so they could supply the missions without having to send ships. Spanish authorities requested that priests working among the Native Americans in New Mexico help them gather information about Teguayo and a route to California.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>One of the priests was a young Franciscan named <strong>Silvestre Vélez de Escalante</strong>. He was given the task of planning a route from the colony to California. While he was planning the route, another priest, Francisco Tomás Hermenegildo Garcés, managed to travel overland from California to Zuni Pueblo, demonstrating that there was already an open route. The year before Father Garcés found the usable route, Father Vélez de Escalante had written to the governor of New Mexico, saying that he was giving up on finding a way to California. He claimed the distance was too great and there were too many unknown and hostile Native Americans along the way.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>But by then the church authorities had instructed Vélez de Escalante’s superior, <strong>Father Francisco Atanasio Domínguez</strong>, to lead the expedition from Santa Fe to California. Domínguez was still in Mexico City when he got his orders. To get to New Mexico, he had to make a six-month trip on horseback. By the time he finally arrived in New Mexico, in 1776, Vélez de Escalante had given up on making the trip to California. He had an entirely different goal for the trip – instead of heading west toward California, he wanted to go north to Teguayo to check out the reports of the bearded white men who looked like Europeans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>So, instead of traveling west toward California, the father started northward on the Navajo-Uncompahgre Trail Rivera had taken eleven years earlier. His party had Rivera’s journal with them, along with some men who had traveled with Rivera. Vélez de Escalante’s goal was clearly to complete Rivera’s failed mission. It was not, as almost universally argued by historians, to find a way to California. That was only the official justification for the trip and likely for the church’s sponsoring of it.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Franciscan fathers largely followed Rivera’s route but stayed more on the direct path of the Navajo-Uncompahgre Trail to the <strong>Uncompahgre Valley</strong>. They traveled down the valley past the Marsh of San Francisco near Montrose, where Rivera had camped. They commented on how the spot would nicely accommodate a settlement. They proceeded down the Uncompahgre Valley to the Gunnison River at present-day Delta. There they commented about Rivera’s visit to that same river, noting that the explorer had come to the Gunnison over the top of the Uncompahgre Plateau instead of through the valley. They pointed out that Rivera had reached the river only a few miles below their location.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the fathers reached the Gunnison, they traveled up its North Fork and crossed over <strong>Grand Mesa</strong>. They then crossed over the Bookcliffs near <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a> and reached the canyon of Douglas Creek. They traveled down the canyon, naming it the “Canon Pintado,” or Painted Canyon, because of all the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fremont-culture"><strong>Fremont</strong></a> Indian <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rock-art-colorado"><strong>rock art</strong></a> they saw on the cliff faces. The fathers followed a path near the White River into Utah. They journeyed on to the Wasatch Front and arrived at Utah Lake.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At Utah Lake, they were actually in the land of Teguayo and encountered heavily bearded people who they determined were Native Americans rather than Europeans. They traveled on west and south, met more bearded Indians, and eventually arrived back in the colony after a long and grueling trip.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At one point, Father Domínguez wanted to push on over the Sierra Nevada to California. Father Vélez de Escalante was against it, as it was getting late in the season and there was likely already <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a> in the mountains. But Father Domínguez was the man in charge. It is little wonder that the two men cast lots – essentially, they rolled dice – to determine if they should proceed on to California or turn back toward the colony. Father Domínguez lost, and the fathers headed home, arriving in January 1777.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The fathers dutifully debriefed their superiors about the bearded men and determined that they presented no threat to the colony. It is clear that the legend of Teguayo and its strange bearded men was no myth, as commonly supposed. The accounts of the fathers and Rivera are far more closely related than historians have commonly recognized. The fathers, particularly Vélez de Escalante, were clearly trying to fulfill Rivera’s failed mission. Historians have generally believed the fathers’ mission was a failure because they did not find a route to California. It was, however, actually a resounding success in that they did reach the Colorado River, entered the land of Teguayo, and found the bearded men. In doing this, they actually fulfilled the instructions originally given to Rivera by the governor at the start of his second trip.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the fathers’ trip, the legend of Teguayo rapidly faded, and the Wasatch Front of Utah became the destination for a host of trappers, traders, and slave raiders looking to capture Indian slaves. Eventually, it became the heart of the Mormon settlements in the New Zion (Salt Lake City). The route Rivera and the fathers followed from the big bend of the Dolores River northward was eventually abandoned. The Spanish Trail by way of Moab, Utah, and the North Branch of the Spanish Trail from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a> became the major travel routes northward from New Mexico. The journals of Rivera and the fathers provide the first descriptions of western Colorado, as well as the first useful ones for all of Colorado. They also provide the first meaningful descriptions of the Ute and Paiute Indians. On account of this, the journals are part of the very foundation of Colorado history.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/baker-steven-g" hreflang="und">Baker, Steven G.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/spanish-exploration" hreflang="en">spanish exploration</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/spanish-explorers-western-colorado" hreflang="en">spanish explorers western colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-colorado" hreflang="en">western colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/spanish-colorado" hreflang="en">spanish colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-colorado-history" hreflang="en">western colorado history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/spanish-expeditions-colorado" hreflang="en">spanish expeditions in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dominguez-and-escalante-expedition" hreflang="en">dominguez and escalante expedition</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/juan-de-rivera" hreflang="en">juan de rivera</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/teguayo" hreflang="en">teguayo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/legend-teguayo" hreflang="en">legend of teguayo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/francisco-dominguez" hreflang="en">francisco dominguez</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/silvestre-escalante" hreflang="en">silvestre escalante</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Steven G. Baker, “Trails, Trade, and West-Central Colorado’s Gateway Tradition: Ethnohistorical Observations,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 74 (2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Steven G. Baker, <em>Juan Rivera’s Colorado—1765: Spaniards among the Ute and Paiute Indians on the Trails to Teguayo: The Comprehensive Illustrated Trail Study and Ethnohistory</em>, trans. Rick Hendricks, illus. Gail Carroll Sargent (Lake City, CO: Western Reflections, 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Herbert E. Bolton, <em>Pageant in the Wilderness: The Story of the Escalante Expedition to the Interior Basin</em> (Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society, 1972).Fray Angelico Chávez, trans., and Ted J. Warner, ed.,<em> The Dominguez-Escalante Journal: Their Expedition through Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico in 1776 </em>(Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1976).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Donald C. Cutter, “Forerunners of the Old Spanish Trail? I’ll Give You Six,”<em> Spanish Traces</em> 10 (2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/article/dominguez-and-escalante-ute-indian-museum"><em>Dominguez and Escalante,</em></a> Historical Marker Database.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joseph P. Sánchez, <em>Explorers, Traders, and Slavers: Forging the Old Spanish Trail </em>(Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Utah Historical Society, <em>Expedition to the Interior Basin, 1776 </em>(Salt Lake City: Utah Historical Society, 1950).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ted J. Warner, <em>The Dominguez-Escalante Journal: Their Expedition through Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico in 1776 </em>(Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1995).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Frederic J. Athearn, <em>A Forgotten Kingdom: The Spanish Frontier in Colorado and New Mexico, 1540–1821</em> (Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phil Carson, <em>Across the Northern Frontier: Spanish Explorations in Colorado </em>(Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1998).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 28 Jul 2015 17:09:47 +0000 yongli 517 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org