%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en St. Leo’s Catholic Church http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-leos-catholic-church <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">St. Leo’s Catholic Church</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-12-01T16:56:45-07:00" title="Wednesday, December 1, 2021 - 16:56" class="datetime">Wed, 12/01/2021 - 16:56</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-leos-catholic-church" data-a2a-title="St. Leo’s Catholic Church"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fst-leos-catholic-church&amp;title=St.%20Leo%E2%80%99s%20Catholic%20Church"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Between 1888 and 1965, St. Leo’s Catholic Church at Tenth Street and West <strong>Colfax Avenue</strong> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver"><strong>West Denver</strong></a> was the primary center of worship for Irish Catholics in the city. From the time it was built, St. Leo’s faced controversy over its role in enforcing the cultural and ethnic divisions of early <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. Since its demolition in 1965, the church’s memory has served as a reminder of both the city’s history and the potential risks of discriminating based on race and culture.</p> <h2>Tensions Between German and Irish Catholics</h2> <p>The first Catholic church in West Denver, <strong>St. Elizabeth of Hungary</strong>, was built at the corner of Eleventh and Curtis Streets in 1879. Funded by German American <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/early-immigration-denver-1850%E2%80%931920"><strong>immigrants to Denver</strong></a>, the church was intended as a place of worship for Germans. However, in its earliest days there were only an estimated twelve German families that attended St. Elizabeth’s. Because attendance was so small, Bishop <strong>Joseph Machebeuf</strong> decided that the church would also serve the Irish Catholic community in West Denver, which did not yet have a church of its own. Bishop Machebeuf brought in an English-speaking Irish priest so that separate Irish and German services could be conducted. The language barrier was one reason for the separate services, but so was ethnic rivalry; neither the Germans nor the Irish wanted to worship together owing to cultural differences and tensions that had existed between the groups in the United States for decades.</p> <p>The two groups were forced to coinhabit the church for almost a decade. Unhappy that the Germans controlled St. Elizabeth’s, the Irish petitioned Bishop Machebeuf for their own church in 1882. The petition went unanswered, as Machebeuf was waiting for several Franciscans to arrive and take charge of St. Elizabeth’s. In 1887 two Franciscans, Reverend Francis Koch and Reverend Patrick Carr, arrived. Reverend Koch became the rector at St. Elizabeth’s, while Reverend Carr was assigned as pastor of the English-speaking (Irish) parishioners at the church. The Irish remained at St. Elizabeth’s for another year, until Father Carr acquired land at West Colfax Avenue and Tenth Street (just a few blocks from St. Elizabeth’s) to begin construction of St. Leo the Great Catholic Church.</p> <h2>Building St. Leo’s</h2> <p>In 1888 the Irish miller <strong>John K. Mullen</strong> provided $10,000 to build St. Leo’s Catholic Church on the land that Father Carr had acquired, with another $1,200 toward the church coming from Sunday collections. The building was made of brick, with lancet arches over the windows and a wide wooden front door. There was also an adjoining rectory (or priest’s residence) beside the church. Irish Father William O’Ryan was recruited to lead the church, while Father Carr remained at St. Elizabeth’s. The church flourished in its early years, and Irish Denverites enjoyed services conducted in English with their fellow countrymen. St. Leo’s also had a school, which was noted in 1892 as being one of the best in the city.</p> <h2>Sharing the Church</h2> <p>Peace at St. Leo’s was short lived. Within thirty years of the church’s founding, a new Catholic ethnic group arrived as economic opportunities following <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> brought greater numbers of Mexican and other Spanish-speaking <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/immigration-denver-1920%E2%80%93present"><strong>immigrants</strong></a> to West Denver. The Irish Americans at St. Leo’s were faced with the prospect of having to share their church with the Spanish-speaking newcomers, which caused many of them to leave the church. Father O’Ryan tried to prevent this movement, appealing to the Theatine Fathers (members of the <strong>St. Andrew Avellino Seminary</strong> in Denver) for help. In 1923 Theatine Father Humphrey Martorell began holding services in the basement of St. Leo’s for the Spanish-speaking Catholics at the parish.</p> <p>In 1925 many of the benefactors who had helped pay for St. Leo’s Church decided to fund a separate parish for Spanish-speaking Catholics—called <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-cajetan%E2%80%99s-catholic-church"><strong>St. Cajetan’s</strong></a>—several blocks away at the corner of Lawrence and Ninth Streets so that the Irish would no longer have to worship alongside Hispanic Denverites.</p> <h2>Shifting Generations</h2> <p>In the decades after <strong>World War II</strong>, the demographic of St. Leo’s parish changed in a way that made it difficult to sustain the church. Several generations removed from the immigrants who had established the city, St. Leo’s parish and other Catholics in Denver were less concerned with segregating churches along ethnic lines. Younger parishioners who identified strictly as American rather than Irish American felt less tied to St. Leo’s and were finding other places to worship. Racialized postwar <strong>suburbanization</strong> also played a key role in the church’s decline, as many upwardly mobile white families moved out of central Denver during the 1950s and 1960s.</p> <p>The parish community did continue to grow but not at a rate high enough to sustain funding for the church. In February 1965, St. Leo’s closed permanently, and the order was given for its demolition. Demolition occurred within three months. Today there is a vacant lot where the church once stood, across the street from the Colfax at Auraria light rail station.</p> <p>The history of St. Leo’s Catholic Church demonstrates the city’s long experience with ethnic tensions. It started as a safe place for a group of immigrants who were discriminated against, yet its parish community later inflicted the same discrimination against another immigrant group. The church’s story provides insight into the ways in which ethnic tensions can shape, remake, or destroy religious congregations.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/kennedy-anna" hreflang="und">Kennedy, Anna</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/irish" hreflang="en">Irish</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-leos-catholic-church" hreflang="en">St. Leo&#039;s Catholic Church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria" hreflang="en">auraria</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-elizabeths-catholic-church" hreflang="en">St. Elizabeth&#039;s Catholic Church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-cajetans-catholic-church" hreflang="en">St. Cajetan&#039;s Catholic Church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-k-mullen" hreflang="en">John K. Mullen</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Robert A. Banigan, “Pastor Speaks on Closing of St. Leo’s Church,” <em>West Side Recorder</em>, May 1, 1965.</p> <p>“Catholic News—Denver,” <em>Western Irishman</em>, August 27, 1892.</p> <p>Dennis Gallagher, Thomas J. Noel, and James Patrick Walsh, <em>Irish Denver</em> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2012).</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel,&nbsp;<em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).&nbsp;</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>William J. Convery III, <em>Pride of the Rockies: The Life of Colorado’s Premiere Irish Patron, John Kernan Mullen</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> <p>Magdalena Gallegos, “Hispanic Life in Auraria, Colorado: The Twentieth Century,”&nbsp;<em>U.S. Catholic Historian</em>&nbsp;9, nos. 1–2 (Winter/Spring 1990).</p> <p>Phil Goodstein,&nbsp;<em>How the West Side Won: The History of West Denver</em>&nbsp;(Denver: New Social, 2015).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 01 Dec 2021 23:56:45 +0000 yongli 3647 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Trinity United Methodist Church http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trinity-united-methodist-church <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Trinity United Methodist Church</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-10-28T12:57:30-06:00" title="Thursday, October 28, 2021 - 12:57" class="datetime">Thu, 10/28/2021 - 12:57</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trinity-united-methodist-church" data-a2a-title="Trinity United Methodist Church"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ftrinity-united-methodist-church&amp;title=Trinity%20United%20Methodist%20Church"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Amid the high-rises and parking lots of downtown <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, Trinity United Methodist Church (1820 Broadway) is one of the few surviving churches. Since 1888 it has played a major role in the city’s religious, political, civic, cultural, and architectural history. The finest design of Colorado’s first licensed architect, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/robert-s-roeschlaub"><strong>Robert S. Roeschlaub</strong></a>, Trinity was the largest church and tallest building in town when it opened. Sited on a prominent downtown corner, this exquisitely designed and particularly well-preserved church of Denver’s oldest religious congregation has superb acoustics and a large auditorium, making it a favorite site for public lectures, musical performances, theater, and other gatherings.</p> <h2>Beginnings</h2> <p>Trinity traces its roots to 1859, when two circuit-riding Methodist missionaries, Jacob Adriance and William H. Goode, founded Denver’s first religious organization, the Auraria and Denver City Methodist Episcopal Mission, on August 2. Thanks to Adriance, who had a fine singing voice, and prominent members such as Territorial Governor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a> and Reverend <strong>John L. Dyer</strong>, the Methodists were not only the first but also one of the largest congregations in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado</strong></a><strong> Territory</strong>. The congregation first met in homes and in saloon halls, such as the Criterion Saloon, until finding a regular meeting place in the cabin of <strong>Henry C. Brown</strong> (later of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/brown-palace-hotel"><strong>Brown Palace Hotel</strong></a> fame) at the northeast corner of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-square"><strong>Larimer Street</strong></a> and <strong>Cherry Creek</strong>. In November 1859, they organized Colorado’s first Sunday School with considerable help from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clara-brown"><strong>Clara Brown</strong></a>, a former slave who did much good work for the Methodist Church in Denver and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Central City</strong></a>.</p> <p>The Methodists soon moved into the first Denver building for church services at the southeast corner of Fourteenth and Lawrence Streets. The imposing Lawrence Street Methodist Church opened in 1864. This $23,000 brick church had a distinctive three-story entry tower, making it the tallest building in town. That church and all subsequent Methodist houses of worship benefited from Denver’s <strong>Iliff School of Theology</strong>, which traces its roots to 1864. Initially a Methodist seminary partnered with the <strong>University of Denver</strong>, it has grown to accept anyone wanting religious education. The Lawrence Street structure served Denver Methodists until the 1888 construction of today’s Trinity United Methodist Church.</p> <h2>Trinity’s Architect</h2> <p><strong>Henry Augustus Buchtel</strong> accepted the pastorate of the Lawrence Street Church in 1886. A charismatic minister leading the church during boom times, he helped raised $30,000 to hire an architect to design a new church at the corner of Broadway and Eighteenth Avenue. Robert S. Roeschlaub, assisted by Frederick Albert Hale, received the commission for what proved to be the masterpiece of his many fine designs, which include the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city-opera-house"><strong>Central City Opera House</strong></a>, Emerson School, Wyman School, Corona School, and University Hall and <strong>Chamberlin Observatory</strong> at the University of Denver.</p> <p>Trinity was Roeschlaub’s greatest and most complex work. The cornerstone was laid on September 5, 1887, and the building finished on December 20, 1888. The towering steeple—more than 181 feet tall, topped by a bronze cross—made Trinity easy to find. Roeschlaub could build the spire and bell tower that high by using lightweight <strong>rhyolite</strong> (lava rock) from a <strong>Castle Rock</strong> quarry. The rhyolite’s gray, pink, and purple hues and rough texture further distinguish the building. The steeple features three horizontal contrasting stripes made from tooled purple Utah sandstone, which was also used for trim elsewhere in the building. This allusion to the Trinity is repeated in the triple-arched entry on Broadway and in Gothic windows arranged in sets of three throughout the building.</p> <h2>Inside</h2> <p>When built, Trinity was the largest church in Denver and was often used for public talks, lectures, concerts, theater, and other functions. The church’s 1,300-seat sanctuary is on the second floor at the east end of the cruciform floor plan. The elaborate bronze and oak pulpit was donated by the church’s most famous pastor, Henry Buchtel, who also served as chancellor of the University of Denver and governor of Colorado (1907–9).</p> <p>The sanctuary resembles an opera house, with balconies on three sides and a forty-three-foot ceiling. A large proscenium arch frames a 4,202-pipe Roosevelt organ with pipes ranging from thirty-two feet to three-eighths of an inch in height. Designed by G. A. Audsley of London, it was built by New York City’s Hilborne Roosevelt, a cousin of President Theodore Roosevelt. It is one of only twelve-known Roosevelt pipe organs in the country and is now the largest functional American-built organ from the 1800s. With the organ as the centerpiece, Trinity has always had music central to its services. Featuring several different choirs and a brass ensemble, Trinity’s music program has been directed by nationally famous conductors Paul Whiteman and <strong>Antonia Brico</strong>.</p> <h2>Stained Glass</h2> <p>Most of the church’s stained-glass windows are by Healy and Millet of Chicago, fabricators for famed architect Louis Sullivan. The most notable is the triple Tiffany “Resurrection” window on the west wall. Large rose windows adorn the north and south walls, each with twelve spokes commemorating the twelve apostles and the twelve tribes of Israel. Denver’s Watkins Stained Glass Company, headed by eighth-generation stained-glass expert Philip Watkins, has played a key role in replacing, repairing, and maintaining Trinity’s stained-glass artwork over the years.</p> <p>A 1926 three-story addition on the north side of the church contains offices and classrooms. It is sheathed in rhyolite to match the rest of the church walls. In 2006 an electronic bell system replaced the original 1888 bells, whose parts had grown increasingly challenging to find.</p> <h2>Tough Times and Salvation</h2> <p>Despite its splendor, Trinity suffered after <strong>World War II</strong>. In 1970 the church was listed in the National Register of Historic Places, but membership that decade fell to its lowest number in thirty years. Like much of downtown, the church looked hopeless, a casualty of urban blight and suburban flight. The building was in desperate need of repair and leaked through the roof, while the congregation faced financial challenges and disunity. Some wanted to sell the church for its very valuable site. The church was on the verge of closing.</p> <p>To the rescue came Reverend <strong>James Barnes</strong>, who had given the <strong>Littleton </strong>United Methodist Church the largest attendance in the metro area with his dynamic preaching and ability to bring in new members and restore financial health. Starting in 1980, Barnes amazed his flock by speaking without notes and applying scripture to modern times. From the moment he arrived, the church turned around. By 1988, Trinity’s centennial, membership had climbed to more than 2,000.</p> <p>Meanwhile, financial problems ended in 1982, when Trinity sold its air rights to a Toronto developer. The church got millions of dollars for an endowment as well as a major restoration and underground expansion by architects Seracuse Lawler &amp; Partners, which included new subterranean offices, education areas, and parking. After the Colorado <strong>oil bust and financial crash of 1982</strong>, the developer never used the additional allowable height that the church transferred.</p> <h2>Restoration</h2> <p>In 2002, after its remarkable turnaround, the church undertook a $2.5 million restoration of its badly deteriorating building. Crumbling stone endangered pedestrians at a very busy corner. Everything from the foundation to a leaky asbestos roof, from the organ to the bronze cross (which had two bullet holes) needed major repairs. Nearly 3,500 cubic feet of cut stone replaced unrepairable rhyolite and sandstone. The project won the 2006 Governor’s Award for Colorado’s best restoration.</p> <h2>Service</h2> <p>Trinity has long helped the down and out. During the late 1800s, when the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver%E2%80%99s-chinatown"><strong>Chinese</strong></a> were the most persecuted people in town, the church opened a Chinese Sunday School. More recently, Trinity’s United Methodist Women have supported missions at home and abroad, notably in Latin America and Africa. Locally, the church partners with Habitat for Humanity to build housing for the poor, and its Turnabout Inc. construction-training program helps the unemployed, ex-offenders, and homeless learn job skills. Since 2003 Trinity has offered a free nutritious lunch at 11 am on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays in its Fellowship Hall.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/robert-roeschlaub" hreflang="en">Robert Roeschlaub</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trinity-united-methodist-church" hreflang="en">Trinity United Methodist Church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/methodist-church" hreflang="en">Methodist Church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lawrence-street-methodist-church" hreflang="en">Lawrence Street Methodist Church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/henry-buchtel" hreflang="en">Henry Buchtel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/james-barnes" hreflang="en">James Barnes</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Don Blake, <em>Trinity at 150: We’re Here for Good</em> (Denver: Trinity United Methodist Church, 2008).</p> <p>Robert Fink, “Trinity United Methodist Church,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (1970).</p> <p>Linda K. Kirby, <em>Heritage of Heroes: Trinity United Methodist Church, 1859–1988</em> (Denver: Trinity United Methodist Church, 1988).</p> <p>Robert S. Roeschlaub Collection, Stephen H. Hart Research Center, History Colorado, n.d.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Issac Haight Beardsley, <em>Echoes From Peak and Plains: Or, Tales of Life, War, Travel, and Colorado Methodism</em> (Cincinnati: Curtis and Jennings, 1898).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 28 Oct 2021 18:57:30 +0000 yongli 3628 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org St. Elizabeth of Hungary Catholic Church http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-elizabeth-hungary-catholic-church <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">St. Elizabeth of Hungary Catholic Church </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-10-28T12:42:22-06:00" title="Thursday, October 28, 2021 - 12:42" class="datetime">Thu, 10/28/2021 - 12:42</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-elizabeth-hungary-catholic-church" data-a2a-title="St. Elizabeth of Hungary Catholic Church "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fst-elizabeth-hungary-catholic-church&amp;title=St.%20Elizabeth%20of%20Hungary%20Catholic%20Church%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Towering above Eleventh and Curtis Streets with its Gothic spires and Romanesque arches, St. Elizabeth of Hungary Catholic Church has served Catholics in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> for more than a century. Established in 1878, St. Elizabeth’s was the second Catholic parish in the city. Originally composed of German immigrants, it has served various ethnic groups over the years, including Irish, Latino, and Russian Catholics. Growth of the parish community prompted several expansions, including a complete rebuilding of the church in 1898 and an extensive renovation in 1968. Today St. Elizabeth’s remains a center of worship and community on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver"><strong>Auraria</strong></a> campus.</p> <h2>Germans Request a Place of Worship</h2> <p>During the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59, a diverse group of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/early-immigration-denver-1850%E2%80%931920"><strong>immigrants</strong></a> arrived in the area that would become Auraria and Denver. German immigrants had an especially heavy presence in Auraria, which became West Denver when the towns consolidated in 1860. Gold was only one of the pull factors for immigrants; Germans and others were also drawn to Denver by the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead"><strong>Homestead Act</strong></a> of 1862, which offered land for farming and saw the arrival of the railroad in 1870.</p> <p>By that time, the growing number of German Catholics in West Denver found themselves without a place of worship. In 1870 they wrote to Bishop <strong>Joseph Machebeuf</strong> requesting a German priest for their neighborhood. It took several years to get a response, but in 1878 Machebeuf established Denver’s second Catholic parish to serve the Germans in West Denver. Reverend John Wagner was given the task of building the church and school that would become St. Elizabeth of Hungary Catholic Church. Wagner quickly collected enough money from the German Catholic community to make a down payment on two lots at the corner of Eleventh and Curtis Streets. The cornerstone of St. Elizabeth’s was blessed and set in place in August 1879.</p> <h2>Irish Presence</h2> <p>In the church’s earliest days, only an estimated twelve German families attended St. Elizabeth’s. Because attendance was so small, Bishop Machebeuf decided that the church would also serve the Irish Catholic community in West Denver. An English-speaking Irish priest was brought in, and Irish and German services were conducted separately at the church. This arrangement caused tension between the two communities.</p> <p>The two groups were forced to worship at the same church for almost a decade. Unhappy that the Germans controlled St. Elizabeth’s, the Irish petitioned Machebeuf for their own church in 1882. The petition went unanswered, as Machebeuf was waiting for several Franciscans from New Jersey to arrive and take charge of St. Elizabeth’s. In 1887 two Franciscans, Reverend Francis Koch and Reverend Patrick Carr, arrived. Reverend Koch became the first Franciscan rector at St. Elizabeth’s, while Reverend Carr was assigned as pastor of the English-speaking (Irish) parishioners at the church. The Irish remained at St. Elizabeth’s for another year, until Carr acquired land at West <strong>Colfax Avenue</strong> and Tenth Street to begin construction of <strong>St. Leo the Great Catholic Church</strong>. The Irish parishioners relocated services to St. Leo’s, leaving St. Elizabeth’s to the Germans.</p> <h2>The Franciscans</h2> <p>The Franciscans who stayed at St. Elizabeth’s, Koch and Father Venatius Eder, had come at Machebeuf’s request to found the St. Elizabeth’s Franciscan House. Koch went to work right away, acquiring funds in 1890 to build a brick school and a rectory. During his years at the church, Koch would become known for his fundraising ability, with St. Elizabeth’s retiring its debt before any other church in the diocese. Koch and the Franciscan sisters at St. Elizabeth’s also became well known for their efforts to care for the poor, a tradition that other priests would continue in future decades.</p> <p>Bishop Machebeuf tasked the Franciscans of St. Elizabeth’s with caring for all Catholics in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/douglas-county"><strong>Douglas</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elbert-county"><strong>Elbert</strong></a>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jefferson-county"><strong>Jefferson</strong></a> Counties as well as all stations on the <strong>Kansas Pacific Railroad</strong> as far east as Cheyenne Wells (about 160 miles from Denver). The towns of Calhan, <strong>Castle Rock</strong>, <strong>Kiowa</strong>, <strong>Monument</strong>, <strong>Parker</strong>, Stratton, and <strong>Burlington</strong> also fell under the responsibility of St. Elizabeth’s friars. The friars sometimes traveled around these far-flung towns for up to a month, packing everything they needed for mass and the sacraments.</p> <h2>St. Elizabeth’s Grows Into New Building</h2> <p>Because St. Elizabeth’s was the German national church for all of Denver, the church became overcrowded by 1890. Koch began to plan for a new building. Despite the economic depression that followed the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/panic-1893"><strong>Panic of 1893</strong></a>, construction on the new church went forward. Koch actually took advantage of the economic depression; with so many men out of work, he was able to convince them to put their time and labor into the church.</p> <p>The new building—which still stands at Eleventh and Curtis Streets—was built with lava stone quarried in Castle Rock. Designed by Brother Adrian Wewer of the Sacred Heart Province in Nebraska, the new building was primarily Gothic in style (spires) but with Romanesque motifs (semiround archways). The interior featured plastered walls with vaulted ceilings, a wooden altar, pews, and a triptych rising to the ceiling behind the altar. The building cost between $43,000 and $60,000. It was consecrated by Bishop <strong>Nicholas Matz</strong> in June 1902, making it the first consecrated Catholic church in Denver.</p> <h2>Murder Shocks the Parish Community</h2> <p>St. Elizabeth’s parish was shocked on the morning of February 23, 1908, when an Italian shoemaker named Giuseppe Alia shot Father Leo Heinrichs to death during the six o’clock mass. Alia was apprehended as he ran out of the church and was taken to the city jail. Parishioners gathered in front of St. Elizabeth’s and discussed <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lynching-colorado"><strong>lynching</strong></a> Alia. They became so heated that the chief of police, McHale Delaney, was forced to call in reserves to protect the jail. Even that proved insufficient, so Alia was moved to a jail in <strong>Littleton</strong> to await trial.</p> <p>Ethnic tensions existed between Denver’s immigrant groups during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, particularly between German, Irish, Italian, and Chinese immigrants, and racially motivated violence was not uncommon. There were also some tensions between wealthier immigrant groups, such as Germans, and typically lower-class immigrants, such as Italians. When questioned about the murder, Alia claimed, “I have a grudge against all priests in general. They are all against the workingman . . . I did not care whether he was a German priest or any other kind of priest.” Alia’s trial began on March 9, 1908, and he was found guilty three days later. He was sentenced to hang. Despite protests from the St. Elizabeth’s Franciscans, who opposed the death penalty, he went to the gallows on July 15, 1908, at the <strong>State Penitentiary</strong> in <strong>Cañon City</strong>.</p> <h2>1968 Renovation</h2> <p>Since its consecration in 1902, St. Elizabeth’s has undergone several renovations, largely thanks to wealthy parishioners. The friary, originally built in 1891, was remodeled in 1936 with money from <strong>May Bonfils Stanton</strong>, a prominent member of the parish.</p> <p>The church’s most extensive renovation occurred in 1968. By that time, the plaster inside the church was falling apart, and the wiring needed to be brought up to code. The rope carriage mounts for the bells were so dried with age that the weight of the bells threatened to break them. During the renovation, the frames in the bell tower were reinforced with steel beams anchored to the stone walls of the tower, the wooden wheels were replaced, and an electronic bell-ringing system was installed. The wooden altar was replaced with one made of Italian marble, and the old triptych above the altar was replaced with one made of ornamental iron and Neapolitan mosaic tiles depicting St. Elizabeth of Hungary and St. Francis of Assisi. The church also installed stained-glass windows thanks to a donation from one of its patrons.</p> <h2>Campus Parish Center</h2> <p>After a bond passed in 1968 to raze the Auraria neighborhood to build a tri-institutional college campus, many buildings in Auraria faced the threat of demolition. St. Elizabeth’s and several other historic neighborhood buildings—including the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tivoli-brewery"><strong>Tivoli Brewery</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-cajetan%E2%80%99s-catholic-church"><strong>St. Cajetan’s Catholic Church</strong></a>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/emmanuel-shearith-israel-chapel"><strong>Emmanuel Shearith Israel Chapel</strong></a><strong>—</strong>managed to avoid destruction because they were listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The State Historical Society (now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a>) and Denver Landmarks Commission nominated St. Elizabeth’s for the National Register in 1969, citing the church’s cultural influence, architectural style, and furnishings.</p> <p>As the new Auraria Higher Education Center took shape in the early 1970s, Father Eugene Dudley of St. Elizabeth’s proposed establishing an ecumenical center for students. St. Elizabeth’s would build and fund the center at a cost of more than $1 million, which would be financed by a trust fund established by the Franciscans. The new center, known as the St. Francis Interfaith Center, opened in September 1977.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>St. Elizabeth of Hungary Catholic Church remains a landmark not only for Denver Catholics but for students at the Auraria campus. Today the church offers worship services as well as ministries for adult faith formation and youth outreach. The church helps the homeless and poor by offering a daily sandwich line where volunteers serve soup, sandwiches, and dessert to those in need. At the campus interfaith center, students can become part of Bible study groups, receive religious counseling and education, or volunteer their time for outreach programs.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/kennedy-anna" hreflang="und">Kennedy, Anna</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-elizabeths-catholic-church" hreflang="en">St. Elizabeth&#039;s Catholic Church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/germans" hreflang="en">Germans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/catholics" hreflang="en">Catholics</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/irish" hreflang="en">Irish</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria" hreflang="en">auraria</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria-higher-education-center" hreflang="en">Auraria Higher Education Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/joseph-machebeuf" hreflang="en">Joseph Machebeuf</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-wagner" hreflang="en">John Wagner</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Jeff Fischer, “‘Campus Parish’ Plan Announced for AHEC,” <em>Auraria Transcript</em>, December 2, 1974.</p> <p>Dennis Gallagher, Thomas J. Noel, and James Patrick Walsh,&nbsp;<em>Irish Denver&nbsp;</em>(Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2012).</p> <p>Jolie Anderson Gallagher,&nbsp;<em>A Wild West History of Frontier Denver: Pioneers, Gunslingers, and Cattle Kings on the Eastern Plains&nbsp;</em>(Charleston, SC: History Press, 2011).</p> <p>Roy A. Hampton III, “German Gothic in the Midwest: The Parish Churches of Franz Georg Himpler and Adolphus Druiding,” <em>US Catholic Historian </em>15, no. 1 (Winter 1997).</p> <p>“Interfaith Center,” <em>Fourth Estate</em>, August 29, 1977.</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel,&nbsp;<em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis&nbsp;</em>(Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p> <p>Declan A. Madden, “Missionaries Then and Now: In 89 Years: German-Irish-Spanish,” <em>West Side Recorder</em>, October 1, 1968.</p> <p>“Many Doomed by the Anarchists: Funeral of Father Leo,” <em>Daily Sentinel</em>, February 26, 1908.</p> <p>“Murderer Not Insane: Alia Knew What He Was Doing When He Shot the Priest,” <em>News Free Press</em>, March 13, 1908.</p> <p>“Paid Penalty,” <em>Aspen Daily Times, </em>July 16, 1908.</p> <p>“Priest Is Killed at the Altar: Italian Anarchist Fires Bullet Into Clergyman’s Heart While Receiving Communion,” <em>San Francisco Call</em>, February 24, 1908.</p> <p>“St. Elizabeth’s Celebrates New Sound and New Look,” <em>West Side Recorder</em>, October 1, 1968.</p> <p>“Sentenced to the Gallows: Plea of Insanity Does Not Save Murderer of Catholic Priest,” <em>Turret Gold Belt</em>, March 18, 1908.</p> <p>Ann Stoenner, “Ecumenical Center Planned as an Island of Service to Auraria,” <em>Fourth Estate</em>, April 17, 1974.</p> <p>Ann Stoenner, “Interfaith Center Offers Campus Ministry to Auraria,” <em>Fourth Estate</em>, November 26, 1975.</p> <p>“Through the Lens of Urban Renewal,” <em>Paper</em>, January 12, 1972.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>“<a href="http://stelizabethdenver.org/welcome/">Welcome and History</a>,” St. Elizabeth of Hungary Catholic Church.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 28 Oct 2021 18:42:22 +0000 yongli 3626 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org St. John’s Episcopal Cathedral http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-johns-episcopal-cathedral <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">St. John’s Episcopal Cathedral</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-29T16:51:43-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 29, 2021 - 16:51" class="datetime">Tue, 06/29/2021 - 16:51</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-johns-episcopal-cathedral" data-a2a-title="St. John’s Episcopal Cathedral"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fst-johns-episcopal-cathedral&amp;title=St.%20John%E2%80%99s%20Episcopal%20Cathedral"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>St. John’s Episcopal Cathedral (1350 Washington Street, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>) was the first Episcopal congregation in Colorado and serves as the seat of the Episcopal Diocese of Colorado. The 1911 cathedral is a fine example of the Late English Gothic style, and the entire cathedral complex occupies a full block in Denver’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver%E2%80%99s-capitol-hill"><strong>Capitol Hill</strong></a> neighborhood. The church is also notable for its magnificent stained-glass windows, its outstanding choir, and its social activism.</p> <h2>Early Denver Episcopalians</h2> <p>St. John’s was founded in 1860 by Reverend John H. Kehler, who initially held services in a dirt-floored log cabin and then in the Criterion Saloon and the Apollo Hall Theater. In 1861 Kehler’s congregation was officially called, as it still is, St. John’s Church in the Wilderness, the nearest Episcopal church being hundreds of miles away. Early parish records reflect Denver’s rough-and-tumble beginnings: Of the first twelve burial services Kehler conducted, five of the deceased had been shot, two were executed for murder, one shot himself, and one died of alcoholism, leaving only three to die of “natural causes.”</p> <p>As time passed, the congregation grew, and in 1862 it purchased a small church abandoned by Southern Methodists at Fourteenth and Arapahoe Streets. The Episcopalians added a sagging canvas ceiling to keep it dry, various frame additions, and a bell tower.</p> <h2>The First Cathedral</h2> <p>In 1869 Denver became part of the Episcopal Mission District of the Northwest, which included Colorado, the Dakotas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming. In 1890 the Diocese of Colorado was created with its own bishop. By that time, Denver had already built a grand church that would serve as the diocesan cathedral. It was largely the work of Reverend <strong>Henry Martyn Hart</strong>, a young cleric from suburban London. Hart had first come west to hunt <strong>buffalo</strong>, and when he visited Denver, he was asked to preach at St. John’s. After turning down repeated requests to take charge at St. John’s, Hart finally agreed in 1879. He arrived with a wife, six children, a governess, two maids, and a strong vision that would guide St. John’s for forty-two years.</p> <p>Working with the missionary (later diocesan) bishop of Colorado, <strong>John Franklin Spalding</strong>, Hart had architects Lloyd &amp; Pearce of Detroit design a large red-brick, Romanesque-style church at the intersection of Twentieth and Welton Streets. Bishop Spalding laid the cornerstone on September 21, 1880. The cathedral shared the site with Matthews Hall (a theological school where the bishop lived), Jarvis Hall school for boys, a cottage for the principal, a gymnasium, and a deanery. The church seated 860 and boasted ladies’, boys’, and men’s choirs. The elaborate interior included an iron-and-brass rood screen separating the nave from the choir and chancel, and an oak reredos behind the altar with thirteen carved figures from Oberammergau, Germany.</p> <p>A fire in 1903 completely destroyed the cathedral, with only the reredos, pulpit, rood screen, baptismal fount, and eleven stained-glass windows surviving. Hart personally rescued the carved reredos figures. Despite a $1,000 reward, the arsonist was never caught.</p> <h2>New Homes</h2> <p>&nbsp;After the fire, the St. John’s congregation found temporary homes in <strong>Central Presbyterian Church</strong> and <strong>Temple Emanuel</strong>. It also began planning for a new and larger cathedral. From eighteen competing architects, St. John’s selected a top New York architectural firm, Tracy &amp; Swartwout. They designed a new cathedral to occupy most of the block bounded by East Fourteenth and Thirteenth Avenues and Washington and Clarkson Streets in the upscale residential neighborhood of Capitol Hill. (Not until 1921 would St. John’s buy the remaining six lots to complete the block.) Just east of the site lay <strong>Wolfe Hall</strong>, the city’s Episcopal girls’ school, since demolished to build Morey Middle School. To provide temporary quarters for services and offices, Tracy &amp; Swartwout planned a white-brick, Romanesque-style chapter house on Clarkson Street facing Wolfe Hall.</p> <p>For the cathedral itself, Tracy &amp; Swartwout employed the Late English Gothic Revival style. Building costs soon threatened to exceed the $125,000 limit, so the architects went back to the drawing board. Revised plans replaced the original <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/marble-mill-site"><strong>Colorado Yule marble</strong></a> exterior with oolite limestone from Bedford, Indiana. Two transepts giving the cathedral a cruciform shape and a tall central tower were dropped. Work began in 1905.</p> <h2>St. John’s Cathedral</h2> <p>St. John’s Episcopal Cathedral was finally completed in 1911. Inside, the center aisle is 185 feet long and 65 feet high. The Gothic style was blended with some contemporary features, such as a center bay with a soaring stained-glass window between twin hundred-foot-high entry towers.</p> <p>The cathedral’s most brilliant fixtures are its exquisitely detailed stained-glass windows, which constitute a 100-year collection of masterworks, starting with twelve by the Edward Frampton Studio in England (eleven of which were saved from the 1903 fire). Most of the west-side windows depict Old Testament sins, while the east side shows New Testament scenes and virtues. The Frampton Studio’s masterpiece, the Last Judgment, fills the grand arched windows over the entry doors. Later work includes equally fine stained glass from Frampton, the Charles Connick studio in Boston, and the modern Colorado artist Edgar Britton. Denver’s own Watkins Studios, headed by eighth-generation stained-glass maker Philip Watkins, has done much of the repair, replacement, and maintenance work.</p> <p>St. John’s has always prided itself on fine music. A grand Kimball organ was given to the cathedral in 1938 and is one of its greatest treasures, affectionately known as “Bertha.” The organ’s 5,961 handmade pipes range from thirty-two feet to eighteen inches in height and from eighteen inches to pencil shape in diameter. Among many notable choirmasters and organists was Englishman <strong>Henry Houseley</strong>, who also played the organ at Temple Emanuel and founded the first <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-symphony"><strong>Denver Symphony</strong></a>. His ashes are buried under the floor beneath the choir. Another musical renaissance came when Don Pearson became organist and choir director in 1981. He improved the children’s choir, augmented the concert series, started a Friends of Music support group, and launched new programs such as Music with Lunch. Pearson was honored as Colorado Conductor of the Year, and St. John’s Choir became one of the country’s most recorded.</p> <h2>Alterations and Additions</h2> <p>Over the years, many additions have been made to the cathedral, including classrooms, choir rooms, offices, meeting rooms, a kitchen, a library, and St. Francis Chapel for Children. The most notable addition, St. Martin’s Chapel, was added in 1927, with a design by <strong>Burnham</strong> and <strong>Merrill Hoyt</strong>. St. Martin’s dominant ornament is a Madonna and Child reredos by celebrated Denver artist <strong>Arnold Rönnebeck</strong>, then head of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-art-museum"><strong>Denver Art Museum</strong></a>.</p> <p>St. Francis Chapel and the Paul Roberts Education and Music Building were added in 1957 on the site of the original chapter house. Later, the cathedral expanded its grounds to include Cathedral Square North and Dominick Park on the north side of Fourteenth Avenue, which provided additional parking. All Souls’ Walk, a columbarium for funerary remains, was added in 1966 on the northeast side of the church. The Diocesan Center, a decidedly modern building, went up in 1975 at the southwest corner of the cathedral’s block.</p> <p>During the 1980s, under the direction of Dean Donald McPhail, St. John’s adopted “high church” ways with elaborate vestments, rituals, musical chants, and incense (“bells and smells”). Traditionalists further rejoiced in June 1982, when Princess Anne worshipped at the cathedral. The 1980s “high church” era helped roughly double Sunday worshippers from 500 to 1,000 and increased the paid staff from 13 to 22.</p> <h2>Community Service</h2> <p>As early as the 1860s, St. John’s Ladies of the Cathedral Aid Society did charitable work. The name changed to the Women of St. John’s in 1960, but the charity continued. In 1887 Hart joined Monsignor William J. O’Ryan of <strong>St. Leo the Great Catholic Church</strong>, Reverend Myron Reed of the <strong>First Congregational Church</strong>, and Rabbi William S. Friedman of Temple Emanuel to form the Denver Charity Organization Society. That consolidated charity evolved into today’s <strong>United Way</strong>.</p> <p>In more recent decades, the cathedral has been active in housing the homeless and in LGBT rights. Dean <strong>Paul Roberts</strong> (1936–57) was especially noted for his pacifism and work with Indigenous Americans, Japanese Americans, women, and children. Mayor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/j-quigg-newton"><strong>Quigg Newton</strong></a> appointed him head of Denver’s Survey Commission on Human Relations. During the 1960s, Canon Russell Nakata spearheaded the Cathedral Social Services Committee, which gave emergency aid to as many as 900 individuals a week. Canon Nakata’s work on housing led Mayor William H. “Bill” McNichols, Jr., to appoint him to the <strong>Denver Housing Authority</strong>, which he chaired for nine years. During the 1970s and 1980s, St. John’s welcomed its first Japanese, Indigenous, and female clergy, and in 1981 it celebrated the first woman to be ordained a deacon in the Diocese of Colorado.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Especially during the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19 pandemic</strong></a> of 2020–21, when many homeless Denverites camped on the cathedral grounds, clergy reached out to the urban campers, and parishioners helped clean up the area. One night a week, the Women’s Homeless Initiative took in homeless women, gave them a hot meal, and allowed them to spend a night in Dagwell Hall. (Other local churches covered the rest of the week.)</p> <p>Even in normal times, the cathedral focuses on assisting the homeless. The grounds are home to <strong>Metro Caring</strong>’s community gardens, and the cathedral runs the nearby Network Coffee House, which offers help and hot showers. The cathedral also built, owns, and operates the St. Francis Apartments to provide people with housing and counseling.</p> <p>To honor St. John’s architectural, charitable, and historical contributions to Denver and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountain</strong></a> region, the cathedral was named one of Denver’s first official landmarks in 1968 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-johns-cathedral" hreflang="en">St. John&#039;s Cathedral</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-kehler" hreflang="en">John Kehler</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/henry-martyn-hart" hreflang="en">Henry Martyn Hart</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-franklin-spaulding" hreflang="en">John Franklin Spaulding</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tracy-swartwout" hreflang="en">Tracy &amp; Swartwout</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/burnham-hoyt" hreflang="en">Burnham Hoyt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/merrill-hoyt" hreflang="en">Merrill Hoyt</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Helen M. Arndt, “St. John’s Cathedral,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (1974).</p> <p>Ann Lindou Jones, <em>Glory in the Wilderness: The Art of Saint John’s Cathedral, Denver, Colorado, 1911–2011</em> (Winter Park, CO: GuestGuide Publications, 2011).</p> <p>Robert Irving Woodward, <em>Saint John’s Church in the Wilderness: A History of St. John’s Cathedral in Denver, Colorado, 1860–2000</em> (Denver: Prairie Publishers, 2001).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Louisa Ward Arps, ed., <em>Faith on the Frontier: Religion in Colorado Before August 1876 </em>(Denver: Colorado Council of Churches, 1976).</p> <p>Allen du Pont Breck, <em>The Episcopal Church in Colorado, 1860–1963</em> (Denver: Big Mountain Press, 1963).</p> <p>Henry Martyn Hart,<em> Recollections and Reflections</em> (New York: Gibb Brothers &amp; Moran, 1917).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Jun 2021 22:51:43 +0000 yongli 3596 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Peoples Presbyterian Church http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/peoples-presbyterian-church <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Peoples Presbyterian Church</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-06T15:02:32-07:00" title="Wednesday, December 6, 2017 - 15:02" class="datetime">Wed, 12/06/2017 - 15:02</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/peoples-presbyterian-church" data-a2a-title="Peoples Presbyterian Church"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fpeoples-presbyterian-church&amp;title=Peoples%20Presbyterian%20Church"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Peoples Presbyterian Church was founded in June 1906 and is <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s oldest continuously active black Presbyterian congregation. In 1908 the congregation acquired its first permanent home at the former First Cumberland Presbyterian building a few blocks south of <a href="/article/five-points"><strong>Five Points</strong></a>, which was then developing into the heart of Denver’s black community. In 1955, as Denver’s black population grew and expanded to the east, the church moved to a brick Mission-style building at the southeast corner of East Twenty-Eighth Avenue and York Street. The Mission-style church was originally built in 1921–22 by Hyde Park Presbyterian and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Congregation Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Describing itself as “a church for all peoples,” Peoples Presbyterian Church was established in June 1906 in a vacant room at the corner of Twenty-Fifth and Larimer Streets. It had sixty-six members and was the only black Presbyterian church in Denver at the time. One earlier black Presbyterian congregation had folded in the 1880s; most of the city’s black congregations tended to be either Baptist or Methodist.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Led by its first pastor, Reverend D. D. Cole, Peoples found a long-term home in 1908. That year it bought the former First Cumberland Presbyterian Church at East Twenty-Third Avenue and Washington Street, just south of the Five Points intersection. At the time, Five Points was well on its way to becoming Denver’s main black neighborhood. White congregations usually followed their members to new neighborhoods, allowing black congregations such as Peoples and <strong>Zion Baptist</strong> to acquire old church buildings in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Yet Peoples faced serious problems soon after it moved to its new location. In 1909 its new pastor from North Carolina died after only two weeks on the job. The congregation was shrinking and it still faced a large debt from the purchase of the Five Points property. But that June, the arrival of a new pastor, Reverend Joseph Adolphus Thomas-Hazell, turned things around. In Thomas-Hazell’s thirteen years at the helm, Peoples’ membership more than doubled, putting the congregation on a solid footing by the early 1920s.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Growth and Change</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After departing in 1922, Thomas-Hazell returned to lead the church again from 1943 to 1949, when its pastor took a leave of absence to serve as a chaplain during <strong>World War II</strong>. During those years, Denver’s black population experienced explosive growth, nearly doubling from about 7,800 in 1940 to about 15,200 in 1950. More than 90 percent of those black residents were concentrated in Five Points, which had expanded east to Race Street in Whittier. New black Presbyterian residents joined Peoples because most Presbyterian churches continued to be segregated in practice even though the Presbyterian General Assembly officially renounced segregation in 1946.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The church continued to grow throughout the 1950s, as Denver’s black population doubled again to more than 30,000 and continued to expand east into North City Park. It benefited from the 1951 relocation of the US Air Force Finance Center from St. Louis to a site in Denver near the church. St. Louis had a thriving black Presbyterian population, so the migration of black finance center workers brought an influx of new members to Peoples.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Soon Peoples was holding two Sunday morning services to accommodate its 500 members, who contributed enough that the church no longer needed any financial assistance from the Presbyterian Board of National Missions. Seeking more space, in 1955 the congregation acquired a larger building at the corner of East Twenty-Eighth Avenue and York Street, on the border between Whittier and North City Park. The next year, First Lady <strong>Mamie Doud Eisenhower</strong>, herself a Presbyterian, congratulated Peoples on its new home and its fiftieth anniversary.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Home, Long History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Peoples’ new home already had a long history. The building was constructed in 1921–22 by Hyde Park Presbyterian Church, which was organized in 1889. It was the first Presbyterian congregation in northeast Denver. After several moves during its early years, Hyde Park found its first long-term home at the corner of East Thirty-Second Avenue and Humboldt Street in 1895. The congregation stayed there until the fall of 1920, when the church was destroyed by a fire. In 1921 the Hyde Park congregation bought a corner lot at East Twenty-Eighth Avenue and York Street. The cornerstone of the new building was laid on October 16, 1921, and the church was finished and dedicated the next year. The building was in a newly developing part of Denver known as Clayton’s Addition, so the Hyde Park congregation changed its name to Clayton Community Church.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The two-story church was designed in the Mission style, with brown brick and terra cotta tile accents against a mostly red brick exterior. Parapets rose from the rooflines facing west onto York Street and north onto East Twenty-Eighth Avenue. The main entrance opened onto York Street, where a brick porch with a hipped roof and a round arch led into the building. Inside, the sanctuary occupied the southern half of the building, while church offices, classrooms, and a fellowship hall filled the two floors on the building’s north side. The basement housed a dining hall and kitchen.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A fire in 1952 caused significant damage to the church’s interior, requiring the sanctuary to be remodeled and rededicated in 1953. Just two years later, however, the Denver Presbytery dissolved Clayton Community Church, and the building was acquired by Peoples Presbyterian.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the decade after Peoples Presbyterian moved into the former Clayton Community building, older black neighborhoods like Five Points and Whittier experienced a series of transformative changes as new civil rights and fair housing policies expanded opportunities for minorities in Denver. Many middle-class black residents left for newer housing in better neighborhoods, and the area’s population declined by half from 1950 to 1970. The 1977 relocation of the US Air Force Finance Center to <strong>Lowry Air Force Base</strong> exacerbated prevailing trends. In response, Peoples launched new programs such as Feed the Hungry to serve the changing needs of its neighborhood while retaining existing members.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2016 the congregation celebrated its 110th anniversary and the church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today Peoples continues to offer regular Sunday services as well as Sunday school, Bible study, youth fellowship, and film programs.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/presbyterianism" hreflang="en">Presbyterianism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/african-americans" hreflang="en">African Americans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/african-americans-denver" hreflang="en">african americans denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-churches" hreflang="en">historic churches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hyde-park-presbyterian-church" hreflang="en">Hyde Park Presbyterian Church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/clayton-community-church" hreflang="en">Clayton Community Church</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Roy Carroll, Jacqueline Crawford, and Daphne Rice-Allen, “Peoples Presbyterian Church,” ed. E. Warzel, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (January 29, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.peoplespres.org/7057">“Church History,”</a> Peoples Presbyterian Church.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arthur B. Cooper, <em>The Story of Our Presbytery of Denver, 1870–1950</em> (Denver: Arthur B. Cooper, 1950).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jesse Penney Martin, <em>Golden Anniversary: History of Hyde Park and Clayton Presbyterian Church, 1889–1939</em> (Denver: Clayton Community Church,1939).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Quintard Taylor, <em>In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West, 1528–1990</em> (New York: Norton, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Holly Wasinger, “From Five Points to Struggle Hill: The Race Line and Segregation in Denver,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> (Autumn 2005).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 06 Dec 2017 22:02:32 +0000 yongli 2826 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org First Baptist Church of Moffat http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/first-baptist-church-moffat <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">First Baptist Church of Moffat</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-08-25T13:13:01-06:00" title="Friday, August 25, 2017 - 13:13" class="datetime">Fri, 08/25/2017 - 13:13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/first-baptist-church-moffat" data-a2a-title="First Baptist Church of Moffat"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffirst-baptist-church-moffat&amp;title=First%20Baptist%20Church%20of%20Moffat"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The First Baptist Church of <strong>Moffat</strong> is a two-story concrete-block building constructed in 1911 at the corner of Fourth and Lincoln Streets (401 Lincoln Avenue, Moffat, Colorado). In the 1920s, residents bought the church from the Baptist Association to prevent it from being moved after the shrinking congregation could no longer support a resident pastor, and in the 1930s they left the Baptist Association to become the nondenominational Moffat Community Church. The building fell into disrepair in the late twentieth century, but in 2002 it was acquired by the town of Moffat and converted into a town hall and community center.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Moffat’s Prosperous Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1889 the San Luis Town and Improvement Company established the town of Moffat in the northern <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>. The town was named for <a href="/article/david-h-moffat">David Moffat</a>, president of the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong>, which was building a line that passed through the town on its way from Villa Grove to <strong>Alamosa</strong>. With the opening of the rail line, Moffat quickly became an important shipping center where local farmers could bring their grain and cattle; the town’s stockyard was once the second-largest cattle shipping yard in the state. In 1900 the town gained added importance when a spur line connected it to the thriving mines around <a href="/article/crestone/">Crestone</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Over the next two decades, Moffat prospered as the transportation center of the northern San Luis Valley. The Oklahoma Land and Colonization Company promoted settlement in the area, offering migrants a town lot and a five-acre plot of land for $200. Soon the population climbed to nearly 1,000 residents, enough to support three hotels, several newspapers, and a one-room schoolhouse that doubled as the town’s Sunday school and church.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>First Baptist Church</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1911 Moffat’s one-room schoolhouse was replaced by a new, two-story frame schoolhouse. At the same time, local church leaders decided they should move out of the school and open a building for their congregation. In August they officially organized a Baptist Church and laid the cornerstone for a new church building, which was finished by the end of the year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Located at the northeast corner of Fourth and Lincoln Streets, the First Baptist Church of Moffat was a two-story building featuring an eclectic mix of Romanesque Revival, Classical Revival, and Victorian elements. It had one large corner steeple and two smaller secondary steeples. The designer is unknown, but the building’s style and proportions indicate that the plans must have been taken from a pattern book or laid out by a person with some architectural training.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perhaps the most distinctive aspect of the church was its concrete-block construction, a method that became popular in the early 1900s because it was relatively easy and inexpensive. Concrete blocks had to be made on-site because cheap factory-made cinder blocks did not become available until later in the decade. In Moffat, J. W. Biggs and his two sons, Arthur and Clarence, hauled sand to the construction site, where Mr. Ingraham led a four-man crew in pressing the blocks. Each day, several hundred completed blocks—which used a mixture of one part cement to five or six parts sand—were spread out to dry before being added to the growing church building. Pressed sheet metal shingles and siding provided a cheap means of covering the concrete walls with some ornamentation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Inside, the church had three levels: a dirt-floor cellar for storage, a main-floor sanctuary for services, and a small second-story room for Sunday school classes. The church’s 1,100-square-foot sanctuary featured stained-glass windows and a vaulted tin ceiling. The wood pews faced west, where a chancel area for celebrating church services was framed by Tuscan columns and flattened round arches. The church’s first pastor in 1911 was Reverend Ida, who stayed for about a year.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Moffat Community Church</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the late 1910s, Moffat’s population started to drop as residents realized that the five-acre tracts they had bought from the Oklahoma Land and Colonization Company were not large enough to sustain a livelihood in the unforgiving San Luis Valley climate. When the Baptist congregation shrank to the point of no longer supporting a resident pastor, the Baptist Association allowed the local community to use the building for whatever services they could muster. Volunteers led Sunday school classes, and occasionally an itinerant preacher performed a Sunday service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1921–22 the Baptist Association proposed moving the Moffat church nearly twenty miles south to Hooper. To prevent the relocation, Arthur Biggs—who had helped his father haul sand to make the blocks for the church’s construction—rallied other Moffat residents to pool their money and buy the building. In the early 1930s, they reorganized the congregation as the nondenominational Moffat Community Church. To mark the change, one local woman supposedly chiseled the word <em>Baptist</em> off the building’s cornerstone and entryway. Around that time, a plaster ceiling was installed in the sanctuary, hiding the original vaulted tin ceiling, and tongue-and-groove hardwood floors replaced the previous softwood plank floors. The church continued to host services by traveling preachers—usually Baptists or Methodists—who passed through town.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Use of Moffat Community Church declined in the early 1940s but revived in 1944, when a new pastor, Reverend Reimer in <a href="/article/saguache-0">Saguache</a>, offered to volunteer at the church. In 1945 Reverend A. D. Schantz became the first resident pastor in Moffat in more than thirty years. Church activity remained strong over the next eight years, with a variety of preachers coming to give sermons. In the early 1950s, the interior of the church was reconfigured so that the preacher stood at the north end of the sanctuary instead of the west end, and the former chancel on the west side of the building was made into Sunday school classrooms.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Moffat Community Church continued to hold occasional services throughout the late twentieth century, but the congregation proved unable to maintain the aging building. In the 1980s, church caretakers built concrete buttresses at the northeast and northwest corners to try to shore up the building’s structural integrity, but by 2000 it was in disrepair. The last surviving church trustee gave the building to the <strong>Continental Divide Association of Southern Baptist Churches</strong>, which then sold it to the town of Moffat in 2002.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Moffat planned to rehabilitate and expand the church into a town hall and community center, a project that took more than a decade to complete. In 2008 the town got the building listed on the National Register of Historic Places, making it eligible for a broad array of preservation funding. With the help of more than $450,000 in grants from the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong>, Colorado Department of Local Affairs, and National Trust for Historic Preservation, the town converted the former sanctuary into a community center and added a town office onto the building’s southwest corner. In addition, the town shored up the foundation, removed the dropped ceiling in the sanctuary, restored several windows, and refinished the hardwood floors. The building now hosts monthly town board meetings and other community events. By September 2018 the town hopes to complete its rehabilitation project by adding an accessibility ramp, lift, and restroom.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moffat" hreflang="en">moffat</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/david-moffat" hreflang="en">david moffat</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-churches" hreflang="en">historic churches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/concrete-block-buildings" hreflang="en">concrete block buildings</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Preservation Planning Unit, History Colorado Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, “First Baptist Church of Moffat,” National Register of Historic Places (July 1, 2007).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The San Luis Valley: Land of the Six-Armed Cross</em>, 2nd ed. (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.colorado.gov/townofmoffat">Town of Moffat</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 25 Aug 2017 19:13:01 +0000 yongli 2727 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Black Forest Community Church http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/black-forest-community-church <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Black Forest Community Church</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2685--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2685.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/black-forest-aerial-view"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Black%20Forest%20Community%20Church%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=8Gx9SFsW" width="1024" height="768" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/black-forest-aerial-view" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Black Forest, Aerial View</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Named for its ponderosa pines, Black Forest stands out clearly against the rest of Colorado's Front Range. The area was used for lumber in the late nineteenth century, sprouted a vacation community in the early twentieth century, and evolved into a semi-rural suburb of Colorado Springs by the middle of the twentieth century.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-06-28T14:45:57-06:00" title="Wednesday, June 28, 2017 - 14:45" class="datetime">Wed, 06/28/2017 - 14:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/black-forest-community-church" data-a2a-title="Black Forest Community Church"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fblack-forest-community-church&amp;title=Black%20Forest%20Community%20Church"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Black Forest Community Church occupies a row of three buildings on the southeast corner of Shoup and Black Forest Roads in the rural community of <strong>Black Forest</strong> in northern <a href="/article/el-paso-county">El Paso County</a>. The church had its origins in a Sunday school started in 1932, with members incorporating a church organization in 1937 and constructing a log church building—the first house of worship in the area—over the next three years. The congregation’s growth after World War II led to the construction of a larger stone church in 1962 and a modern education building in 1996. Today it is affiliated with the <strong>Rocky Mountain Conference of the United Church of Christ</strong>.</p> <h2>Log Church</h2> <p>During the early decades of white settlement in Colorado, Black Forest’s ponderosa pines served primarily as a reliable supply of wood for building the growing state’s cities and railroads. In 1869 <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railway</strong> founder <a href="/article/william-jackson-palmer">William Jackson Palmer</a> bought 40,000 acres of land in the area, which soon sprouted more than a dozen lumber mills.</p> <p>Starting in the 1920s, Black Forest developed a small community of summer residents, and a golf course was built in the area. During the Great Depression, as lumbering declined, the nascent vacation community in Black Forest evolved into a full-time residential suburb of <a href="/article/colorado-springs">Colorado Springs</a>. As the area gained more residents, new institutions took shape to serve their needs. In 1932 ten local families came together to start a Sunday school under the umbrella of the American Sunday School Union, an organization focused on spreading Sunday schools to rural communities. The Sunday school held its meetings in the <strong>Black Forest School</strong>, which had opened a decade earlier, and occasionally held church services if a preacher was available.</p> <p>After four years of the Sunday school, a formal Black Forest Church organization was established in 1936 and incorporated in 1937. At the same time, a Ladies Aid group started to raise money for a church building by holding talent shows, auctions, quilting bees, and ice cream socials. Soon the Collins and Morrell families donated two acres of land for the church building at the southeast corner of Shoup and Black Forest Roads, which was the main crossroads in the area. Church members dragged logs from their own property to the site and started constructing the building themselves.</p> <p>The church was a simple rectangular building in the Pioneer Log style. Horizontal round logs made up the walls, vertically placed logs stood at the corners, and a square bell tower made of round logs rose from the center of the building’s north-facing façadefacade. Inside, the entry opened onto a foyer that led into the main sanctuary, with the altar and pulpit located at the southern end of the building. Funding shortages delayed the congregation’s work, but the church was mostly finished by 1940 and was officially dedicated on October 4, 1942, as the first house of worship in Black Forest.</p> <p>The Black Forest Community Church started as a nondenominational Protestant congregation. The first pastor, Joseph McKittrick, was a retired Presbyterian minister, but within a few years the church formed ties with the Colorado Congregational Conference (now the Rocky Mountain Conference of the United Church of Christ). The association took shape after the Bemis Taylor Foundation donated Colorado Springs philanthropist <strong>Alice Bemis Taylor</strong>’s former summer estate, known as <strong>La Foret</strong>, to the Congregational Conference in 1942. Two years later, La Foret became a Congregational conference and retreat center. It was located less than a mile west of the Black Forest Community Church, and its camp manager, Reverend William Hall, frequently came to the church to preach. In 1947 he became the church’s part-time minister, and soon the church officially joined the Congregational Conference.</p> <h2>Stone Church</h2> <p>Black Forest entered a period of rapid growth in the 1950s, as the construction of <strong>Interstate 25</strong> and the establishment of the <a href="/article/united-states-air-force-academy">US Air Force Academy</a> north of Colorado Springs made the area more accessible. The Black Forest Community Church gained new members and started to expand, first with a basement classroom addition in 1954, then with a new kitchen in 1956. In 1960 the congregation completed a parsonage on five acres of land that Ed and Peggy Morast had donated on Shoup Road.</p> <p>Eventually the Black Forest Community Church congregation outgrew its log church. In 1962 George Hardesty donated funds for a new church in memory of his wife, Stella, and construction started just west of the log church on August 19, 1962. Designed by local architect C. D. King, the new church was a one-story Modernist building with walls of stone rubble and rough-textured stucco. It was laid out in an L L-shape, with a buff brick spire rising from the inner corner of the L on the north side of the building. The building included five stained-glass windows designed by local artist <strong>Al Wynne</strong>, an abstract painter who later lost 400 of his works when his family’s house burned in the <strong>2013 Black Forest fire</strong>.</p> <p>The stone church—known as Hardesty Hall—was finished in time to hold its first service on Christmas Sunday, 1962. After that, the original log church was used primarily for classrooms and meetings.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Because it was the first church in the area, the Black Forest Community Church has a long tradition of hosting other congregations that had no building of their own. Over the years, its facilities have opened their doors to Catholics, Lutherans, and Christian Scientists. In addition, as one of the oldest public buildings in Black Forest, the church has hosted a wide variety of community events and meetings. In 1984, for example, Kay Stricklan opened First Step Preschool in rented space in the log church’s basement extension; she later gave the school to Black Forest Community Church in 1991.</p> <p>In the 1970s, the congregation had considered tearing down the log church to make room for new and larger facilities, but that plan never went forward. Instead, with a successful preschool on its hands, the congregation decided in 1996 to sell some of the land that the Morast family had donated for the parsonage in 1959 and use the proceeds to construct a new education building and renovate the log church. The education building, called Morast Hall, was added just east of the log church; today the preschool operates on its lower floor. With the completion of Morast Hall, the log church no longer needed to have classrooms and was converted to office space. The building’s basement addition, which extended out the back side, was demolished and replaced with a simple concrete patio. The original sanctuary space was divided into offices with a dropped ceiling, but the entry foyer retained its original finishes.</p> <p>In June 2013, the devastating Black Forest fire raged just north of the Black Forest Community Church but did not damage any of the church’s buildings. Today the log church stands along with the Black Forest School (1921), the <strong>Black Forest Community Hall </strong>(1928), and the <strong>Black Forest Store</strong> (1928) as one of the four historic log buildings at the area’s main crossroads, and in 2016 the log and stone churches were listed on the State Register of Historic Properties.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-churches" hreflang="en">historic churches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/congregational-churches" hreflang="en">Congregational churches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-forest" hreflang="en">Black Forest</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/al-wynne" hreflang="en">Al Wynne</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><a href="https://sites.google.com/blackforestcommunitychurch.org/bfcc-ucc/general-info/our-history">“Our History,”</a> Black Forest Community Church, n.d.</p> <p>“Our History,” First Step Preschool, n.d.</p> <p>Kay Stricklan and Mona Navalta, “Black Forest Community Church,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (May 26, 2016).</p> <p>Judy von Ahlefeldt, <em>Thunder, Sun and Snow: The History of Colorado’s Black Forest</em> (Colorado Springs: Century One, 1979).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Walter S. Hopkins and Virginia Greene Milliken, <em>The Bible and the Gold Rush: A Century of Congregationalism in Colorado, 1863–1963</em> (Denver: Big Mountain Press, 1962).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 28 Jun 2017 20:45:57 +0000 yongli 2684 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org St. Francis of Assisi Mission Church http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-francis-assisi-mission-church <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">St. Francis of Assisi Mission Church </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-22T12:37:20-07:00" title="Tuesday, November 22, 2016 - 12:37" class="datetime">Tue, 11/22/2016 - 12:37</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-francis-assisi-mission-church" data-a2a-title="St. Francis of Assisi Mission Church "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fst-francis-assisi-mission-church&amp;title=St.%20Francis%20of%20Assisi%20Mission%20Church%09"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1881, St. Francis of Assisi Mission Church is a Catholic church in Los Valdeses, a town along the <strong>Rio Grande</strong> about halfway between <strong>Del Norte</strong> and <strong>Monte Vista</strong>. One of the few Hispano churches in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a> with a cruciform plan, St. Francis of Assisi held regular Masses until the 1990s and continues to be maintained by the community. In 2002 the building was listed on the State Register of Historic Properties.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Settlers Along the Rio Grande</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Hispanos first settled the land around what is now Los Valdeses or Sevenmile Plaza in the 1860s and 1870s. In 1866 early settlers built the first <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> ditches in the area. Soon more migrants from New Mexico and the nearby town of La Loma de San Jose (near Del Norte) were moving to what was known as Loma de Abaja, which lay along the Rio Grande on the road between Del Norte and Monte Vista. In the early 1870s priests from <strong>Conejos</strong> traveled to the growing settlement to celebrate Mass, but at the end of the decade the area started to be served by a new parish established at La Garita.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the early 1880s, about seventy-five families lived in Loma de Abaja. The dispersed town on the south side of the Rio Grande was starting to be called Valdez or Valdeses after Juan Valdez, who had moved there in the early 1870s from Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. The area continued to grow after the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> was constructed through Valdez’s land in 1881. A daily train stopped at nearby Freeman Switch, allowing residents to commute to Del Norte and Monte Vista. Businesses sprang up on the north side of the Rio Grande in an area that started to be known as Sevenmile Plaza.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>St. Francis of Assisi Mission Church</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1881, the year that the railroad arrived, local residents paid for and built St. Francis of Assisi Mission Church on land donated by the Valdez family. The church was a rectangular single-nave building like many other mission churches in the San Luis Valley. It had thirty-inch-thick adobe walls atop a rubble stone foundation. Inside, the dirt floor followed the natural slope of the land from the eastern entrance up to the western altar. There were benches instead of pews, and parishioners brought a chunk of firewood to Mass for the church’s wood stove. Both Juan Valdez and his wife, Maria Nestoria Salazar, were supposedly buried in the floor of the church near the altar after they died in the late 1880s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The community expanded and renovated the church several times in the twentieth century. The most significant expansion occurred in 1925, when transepts were added on both sides to create a cruciform plan. Around the same time, a wood floor was installed over the original dirt floor, the interior adobe walls were redone, and two small rooms for a sacristy and storage were added in the northwest and southwest corners where the transepts met the central building.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1930s the church was often so crowded that some parishioners had to stand. The community held special celebrations for the Feasts of San Isidro and Corpus Christi in the spring and the Feast of St. Francis in the fall.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During World War II, German prisoners of war installed electricity in the church and other buildings in the area. Also in the 1940s, the community installed a new main altar from Spain, which was so tall that the roof above it had to be raised. At some point the wood floor was replaced with concrete and tile. After World War II, the town’s population dropped significantly, but until the 1990s Mass was celebrated weekly or monthly at the church.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, local residents still think of St. Francis of Assisi as their home church, but many travel to Del Norte or Monte Vista for regular services. They continue to maintain the church and gather there on October 4 to celebrate the Feast of St. Francis.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adobe-architecture" hreflang="en">adobe architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-churches" hreflang="en">historic churches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hispano-settlers" hreflang="en">Hispano settlers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/juan-valdez" hreflang="en">Juan Valdez</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sevenmile-plaza" hreflang="en">Sevenmile Plaza</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/los-valdeses" hreflang="en">Los Valdeses</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, “St. Francis of Assisi Mission Church,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (October 4, 2001).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Robert Adams, <em>The Architecture and Art of Early Hispanic Colorado</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1974).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phillip Gallegos, “Religious Architecture in Colorado’s San Luis Valley,” in <em>Enduring Legacies: Ethnic Histories and Cultures of Colorado,</em> ed. Arturo Aldama (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365603249/">"The San Luis Valley,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 12, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The San Luis Valley: Land of the Six-Armed Cross</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1979).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Olibama Lopez Tushar, <em>The People of El Valle: A History of the Spanish Settlers in the San Luis Valley</em> (Pueblo, CO: El Escritorio, 2007).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 22 Nov 2016 19:37:20 +0000 yongli 2094 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org San Rafael Presbyterian Church http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-rafael-presbyterian-church <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">San Rafael Presbyterian Church</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-21T16:27:34-07:00" title="Monday, November 21, 2016 - 16:27" class="datetime">Mon, 11/21/2016 - 16:27</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-rafael-presbyterian-church" data-a2a-title="San Rafael Presbyterian Church"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsan-rafael-presbyterian-church&amp;title=San%20Rafael%20Presbyterian%20Church"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located in Mogote in the southern <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley">San Luis Valley</a> (</strong>4907 Co Rd 9, Antonito, CO 81120), San Rafael Presbyterian Church was probably built in 1895–97 and used regularly until 1965. It is the second-oldest church in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/conejos-county"><strong>Conejos County</strong></a> and one of the few historically Spanish-speaking Presbyterian churches in Colorado. In 1999 it was listed on the State Register of Historic Properties, and in the early 2000s it was restored with the help of grants from the State Historical Fund.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Presbyterianism in the San Luis Valley</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the San Luis Valley was first settled by Hispano migrants from New Mexico in the 1850s and 1860s, its new residents were largely if not entirely Catholic. Presbyterians did not make inroads in the region until about 1875, when they organized a church in <strong>Del Norte</strong>. From there, Presbyterianism began to spread west to the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> as well as to other towns in the San Luis Valley. From 1875 to 1877, Reverend Alexander Darley was stationed in Del Norte and distributed copies of the Bible throughout the valley. Soon churches were organized in <strong>Antonito</strong>, Cenicerro, and <strong>Alamosa</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Presbyterianism spread even more widely in the San Luis Valley after 1878, when the <strong>Colorado Presbytery</strong> decided to establish thirty mission schools in southern Colorado over the next fifteen years, including six in the valley. The mission schools taught Hispanic children English and also gave them scriptural lessons. The schools were popular for about a generation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, since they offered an easy way to learn English (and thus entry into the new Anglo economic order in the valley) in the years before a strong local public school system was established. During that period Presbyterian mission schools operated in <strong>San Luis</strong>, La Costilla, Capulin, San Pablo, Ortiz, and Mogote, and Presbyterian churches were established in Capulin, La Jara, Ortiz, San Pablo, and Mogote.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>A Presbyterian Church and School in Mogote</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1854 Hispano migrants moving up the <strong>Conejos River</strong> from Guadalupe first settled the town of Mogote. Presbyterian missionaries arrived in the 1880s. In 1893, twenty-seven Presbyterian converts in town formed San Rafael Presbyterian Church. In 1895 a Presbyterian mission school opened, and the congregation acquired land on the south side of town for the construction of an adobe church building.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Completed in 1897, the church was a Territorial Adobe building that employed an unusual mix of architectural features. The main entrance was in a bell tower set at a forty-five-degree angle on the northeast corner of the church. The lower portion of the tower was adobe, like the rest of the church, but the upper portion had clapboard siding. The main body of the building had a hipped roof instead of the front-gabled roof that is typical for San Luis Valley churches. Inside, the church had plaster walls, wood floors, and twenty-two pews that the congregation fashioned from local timber. Outside, a gate leading from the road had an arch with the words “DIOS ES AMOR” (God is love) painted in large letters.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The congregation expanded San Rafael Presbyterian three times in the first half of the twentieth century. In 1911 the rear of the building was lengthened by about twenty feet to add extra space. Sometime in the next two decades a small southern addition was built, which was used as a Sunday school room and children’s nursery. In 1950 the congregation added a north annex, giving the building a T shape.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At its height in 1920, San Rafael Presbyterian had about 140 members. The congregation declined after the local Presbyterian school closed in 1922, and it shrank even more as younger residents moved to larger cities during the Great Depression and in the decades after World War II. By 1965 the congregation numbered only thirty members and decided to merge with United Presbyterian Church in Antonito, about five miles away. San Rafael Presbyterian continued to be used occasionally into the 1970s, but after that it sat empty and fell into disrepair.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1990s, locals held an annual summer service and picnic in the San Rafael Presbyterian churchyard. By 1998, a committee of former church members led by Margie Garcia started to work toward a full restoration of the building. In 1999 the group got the church listed as a state historic property, and in 2001 the nonprofit Colorado Preservation Inc. named the church one of the state’s “Most Endangered Places” to draw attention to its preservation. Over the next decade, the church was able to secure more than $300,000 in grants from the State Historical Fund. The money went toward the installation of electricity and indoor plumbing as well as repairs to the ceiling, wood floor, and adobe walls. The restoration was finished in July 2010, and the church held a completion ceremony attended by more than 250 people with ties to the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today the restored church is used during the summer for religious services and other events.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mogote" hreflang="en">Mogote</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/presbyterianism" hreflang="en">Presbyterianism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adobe-architecture" hreflang="en">adobe architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-churches" hreflang="en">historic churches</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Margie Garcia, “San Rafael Presbyterian Church,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties (February 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Matt Hildner, <a href="https://www.chieftain.com/errors/404/">“No Heat in Church? Then Christmas in July,”</a> <em>Pueblo Chieftain</em>, July 16, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>M. H. MacLeod, <em>Historical Sketch of the Presbytery of Pueblo and Proceedings of Its Quarter Century Celebration</em> (Pueblo, CO: M. H. MacLeod, 1906).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Robert Adams, <em>The Architecture and Art of Early Hispanic Colorado</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1974).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Leland Feitz, <em>Conejos County: A Quick History of Colorado’s Land of Many Contrasts</em>, rev. ed. (Colorado Springs, CO: Little London Press, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phillip Gallegos, “Religious Architecture in Colorado’s San Luis Valley,” in <em>Enduring Legacies: Ethnic Histories and Cultures of Colorado</em>, ed. Arturo Aldama (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Frances Harvey Mead, <em>Conejos Country</em> (Colorado Springs, CO: Century One Press, 1984).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365603249/">"The San Luis Valley,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 12, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The San Luis Valley: Land of the Six-Armed Cross</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1979).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Olibama Lopez Tushar, <em>The People of El Valle: A History of the Spanish Settlers in the San Luis Valley</em> (Pueblo, CO: El Escritorio, 2007).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 21 Nov 2016 23:27:34 +0000 yongli 2092 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Iglesia de San Francisco de Assisi http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/iglesia-de-san-francisco-de-assisi <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Iglesia de San Francisco de Assisi</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2090--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2090.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/iglesia-de-san-francisco-de-assisi"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Iglesia_de_San_Francisco_de_Assisi_0.jpg?itok=yN4k-ESI" width="1000" height="945" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/iglesia-de-san-francisco-de-assisi" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Iglesia de San Francisco de Assisi</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built in the 1950s, Iglesia de San Francisco de Assisi shows how the local parish adapted modern construction techniques such as concrete blocks and casement windows to traditional ecclesiastical architecture. The churchyard has a small model of the building (bottom left), which the community takes to San Luis during Holy Week for religious observances.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-18T17:24:15-07:00" title="Friday, November 18, 2016 - 17:24" class="datetime">Fri, 11/18/2016 - 17:24</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/iglesia-de-san-francisco-de-assisi" data-a2a-title="Iglesia de San Francisco de Assisi"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Figlesia-de-san-francisco-de-assisi&amp;title=Iglesia%20de%20San%20Francisco%20de%20Assisi"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located in <strong>San Francisco</strong> in the southeastern <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>, Iglesia de San Francisco de Assisi is a Catholic church featuring Gothic and Mission Revival elements. Constructed in the 1950s using concrete blocks and casement windows, the building shows how the local parish adapted modern building techniques to traditional ecclesiastical architecture after World War II. In 2012 the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1853–54, the town of San Francisco was established as one of the earliest settlements in the San Luis Valley. Located about nine miles southeast of <strong>San Luis</strong>, it was started by Hispano settlers along San Francisco Creek and named after the town’s patron saint, St. Francis. Like other early Hispano villages in the area, San Francisco organized quickly to provide for two of the community’s most pressing needs: water and worship. By 1860 the settlers had dug San Francisco Ditch for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> and established a rustic oratorio (chapel) or other simple space for worship.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The first formal church in San Francisco was built around the time Sangre de Cristo Parish was established in the 1880s. By 1889, an adobe chapel with twenty-four-inch walls and a flat roof was in use just west of the present church. After Father Samuel García became pastor of Sangre de Cristo Parish in 1894, he probably added a gabled roof and tower to the chapel, giving it an appearance similar to that of <strong>Capilla de San Isidro</strong> in <strong>Los Fuertes</strong>, a single-nave adobe church constructed around the same time.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-twentieth century, the adobe chapel had structural problems so severe that the community decided to replace the building rather than repair it. In 1950 they started to build a new church using funding from Catholic Extension, a crucial source of assistance for small villages in <a href="/article/costilla-county"><strong>Costilla County</strong></a> that could not finance a church on their own. Construction was overseen by Father <strong>Onofre Martorell</strong>, the longtime pastor of Sangre de Cristo Parish and a noted church builder whose influence can be seen in towns throughout the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Iglesia de San Francisco de Assisi was among the last churches Martorell built during his tenure and reflected a shift to modern construction materials while still retaining the basic forms and feel of a traditional adobe mission church. Underneath a white cement stucco coating, the church in San Francisco was made of concrete blocks rather than adobe and had casement windows with clear glass. Designed by assistant pastor Father Pedro Verd, the building combined Gothic and Mission Revival elements, with two crenellated towers framing a central bay topped by a cross. The interior had white stucco walls, wooden flooring and pews, and a carved wooden altar with statues of St. Francis, Mary, and Jesus.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although construction started in 1950, the new church was not consecrated until November 6, 1960. In the meantime, the village continued to use the old adobe chapel for religious services and community events. Photographs show that the old chapel still stood as late as 1962, but no evidence of it remains today.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Iglesia de San Francisco de Assisi continues to play an important role in the local community. During the summer, a priest from Sangre de Cristo Parish conducts Mass at each local mission church in the area, including San Francisco. Mass is still conducted in Spanish. In addition, the community gathers at the church during Holy Week before carrying a model of the church to San Luis for religious observances.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hispano-settlers" hreflang="en">Hispano settlers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/culebra-creek" hreflang="en">Culebra Creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/onofre-martorell" hreflang="en">Onofre Martorell</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“Iglesia de San Francisco de Assisi,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (October 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>María Mondragón Valdez, <em>Casa del Señor: A Brief History of Sangre de Cristo Parish Church and Its Missions</em> (María Mondragón Valdez, 2001).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Robert Adams, <em>The Architecture and Art of Early Hispanic Colorado</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1974).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phillip Gallegos, “Religious Architecture in Colorado’s San Luis Valley,” in <em>Enduring Legacies: Ethnic Histories and Cultures of Colorado</em>, ed. Arturo Aldama (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365603249/">"The San Luis Valley,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 12, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The San Luis Valley: Land of the Six-Armed Cross</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1979).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Olibama Lopez Tushar, <em>The People of El Valle: A History of the Spanish Settlers in the San Luis Valley</em> (Pueblo, CO: El Escritorio, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arnold A. and Maria Valdez, <em>The Culebra River Villages of Costilla County: Village Architecture and Its Historical Context, 1851–1940</em> (San Luis, CO: Valdez and Associates, 1991).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Sat, 19 Nov 2016 00:24:15 +0000 yongli 2089 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Capilla de San Juan Bautista (Church of Saint John the Baptist) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/capilla-de-san-juan-bautista-church-saint-john-baptist <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Capilla de San Juan Bautista (Church of Saint John the Baptist) </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2087--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2087.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/capilla-de-san-juan-bautista"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Capilla_de_San_Juan_Bautista_0.jpg?itok=xLJmxeYN" width="1000" height="875" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/capilla-de-san-juan-bautista" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Capilla de San Juan Bautista</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Capilla de San Juan Bautista was constructed in 1924–26 in La Garita in the San Luis Valley. It replaced a similar church that was built in 1879 and burned down in 1924.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-18T17:21:17-07:00" title="Friday, November 18, 2016 - 17:21" class="datetime">Fri, 11/18/2016 - 17:21</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/capilla-de-san-juan-bautista-church-saint-john-baptist" data-a2a-title="Capilla de San Juan Bautista (Church of Saint John the Baptist) "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcapilla-de-san-juan-bautista-church-saint-john-baptist&amp;title=Capilla%20de%20San%20Juan%20Bautista%20%28Church%20of%20Saint%20John%20the%20Baptist%29%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located in La Garita in the northwestern <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>, Capilla de San Juan Bautista was built in 1924–26 as a Catholic mission church. It replaced an earlier church on the same site, which served as the area’s parish church from 1879 to 1895 but burned down in 1924. After the church was abandoned in the 1960s, it was taken over by a local women’s craft cooperative called Artes del Valle before being restored in the 2000s as part of the San Juan Catholic Spiritual Center.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>A Parish Church in La Garita</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1851, Hispanos pushing north from the New Mexican towns of Abiquiú​ and El Rito established the first permanent settlements in the western San Luis Valley at <strong>Guadalupe</strong> along the <strong>Conejos River</strong>. From there, settlements gradually extended farther north, and in 1858 settlers established La Garita. By 1870 the town was home to the most northerly morada (unconsecrated worship space) in the San Luis Valley.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A growing number of Catholic settlers streamed into the northern San Luis Valley in the 1870s, after a series of treaties removed the <strong>Southern Ute Indians</strong> from the valley and opened the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> to mining and settlement. Church leaders decided a new parish was needed to serve the communities far north of <strong>Conejos</strong>, where the existing parish was headquartered. La Garita was selected as the site of the new parish church, rectory, and cemetery, which were built on land donated by Jose Julian Espinosa and his wife, Rufina Montoya.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Named for San Juan Bautista (St. John the Baptist), the Territorial Adobe parish church in La Garita was dedicated on June 24, 1879, the Feast of St. John the Baptist. It served as the parish church until 1895, when the parish headquarters moved to <strong>Holy Name of Mary Catholic Church</strong> in <strong>Del Norte</strong>. San Juan Bautista became a mission church served by traveling priests from Del Norte. The Sisters of Loretto at the Foot of the Cross started to use the former rectory as a residence when they came to teach in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building a New Church</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1924 the church burned to the ground. Construction on a replacement started later that year. Completed in 1926, the new Capilla de San Juan Bautista was a Territorial Adobe structure that resembled the previous church. It had twenty-inch-thick adobe walls with a white stucco coating and was topped by a gabled roof with a central two-story bell tower and distinctive six-armed cross. The building’s arched windows showed Gothic Revival influences. Inside, the church had stucco walls, wood floors, and a stamped-metal ceiling.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Capilla de San Juan Bautista was used regularly until the 1960s, when it was abandoned. It stood vacant for several years and fell into disrepair. In 1973 it was taken over by Artes del Valle, a local women’s craft cooperative, which used the building to display and sell their products. By that time, the adjacent adobe rectory had largely collapsed and had only a few walls still standing. The cooperative worked to get the church listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and secured State Historical Fund grants in the 1990s for restoration work on the building. After Artes del Valle closed in the early 2000s, Capilla de San Juan Bautista was vacant again.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2007 Father Joseph Vigil of the San Juan Catholic Community led an effort to revitalize the historic Capilla de San Juan Bautista. As a result of his leadership and significant donations from the Archuleta and Kulp families, in 2009 the church started to be restored as part of the San Juan Catholic Spiritual Center. In addition to the church, the spiritual center includes the San Juan Bautista Monument, built in 2009 using a surviving wall from the property’s old adobe rectory; the St. John Paul II Rosary Walk, completed in 2012; and the historic Carnero Creek Cemetery. The monument, Rosary Walk, and cemetery are open every day, and the church is used to celebrate Mass on the Feast of St. John the Baptist in June and the Feast of the Archangels in September.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/la-garita" hreflang="en">La Garita</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adobe-architecture" hreflang="en">adobe architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-churches" hreflang="en">historic churches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/catholicism" hreflang="en">Catholicism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hispano-settlers" hreflang="en">Hispano settlers</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Beatrice Baca with Frank White and Bob Buchanan, “Capilla de San Juan Bautista,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (May 1, 1979).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Robert Adams, <em>The Architecture and Art of Early Hispanic Colorado</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1974).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phillip Gallegos, “Religious Architecture in Colorado’s San Luis Valley,” in <em>Enduring Legacies: Ethnic Histories and Cultures of Colorado</em>, ed. Arturo Aldama (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365603249/">"The San Luis Valley,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 12, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The San Luis Valley: Land of the Six-Armed Cross</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1979).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Olibama Lopez Tushar, <em>The People of El Valle: A History of the Spanish Settlers in the San Luis Valley</em> (Pueblo, CO: El Escritorio, 2007).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Capilla de San Juan Bautista is a Catholic mission church. It was built in 1924 – 26. It is located in La Garita in the northwestern San Luis Valley. The church was later abandoned in the 1960s. It was then used by Artes del Valle (Arts of the Valley), a women’s craft group. In the 2000s, the church was restored. It is now part of the San Juan Catholic Spiritual Center.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>A Parish Church in La Garita</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1850s Hispano settlers moved north from New Mexico towns. They settled in Colorado’s western San Luis Valley. In 1858 settlers started the town of La Garita (The Lookout). By 1870 the town had a morada, a worship space that had not been declared sacred. The morada in La Garita was the farthest north in the valley.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>More Catholics were moving to the valley. Treaties had removed the Southern Ute Indians. The treaties also opened the <strong><a href="/article/san-juan-mountains">San Juan Mountains</a> </strong>to mining and settlement. Church leaders needed a new parish that would serve the northern part of the valley. La Garita was selected as the site. It would have a new parish church and cemetery. It would also have a rectory, a home for priests.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The church was named for San Juan Bautista. It was dedicated on June 24, 1879. This is the Feast day of Saint John the Baptist. It served as the parish church until 1895. Then the parish headquarters moved. San Juan Bautista became a mission church. It was served by traveling priests from Del Norte. A group of nuns called Sisters of Loretto at the Foot of the Cross started to use the former rectory. They stayed there when they came to teach.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building a New Church</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1924 the church burned to the ground. Work to replace the church began that year. It was completed in 1926. White stucco coated the thick adobe walls. Its roof had a gable. It was topped by a central two-story bell tower and unusual six-armed cross. Inside, the church had stucco walls and wood floors. Its ceiling was stamped-metal.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Capilla de San Juan Bautista was used until the 1960s. Then it stood vacant for several years. It needed repair. In 1973 it was taken over by Artes del Valle. This women’s group sold crafts in the building. By then, the rectory was mostly fallen down. Only a few walls were still standing. In 1980 the women’s cooperative worked hard to restore the building. They got the church listed on the National Register of Historic Places. But when Artes del Valle closed in the early 2000s, the church was vacant again.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2007 Father Joseph Vigil got involved. He wanted to restore Capilla de San Juan Bautista. The Archuleta and Kulp families gave money. Father Vigil provided leadership. Work started in 2009. The church is now part of the San Juan Catholic Spiritual Center. This center also has a rosary walk and cemetery. Mass is celebrated at the church in June for the Feast of Saint John the Baptist. It is also celebrated in September for the Feast of the Archangels.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Capilla de San Juan Bautista was built in 1924–26 as a Catholic mission church. It is located in La Garita in the northwestern San Luis Valley. An earlier church had served as the area’s parish church from 1879 to 1895 but burned down in 1924. The current building, on the same site, replaced the earlier structure. The church was abandoned in the 1960s. It was then used by a local women’s craft cooperative called Artes del Valle (Arts of the Valley). It was restored in the 2000s as part of the San Juan Catholic Spiritual Center.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>A Parish Church in La Garita</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1851 Hispano settlers pushed north from New Mexico towns. They settled in Colorado’s western San Luis Valley. The first permanent villages were established at Guadalupe along the Conejos River. From there, they gradually extended farther north. In 1858 settlers established La Garita (The Lookout). By 1870 the town had the most northerly worship space in the valley. It was known as a morada—a worship space that had not been consecrated.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A growing number of Catholic settlers were streaming into the valley. A series of treaties had removed the Southern Ute Indians. The treaties opened the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains">San Juan Mountains</a> to mining and settlement. Church leaders decided a new parish was needed. It would serve communities far north of Conejos, where the existing parish was headquartered. La Garita was selected as the site of the new parish church, rectory, and cemetery. These were built on land donated by Jose Julian Espinosa and his wife, Rufina Montoya.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The church was named for San Juan Bautista. It was dedicated on June 24, 1879, the Feast day of Saint John the Baptist. The church served as the parish church until 1895. At that time, the parish headquarters moved to Holy Name of Mary Catholic Church in Del Norte. San Juan Bautista became a mission church served by traveling priests from Del Norte. The group of nuns called the Sisters of Loretto at the Foot of the Cross started to use the former rectory as a residence when they came to teach in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building a New Church</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1924 the church burned to the ground. Construction on a replacement started later that year. Completed in 1926, the new Capilla de San Juan Bautista resembled the previous church. The style is considered to be Territorial Adobe. White stucco coated the twenty-inch-thick adobe walls. The gabled roof was topped by a central two-story bell tower and distinctive six-armed cross. The building’s arched windows showed Gothic Revival influences. Inside, the church had stucco walls, wood floors, and a stamped-metal ceiling.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Capilla de San Juan Bautista was used regularly until the 1960s. It then stood vacant for several years and fell into disrepair. In 1973 it was taken over by Artes del Valle, a local women’s cooperative. They used the building to display and sell their craft products. By that time, the adjacent adobe rectory had largely collapsed. Only a few walls were still standing. In 1980 the cooperative worked to get the church listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It secured State Historical Fund grants in the 1990s for renovations to the building. After Artes del Valle closed in the early 2000s, the church was vacant again.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2007 Father Joseph Vigil led an effort to revitalize Capilla de San Juan Bautista.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>His leadership, and donations from the Archuleta and Kulp families, led to the start of restoration in 2009. The church is now part of the San Juan Catholic Spiritual Center. This center also includes the San Juan Bautista Monument, the St. John Paul II Rosary Walk, and the historic Carnero Creek Cemetery. The monument, Rosary Walk, and cemetery are open every day. The Feast of St. John the Baptist in June and the Feast of the Archangels in September are celebrated with a mass at the church.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Located in La Garita in the northwestern San Luis Valley, Capilla de San Juan Bautista was built in 1924–26 as a Catholic mission church. An earlier church had served as the area’s parish church from 1879 to 1895, but burned down in 1924. The current building, on the same site, replaced the earlier structure. The church was abandoned in the 1960s. It was then used by a local women’s craft cooperative called Artes del Valle (Arts of the Valley). It was restored in the 2000s as part of the San Juan Catholic Spiritual Center.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>A Parish Church in La Garita</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1851 Hispano settlers pushed north from New Mexico towns into the western San Luis Valley. They established the first permanent settlements at Guadalupe along the Conejos River. From there, settlements gradually extended farther north. In 1858 settlers established the town of La Garita (The Lookout). By 1870, this town had the most northerly worship space in the valley. It was a morada, or a worship space that had not been consecrated.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By then, a growing number of Catholic settlers were streaming into the valley. A series of treaties had removed the Southern Ute Indians. Church leaders decided a new parish was needed. It would serve communities far north of Conejos, where the existing parish was headquartered. La Garita was selected as the site of the new parish church, rectory, and cemetery. These were built on land donated by Jose Julian Espinosa and his wife, Rufina Montoya.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The church was named for San Juan Bautista. It was dedicated on June 24, 1879, Saint John the Baptist’s feast day. The church served as the parish church until 1895. At that time, the parish headquarters moved to Holy Name of Mary Catholic Church in Del Norte. San Juan Bautista became a mission church served by traveling priests from Del Norte. A group of nuns called the Sisters of Loretto at the Foot of the Cross started to use the former rectory as a residence when they came to teach in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building a New Church</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1924 the church burned to the ground. Construction on a replacement started later that year. Completed in 1926, the new Capilla de San Juan Bautista was a Territorial Adobe structure that resembled the previous church. It had twenty-inch-thick adobe walls with a white stucco coating. It was topped by a gabled roof with a central two-story bell tower and distinctive six-armed cross. The building’s arched windows showed Gothic Revival influences. Inside, the church had stucco walls, wood floors, and a stamped-metal ceiling.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Capilla de San Juan Bautista was used regularly until the 1960s, when it was abandoned. It stood vacant for several years and fell into disrepair. In 1973 it was taken over by Artes del Valle, a local women’s craft cooperative, which used the building to sell its products. By that time, the adjacent adobe rectory had largely collapsed and had only a few walls still standing. The cooperative worked to get the church listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and secured State Historical Fund grants in the 1990s for renovations to the building. After Artes del Valle closed in the early 2000s, Capilla de San Juan Bautista was vacant again.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Today</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2007 Father Joseph Vigil of the San Juan Catholic Community led an effort to revitalize the historic Capilla de San Juan Bautista. As a result of his leadership and significant donations from the Archuleta and Kulp families, in 2009 the church started to be restored as part of the San Juan Catholic Spiritual Center. In addition to the church, the spiritual center includes the San Juan Bautista Monument (built in 2009 using a surviving wall from the property’s old adobe rectory), the St. John Paul II Rosary Walk, and the historic Carnero Creek Cemetery. The monument, Rosary Walk, and cemetery are open every day. The church is used to celebrate Mass on the Feast of Saint John the Baptist in June and the Feast of the Archangels in September.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Sat, 19 Nov 2016 00:21:17 +0000 yongli 2088 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Capilla de San Isidro http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/capilla-de-san-isidro <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Capilla de San Isidro</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2085--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2085.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/capilla-de-san-isidro"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Capilla_de_San_Isidro_%28Costilla_County%2C_Colorado%29_0.jpg?itok=PDH0Zpzw" width="1000" height="919" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/capilla-de-san-isidro" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Capilla de San Isidro</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built about 1894, Capilla de San Isidro is a Catholic church in Los Fuertes. Constructed in the Territorial Adobe style, it has adobe walls with a cement stucco coating as well as a gabled roof and cupola.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-18T17:16:40-07:00" title="Friday, November 18, 2016 - 17:16" class="datetime">Fri, 11/18/2016 - 17:16</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/capilla-de-san-isidro" data-a2a-title="Capilla de San Isidro"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcapilla-de-san-isidro&amp;title=Capilla%20de%20San%20Isidro"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in about 1894, Capilla de San Isidro is a Catholic church in Los Fuertes in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>. The church is dedicated to St. Isidore, the patron saint of farming, and continues to play an important role in the local community, with Mass celebrated in Spanish during the summer. In 2013 the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Located along Vallejos Creek between San Pablo and San Francisco, Los Fuertes was established in the 1850s by Hispano settlers moving north from New Mexico. As in other villages in the area, the settlers in Los Fuertes put their town under the spiritual protection of a saint to whom they dedicated their place of worship. In Los Fuertes, that saint-protector was San Isidro Labrador (St. Isidore the Farmer), whose feast day on May 15 was celebrated by many villages in the largely agricultural region during spring planting.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The first space for worship in Los Fuertes—as in the other Hispano villages in the Culebra Creek area—was probably a private chapel or rustic oratorio constructed soon after the town was settled. Los Fuertes probably built a more substantial oratorio (chapel) in the 1870s, after <strong>San Luis</strong> became an independent parish and started to minister to mission churches in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In about 1894, the oratorio was replaced by Capilla de San Isidro. Originally the single-story adobe church may have had a flat roof in the Hispanic Adobe style. At some point Father Samuel García, the pastor of Sangre de Cristo Parish from 1894 to 1921, modernized San Isidro with a gabled roof and cupola, Anglo design elements that made the building a good example of the Territorial Adobe style. Inside the church had brown plaster walls, a flat ceiling, a wooden floor, and wooden benches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Capilla de San Isidro received minor updates during the tenure of Father <strong>Onofre Martorell</strong>, who served as pastor of Sangre de Cristo Parish from 1933 to 1962. Martorell stabilized or rebuilt most of the churches in the parish. At San Isidro he probably added a cement stucco coating to the adobe walls to seal out moisture and reinforced the foundation with a concrete apron. In addition, a small vestibule was built at the south-facing entry to add some space and prevent drafts. Since those slight alterations in the 1930s, the building has remained basically unchanged.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Capilla de San Isidro still plays a central role in the local community. During the summer, a priest from Sangre de Cristo Parish conducts Mass at each local mission church in the area, including San Isidro. Mass is still conducted in Spanish. In addition, the community gathers at the church during Holy Week before carrying a model of the church to San Luis for religious observances. The community also gathers at the church in May for the Feast of San Isidro and throughout the year for a variety of community events and religious celebrations.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/los-fuertes" hreflang="en">Los Fuertes</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/catholicism" hreflang="en">Catholicism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adobe-architecture" hreflang="en">adobe architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/onofre-martorell" hreflang="en">Onofre Martorell</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-churches" hreflang="en">historic churches</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Astrid Liverman and Heather Bailey, “Capilla de San Isidro,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (January 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arnold Valdez, “San Isidro Church,” Colorado Historic Building Inventory Record (September 22, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>María Mondragón Valdez, <em>Casa del Señor: A Brief History of Sangre de Cristo Parish Church and Its Missions</em> (María Mondragón Valdez, 2001).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Robert Adams, <em>The Architecture and Art of Early Hispanic Colorado</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1974).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phillip Gallegos, “Religious Architecture in Colorado’s San Luis Valley,” in <em>Enduring Legacies: Ethnic Histories and Cultures of Colorado</em>, ed. Arturo Aldama (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365603249/">"The San Luis Valley,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 12, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The San Luis Valley: Land of the Six-Armed Cross</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1979).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Olibama Lopez Tushar, <em>The People of El Valle: A History of the Spanish Settlers in the San Luis Valley</em> (Pueblo, CO: El Escritorio, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arnold A. and Maria Valdez, <em>The Culebra River Villages of Costilla County: Village Architecture and Its Historical Context, 1851–1940</em> (San Luis, CO: Valdez and Associates, 1991).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>In the middle of the 1800s, Hispano settlers left New Mexico. They moved north into the San Luis Valley of Colorado. In the 1850s, they founded the village of Los Fuertes. The settlers were mostly farmers. They asked a saint named San Isidro Labrador (Saint Isidore the Farmer) to protect them.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At first, villages had small oratorios, or chapels. These are places to give sermons. Homes had private chapels. A larger chapel was built in the 1870s. Then, about 1894, Los Fuertes built a new church. They named it Capilla de San Isidro (the Church of Saint Isidore). San Isidro’s feast day is May 15. People celebrated this feast when they planted spring crops.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At first, this church had one story and a flat roof. This is the Hispanic Adobe style. Father Samuel García was the pastor. He served from 1894 to 1921. He added a gabled roof and cupola. These changes made it part of the Territorial Adobe style. Inside, it had a wooden floor and benches. The walls were brown plaster.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Later, Father Onofre Martorell became pastor. He served Sangre de Cristo Parish from 1933 to 1962. The priest rebuilt many of the local churches. Cement stucco was put on the adobe walls. This sealed out moisture. A concrete apron made the base stronger. A small room was added. This gave space and prevented drafts. Since then, the building is mostly unchanged.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Capilla de San Isidro is still used and loved. In the summers, a priest comes. He conducts Mass in Spanish. During Holy Week, the community gathers. They carry a model of the church to San Luis for blessings. And in May they still celebrate the Feast of San Isidro. </p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2013 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Capilla de San Isidro is a Catholic Church located in Los Fuertes, in Colorado’s San Luis Valley. Built in about 1894, it was dedicated to the patron saint of farming. Saint Isidore the Farmer’s feast day is May 15. In this agricultural region, many villages celebrated his feast day during spring planting. Today, the church continues to play an important role in the local community.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the mid-1800s, Hispano settlers moved north from New Mexico into Colorado. They founded the village of Los Fuertes in the 1850s. It was located along Vallejos Creek, between San Pablo and San Francisco. Settlers in these Hispano villages typically built private oratorios, or chapels, soon after the towns were settled. The custom was to put towns under the spiritual protection of a saint. In Los Fuertes, that saint-protector was San Isidro Labrador (Saint Isidore the Farmer).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1870s, the Catholic church in the town of San Luis had become an independent parish. It ministered to local mission churches in the area, including San Isidro. At that time, a larger chapel was likely built to replace the original oratorio.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In about 1894, that too was replaced. The new church was one story. It may have had a flat roof. This building style is known as Hispanic Adobe. Father Samuel García was the pastor of Sangre de Cristo Parish from 1894 to 1921. He modernized San Isidro with a gabled roof and cupola. These Anglo design elements made the building a good example of the Territorial Adobe style. Inside, the church had a wooden floor and benches, brown plaster walls, and a flat ceiling.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Father Onofre Martorell was the pastor of Sangre de Cristo Parish from 1933 to 1962. He stabilized or rebuilt most of the churches in the parish. He likely added a cement stucco coating to the adobe walls. This sealed out moisture. The foundation was reinforced with a concrete apron. In addition, a small vestibule was built on the southern entry. This both added space and prevent drafts. Since then, the building has remained basically unchanged.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Capilla de San Isidro still plays a central role in the local community. During the summer, Mass is still conducted in Spanish. During Holy Week, the community gathers at the church. They carry a model of the church to San Luis for religious observances. The community also gathers at the church in May for the Feast of San Isidro.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2013 the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The Capilla de San Isidro, or Chapel of Saint Isidore, is a Catholic Church in Los Fuertes, in Colorado’s San Luis Valley. It was built in about 1894. Saint Isidore is the patron saint of farming, and the church continues to play an important role in this largely agricultural community. Mass is celebrated in Spanish during the summer.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hispano settlers moving north from New Mexico established Los Fuertes in the 1850s. They founded the village along Vallejos Creek, between San Pablo and San Francisco. As was customary in the area, the settlers placed their new town under the spiritual protection of a saint. In Los Fuertes, that saint-protector was San Isidro Labrador (Saint Isidore the Farmer). Many villages in this region celebrated his feast day on May 15 during spring planting.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The settlers in Los Fuertes and other Hispano villages typically built private oratorios, or chapels, soon after the towns were settled. A more substantial chapel was likely built in the 1870s. By this time, the Catholic church in the larger town of San Luis had an independent parish ministering to local mission churches in the area. </p>&#13; &#13; <p>In about 1894, the original oratorio was replaced by the Capilla de San Isidro. The church was one story and may have had a flat roof in the Hispanic Adobe style. Father Samuel García was the pastor of Sangre de Cristo Parish from 1894 to 1921. He modernized San Isidro with a gabled roof and cupola. These Anglo design elements made the building a good example of the Territorial Adobe style. Inside, the church had a wooden floor, brown plaster walls, a flat ceiling, and wooden benches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the tenure of Father Onofre Martorell, the pastor of Sangre de Cristo Parish from 1933 to 1962, the building received minor updates. Father Martorell stabilized or rebuilt most of the churches in the parish. He likely added a cement stucco coating to the adobe walls that sealed out moisture. The foundation was reinforced with a concrete apron. In addition, a small vestibule was built on the southern entry to both add space and prevent drafts. Since those slight alterations in the 1930s, the building has remained basically unchanged.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Capilla de San Isidro still plays a central role in the local community. During the summer, a priest from Sangre de Cristo Parish conducts Mass in Spanish at each local mission church in the area, including San Isidro. In addition, the community gathers at the church during Holy Week. They then carry a model of the church to San Luis for religious observances. The community also comes together at the church in May for the Feast of San Isidro and throughout the year for a variety of community events and religious celebrations.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2013 the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Sat, 19 Nov 2016 00:16:40 +0000 yongli 2086 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Capilla de San Antonio de Padua (Lasauses) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/capilla-de-san-antonio-de-padua-lasauses <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Capilla de San Antonio de Padua (Lasauses)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-18T17:04:43-07:00" title="Friday, November 18, 2016 - 17:04" class="datetime">Fri, 11/18/2016 - 17:04</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/capilla-de-san-antonio-de-padua-lasauses" data-a2a-title="Capilla de San Antonio de Padua (Lasauses)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcapilla-de-san-antonio-de-padua-lasauses&amp;title=Capilla%20de%20San%20Antonio%20de%20Padua%20%28Lasauses%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1928–30, Capilla de San Antonio de Padua is a Catholic church in Lasauses in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>. Constructed in the Territorial Adobe style, the church incorporated one wall of an earlier church on the same site, which was built in 1880 but destroyed by fire in 1926. Today, the church is the only public building remaining in Lasauses and is still used for Mass once a month.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> was organized in 1861, the new government granted three permits for ferries across the <strong>Rio Grande</strong>. One of those ferries was established at Stewart’s Crossing, which lay on a roughly diagonal road connecting <a href="/article/fort-garland-0"><strong>Fort Garland</strong> </a>and <strong>Conejos</strong>. The town of Lasauses (from the Spanish <em>los sauces</em>, “willows”) developed just south of the ferry and was settled in 1863 by Hispanos from San Antonio de Mora, New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the town had twenty-three families but no church, requiring residents to travel to Conejos for services. In 1880 the community built a flat-roofed adobe chapel in the Hispanic Adobe style on land donated by Juan N. Trujillo. Dedicated to San Antonio de Padua (St. Anthony of Padua), the chapel served the Lasauses community for nearly fifty years before it was mostly destroyed by fire in 1926. The east wall was still standing, and in 1928 the community used that as the starting point for a new adobe church building, which was consecrated in 1930.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Built in the Territorial Adobe style, Capilla de San Antonio de Padua had adobe walls covered in white stucco, a gabled roof, and a cupola. It was designed in an L-shaped plan, with the nave in the longer central portion of the building and the sacristy in the smaller side wing. Inside, the church featured a marbleized-wood altar, and the east wall had a balcony above the entrance.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Capilla de San Antonio de Padua has seen relatively few changes over the years. In the 1970s, the church received a set of wooden pews from the church in Los Cerritos, which closed in 1969. In 1997 it received a new metal roof and had two of its stained-glass windows restored. That year the church was listed on the State Register of Historic Properties.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1934, not long after Capilla de San Antonio de Padua was built, Lasauses had nearly 300 residents, all of whom were Catholic. After World War II, however, the town steadily lost population as people moved to larger cities. Today the area still has a handful of residences and adobe commercial buildings along County Road 28. Capilla de San Antonio de Padua is now a mission church of St. Joseph Parish, based in <strong>Capulin</strong>, and Mass is celebrated by a visiting priest on the last Saturday of each month.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adobe-architecture" hreflang="en">adobe architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-churches" hreflang="en">historic churches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/catholicism" hreflang="en">Catholicism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hispano-settlers" hreflang="en">Hispano settlers</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, “La Capilla de San Antonio de Padua,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties (September 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia Simmons, “St. Anthony of Padua Church,” Colorado Historic Building Inventory Record (May 1991).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Robert Adams, <em>The Architecture and Art of Early Hispanic Colorado</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1974).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phillip Gallegos, “Religious Architecture in Colorado’s San Luis Valley,” in <em>Enduring Legacies: Ethnic Histories and Cultures of Colorado</em>, ed. Arturo Aldama (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365603249/">"The San Luis Valley,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 12, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The San Luis Valley: Land of the Six-Armed Cross</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1979).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Olibama Lopez Tushar, <em>The People of El Valle: A History of the Spanish Settlers in the San Luis Valley</em> (Pueblo, CO: El Escritorio, 2007).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Capilla de San Antonio de Padua is a historic adobe Catholic church. Capilla is the Spanish word for “church” or “chapel.” It is located in the San Luis Valley. It was built in 1928 in the town of Lasauses. Today, the church is one of the only buildings in Lasauses. The church is still used for Mass once a month.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1861 three ferries crossed the Rio Grande River. One of the ferries connected the town of Fort Garland with Conejos. The town of Lasauses started near the ferry. Hispanos from San Antonio De Mora, New Mexico settled the town in 1863. In Spanish, Lasauses means “willows.” The town was named for the plants that grew in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the town had twenty-three families. They did not have a church. The families had to travel to Conejos for services. In 1880 the community built a church. It was a flat-roofed adobe church. The church was dedicated to San Antonio de Padua (St. Anthony of Padua). It served the Lasauses community for almost fifty years. Then, a fire destroyed the building. All that was left was one wall. In 1928 the families built a new adobe church building. They kept the wall of the first church as part of the building.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The new church had adobe walls covered with white stucco. It had a steep roof and a bell tower. It had an L-shaped design. The congregation met in the large part of the building. The church offices were in the smaller side wing. Inside, the church had a wood altar and a small balcony.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1970s, the church got some used wooden pews. They were from a church that closed. In 1987 the church got a new metal roof. The stained-glass windows were repaired. The church got a special honor. It was listed on the State Register of Historic Properties.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1934 Lasauses was a town of nearly 300 people. At that time, all of the residents were Catholic. After World War II, the people moved away. Today there are just a few homes and businesses in the town. Capilla de San Antonio de Padua is now a mission church. Mass is celebrated in this historic church by a visiting priest on the last Saturday of each month.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Capilla de San Antonio de Padua is a historic Hispanic Catholic church in the San Luis Valley. In English, it is called the Church of St. Anthony of Padua. It was built from 1928–30 in the town of Lasauses. It was built in the Territorial Adobe style and used the wall of an earlier church in its design. Today, the church is the only public building remaining in Lasauses. The church is still used for Mass once a month.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When Colorado Territory was organized in 1861, three ferries were issued permits to cross the Rio Grande River. One of the ferries connected the town of Fort Garland with Conejos. The town of Lasauses developed just south of the ferry. Hispanos from San Antonio De Mora, New Mexico, settled the town in 1863. In Spanish, Lasauses means “willows”—the plant that grew in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the town had twenty-three families but no church. Residents had to travel to Conejos for services. In 1880 the community built a flat-roofed adobe church in the Hispanic Adobe style. The land was donated by resident Juan N. Trujillo. The church was dedicated to San Antonio de Padua (St. Anthony of Padua) and served the Lasauses community for nearly fifty years. The building was mostly destroyed by fire in 1926, but the east wall was still standing. In 1928 the community used the remaining wall as the starting point for a new adobe church building, which was consecrated in 1930.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The new church was built in the Territorial Adobe style. It featured adobe walls covered with white stucco, a gabled roof, and a cupola. It had an L-shaped design. Inside, the church had a marbleized wood altar and the east wall had a balcony above the entrance.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Capilla de San Antonio de Padua has seen relatively few changes since its reconstruction. In the 1970s the church received a set of wooden pews from the church in Los Cerritos, which closed in 1969. In 1997 a new metal roof was installed and two stained-glass windows were restored. That year the church was listed on the State Register of Historic Properties.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1934 Lasauses was a thriving community of nearly 300 residents. At that time, all of the residents were Catholic. After World War II, the population of the town declined as people moved to larger cities. Today there are just a handful of homes and businesses in the town. Capilla de San Antonio de Padua is now a mission church of St. Joseph Parish, which is based in Capulin. Mass is celebrated in this historic church by a visiting priest on the last Saturday of each month.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Capilla de San Antonio de Padua (Church of Saint Anthony of Padua) is a historic Hispanic Catholic church in the San Luis Valley. It was built from 1928–30 in the town of Lasauses. Built in the Territorial Adobe style, the church incorporates the wall of an earlier church on the same site. Today, it is the only public building remaining in Lasauses, and it is still used for Mass once a month.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When Colorado Territory was organized in 1861, the new government granted three permits for ferries across the Rio Grande. One of the ferries was established at Stewart’s Crossing, connecting the town of Fort Garland with Conejos. The town of Lasauses developed just south of the ferry. Hispanos from San Antonio De Mora, New Mexico, settled the town in 1863. In Spanish, Lasauses means “willows”—a plant that thrived in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the town had twenty-three families but no church, requiring residents to travel to Conejos for services. In 1880 the community built a flat-roofed adobe church in the Hispanic Adobe style. The land was donated by resident Juan N. Trujillo. The church was dedicated to San Antonio de Padua (St. Anthony of Padua) and served the Lasauses community for nearly fifty years. The building was mostly destroyed by fire in 1926, but the east wall was still standing. In 1928 the community used the remaining wall as the starting point for a new adobe church building, which was consecrated in 1930.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The new church was built in the Territorial Adobe style and featured adobe walls covered with white stucco, a gabled roof, and a cupola. It had an L-shaped design, with the nave in the longer central portion of the building and the sacristy in the smaller side wing. Inside, the church featured a marbleized wood altar and the east wall had a balcony above the entrance.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Capilla de San Antonio de Padua has seen relatively few changes since its reconstruction. In the 1970s the church received a set of wooden pews from the church in Los Cerritos, which closed in 1969. In 1997 a new metal roof was installed and two stained-glass windows were restored. That year the church was listed on the State Register of Historic Properties.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1934 Lasauses was a thriving community of nearly 300 residents, all of whom were Catholic. After World War II, however, the population of the town steadily declined as people moved to larger cities. Today there are just a handful of residences and commercial buildings along County Road 28. Capilla de San Antonio de Padua is now a mission church of St. Joseph Parish, which is based in Capulin. Mass is celebrated in this historic church by a visiting priest on the last Saturday of each month.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Sat, 19 Nov 2016 00:04:43 +0000 yongli 2084 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Iglesia de San Pedro y San Pablo http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/iglesia-de-san-pedro-y-san-pablo <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Iglesia de San Pedro y San Pablo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2007--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2007.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/iglesia-de-san-pedro-y-san-pablo"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_y_San_Pablo.jpg?itok=tnjhqHFh" width="1090" height="933" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/iglesia-de-san-pedro-y-san-pablo" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Iglesia de San Pedro y San Pablo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Located in San Pedro near Culebra Creek, Iglesia de San Pedro y San Pablo was built in 1933–34 under the supervision of Father Onofre Martorell. During Holy Week, the community carries a small model of the church (bottom right) to San Luis for religious observances.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-10-31T11:49:43-06:00" title="Monday, October 31, 2016 - 11:49" class="datetime">Mon, 10/31/2016 - 11:49</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/iglesia-de-san-pedro-y-san-pablo" data-a2a-title="Iglesia de San Pedro y San Pablo"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Figlesia-de-san-pedro-y-san-pablo&amp;title=Iglesia%20de%20San%20Pedro%20y%20San%20Pablo"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located in San Pedro in the<strong> <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley">San Luis Valley</a></strong>, Iglesia de San Pedro y San Pablo (Church of St. Peter and St. Paul) is a Catholic church built in 1933–34 under the supervision of Father <strong>Onofre Martorell</strong>. The cruciform-plan Territorial Adobe building continues to serve as an important community center, with Mass celebrated in Spanish during the summer. In 2012 the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Worship in San Pedro and San Pablo</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On opposite sides of Culebra Creek in the San Luis Valley, the closely connected communities of <strong>San Pedro and San Pablo</strong> were among the first towns established by Hispano settlers moving north from New Mexico in the early 1850s. The towns have always collaborated on space for religious worship. As with other early Hispano towns in the San Luis Valley, the towns took their name from the saints that the settlers chose as their spiritual protectors.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The first place of worship in the two villages was a small chapel built south of the present church in 1859, probably a simple chapel made of upright logs plastered with clay. This is the first documented non–native formal religious space in <a href="/article/costilla-county"><strong>Costilla County</strong></a>, although it is possible that other towns along Culebra Creek had earlier chapels in private homes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Community members belonging to the lay fraternal group <strong>La Sociedad de Nuestro Padre Jesus Nazareno </strong>(also known as Los Hermanos Penitentes, the Penitent Brothers) probably helped build the chapel and served the villages’ spiritual needs until Sangre de Cristo Parish was established in the 1880s. The towns were known for a Holy Week reenactment of the Passion of the Christ that was so dramatic that soldiers from <a href="/article/fort-garland-0"><strong>Fort Garland</strong></a> supposedly rushed there one year in the 1860s to try to save the man who was supposed to reenact the crucifixion. According to tradition, the community made so much noise at the intrusion that the soldiers’ frightened horses turned and fled back to the fort.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Buildings</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the early 1890s, the chapel in San Pedro and San Pablo was so badly deteriorated that services were probably being held in a different building. In 1893 a new chapel was constructed in San Pedro. It was a simple building in the Territorial adobe style (made of adobe but with some Anglo design elements, such as a pitched roof), with a dirt floor and no pews. The community donated metal items and melted them down to cast the church bell.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1933 a fire destroyed the capilla. The new pastor of Sangre de Cristo Parish, Father Onofre Martorell, oversaw the construction of a new church on the same site. It was the first of many churches that Martorell built or restored during his long tenure as head of Sangre de Cristo Parish, which lasted until 1966. Completed in 1934, Iglesia de San Pedro y San Pablo had a single-story cruciform plan with an eastern nave entrance topped by a tower and wooden cross. Inside, the church had plaster walls, a vaulted ceiling, and a full balcony over the eastern entrance. The tripartite reredos, decorative screens behind the altar, featured statues of Jesus, St. Peter, and St. Paul. Martorell used a similar church design a few years later for the reconstruction of <a href="/article/iglesia-de-la-inmaculada-concepci%C3%B3n"><strong>Iglesia de la Inmaculada Concepción</strong></a> in nearby Chama.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1941 another fire struck the church. The fire did not destroy the building, but it severely damaged the walls and roof. Local workers Felix and Lucas Serna rebuilt the roof and repaired the walls that summer, shortening the building by ten feet on the east side. Probably at the same time, the exterior adobe walls, which originally had an earthen plaster finish, were covered with cement stucco to protect them from moisture. Single-story additions were built at the northwest and southwest corners of the cross-shaped building to provide more space for storage. The church was rededicated in July 1942.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>With its cheery exterior of bright white stucco and blue trim, Iglesia de San Pedro y San Pablo still plays a central role in the local community. During the summer a priest from Sangre de Cristo Parish conducts Mass at each local mission church in the area, including San Pedro y San Pablo. Mass is still conducted in Spanish. In addition, the community gathers at the church during Holy Week before carrying a model of the church to <strong>San Luis</strong> for religious observances. The community also gathers at the church in January for the Feast of St. Paul and in June for the Feast of St. Peter, when local officials are chosen and money is raised for church maintenance.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-pedro" hreflang="en">San Pedro</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-pablo" hreflang="en">San Pablo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/culebra-creek" hreflang="en">Culebra Creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/catholicism" hreflang="en">Catholicism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-churches" hreflang="en">historic churches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/territorial-adobe" hreflang="en">Territorial Adobe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/onofre-martorell" hreflang="en">Onofre Martorell</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>María Mondragón Valdez, <em>Casa del Señor: A Brief History of Sangre de Cristo Parish Church and Its Missions</em> (María Mondragón Valdez, 2001).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>María Mondragón-Valdéz, Heather L. Bailey, and Astrid Liverman, “Iglesia de San Pedro y San Pablo,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (July 2011).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Robert Adams, <em>The Architecture and Art of Early Hispanic Colorado</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1974).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phillip Gallegos, “Religious Architecture in Colorado’s San Luis Valley,” in Arturo Aldama, ed., <em>Enduring Legacies: Ethnic Histories and Cultures of Colorado</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365603249/">"The San Luis Valley,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 12, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The San Luis Valley: Land of the Six-Armed Cross</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1979).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Olibama Lopez Tushar, <em>The People of El Valle: A History of the Spanish Settlers in the San Luis Valley</em> (Pueblo, CO: El Escritorio, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arnold A. and Maria Valdez, <em>The Culebra River Villages of Costilla County: Village Architecture and Its Historical Context, 1851–1940</em> (San Luis, CO: Valdez and Associates, 1991).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 31 Oct 2016 17:49:43 +0000 yongli 2008 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Iglesia de la Inmaculada Concepción http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/iglesia-de-la-inmaculada-concepcion <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Iglesia de la Inmaculada Concepción</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-10-28T11:01:23-06:00" title="Friday, October 28, 2016 - 11:01" class="datetime">Fri, 10/28/2016 - 11:01</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/iglesia-de-la-inmaculada-concepcion" data-a2a-title="Iglesia de la Inmaculada Concepción"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Figlesia-de-la-inmaculada-concepcion&amp;title=Iglesia%20de%20la%20Inmaculada%20Concepci%C3%B3n"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located in <strong>Chama</strong> in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>, Iglesia de la Inmaculada Concepción (Church of the Immaculate Conception) is a Catholic church built in 1938 under the supervision of Father <strong>Onofre Martorell</strong>. It continues to serve as an important community center, with Mass celebrated in Spanish during the summer. In 2012 the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Worship in Chama</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Settled around 1864 by Hispanos moving north from New Mexico, Chama was originally known as Culebra because of its location along <strong>Culebra Creek</strong>. Like other early Hispano towns in the San Luis Valley, the first place of worship was a small chapel on the town plaza. These rustic chapels, usually made of upright logs plastered with clay, fulfilled religious functions until permanent adobe churches could be constructed. Soon the town was renamed after the chapel’s patron saint, Nuestra Señora del Rosario (Our Lady of the Rosary). The town and its church went by that name until the early twentieth century.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The first church in Chama, or Nuestra Señora del Rosario, was probably built in the 1880s, not long after Sangre de Cristo Parish was established. By the 1910s, that church was in need of repair or reconstruction. The parishioners in Chama (renamed in 1907 in honor of the New Mexico town from which many of its residents had migrated) turned to the Catholic Extension magazine to raise money for a new church. They received a donation that came with the condition that the new church be named Immaculate Conception. The town accepted the donation and in 1915 local farmers built a new church called Iglesia de la Inmaculada Concepción. The adobe church was built adjacent to an irrigation ditch a few hundred feet north of the town center, on land donated by the Cruz Sanchez family.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Iglesia de la Inmaculada Concepción</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Chama’s church burned down in 1935. To fund a new building, the community started a baseball team called the Chama Kitos and sold game tickets to raise money. The pastor of Sangre de Cristo Parish, Father Onofre Martorell, guided the rebuilding effort. Completed in 1938, the reconstructed Iglesia had a single-story cruciform plan with an eastern nave entrance. The design was similar to that of <a href="/article/iglesia-de-san-pedro-y-san-pablo"><strong>Iglesia de San Pedro y San Pablo</strong></a>, the construction of which Martorell had overseen in 1934. Some of the exterior adobe walls incorporated the remains of the previous church. Inside, the church had plaster walls, a vaulted ceiling, and a full balcony over the eastern entrance. The tripartite reredos, decorative screens behind the altar, featured statues of the Virgin Mary, St. James, and Jesus. Around the same time the church was rebuilt, the community also added an outhouse, storage shed, and trees to the property, possibly with the help of <a href="/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a> funding.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The church saw several small changes over the twentieth century. Originally the exterior adobe walls had an earthen plaster finish, but by the mid-twentieth century they had been covered with cement stucco, a common treatment to protect the walls from moisture. Around the same time, single-story additions were built at the northwest and southwest corners of the cross-shaped building in order to provide more space for storage and a sacristy.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Iglesia de la Inmaculada Concepción still plays a central role in the Chama community. During the summer a priest from Sangre de Cristo Parish conducts Mass at each local mission church in the area, including Inmaculada Concepción. Mass is still conducted in Spanish. In addition, the community gathers at the church during Holy Week before carrying a model of the church to <strong>San Luis</strong> for religious observances. The community also gathers at the church in July for the Feast of St. James, in December for the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, and throughout the year for a variety of local events.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chama" hreflang="en">Chama</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/catholicism" hreflang="en">Catholicism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-churches" hreflang="en">historic churches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/culebra-creek" hreflang="en">Culebra Creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/onofre-martorell" hreflang="en">Onofre Martorell</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adobe-architecture" hreflang="en">adobe architecture</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Heather L. Bailey and Astrid Liverman, “Iglesia de la Inmaculada Concepción,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (July 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>María Mondragón-Valdez, <em>Casa del Señor: A Brief History of Sangre de Cristo Parish Church and Its Missions</em> (María Mondragón-Valdez, 2001).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Robert Adams, <em>The Architecture and Art of Early Hispanic Colorado</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1974).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phillip Gallegos, “Religious Architecture in Colorado’s San Luis Valley,” in Arturo Aldama, ed., <em>Enduring Legacies: Ethnic Histories and Cultures of Colorado</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365603249/">"The San Luis Valley,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 12, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The San Luis Valley: Land of the Six-Armed Cross</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1979).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Olibama Lopez Tushar, <em>The People of El Valle: A History of the Spanish Settlers in the San Luis Valley</em> (Pueblo, CO: El Escritorio, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arnold A. and Maria Valdez, <em>The Culebra River Villages of Costilla County: Village Architecture and Its Historical Context, 1851–1940</em> (San Luis, CO: Valdez and Associates, 1991).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 28 Oct 2016 17:01:23 +0000 yongli 1993 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org