%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Colorado National Bank http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-national-bank <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado National Bank</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3843--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3843.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-national-bank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/CONatlBank_0.jpg?itok=HY0QOetc" width="1090" height="728" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-national-bank" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado National Bank</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>With its origins in the frontier banking environment of the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>, <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>'s <a href="/article/colorado-national-bank"><strong>Colorado National Bank</strong></a> (now US Bank) weathered more than a century of financial ups and downs. It managed funds from <a href="/article/great-western-sugar-company"><strong>Great Western Sugar</strong></a>, <strong>Globe Smelting</strong>, and many of the state's other important businesses.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/nick-johnson" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Nick Johnson</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-11-20T08:35:01-07:00" title="Sunday, November 20, 2022 - 08:35" class="datetime">Sun, 11/20/2022 - 08:35</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-national-bank" data-a2a-title="Colorado National Bank"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-national-bank&amp;title=Colorado%20National%20Bank"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Colorado National Bank (CNB) was founded in <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver">Denver</a></strong> in 1862 and managed to survive the state’s ups and downs until its 1998 sale to Minneapolis-based US Bank. The intermarried Kountze and Berger families, prominent as early Denver treasurers, civic leaders, and investors, ran the bank for most of its history. CNB’s 1915 home in Denver is one of Colorado’s best examples of Neoclassicism and a temple-like anchor for Seventeenth Street, the “Wall Street of the Rockies.”</p> <p>In 2014 the CNB building was restored outside and revamped inside to accommodate a 230-room luxury hotel. Most of the ornate banking fixtures have been preserved, including the lobby’s mural series “Indian Memories” by Allen True. Next door, the twenty-six-story Colorado National Bank Tower (1975, now US Bank Tower) is one of Denver’s best modernist office buildings.</p> <h2>Birth of a Bank</h2> <p>On November 29, 1862, <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> editor <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-n-byers">William N. Byers</a></strong> noted in his pages the arrival of Luther Kountze, an old acquaintance from Nebraska “who comes to take up his residence and go into the banking business among us.” Once in Denver, Kountze moved quickly. On December 2, 1862, he opened the doors of Kountze Brothers in the corner storefront of <strong>Walter Scott </strong><strong>Cheesman</strong>’s brick building at Fifteenth and Blake Streets. Just a month later, R. G. Dun &amp; Company’s Denver credit agent reported that Kountze Brothers was a reliable firm that bought “a good deal of gold dust.”</p> <p>The Kountzes were not the first or the largest Denver bank. Others opened as early as June 1859 to buy gold, provide credit to miners, and funnel outside investment into Colorado. Even with exorbitant interest rates of 25 percent a month, it was hard to keep banks alive in an unstable frontier town with a footloose population more inclined to move on than to pay up. One success story was <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory">Colorado Territory</a></strong>’s third bank, Clark, Gruber &amp; Company, which opened in July 1860 at <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sixteenth-street-denver">Sixteenth</a></strong> and Market Streets. A mint as well as a bank, Clark Gruber minted $2.50, $5, $10, and $20 gold pieces. After President Abraham Lincoln and Congress outlawed private mints in 1862 and passed the new National Banking Act in 1863 as part of the standardization of the nation’s banking and currency systems, Clark Gruber evolved into the First National Bank of Denver. The First would be Colorado’s leading bank for the next century.</p> <p>The second-largest bank for decades was Kountze Brothers. In a town plagued by bank failures, the Kountzes earned a reputation for caution and conservative loans. With the assistance of their banks in Omaha and New York, they courted customers and investors locally and nationally.</p> <p>In 1863 the brothers built a handsome, two-story brick bank at Fifteenth and Market Streets. Three years later, the comptroller of the currency in Washington examined Kountze Brothers and approved elevating it to Colorado National Bank. As with Clark Gruber becoming First National Bank of Denver, national bank status for the Kountzes meant they could issue notes secured by the federal government, serve as a federal depository, undergo a federal audit, and enjoy other privileges of a national bank.</p> <h2>“Hard Times Make Good Bankers”</h2> <p>After surviving Denver’s economic slump in the 1860s, CNB began to boom with the city after railroads arrived in the 1870s. On the eve of the rail age, Luther Kountze left the CNB presidency to his brother Augustus in 1869 and moved on to the Kountze Brothers bank in New York City. Augustus left the Denver bank in 1874 and handed over the presidency to the youngest of the four banking brothers, Charles. Charles also followed Luther as Denver City treasurer. He oversaw tremendous bank growth during his presidency, which spanned from 1874 to 1911. In 1882 Charles built a new home for the bank at Seventeenth and <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-square">Larimer</a></strong> Streets in the heart of downtown Denver. This four-story stone fortress cost $100,000 and served as CNB’s headquarters until 1915. Charles and his bank played a major role in financing Colorado mining and railroading throughout these years.</p> <p>Thanks to its cautious investment strategy, CNB was one of the few Denver banks to survive the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/panic-1893">Panic of 1893</a></strong>. Claiming that “hard times make good bankers,” Charles Kountze diversified investments to weather the depression. He acquired stakes in the Denver Dry Goods Company, the Globe Smelting and Refining Company, and Greenland Ranch, a huge cattle ranch between Denver and <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs">Colorado Springs</a></strong>. As Colorado’s economy shifted after 1893 from mining to agriculture, so did CNB, becoming a major investor in the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-western-sugar-company">Great Western Sugar Company</a></strong>, soon to be Colorado’s largest agricultural enterprise.</p> <p>In 1911 Charles was stricken with pneumonia and died. His closest advisor was William Lewis Bart Berger, who had married Charles’s sister Margaret. The family selected their oldest son, George Berger, as the fourth president of CNB, a post he would hold until 1934.</p> <h2>A Bank That Looks Like a Bank</h2> <p>George Berger guided CNB during a period of growth and the construction of the bank’s landmark building, which still stands today at Seventeenth and Champa Streets. Before his death, Charles Kountze had acquired a strategic site at that corner for CNB’s fourth (and final) home. By then, Seventeenth Street had emerged as “Banker’s Row” or the “Wall Street of the Rockies.” In 1914 George hired Colorado’s most prominent architectural firm, William and Alan Fisher, to build a new headquarters there.</p> <p>The Fishers, Kountzes, and Bergers agreed on a neoclassical building of 96 percent pure <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/marble-mill-site">Colorado Yule marble</a></strong>. The Greek temple–like design featured three-story fluted Ionic columns on both street-facing facades. A slab of reinforced concrete thirty-five feet below street level anchored the steel skeleton of the four-story structure, making it strong enough to support an eight-story addition.</p> <p>Not just another multifunctional office building, this was a bank that looked like a bank. Lavish details included a huge bronze front door and brass monogram CNB fixtures throughout the building, which caught sunlight streaming through the skylight. Above all, the $500,000 bank prioritized security, with a 60,000-pound, armor-plated main vault and a floor-gong alarm system connected to all fifteen teller cages, eight officer’s quarters, and major meeting rooms.</p> <p>CNB thrived in its new home, leading the Bergers and Kountzes to ask architects <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/burnham-hoyt">Burnham</a></strong> and Merrill Hoyt to design an addition that perfectly matched the Fishers’ original. The Hoyts made one significant departure in their 1925 expansion: They persuaded the bankers to commission Colorado’s leading muralist, Allen Tupper True, to adorn the lobby with a series of murals on fourteen panels called “Indian Memories.”</p> <p>True had become famous for his illustrations depicting a romanticized American West and <strong>Manifest Destiny</strong>. In his mural at CNB, he attempted to portray Indigenous life before contact with white people. Starting with boyhood and girlhood, the colorful murals depicted a <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> hunt and warriors.</p> <p>In 1934 George Berger, Sr., retired as president to become chairman of the board. He was followed as president by Harold Kountze, Sr., the only son of Charles B. and Mary Kountze. Harold guided CNB through the Great Depression by following the same conservative strategy that had worked in the past. In his own words, CNB stayed afloat by catering “to a large number of small depositors and staying away from loans and investing in a few good corporate and government loans.”</p> <p>After Harold Kountze, Sr., stepped down in 1956, he was followed by a series of short-term presidents. One of them, Merriam Berger, launched the bank’s 1963–65 expansion. This $4.5 million project added two stories on top of the old bank. Architects John B. Rogers and Jerome K. Nagel designed this addition. Their starved classicism featured streamlined modern columns on top of and in supposed complement to the original fluted, Ionic columns.</p> <h2>Yamasaki’s CNB Tower</h2> <p>The bank, like Denver, boomed for three decades after World War II. To handle staff overcrowding and capitalize on the mushrooming downtown office market, CNB demolished the Ernest and Cranmer Building next door at Seventeenth and Curtis Streets. The bank then hired a world-famous Japanese American architect, Minoru Yamasaki (architect of New York City’s demolished World Trade Center), to design a twenty-six-story modernist tower next to the bank. Clad in white marble like the old bank, the 1975 glass tower also celebrated the old bank’s trademark columns with its own slender exterior support columns.</p> <h2>Bankshares, Inc. and Bankcards</h2> <p>In 1967 CNB created Colorado National Bankshares, Inc., a holding company that would allow the bank to open and operate branches. CNB soon had a dozen branches throughout Colorado, many of them mergers with existing banks.</p> <p>During his tenure from 1986 to 1992, CNB president D. Dale Browning made CNB the Rocky Mountain regional leader in credit cards, debit cards, ATM networks, and electronic banking. He joined a California credit card system called BankAmericard, which became a moneymaker. Browning installed the system at CNB, initially calling it the Rocky Mountain Bankcard System. It was later renamed VISA. Browning also made CNB the first bank in the region to install a system of automated teller machines (ATMs) where members could deposit or withdraw funds twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.</p> <h2>US Bank</h2> <p>Over the years, CNB absorbed other banks, including Denver’s prominent Bank Western and Central Banks. In 1998 CNB itself was bought by US Bank of Minneapolis. Part of a growing trend whereby a few giant national banks bought up locals in the wake of a 1994 act removing many restrictions on operating branches in different states, CNB was swallowed by an out-of-town giant. To this day, US Bank survives as the successor of CNB.</p> <p>After the absorption, Colorado National Bank Tower became US Bank Tower. US Bank also occupied the old CNB building until 2007. The building then stood vacant until 2009, when Denver-based Stonebridge Companies purchased it. Stonebridge spent $48 million to convert the bank to the 230-room Renaissance Denver Downtown City Center Hotel, which opened in 2014. A restaurant was added and the lobby enlarged with a lounge offering views of the restored Allen True murals. The vaults became (very secure) meeting rooms.</p> <p>Having found a new purpose and designations in the National Register and Denver Landmark District as one of Colorado’s best examples of Neoclassical architecture, the former CNB bank building should look the way it does for ages to come.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-national-bank" hreflang="en">Colorado National Bank</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-bank-history" hreflang="en">colorado bank history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-bank-colorado" hreflang="en">us bank colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-history" hreflang="en">denver history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/banking-denver" hreflang="en">banking denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-bank-tower" hreflang="en">us bank tower</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/visa-history" hreflang="en">visa history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bank-americard" hreflang="en">bank americard</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-western-sugar-company" hreflang="en">great western sugar company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/panic-1893" hreflang="en">panic of 1893</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-dry-goods-company" hreflang="en">denver dry goods company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/globe-smelting-company" hreflang="en">globe smelting company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cattle-ranch" hreflang="en">cattle ranch</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/luther-kountze" hreflang="en">Luther Kountze</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/charles-kountze" hreflang="en">Charles Kountze</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/walter-cheesman" hreflang="en">Walter Cheesman</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/first-national-bank-denver" hreflang="en">first national bank of denver</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Eugene Adams, Lyle W. Dorsett, and Robert S. Pulcipher, <em>The Pioneer Western Bank: First of Denver, 1860–1980</em> (Denver: First Interstate Bank of Denver and the State Historical Society of Colorado, 1984).</p> <p>Colorado National Bank, <em>Denver in Early Years</em> (Denver: Colorado National Bank, 1922).</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p> <p>Fred R. Niehaus, <em>Seventy Years of Progress: History of Banking in Colorado, 1876–1946 </em>(Washington, DC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 1948).</p> <p>Thomas Jacob Noel, <em>Growing Through History with Colorado: The Colorado National Banks, the First 125 Years, 1862 to 1987</em> (Denver: Colorado National Banks and the Colorado Studies Center, University of Colorado Denver, 1987).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>David J. Eitemiller,&nbsp;<em>The Denver Mint: From the Gold Rush to Today</em>&nbsp;(Phoenix: American Traveler Press, 1983).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Sun, 20 Nov 2022 15:35:01 +0000 Nick Johnson 3842 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org J. S. Brown Mercantile Building (Wynkoop Brewing Company) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/j-s-brown-mercantile-building-wynkoop-brewing-company <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">J. S. Brown Mercantile Building (Wynkoop Brewing Company)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-02-14T14:42:12-07:00" title="Monday, February 14, 2022 - 14:42" class="datetime">Mon, 02/14/2022 - 14:42</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/j-s-brown-mercantile-building-wynkoop-brewing-company" data-a2a-title="J. S. Brown Mercantile Building (Wynkoop Brewing Company)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fj-s-brown-mercantile-building-wynkoop-brewing-company&amp;title=J.%20S.%20Brown%20Mercantile%20Building%20%28Wynkoop%20Brewing%20Company%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>This five-story. red-brick building in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver">Denver</a> went up in 1899 for John Sidney Brown’s wholesale grocery business. Strategically located at 1634 Eighteenth Street—across Wynkoop Street from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/union-station-0">Union Station</a>—it was next to the rail lines it depended on for customers and for shipping goods to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains">Rocky Mountain</a> hinterlands. Rail-era relics include boxcar door–level loading docks on the east and west sides. The building’s 1988 conversion to Colorado’s first brewpub, the Wynkoop Brewing Company, propelled the transformation of what was then “skid row” into the thriving <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lodo-lower-downtown-denver">Lower Downtown</a> Historic District (LoDo). Today the district is the city’s most booming and densely developed neighborhood. The transformation of the mercantile building also fueled the political career of brewery cofounder <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-hickenlooper">John Wright Hickenlooper, Jr.</a>, who later became mayor of Denver, governor of Colorado, and a US senator.</p> <h2>Business History</h2> <p>John Sidney Brown, a founding member of what is now the Denver Chamber of Commerce, started his grocery business in 1861, when the city was three years old. Brown was also a founder and major investor in the Denver Pacific Railway and the Denver, South Park &amp; Pacific, two lines that helped elevate a stagnating town into the business hub of the Rocky Mountain region. Thanks to railroad prosperity and Brown’s business acumen, by 1900 his mercantile store had grown into one of the largest businesses in the West, wholesaling everything under the sun.</p> <h2>Architecture</h2> <p>When Denver and his business were booming, Brown decided he did not need to pay others to warehouse his goods. A large, elegant building designed by the city’s premier warehouse architects—Aaron Gove and Thomas Walsh—would give him more control over his own business, flaunt his name, and enhance his prestige and exposure. A heavy timber post-and-beam edifice in the commercial style, Brown’s 1899 warehouse is one of the most distinctive surviving structures in the warehouse row that stretches along Wynkoop Street from Coors Field to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver">Auraria</a>. It includes Renaissance Revival symmetry and other elements, such as a rusticated sandstone basement and trim. Large, double-hung windows brighten the first and fifth floors, with smaller, semiarched windows on the intervening floors. An ornate brick frieze and cornice adorn the building, as do recessed vertical window bays rising from the second floor to the fifth floor. Typical of warehouses, the largely unadorned upper floors were used for storage. The first floor, which held showrooms and offices, was much more stylish, with pressed tin ceilings, Oregon oak and pine paneling, and maple floors.</p> <h2>Wynkoop Brewing Company</h2> <p>From the 1920s on, all rail-oriented mercantile firms, including Brown’s business, suffered as wholesaling shifted from rail to trucking. During the Great Depression, Brown Mercantile continued to struggle. In 1937 the building and the business were sold to Brown’s longtime rival, C. S. Morey Mercantile. The building continued to be used for storage through the 1956 sale of Morey to Consolidated Foods.</p> <p>By the 1980s, the once-thriving, elegant Brown building sat largely empty, only occasionally used for storage. Then a trio of young, unemployed oil workers—John Hickenlooper and Jerry and Martha Williams—joined with brewer Russell Schehrer; his wife, Barbara Macfarlane; and chef Mark Schiffler to create the Wynkoop Brewing Company. In 1988 they scraped together $935,000 to buy the Brown Building, then a bargain in what many considered skid row. Inspired by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dana-crawford">Dana Crawford</a>’s creative restoration of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-square">Larimer Square</a>, Hickenlooper imagined something similar in Lower Downtown. Still, the dreamers had trouble raising money in what was still a risky part of town, with Hickenlooper recalling, “Even my own mother refused to invest.” But Hickenlooper insisted that “brewpubs were going gangbusters on the West Coast and we thought they might catch on in Colorado.” He was later proven right: by 2018 more than 400 had bubbled up in the Highest State.</p> <p>To open, Hickenlooper scrounged around to find discarded china from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/brown-palace-hotel">Brown Palace</a>; a walk-in cooler from an old Safeway store; a back bar from the old <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tivoli-brewery">Tivoli Brewery</a>; and cash registers, chairs, stools, and other fixtures from failed restaurants and bars. Hickenlooper and partners also completed a $575,000 restoration that brought the shine back to the 72,000-square-foot warehouse, which was honored with a listing in the National Register of Historic Places; it was later recognized as an anchor of the Lower Downtown Denver Historic District. With the first floor housing the brewpub, the second floor was converted to Denver’s largest pool hall, the basement to a jazz club and meeting hall, and the upper three floors to lofts.</p> <p>After its grand opening on October 18, 1988, Wynkoop became one of the hottest spots in town. Hickenlooper credited its success partly to the stout old building, whose lofty ceilings, strong walls, and historic charm made it a perfect place to brew and enjoy beer. The legendary brewpub helped spark the transformation of Lower Downtown into a booming hub of lofts, shops, bars, and restaurants. Although the LoDo transformation has become a national model for transforming decaying urban cores, it is not without its detractors or unintended consequences; the infusion of wealth the project brought downtown helped drive a steep increase in housing prices and exacerbated income inequality in the city.</p> <p>Today the J. S. Brown Mercantile Building remains home to the Wynkoop Brewing Company, which has become a fixture of Lower Downtown Denver after more than three decades in business.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-sidney-brown" hreflang="en">John Sidney Brown</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wynkoop-brewing-company" hreflang="en">Wynkoop Brewing Company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lower-downtown" hreflang="en">Lower Downtown</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-hickenlooper" hreflang="en">john hickenlooper</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>John Wright Hickenlooper Jr., various interviews with Thomas J. Noel, 1988–present.</p> <p>John Hickenlooper with Maximillian Potter, <em>The Opposite of Woe: My Life in Beer and Politics </em>(New York: Penguin Press, 2016).</p> <p>Barbara Macfarlane-Schehrer, “J. S. Brown Mercantile Building,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (1988).</p> <p>Additional Information</p> <p>Barbara Gibson, <em>The Lower Downtown Historic District</em> (Denver: Historic Denver Inc., 1995).</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Feb 2022 21:42:12 +0000 yongli 3666 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Casa Mayan http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/casa-mayan <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Casa Mayan </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-10-28T12:09:29-06:00" title="Thursday, October 28, 2021 - 12:09" class="datetime">Thu, 10/28/2021 - 12:09</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/casa-mayan" data-a2a-title="Casa Mayan "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcasa-mayan&amp;title=Casa%20Mayan%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Between 1946 and 1973, the Casa Mayan (1020 Ninth Street) served as a restaurant in the <a href="/article/auraria"><strong>Auraria</strong></a> neighborhood of west <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> as well as a family home and multicultural meeting place for writers, musicians, artists, athletes, architects, politicians, and others. The Gonzalez family owned the restaurant and provided the hospitality and entertainment that made it one of the most popular Mexican American restaurants in Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1973, when the Auraria neighborhood was slated for destruction to make way for a tri-institutional campus, the Casa Mayan closed after more than twenty-five years in operation. The restaurant building was saved, however, when <strong>Ninth Street</strong> was preserved as a historic landmark. Now home to campus offices, the Casa Mayan still stands today as a tribute to the rich cultural history of the Auraria neighborhood, with the Casa Mayan Heritage group preserving the history of this landmark for future Denverites.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>One of the Oldest Houses in Denver</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Casa Mayan is the oldest surviving clapboard house in Denver. Built in 1872 by Dr. <strong>William Smedley</strong>, it was known for its green-and-white frame. Smedley moved to Denver from Pennsylvania in 1870 and became the city’s first practicing dentist. A prominent Denver citizen, he became the first president of the Denver Dental Association and first president of the Colorado Dental Association. He also served seventeen years as superintendent of North Side School District. He continued to live in the house on Ninth Street until his death in 1926.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Changing Hands</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1934 Ramon and Carolina Gonzalez bought Smedley’s former house on Ninth Street. Originally from Chihuahua, Mexico, the couple lived briefly in El Paso, Texas, during the Mexican Revolution of the 1910s, but migrated to Denver in 1918 to escape the turmoil of war. They had lived in Auraria for almost a decade by the time they bought the Smedley house, so they had already become integrated into the cultural fabric of the neighborhood.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It was a cultural fabric that had changed since Smedley’s time. Founded in 1858, Auraria had long been home to a diverse group of immigrants. During the 1920s, the ethnic makeup of the neighborhood began to shift as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet industry</strong></a> brought numerous Mexican immigrants into the state. Latino farmers and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> veterans began to move their families to Auraria. From the 1920s through the 1960s, the Latino residents of Auraria created a rich cultural enclave, and the Gonzalez family found themselves at the heart of it.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Family Home Becomes Restaurant</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Gonzalez family was known among Aurarians for their generous hospitality. They decided to turn hospitality into a business in 1946, when they opened one of the first Latino-owned Mexican American restaurants in Denver on the first floor of their Ninth Street residence. They served traditional Mexican fare for lunch and dinner as well as beer and wine. The family (which included seven children) continued to live upstairs. The restaurant became one of Denver’s most popular, a cultural hub where artists, poets, musicians, and entertainers came together. Patrons noted the appeal of the musicians and dancers who performed there almost every night.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The restaurant was known for its inclusivity, welcoming people from all backgrounds. Not only was it a cultural center for Auraria’s Latino residents, but it also brought in the various other ethnic communities who called Auraria home. One of the Gonzalez family members, Marta Gonzalez de Alcaro, recalled, “We had an Irish family across the street, a German family, an English family. We never thought of being different. We were all, you know, in the same boat.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to locals, the restaurant drew famous visitors such as President Harry Truman, José Feliciano, Joan Baez, <strong>Judy Collins</strong>, Andres Segovia, Marian Anderson, and Paul Robeson. The restaurant would remain a cultural hub in west Denver until the early 1970s, when the neighborhood was razed to build a higher education campus.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>DURA and the Ninth Street Historic District</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the disastrous <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-flood-1965"><strong>South Platte River flood of 1965</strong></a>, Denver proposed a bond in 1969 to buy Auraria land and relocate the people who lived there to make way for a massive college campus.  In response, angry residents established the Auraria Residents’ Organization to fight the initiative. Their efforts failed as powerful institutions lined up to support the measure. The bond passed with 52 percent of the vote, and the city forged ahead. In total, 250 businesses and 330 households were displaced. The Casa Mayan restaurant was shut down by the <strong>Denver Urban Renewal Authority </strong>(DURA) in 1973. It was spared demolition, however, when Ninth Street was declared a landmark later that year to preserve its historic Victorian houses.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In general, Auraria homeowners each received $15,000 in compensation when their houses were demolished, while businesses received $27,000. Marta Gonzalez de Alcaro, the owner when the Casa Mayan was shut down, got the business compensation but not the homeowner compensation (even though her business doubled as the family home). It was not much, considering that the restaurant had been in operation for twenty-seven years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Casa Mayan Heritage </h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As the Auraria Higher Education Center took shape, the Ninth Street Historic District was restored and turned into campus offices. The Casa Mayan returned to its original green-and-white colors and became a campus office in 1976. To this day, the building remains one of the many campus offices on Ninth Street.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Members of the Gonzalez family never forgot their family home and the rich history it represented. In 2006 Gregorio Alcaro and Trini H. Gonzalez cofounded the Auraria Casa Mayan Heritage organization. The foundation’s vision is “to increase community awareness of Auraria’s rich cultural heritage,” including the contributions of early Latino residents and other ethnic groups. Alcaro gives tours of the Casa Mayan and Ninth Street to inform Denver residents and Auraria students alike about the restaurant and the displaced Latino community that long called Auraria home.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/kennedy-anna" hreflang="und">Kennedy, Anna</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/casa-mayan" hreflang="en">Casa Mayan</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria" hreflang="en">auraria</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria-higher-education-center" hreflang="en">Auraria Higher Education Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ninth-street-historic-district" hreflang="en">Ninth Street Historic District</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/restaurants" hreflang="en">restaurants</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-smedley" hreflang="en">William Smedley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-houses" hreflang="en">historic houses</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Donna Bryson, “<a href="https://denverite.com/2018/11/05/denver-auraria-history-displacement/">In the ’60s, Denver Decided to Replace This Community With the Auraria Campus. Here’s What It Lost</a>,” <em>Denverite</em>, November 5, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phil Coombs, “Businessmen’s Reactions Mixed: Razing Continues on Auraria Site,” <em>Aurarian—Metro State</em>, September 24, 1973.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Ninth Street Restoration Begins,” <em>Fourth Estate—University of Colorado Denver</em>, July 25, 1973.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Maya Rodriguez, “<a href="https://www.9news.com/article/news/local/hispanic-heritage-month/the-history-of-casa-mayan/249909756">The History of Casa Mayan</a>,” <em>9 News (KUSA)</em>, October 11, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“What Is Auraria?” <em>West Side Recorder</em>, October 1, 1969.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://acmh.cfsites.org/">Auraria Casa Mayan Heritage</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/neighborhood-history-guide/auraria-neighborhood-history" title=" (external link)">Auraria Neighborhood History</a>,” Denver Public Library, April 21, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, “<a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/auraria-uurrvk/" title=" (external link)">Auraria</a>,” <em>Colorado Experience</em>, March 18, 2019.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 28 Oct 2021 18:09:29 +0000 yongli 3625 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Ideal Building http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ideal-building <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ideal Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-10-11T17:05:54-06:00" title="Monday, October 11, 2021 - 17:05" class="datetime">Mon, 10/11/2021 - 17:05</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ideal-building" data-a2a-title="Ideal Building"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fideal-building&amp;title=Ideal%20Building"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s eight-story Ideal Building (821 Seventeenth Street) claims to be the first major building west of the Mississippi River constructed entirely of reinforced concrete. Built in 1907, it originally housed <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/charles-boettcher"><strong>Charles Boettcher</strong></a>’s Ideal Cement Company before being sold to the <strong>Denver National Bank</strong>, which hired <strong>William E. and Arthur A. Fisher</strong> to completely redesign the building in 1927. Now owned by the Bank of Oklahoma, this cornerstone of Denver’s Seventeenth Street financial district, known as the Wall Street of the Rockies, is in the National Register of Historic Places and part of Denver’s Downtown Historic District.</p> <h2>Concrete Headquarters</h2> <p>The Ideal Building was completed in 1907 for Charles Boettcher, the state’s leading entrepreneur, and his Dome Investment Company partner <strong>Frederick G. Bonfils</strong>, cofounder of <strong><em>The Denver Post</em></strong>. Designed by Denver architects <strong>Montana Fallis</strong> and John J. Stein in the Commercial (or Chicago) Style as a flat-roofed high-rise, the $250,000 building served as headquarters for Boettcher’s Portland Cement Company—later called Ideal, then Ideal Basic Industries. To promote his cement, Boettcher had its concrete floor subjected to an 1,800-degree Fahrenheit flame. In repeated demonstrations, the press and spectators gathered to watch the all-concrete structure survive undamaged. Subsequently, reinforced concrete replaced old-fashioned steel frame, wood, and brick as the way to build large buildings across the country.</p> <h2>1927 Renovation</h2> <p>In 1924 the Dome Investment Company sold the building for $500,000 to Denver National Bank (DNB), which soon embarked on a spectacular remodeling. In this major 1927 makeover, the original design was expanded and largely transformed by William E. and Arthur A. Fisher, then Colorado’s largest and most notable architectural firm. To enlarge the building, the Fishers added a penthouse atop the eight-story building as well as an eight-story rear addition nearly identical to the original fifty-foot-deep 1907 structure. The Fishers faced the two street-level floors with large blocks of dressed travertine marble from quarries near <strong>Cotopaxi</strong>. The upper six floors, originally red brick, were stuccoed over by the Fishers. The monumental, two-story arched entrance has an eagle keystone carved by Denver artist Clara S. Dieran. The massive cast-bronze doors, each weighing one ton, contain sculptured bas-relief panels of southwestern Indigenous dancers by another local artist, Nena de Brennecke.</p> <p>Inside lay a palatial two-story lobby illuminated by two stained-glass skylights. Denver artist John Thompson decorated the ceiling beams with reds, blues, browns, and gold to complement the skylights. The ceiling is further adorned with decorative panels by Dieran. The ceiling is supported by steel columns simulating marble. Their Byzantine capitals feature Western motifs such as cactus and <strong>buffalo</strong>. <strong>Arnold </strong><strong>Rö</strong><strong>nnebeck</strong>, a leading local artist, sculpted the panels for the frieze, <em>The History of Money</em>, ringing the lobby at the mezzanine level. Its panels illustrate the role of money in history, from ancient China to the modern age. DNB’s redesign of the lobby also did away with barred teller cages and installed new decorative tables to lend an atmosphere of friendly openness.</p> <p>DNB occupied the first floor of the building. The Fishers had their own office on the top floor, and in between other tenants included real estate offices, the Portland Cement Association, and investigating and insurance firms. The penthouse featured a barbershop remembered as a popular morning meeting place where movers and shakers had their hair trimmed and shaved while networking.</p> <h2>Restorations</h2> <p>DNB owned and operated out of the Ideal Building until 1959, when it sold to Ambrose and Company, a real estate firm that officed in the building. The bank’s huge basement was converted to the Broker Restaurant with a spectacular private dining room inside the massive inner vault with its 3,500-pound round door. In 1976 Ambrose sold the building to the Colorado Federal Savings and Loan Association for $1.1 million. Colorado Federal spent an estimated $2 million restoring the bank to its 1927 pinnacle. In 1977 the building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p> <p>From 1988 to 1994, the Ideal Building housed the <strong>Women’s Bank</strong>, a Denver pioneer and one of the first women’s banks nationally as well as one of the most successful, selling in 1994 for nearly $17.5 million to the Colorado Business Bank. CoBiz, as it is popularly called, did a meticulous million-dollar restoration of the building’s grandiose lobby. In 2000 the building became part of Denver’s Downtown Historic District. In 2020 the Bank of Oklahoma bought CoBiz and the Ideal Building.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ideal-building" hreflang="en">Ideal Building</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/charles-boettcher" hreflang="en">Charles Boettcher</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-national-bank" hreflang="en">Denver National Bank</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montana-fallis" hreflang="en">Montana Fallis</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-j-stein" hreflang="en">John J. Stein</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fisher-and-fisher" hreflang="en">Fisher and Fisher</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-bank" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s Bank</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-federal-saving-and-loan-association" hreflang="en">Colorado Federal Saving and Loan Association</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ronald Page, “Ideal Building,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (1977).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Geraldine Bean, <em>Charles Boettcher: A Study in Pioneer Western Enterprise</em> (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1976).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel and Gail M. Beaton. <em>The Women’s Bank: A Denver Success Story</em> (Denver: Colorado Studies Center, University of Colorado–Denver, 2020).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 11 Oct 2021 23:05:54 +0000 yongli 3612 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Tivoli Brewery http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tivoli-brewery <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Tivoli Brewery </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-29T16:22:53-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 29, 2021 - 16:22" class="datetime">Tue, 06/29/2021 - 16:22</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tivoli-brewery" data-a2a-title="Tivoli Brewery "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ftivoli-brewery&amp;title=Tivoli%20Brewery%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Constructed in 1864, the Tivoli Brewery in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> was the first brewery built in Colorado and the second in the nation. Over the course of its complex history, the brewery changed hands multiple times until it was abandoned in 1969. The Tivoli building became part of the Auraria Higher Education Center (AHEC) in the 1970s, when an urban renewal project transformed the former neighborhood of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver"><strong>Auraria</strong></a> into a tri-institutional college campus. The building reopened as a bar and retail center in 1982, and in 1994 it became the official student union of the Auraria campus. Today, the Tivoli is not only part of the historic fabric of the campus but serves an integral role in the student experience.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>First Brewery in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although the structure that is now the Tivoli was not opened until 1864, the brewery’s roots go back to the arrival of <strong>John Good</strong>, an immigrant who came to Denver during the 1858–59 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>gold rush</strong></a>. Good partnered with another immigrant, Frederick Salomon, who founded the Rocky Mountain Brewery, which would later become one of the Tivoli company’s greatest competitors. Good soon sold his share of the <strong>Rocky Mountain Brewery</strong> to Salomon and founded Denver’s Good Bank.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1864 German immigrant <strong>Moritz Sigi</strong> opened the Colorado Brewery on Tenth Street in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver"><strong>Auraria</strong></a> neighborhood. This marked the start of what later became the Tivoli building. The building was designed by architect Frederick C. Eberley and featured Bavarian-style architecture—a unique combination of Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque, and Rococo influences—making it a one-of-a-kind structure in the United States. Along with the brewery, Sigi constructed the first artesian well in Colorado within the brewery to supply water for brewing. Sigi’s brewery was known for a specialized “Buck Beer,” a style of beer unique to Colorado that was a hybrid lager similar to a Bock. During the 1870s, Sigi began to expand the building, with construction of a structure to be called “Sigi’s Hall” underway.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tragedy struck on March 22, 1874, when a carriage that Sigi was driving overturned after he lost control of his horses. Falling at the corner of Wazee and Nineteenth Streets, he fractured the base of his skull. Despite the efforts of several doctors, Sigi died shortly after 9 am on the morning of March 23.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Milwaukee Brewery</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After Sigi’s death, the Colorado Brewery was taken over by Max Melsheimer, who renamed it the Milwaukee Brewery in 1879. Melsheimer ran the brewery successfully for several years, focusing on expanding the building’s infrastructure. He borrowed $250,000 from John Good to install new copper brewing kettles and a grain tower in 1880. Two years later, he further expanded the building by constructing the Turn Halle Opera House. While the new structures increased the company’s brewing capacity, Melsheimer was unable to earn enough revenue to repay his loan from Good. In 1900 Good foreclosed on Melsheimer’s loan and assumed control of the Milwaukee Brewery. He renamed the company Tivoli, after the famous Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen, Denmark. In 1901 Good partnered with William Burkhardt’s Union Brewery to form the Tivoli-Union Company.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Tivoli During Prohibition</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/prohibition"><strong>prohibition</strong></a> began in Colorado in 1916, most of the state’s breweries closed. Zang’s Brewery (formerly the Rocky Mountain Brewery), which had been the Tivoli-Union’s greatest competition, was never able to recover from prohibition and eventually closed. The Tivoli-Union continued to brew legal, low-alcohol cereal beers, which sustained the company through the repeal of prohibition in 1933. As one of the only remaining breweries in Colorado at that point, the Tivoli-Union enjoyed high demand for its products. By the 1950s, the brewery was one of the largest in the country. It produced around 150,000 barrels per year and sold its products in almost every state west of the Mississippi River.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Turmoil</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When John Good died in 1918, ownership of the brewery passed to Good’s children and his business partner, William Burghardt. The brewery remained in the Good family until 1965, when Loraine Good, the final heir, died. After some brief legal turmoil, the brewery was sold to Carl and Joseph Occhiato, owners of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a> Pepsi-Cola Bottling Plant. The Occhiato brothers decided to rebrand Tivoli-Union products as “Denver beer.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In June 1965, shortly after the Occhiato brothers took ownership of the brewery, business was halted by a disastrous <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-flood-1965"><strong>flood of the South Platte River</strong></a>. The brewery was inundated with nine feet of water and sustained more than $135,000 in damages. When the Tivoli reopened after the flood, problems only continued. The flood contaminated the artesian well used for brewing, and customers noted that the Tivoli’s beers didn’t taste the same. Production was cut significantly, and in 1968 employees went on a six-week strike to protest reduced wages as well as a significant reduction in staff. Production capacity at the Tivoli never fully recovered as financial problems plagued the company after the flood. The brewery closed its doors on April 25, 1969.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>AHEC and Urban Renewal</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Tivoli-Union building stood abandoned for years after closing its doors. However, in 1973 the building itself was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. That same year, the building was purchased by the <strong>Denver Urban Renewal Authority</strong> (DURA) for potential use in the Auraria Higher Education Center (AHEC) project. The Auraria Board of Directors worked with the Associates for Redevelopment of the Tivoli, a group of preservationists developing proposals to rehabilitate the Tivoli, to come up with a new use for the building that would benefit students. They hoped to turn the building into a business complex by restoring the Tivoli’s post-Victorian look and installing businesses such as a daycare center, bike shop, bank, barbershop, post office, dry cleaner, dentist, doctor, lawyer, drugstore, and student-oriented travel agency. There would also be an effort to preserve the old brewing equipment. The kettles and machinery would be cleaned, polished, and protected in glass display cases. The proposed project would charge rental fees from vendors, which could be used to reduce student costs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Plans for developing the Tivoli business center moved forward, but there were some problems along the way. In 1976 DURA and AHEC went to court over accusations made by AHEC that DURA had failed to maintain the Tivoli building. AHEC inspectors reported that no efforts had been made to keep the doors closed, leaving the interior of the building covered in bird droppings. Other complaints included significant water damage, trash, and droppings from the guard dog that had never been cleaned. All this damage would increase renovation costs above the proposed $2 million. The project halted, and the building remained in disrepair.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1980 the campus leased the Tivoli building to the Trizec Corporation of Calgary, Canada, which began a $27 million project to redevelop the Tivoli into an urban shopping center. Trizec hired HOK, the same Kansas City–based architectural firm that later designed <strong>Coors Field</strong>, to revamp and expand the brewery for commercial use. By 1982 the building housed several restaurants, a bar, retail stores, and even an AMC movie theater.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Student Union</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1991 Auraria students voted to use their fees to buy the Tivoli back from Trizec and redevelop it into a student union for the campus. Following a Colorado Historical Society Gaming Fund assessment, AHEC began a $28 million rehabilitation of the building. The project sought to restore the Tivoli’s historic spaces and artifacts; the copper brewing kettles were preserved in glass cases. The building reopened in October 1994 as AHEC’s new student union, shared by students from the <strong>University of Colorado–Denver</strong>, <strong>Metropolitan State University</strong>, and <strong>Community College of Denver</strong>. It retained the Boiler Room Bar and AMC theater that were part of the Trizec redevelopment, but many interior spaces were reconverted from stores into spaces that could serve students, including a student travel agency, bookstore, and student newspaper offices.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Tivoli Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The building is now home to meeting rooms, student-group offices, a food court, businesses, and event spaces. In 2012 Corey Marshall acquired the Tivoli and several other beer brands, and he decided to revive the Tivoli Brewing Company. Today Tivoli Brewing operates there, continuing the building’s legacy as a brewery while serving as an education center for students in beer-industry programs at the campus. As the student union, the building has become the heart of the Auraria campus, a place for students to congregate and reflect on how the building’s past has become intertwined with the campus’s future.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/kennedy-anna" hreflang="und">Kennedy, Anna</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tivoli-brewery" hreflang="en">Tivoli Brewery</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria" hreflang="en">auraria</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria-higher-education-center" hreflang="en">Auraria Higher Education Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moritz-sigi" hreflang="en">Moritz Sigi</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-good" hreflang="en">John Good</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-brewery" hreflang="en">Colorado Brewery</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/max-melsheimer" hreflang="en">Max Melsheimer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/milwaukee-brewery" hreflang="en">Milwaukee Brewery</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-burkhardt" hreflang="en">William Burkhardt</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/neighborhood-history-guide/auraria-neighborhood-history">Auraria Neighborhood History</a>,” Denver Public Library, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tom Noel, “Restoration of Tivoli Pours Forth Memories,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, October 4, 2003.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Penny Parker, “Renovated Tivoli Ready to Open: Building Combines Stores, Eateries, Auraria Offices,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, October 19, 1994.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Peter J. Pappas, “No Rats but a Lot of Crap,” <em>Auraria Transcript</em>, January 28, 1976.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Peter J. Pappas, “Restoration Set for Tivoli,” <em>Auraria Transcript</em>, April 23, 1975.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ann Stoenner, “115 Year Old Tivoli Brewery: Renovation, Rent, or Rubble?” <em>Fourth Estate</em>, March 13, 1974.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“A Terrible Accident,” <em>Rocky Mountain News Daily, </em>March 24, 1874.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Tivoli Brewery,” <em>Rocky Mountain News, </em>April 8, 1999.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Margaret Coel, <em>The Tivoli: Bavaria in the Rockies </em>(Denver: Colorado and West, 1985).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://tivolibrewingco.com/story">The Tivoli Story</a>,” Tivoli Brewing Company.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Jun 2021 22:22:53 +0000 yongli 3591 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Oxford Hotel http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/oxford-hotel <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Oxford Hotel</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-01-21T16:11:27-07:00" title="Thursday, January 21, 2021 - 16:11" class="datetime">Thu, 01/21/2021 - 16:11</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/oxford-hotel" data-a2a-title="Oxford Hotel"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Foxford-hotel&amp;title=Oxford%20Hotel"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Oxford Hotel (1600 Seventeenth Street) opened in 1891 and is now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s oldest surviving hotel. Developed by brewer <strong>Adolph Zang</strong> and designed by architect <strong>Frank Edbrooke</strong>, the hotel originally provided a luxurious stay for travelers passing through nearby <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/union-station-0"><strong>Union Station</strong></a>. After being restored and revitalized in the early 1980s by Charles Calloway and <strong>Dana Crawford</strong>, the Oxford became one of Denver’s first modern boutique hotels and an anchor of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lodo-lower-downtown-denver"><strong>Lower Downtown</strong></a>’s revival.</p> <h2>Origins</h2> <p>The <strong>Zang Brewing Company</strong> was Colorado’s largest pre-<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/prohibition"><strong>Prohibition</strong></a> producer. After the Zang family sold it to a British syndicate in 1889, Adolph Zang had at least $1 million to invest. He decided to join Denver bankers Philip Feldhauser and William R. Mygatt in developing the first large hotel planned to catch traffic from Union Station, which had opened in 1881. Construction on the Oxford Hotel, located a block from the station, began in 1890. Colorado’s leading architect, Frank E. Edbrooke, designed the five-story, red-brick, U-shaped edifice the year before designing his masterpiece, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/brown-palace-hotel"><strong>Brown Palace Hotel</strong></a>. The Oxford’s roof line uses square brick caps separated by ornamental brickwork to suggest the look of a castle.</p> <p>The classical simplicity of the Oxford’s exterior, with its red sandstone and terra-cotta trim, belied an extravagant interior, as opening-day guests found on October 2, 1891. The hotel, according to the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong>, had its own power plant and “the most perfect system of steam heating, electric and gas lighting and on each floor bath rooms with separate water closets.” Marble and carpet floors, frescoed walls, silver chandeliers, and stained glass glistened inside. With its own dining rooms, barbershop, library, pharmacy, Western Union office, stables, and splendid saloon serving Zang’s “Fritz Imperial” beer, the Oxford ranked as one of the city’s finest hotels. Another novelty, one of the city’s first elevators, whisked patrons to the upper floors for bird’s-eye views of the booming Mile High City.</p> <h2>Expansion</h2> <p>In 1902 thriving business led the Oxford to construct a two-story addition on Wazee Street in the same style as the hotel. Another annex, a five-story building across the alley from the hotel at 1628 Seventeenth Street, opened in 1912. Designed by Denver architects Montana Fallis and Robert Willison, it was sheathed in glistening white terra-cotta resembling marble. This second annex brought the Oxford to within half a block of Union Station, an advantage not lost on baggage-toting travelers or on the Oxford’s ad man: “Just through the Welcome Arch [in front of Union Station]. The Real Hub of Denver,” crowed a 1912 ad. “Fire proof. European Plan. Absolutely modern Rooms. $1.00, $1.50 and $2 a day.”</p> <p>To celebrate the repeal of prohibition in 1933, the Oxford had Denver architect Charles Jaka design a Streamline Moderne–style cocktail lounge called the Cruise Room, which opened in 1935. Curving lines shape its front bar, booths, and even the ceiling, which was colored black, pink, and neon. The walls were paneled with Denver artist Alley Henson’s beaverboard bas-relief portraits of characters from various nations offering toasts in their own languages.</p> <h2>Restoration</h2> <p>With completion of the Brown Palace in 1892 and construction of the <strong>State Capitol</strong> throughout that decade, fashionable Denver began to move away from Union Station and uptown by Broadway. Between the 1930s and the 1970s, the Oxford declined along with the rest of its Lower Downtown neighbors. The demise of train travel hit the Oxford hard. So did urban blight and suburban flight. The Oxford, along with much of the area around it, was written off as part of “skid row,” and the once-elegant hotel flirted with becoming a flophouse.</p> <p>The hotel’s fortunes changed after 1979, when developer Charles Calloway bought it and added it to the National Register of Historic Places to give it prestige as well as qualify for tax credits. Dana Crawford joined Calloway a year later; her earlier success with transforming down-and-out Larimer Street into historic <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-square"><strong>Larimer Square</strong></a> added credibility to the Oxford project. The two spent three years and $12 million restoring the hotel with new wiring, plumbing, heating, and air conditioning. Denver architects William Muchow and Associates led the restoration, completed in 1983. Many outstanding original features were uncovered under the lowered ceilings and linoleum floors that had been added over the decades. Edbrooke’s original plans were also discovered; they now decorate the basement hallway. The corner storefront became a restaurant, and the Cruise Room bar was restored to its Art Deco glory.</p> <p>The Oxford’s rebirth has made it a cornerstone of the Lower Downtown Denver Historic District created in 1988. Its success helped inspire the 2014 restoration and reincarnation of Union Station, complete with the Crawford Hotel named for Dana Crawford, the key catalyst in both projects.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/oxford-hotel" hreflang="en">Oxford Hotel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lower-downtown" hreflang="en">Lower Downtown</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lower-downtown-denver" hreflang="en">lower downtown denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lodo" hreflang="en">lodo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dana-crawford" hreflang="en">Dana Crawford</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/frank-edbrooke" hreflang="en">Frank Edbrooke</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adolph-zang" hreflang="en">Adolph Zang</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Confluence Properties, “Oxford Hotel,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, February 1, 1978.</p> <p>Noel, Thomas J. Noel, <em>The Oxford Hotel: </em><em>Grand Re-opening Brochure</em> (Denver: Oxford Hotel, 1991).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Alexander Walker Clark, <em>Colorado’s Historic Hotels</em> (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2011).</p> <p>Sandra Dallas, <em>No More Than Five in a Bed: Colorado Hotels in the Old Days</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1967).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 21 Jan 2021 23:11:27 +0000 yongli 3480 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Great Western Sugar Company http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-western-sugar-company <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Great Western Sugar Company</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3465--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3465.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fort-morgan-factory"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/SKM_C454e20071416250_0001_0.jpg?itok=gWHi6UPx" width="1090" height="716" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fort-morgan-factory" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Morgan Factory</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>With the exception of silos added in the 1920s, the outer structure of the Fort Morgan sugar factory has changed little since it was built by the Great Western Sugar Company in the early 1900s.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3466--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3466.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/early-photo-sugar-factory"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Campbell%20Sugar%20Factory%201_0.jpg?itok=AbaN4l4i" width="1090" height="535" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/early-photo-sugar-factory" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Early Photo of the Sugar Factory</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Early photo of the Great Western Sugar factory in Fort Morgan, as seen from the railroad tracks that brought carloads of beets to be processed.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3468--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3468.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fort-morgan-sugar-beet-dump"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/DSCN1887%5B1%5D_0_0.jpg?itok=3JNUzSJU" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fort-morgan-sugar-beet-dump" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Morgan Sugar Beet Dump</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Beets are dumped from a horse-drawn cart into a rail car below.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3469--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3469.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/crane-moving-beets"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/SKM_C454e20071416240_0001_0_0.jpg?itok=3-qf5Pt1" width="1090" height="586" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/crane-moving-beets" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Crane Moving Beets</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A large crane moves beets from a pile into the factory silos.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-01-20T17:50:12-07:00" title="Wednesday, January 20, 2021 - 17:50" class="datetime">Wed, 01/20/2021 - 17:50</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-western-sugar-company" data-a2a-title="Great Western Sugar Company"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgreat-western-sugar-company&amp;title=Great%20Western%20Sugar%20Company"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Great Western Sugar Company was co-founded by <strong>Charles Boettcher</strong> in 1900 after he observed the hardy, profitable <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet</strong></a> crop while vacationing in Europe. In Colorado, the sugar beet industry he helped launch proved a boon to the state and local communities for nearly eighty years. After experiencing financial hardship in the 1970s and 1980s, Great Western was sold to a cooperative in the city of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-morgan"><strong>Fort Morgan</strong></a>, where beet processing remains an important industry.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Over the last 120 years, the sugar beet crop has brought millions of dollars to local economies in <strong>Berthoud</strong>, <strong>Brush</strong>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>, <a href="/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a>, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>, <strong>Loveland</strong>, and other places along the northern <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>. Supported by <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a>, beet cultivation was lucrative for farmers, especially because Great Western brought in an inexpensive immigrant workforce. Beet farms and Great Western factories influenced the immigration patterns of northern Colorado, as they employed German, Asian, and Mexican immigrants.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Farmers in Colorado cultivated sugar beets before Great Western. In 1899 the Colorado Sugar Manufacturing Company built the state’s first beet-processing factory in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>. That plant went through a series of sales before it ceased full-time operations in 1929.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On the Front Range, where existing irrigation networks already supported farming communities, Charles Boettcher applied his vision and resources to exploit the crop’s full potential. Boettcher was already known as a savvy businessman and capitalist who first found wealth as a hardware merchant in the mining towns of Colorado. He later tried his hand at ranching and then opened the Great Western Packing Company in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> to slaughter his cows.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1901 Boettcher and partners John Campion, William Byrd Page, J.R. McKinnie, and Boettcher’s son Claude opened a sugar beet factory in Loveland. One of the keys to the success of this factory was the spur of the <strong>Colorado &amp; Southern Railroad</strong> that transported the refined sugar to Denver. Boettcher and his investors soon capitalized on this themselves, and that same year the Great Western Railroad was established to connect beet facilities in various stages of development in Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. Boettcher also founded the Portland Cement Company so he would not have to import large amounts of foreign-made concrete to build his sugar beet factories.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Consolidation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Excitement over the potential profits from sugar beet refineries created a boom, and by 1905 independent factories opened in Greeley,<strong> Eaton</strong>, Fort Collins,<strong> Windsor</strong> and Longmont. Shortly afterward, Henry O. Havemeyer’s American Sugar Refining Company acquired these factories. Havemeyer then brokered a deal with Boettcher and his new partner, Chester S. Morey, that combined American Sugar with Boettcher’s company under the name Great Western Sugar. This consolidated a large part of the refining industry, providing farmers with a dependable market and assuring stable prices for the sugar beets they produced each year. Great Western opened a factory in Brush in 1906 and a <strong>Brighton</strong> factory in 1917. The expansion of Great Western’s holdings made sugar beet farming and refining two of the most profitable industries in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fort Morgan Factory</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Of all the factories Great Western established in its early years, the Fort Morgan factory has proven the most resilient, enduring to the present despite some struggles in the late twentieth century. It provides a useful case study for examining the history of Great Western and the company’s influence on northeast Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Morgan founder Abner S. Baker and town promoter George Warner are credited with convincing Great Western to build its Fort Morgan factory in 1906. Existing irrigation networks along the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> meant that the town could support commercial beet production. The Jackson Lake reservoir, which at the time was the largest reservoir in northeast Colorado, was specifically built to attract a Great Western Sugar factory. Ritter-Conley Manufacturing began construction of the factory in 1906. Even before the facility opened, Great Western reportedly distributed $400,000 in wages to workers and to farmers who were growing beets. On December 26, 1906, the factory processed its first load of sugar beets, and it was fully operational by 1907.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The factory greatly influenced the growth of the town. It is estimated that the first beet crop processed at the new factory grossed over $1 million, an unimaginable sum in 1906. The <em>Fort Morgan Times</em> boasted that farmers could make between thirty and fifty dollars per acre (between $700 and $1,000 today) and noted that yields per acre were estimated at eighteen to twenty tons. Within a few short years, the town of Fort Morgan had tripled in size and land had tripled in value. Between 1906 and 1908, some 200 new houses were built in Fort Morgan.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Immigrants</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Great Western first brought in <strong>German-Russian</strong> immigrants to work the fields and factory. Approximately 1,000 arrived in the Fort Morgan area from Nebraska to work the fields in the spring, and they returned after the harvest in the fall. This immigrant population lived in modest housing close to the factory or in small shacks on the farms they worked. Within a few years, many of these workers saved enough to purchase their own houses, raise livestock, and plant large gardens to help feed their families. Many current residents of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/morgan-county"><strong>Morgan County</strong></a> trace their roots to this population. They created a tight-knit community that emphasized a strong work ethic and self-sufficiency.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the 1920s and 1930s, Great Western also brought in Mexican workers, known as <em>betabeleros</em> and sent agents as far south as El Paso to recruit them. The company provided low-interest loans to Mexican workers to purchase land near the factory, where they created a thriving Latino community known as the “Spanish colony.” The factory provided building materials and leased the lots at affordable rates that could be paid off in five years. After the <strong>Great Depression</strong> and <strong>World War II</strong>, this population declined. The factory also used contract Mexican laborers, known as <em>braceros</em>, until the 1950s, when a push to eliminate foreign laborers resulted in many of these workers being deported to Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Morgan’s Latino community experienced a revival in the 1960s when a local group, the Association for Community Cooperation in Our Neighborhood (ACCIÓN), formed to improve living conditions in the colony. Most notably, the organization worked with the city to add water, sewer, and power lines. In the 1980s, the Mexican American community was estimated to make up approximately one-quarter of Fort Morgan’s population. Like the descendants of German-Russian workers, many families in today’s Fort Morgan trace their roots to the Mexican and Mexican American laborers of the 1920s and 1930s.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Great Depression and World War II</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The mid-1920s found the Great Western factory flourishing and beet acreage increasing along the northern Front Range, especially around Fort Morgan. In 1923 the Fort Morgan factory spent $80,000 on expansions such as building a large silo to store beets. During the late 1920s and early 1930s, the factory also experimented with different types of fertilizer to improve yields. The years of the Great Depression were difficult, and weather caused problems for the beet harvest. A snowstorm froze the 1929 beet crop in the ground, crippling many farmers’ returns. Despite these setbacks, Great Western continued to expand and became one of the largest producers of beet sugar in the world.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During World War II, soldiers leaving home created a labor shortage for farmers in Morgan County. To meet this need, prisoners of war from Germany and Italy worked in the beet fields.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Midcentury</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the war, Colorado’s population increase meant that more land was needed for housing instead of farming, which changed the economic environment for sugar beet cultivation. Great Western closed its factories in Fort Collins, Brush, and Fort Lupton. The Fort Morgan factory flourished, however, and more than a decade later, the factory payroll was estimated to be more than half a million dollars. In 1948 Charles Boettcher died, and Great Western Sugar lost its most prominent leader, but the company continued to earn record profits.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1966 Great Western paid farmers a total of $6 million for their crops. However, lack of innovation in some areas, such as continuing to transport beets by rail instead of truck, caused problems for the company. By 1967 Great Western Sugar and its holdings were sold to Billy White, who eventually sold the company to the Hunts Brothers Organization. Unfortunately, the timing of this sale coincided with the rising popularity of artificial sweeteners during the 1970s. This change in the market destabilized the Fort Morgan factory and its parent company, now known as Great Western United. Several times, farmers tried to form growers associations (or cooperatives) to purchase the company and continue operations, but the Hunts Brothers thwarted this until the company teetered on the edge of bankruptcy and was again sold in 1984.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Corporation vs. Co-op</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Things did not get any easier for sugar beet growers in the 1980s, as a surplus of refined sugar—from beets as well as sugarcane—drove down prices. The Fort Morgan factory closed for a short time, along with the factory in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sterling"><strong>Sterling</strong></a>. The Fort Morgan factory later reopened, but the Sterling factory was converted to a storage facility.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1984 the company, which at the time operated seven factories and five warehouses, was sold to the Mountain States Beet Growers Association, a co-op with 2,200 members in Colorado and Kansas. Growers’ associations like this one emphasize the involvement of the farmer in all aspects of production, a philosophy known as “farm to table.” The Western Sugar Company purchased the cooperative two years later, began hiring, and eventually reopened the Fort Morgan factory. The result was a turnaround year for beets; the 1986 harvest totaled more than $9 million.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Still, the first cooperative gave sugar beet farmers a taste of controlling their own destiny, and soon they reorganized. In the early 2000s, five independent growers associations merged to form the Rocky Mountain Sugar Growers Cooperative. They bought Western Sugar from then-owners Tate and Lyle. In 2002 this co-op merged with Western Sugar as part of a deal worth $85 million. In time a new co-op emerged, the grower-owned Western Sugar Cooperative, which comprises more than 1,000 sugar beet growers in Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, and Wyoming. The group currently operates the Fort Morgan factory as well as storage facilities in <strong>Rocky Ford</strong>, Longmont, and Sterling.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Fort Morgan facility is still in operation today as the state’s only functioning beet factory. It has closed only three times during its history—twice due to <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flooding</strong></a> and once due to an economic downturn. In 2018 Western Sugar Cooperative estimated that the facility would process more than 1 million tons of sugar beets. It employs approximately 90 seasonal workers in addition to a year-round staff of 115. The most enduring legacy of Charles Boettcher’s titanic twentieth-century corporation, the factory is also the longest-operating sugar-processing facility in Colorado and one of only a handful still operating in the region.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><!--![endif]----><!--![endif]----></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/campbell-alyse" hreflang="und">Campbell, Alyse</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-western-sugar" hreflang="en">great western sugar</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-western-sugar-company" hreflang="en">great western sugar company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-morgan" hreflang="en">Fort Morgan</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sugar-beets" hreflang="en">sugar beets</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sugar-beet-industry" hreflang="en">sugar beet industry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-morgan-sugar-factory" hreflang="en">fort morgan sugar factory</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/charles-boettcher" hreflang="en">Charles Boettcher</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Jo-An Barnett, “Spanish-Speaking People Play Significant Role in Local History,”</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, September 4, 1984.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Beet Harvesting,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, October 12, 1906.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradovirtuallibrary.org/digital-colorado/colorado-histories/boom-years/charles-boettcher-denver-businessman/">Charles Boettcher: A Denver Business Man</a>,” Colorado Virtual Library, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Charles Boettcher Hurt While Speeding Auto,” <em>Loveland Reporter</em>, July 13,</p>&#13; &#13; <p>1917.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Don English, <em>The Early History of Fort Morgan, Colorado</em> (Fort Morgan: Fort</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Morgan Heritage Foundation, 1975).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Candy Hamilton, <em>Footprints in the Sugar: A History of the Great Western Sugar</em></p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Company</em> (Hamilton Bates Publishers, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eloise Sagel Hanson, <em>From the Steppes to the Prairies </em>(Fort Morgan, CO: Centennial</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Commission of Fort Morgan, 1984).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barb Keenan, “From Beets to Beef,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, September 3, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John La Porte, “Ag, Oil, Housing Area Economy Mainstays,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, September 18, 1989.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chris Marcheso, “Fort Morgan Plant Home to 100 Sweet, Sweet Years: Sugar</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Beets a Foundation in Morgan County,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, August 4,</p>&#13; &#13; <p>2006.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Adrienne Pearson, <a href="https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2018/08/31/200-truckloads-a-day-western-sugar-campaign-starts-sept-7/"> “200  Truckloads  a  Day:  Western  Sugar  Campaign  Starts </a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2018/08/31/200-truckloads-a-day-western-sugar-campaign-starts-sept-7/"> September 7th,” </a> <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, August 31, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bernadette Jeanne Perez, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sugar-beet-industry"><em>The Sugar Beet Industry, </em></a><em>Colorado Encyclopedia</em>, accessed online August 4, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Anne Cameron Robb, <a href="https://boettcherfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/A-Colorado-Legacy.pdf"><em>The Boettcher Time: A Colorado Legacy</em></a>, The Boettcher Foundation, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bob Silbernagel, “<a href="https://www.gjsentinel.com/lifestyle/columns/white-gold-long-a-staple-for-farmers/article_6350e644-c7be-11e9-b99c-20677ce05640.html">‘White Gold’ Long a Staple for Farmers</a>,” <em>Daily Sentinel </em>(Grand Junction, CO), August 25, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/sugar-sweeteners/">Sugar and Sweeteners</a>,” United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Services, updated April 7, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Sugar Beet Crop,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, August 17, 1906.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Sugar Beet Factory Opens in Fort Morgan,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, December 28,</p>&#13; &#13; <p>1906.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Bureau of Labor Statistics, “<a href="https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm">CPI Inflation Calculator</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Western Sugar Cooperative, “<a href="https://www.westernsugar.com/who-we-are/history/">History</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 21 Jan 2021 00:50:12 +0000 yongli 3463 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Hover Home and Farmstead http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hover-home-and-farmstead <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hover Home and Farmstead</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-09-14T15:01:46-06:00" title="Monday, September 14, 2020 - 15:01" class="datetime">Mon, 09/14/2020 - 15:01</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hover-home-and-farmstead" data-a2a-title="Hover Home and Farmstead"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhover-home-and-farmstead&amp;title=Hover%20Home%20and%20Farmstead"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Hover Home and Farmstead is a historic mansion and agricultural property on the west edge of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>. Retired pharmacist Charles Hover and his wife, Katherine, bought the farm in 1902 and built the mansion in 1913–14. Over the next several decades, the Hovers ran one of the most successful farms in the area and became leading citizens of Longmont. After her parents died, Beatrice Hover lived at Hover Home until she moved in 1983 and gave the house to the nonprofit that ran the adjacent Hover Manor retirement complex.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1997 the nonprofit sold Hover Home to the St. Vrain Historical Society, which had already begun buying up the Hovers’ old farmland. The society rehabilitated the house and many of the old farm structures and has maintained the property to the present. The Hover Home and Farmstead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. Today, the property hosts weddings, corporate gatherings, and other events.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Coming to Longmont</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Charles Lewis Hover was born in 1867 in Wisconsin. He studied pharmacy at the University of Wisconsin before entering the wholesale drug business in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. In 1898 he married Katherine Avery. By the early 1900s, the Hovers had grown tired of the city bustle and sought a quieter life along the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chicago-colorado-colony"><strong>Chicago-Colorado Colony</strong></a> established the city of Longmont in March 1871. Colonists, many of whom came from the Midwest, immediately began digging irrigation ditches, planting crops, and building the city’s first businesses and homes. Railroads arrived in 1873 and 1883, and businesses such as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kuner-empson-cannery"><strong>Empson Cannery</strong></a> (1889) and the Longmont Sugar Factory (1903) helped make the city into a major agricultural center by the time the Hovers arrived in 1902.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Farm</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The 160-acre farm the Hovers bought had been owned by a succession of early homesteaders. From 1875 to 1902 the farm was owned by the family of Mary Marshall, who expanded it to 1,500 acres. The Marshall family built a simple wood frame farmhouse there in 1893. In 1902 Mary Marshall sold the farm to Joseph Williamson, who quickly sold it to the Hovers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Hovers first moved into the farmhouse, but they soon built and moved into a new cottage. The farm had never been very productive, but Charles Hover was determined to change that. He immediately installed an expensive new drainage system that removed crop-killing alkali deposits and planted a third of the farm in alfalfa to restore nutrients to the soil. The alfalfa fed sheep and cows, which Hover relied on for fertilizer. He also used commercial fertilizers and implemented crop rotation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hover’s improvements substantially boosted the farm’s productivity. In 1912 the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> was so impressed with Hover farm’s turnaround that it ran a story about the property with a headline that read “Prairie Farm is Paradise in 10 Years.” Many of the ancillary buildings on the farm are also believed to have been built by Hover in that first decade.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1907, while the Hovers were still developing their farm, the couple adopted a nine-year-old girl, Beatrice. With the farm’s productivity restored, in 1913 Charles Hover turned toward building a stately residence for his larger family.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Mansion</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Designed by famous Denver architect <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/robert-s-roeschlaub"><strong>Robert S. Roeschlaub</strong></a>, the Hover Home is an impressive, 6,000-square-foot brick mansion built in the Tudor Revival style, with steeply pitched rooflines, parapeted gables, and multiple bay windows. Inside, the home features oak flooring and decorative woodwork throughout, as well as a brick-floor conservatory, an eight-foot brick fireplace in the living room, and built-in glass bookcases in Charles Hover’s extensive library.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The grounds of Hover Home reflect Katherine and Beatrice Hover’s affinity for gardening. The western walkway is lined with peony bushes, while yellow rose bushes flourish on the property’s eastern boundary. Irises once grew along the property’s irrigation ditch, but the plants were removed once the ditch was filled in.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Serving the Community</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Once Hover Home was complete, Charles Hover began renting out the farm and shifted his focus to the community and other investments. During <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, he served as treasurer for the local Red Cross chapter. He was also an agricultural advisor for the state’s draft, meaning he helped determine how many young men were to remain on Colorado farms during the war.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1920 Hover was part of a group of Longmont investors who purchased the Empson Cannery from the retiring John H. Empson. Hover served as president of the cannery until it merged with the Kuner Pickle Company in 1927. Hover also served as vice president of the Boulder County Fair Association, was a member of the Colorado Farm Bureau’s board of directors, and spent twenty-two years as treasurer of St. Stephen’s Episcopal Church.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Katherine also supported the church, hosting annual fundraisers for St. Stephen’s at Hover Home. After her husband died in 1958, Katherine sold the old farmhouse to a cousin, Jack Wilson, who converted the house into apartments. Katherine, meanwhile, began pursuing her dream to build a residential community for the low-income elderly. She sold off family farmland to pay for the retirement community, which was to be built just west of Hover Home. Katherine did not live to see her plans come to fruition—she died in 1971—but Beatrice followed through on her mother’s vision. In 1979 she opened the Hover Manor retirement community, managed by the nonprofit Hover Community, Inc.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Donation and Preservation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1983 Beatrice Hover moved to Hover Manor and deeded Hover Home to Hover Community, Inc., hoping that the mansion could be used as a communal space for the elderly residents. However, the nonprofit found the giant house too costly to maintain, and in 1997 it sold the mansion and grounds to the St. Vrain Historical Society (SVHS) for $500,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Upon her death in 1991, Beatrice willed most of Hover Home’s original furnishings to the SVHS for preservation, so today the home’s interior looks much like it did when the Hovers lived there. In 1994 the SVHS purchased some of the Hovers’ surrounding farmland and began rehabilitating the old farmhouse and other structures. Over the next two years, the society received more than $90,000 in grants from the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong> (SHF) to perform restoration work on Hover Home. In 1998 the SHF gave the SVHS another $100,000 to acquire more of the family’s property, and the next year both the Hover Home and farm were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Restoration and rehabilitation work continued throughout the 2000s, with the SVHS receiving more than $387,500 in SHF grants between 2002 and 2013. Among other projects, the society rehabilitated the roof on Hover Home, rebuilt the family barn, and restored the iris bushes along the filled irrigation ditch.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, the SVHS rents out Hover Home for weddings, banquets, and other events. The society still rents the old farmhouse apartments to help pay for maintenance at the Hover property. The nonprofit Hover Manor continues to offer affordable living for residents age sixty-two and over, while the rehabilitated farm buildings and the restored Hover Home serve as reminders of the Hovers’ major influence in the Longmont economy and community.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/charles-lewis-hover" hreflang="en">charles lewis hover</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/katherine-hover" hreflang="en">katherine hover</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hover-home" hreflang="en">hover home</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-history" hreflang="en">longmont history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agriculture" hreflang="en">agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hover-manor" hreflang="en">hover manor</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Dale S. Bernard, “Hoverhome &amp; Hover Farmstead,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 1998.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>City of Longmont, “<a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/departments/departments-n-z/planning-and-development-services/historic-preservation/designated-landmarks/historic-hover-farm">Historic Hover Farm</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>City of Longmont, “<a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/departments/departments-n-z/planning-and-development-services/historic-preservation/designated-landmarks/hover-home">Hover Home</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ben Fogelberg, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/oahp/paradise-ten-years-c-l-hover-and-hoverhome">Paradise in Ten Years: C.L. Hover and Hoverhome</a>,” History Colorado, 2002.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Guide to Colorado Historic Places </em>(Englewood: Colorado Historical Society, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Vrain Valley Historical Association, <em>They Came to Stay: Longmont, Colorado, 1858–1920 </em>(Longmont: Longmont Printing, 1971).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Mabel Downer Dunning, <em>The Chicago-Colorado Company Founding of Longmont</em>, ed. Mildred Neeley, Clara Williams, Muriel Harrison, Colleen Cassell, and Mildred Brown (Longmont, CO: n.p., 1975).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Dan W. Corson, <em>Boulder County: An Illustrated History </em>(Carlsbad, CA: Heritage Media, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://longmontian.blogspot.com/">Observations About Longmont, Colorado (blog)</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.stvrainhistoricalsociety.com/">St. Vrain Historical Society</a>.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Sep 2020 21:01:46 +0000 yongli 3413 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Denver Tramway Powerhouse http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-tramway-powerhouse <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver Tramway Powerhouse</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-07-09T10:53:49-06:00" title="Thursday, July 9, 2020 - 10:53" class="datetime">Thu, 07/09/2020 - 10:53</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-tramway-powerhouse" data-a2a-title="Denver Tramway Powerhouse"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdenver-tramway-powerhouse&amp;title=Denver%20Tramway%20Powerhouse"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Denver Tramway Powerhouse (1416 Platte Street) was built in 1901–4 to generate power for the <strong>Denver Tramway Company</strong>’s extensive network of electric streetcars. From a 1911 expansion until the last electric streetcar service in 1950, the powerhouse served as the company’s main source of electricity, making public transportation possible in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. After 1956, when the building was sold, it served briefly as a warehouse before becoming the <strong>Forney Museum of Transportation</strong>. <strong>Recreational Equipment, Inc.</strong>, bought the building in 1998 and opened a flagship store there after a completing an extensive rehabilitation.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Powering Electric Streetcars</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1870s and early 1880s, horses and mules provided power for the earliest forms of public transportation in Denver. New power sources became available in the late 1880s. In 1886 the new Denver Tramway Company (DTC) installed a system powered by electricity along Fifteenth Street, but flaws in the design forced the company to abandon it—an electrified third rail was shocking people and horses when it was wet. Prevented by law from infringing on an existing horsecar franchise, DTC turned instead to cable cars, which used an underground cable to pull cars along tracks in the street. Soon DTC and its main rival, the <strong>Denver City Cable Railway</strong>, were competing to build cable lines throughout the city.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1888 a new electric streetcar design using overhead lines was perfected in Richmond, Virginia, and the technology quickly spread across the country. It reached Denver in 1889, when DTC installed an electric line on South Broadway. The new electric system proved superior to cable cars, and by the early 1890s, DTC was rapidly converting its streetcar network to electric power. The company soon gobbled up its competitors and emerged by 1900 as the only major player in Denver public transportation, with a fully electric streetcar network across the city.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Tramway Powerhouse</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>To run its electric streetcars, DTC needed a lot of power with no service interruptions. It decided to supply that power itself. In 1892 it built its first central powerhouse at the corner of Blake and Thirty-Second Streets. It also acquired several smaller powerhouses throughout the 1890s as it took over competitors. Nevertheless, by the early 1900s, the company needed even more power to drive its expanding, all-electric streetcar network, which stretched to 155 miles in 1903.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>This need for power spurred the construction of a large new powerhouse, which DTC built for $1 million in 1901–4. DTC chose a location across the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> from <strong>Cherry Creek</strong>, which put the coal powerhouse close to downtown and the company’s Central Loop. The location was easily accessible via rail for coal deliveries from the company’s Leyden mine, and next to the river for dumping coolant water as well as other wastes. The building itself was vast, 108 feet wide and 55 feet high, in order to house large electrical generating equipment, and the foundation was set on pilings going down to the bedrock to make sure it could hold all the weight. The red-brick exterior was designed in the round-arched style, which used a series of round arches above windows and doorways to add interest to otherwise boxy industrial buildings.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When it was completed in 1904, the Denver Tramway Powerhouse took the place of seven smaller generating stations. After a 1911 expansion increased the building’s size by half, it could pump out 9,500 kilowatts and became the company’s primary power generator. It remained in that role for the rest of the streetcar era in Denver, allowing tens of millions of residents per year to commute easily around the city.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The End of the Streetcar Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1920s, personal automobiles were starting to reshape the landscape and eat away at public-transit ridership in Denver and across the country. In DTC’s case, a major <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-tramway-strike-1920"><strong>strike in 1920</strong></a> that resulted in seven deaths also caused the company’s power and prestige to decline. By the end of the decade, DTC was shifting from streetcars to bus service and electric trolleys, which used overhead wires but rolled on tires rather than tracks, in far-flung parts of the city. That shift spread downtown in 1940, but full conversion was put on hold by <strong>World War II</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the war, as automobile ownership and suburbanization accelerated, DTC quickly moved its whole system away from streetcars. The final electric streetcars in Denver stopped service in June 1950, and DTC ended electricity generation at its central powerhouse in July. Some trolley coaches using overhead wires remained in operation, but they could be powered by electricity from the <strong>Public Service Company</strong>. The powerhouse shifted from generating electricity to simply distributing it. By 1955, however, even electric trolleys were gone as DTC converted entirely to diesel buses, and the powerhouse ceased all operations that June.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Transportation Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1956 DTC sold the powerhouse, and the building’s vast interior space was converted to a warehouse for a nearby International Harvester truck and tractor dealer. The building survived the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-flood-1965"><strong>South Platte Flood of 1965</strong></a>, which later spurred the construction of neighboring Confluence Park as well as the South Platte River Greenway Trail, which passes by the building. In 1967 the powerhouse was sold to J. Donovan Forney and James Arneill, who turned it into the Forney Transportation Museum for their extensive collection of automobiles, buses, railroad cars, and streetcars. The museum remained in the Tramway Powerhouse for decades, but by the 1990s, its collection was outgrowing the building, which was deteriorating from a lack of maintenance.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Recreational Equipment, Inc.</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1998 Jack Forney, Jr., moved the Forney Museum to a different location and sold the Tramway Powerhouse to Recreational Equipment, Inc. (REI). The company believed the building’s large size, historic character, visibility, easy access, and proximity to the river and bike paths would make it a perfect location for a Denver flagship store. First, however, the company had to undertake a two-year, $32 million rehabilitation project.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Led by Mithun Partners and Semple Brown Design, the rehabilitation involved stabilizing the building’s foundation, installing new steel bracing to reinforce the structure, putting on a new roof, and inserting some partitions and steel mezzanines inside to make the large interior volume work for retail. The building’s former coal-dump extension became the main entrance, while the exterior grounds, once full of rail lines and railroad cars, were turned into a landscaped yard with a pedestrian plaza on top of an underground parking garage. The project was made possible by $6.3 million in tax-increment financing from the <strong>Denver Urban Renewal Authority</strong> (DURA) to encourage development in the Central Platte Valley.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>REI opened its Denver flagship in 2000, and the building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. A small part of the building’s streetcar heritage can still be experienced at the nearby Denver Trolley, where a streetcar runs along the South Platte River from REI to Lower Colfax Avenue during the summer months.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The store’s visibility makes it a well-known Denver icon. It does a brisk business among the city’s avid outdoor recreation community, allowing REI to pay back its DURA financing three years earlier than anticipated. Its success has spurred new development in the previously orphaned area between the South Platte River and Interstate 25, providing a crucial link between downtown and <strong>Highlands</strong>.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-tramway-company" hreflang="en">Denver Tramway Company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/public-transportation" hreflang="en">public transportation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/forney-museum-transportation" hreflang="en">Forney Museum of Transportation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rei" hreflang="en">REI</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/recreational-equipment-inc" hreflang="en">Recreational Equipment Inc.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Robert A. Deering, “Denver Tramway Powerhouse,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, February 28, 2001.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.forneymuseum.org/News_MuseumHistory1.html">History of the Forney Museum</a>,” Forney Museum of Transportation, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>George W. Hilton, “Denver’s Cable Railways,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 44, no. 1 (Winter 1967).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sam Lusky, <em>101 Years Young: The Tramway Saga</em> (Denver: Denver Tramway, 1968).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kevin Pharris, <em>Riding Denver’s Rails: A Mile High Streetcar History</em> (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://renewdenver.org/projects/recreational-equipment-inc/">Recreational Equipment, Inc.</a>,” Denver Urban Renewal Authority, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://semplebrown.com/works/historic/rei-denver-flagship/">REI Denver Flagship</a>,” Semple Brown, n.d.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Allen duPont Breck, <em>William Gray Evans, 1855–1924: Portrait of a Western Executive</em> (Denver: University of Denver Department of History, 1964).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.denvertrolley.org/">Denver Trolley</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Nicholas J. Wharton, <em>Denver Landmarks and Historic Districts</em>, 2nd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Don Robertson et al., <em>Denver’s Street Railways</em>, 3 vols. (Denver: Sundance, 1999–2011).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 09 Jul 2020 16:53:49 +0000 yongli 3389 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Denver City Cable Railway Building http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-city-cable-railway-building <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver City Cable Railway Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-07-09T10:27:30-06:00" title="Thursday, July 9, 2020 - 10:27" class="datetime">Thu, 07/09/2020 - 10:27</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-city-cable-railway-building" data-a2a-title="Denver City Cable Railway Building"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdenver-city-cable-railway-building&amp;title=Denver%20City%20Cable%20Railway%20Building"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Denver City Cable Railway Building (1201 Eighteenth Street) was built in 1889 as the company’s new headquarters and wheelhouse for its system of cable cars. As a central piece of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s large cable-car network, which was one of the most extensive in the country, the building helped made the physical expansion of the city possible. Yet transit technology changed quickly, and the building served its original purpose for only a decade before the Denver City Cable Railway went bankrupt and its lines were replaced by electric streetcars.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The building later served as a warehouse and automobile garage before being saved from demolition in the early 1970s and turned into an Old Spaghetti Factory. Today the building is home to a miniature golf–themed restaurant called Urban Putt.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Public Transportation in Denver</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Denver City Cable Railway Company started in 1871 as the Denver Horse Railroad Company, the city’s first effort to provide public transportation. Taking advantage of Denver’s booming growth, the company built a track along <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-square"><strong>Larimer</strong></a> and Champa Streets from West Denver (<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver"><strong>Auraria</strong></a>) to <strong>Curtis Park</strong>. Horses pulled cars along the tracks, enabling people to commute longer distances more easily and allowing Curtis Park to become Denver’s first streetcar suburb. As the city continued to grow over the next decade, the Denver Horse Railroad Company became Denver City Railway and expanded its network to more than fifteen miles of track served by forty-five horsecars, all operating out of a car barn near <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/union-station-0"><strong>Union Station</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Wheelhouse and Headquarters</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver’s transit industry became fiercely competitive in the late 1880s and early 1890s, when new technologies such as the cable car and the electric streetcar overtook the horse. Rival companies fought to implement these technologies in their rapidly expanding networks, which shaped the physical growth of the city. Starting in 1888, Denver City Railway invested heavily in cable cars, which used an underground cable to pull cars along the street, and changed its name to Denver City Cable Railway.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To drive its cables at ten miles per hour, Denver City Cable needed a large wheelhouse. It built one at the corner of Eighteenth and Lawrence Streets, which also served as its new headquarters. The two-story brick building was a particularly fine example of the round-arched style often used for industrial architecture at the time. A great arch framed the building’s Eighteenth Street entrance, while a series of arched bays along the walls set off pairs of arched windows. Intricate brickwork between the bays, at the corners, and above each story helped break up the building’s huge size, which measured 125 feet by 150 feet. A 110-foot smokestack rose from the building’s rear. Inside, the building’s 54,000 square feet provided space for a wheelhouse, power plant, car barn, and corporate offices.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver City Cable’s network opened in the fall of 1889 with three lines—on Larimer, Welton, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sixteenth-street-denver"><strong>Sixteenth</strong></a> Streets—using five cables. The Welton line stretched 36,850 feet (about 7 miles), the longest in the United States at the time; it was later surpassed only by the Lexington Avenue line in New York City. The wheelhouse was built with extra capacity—up to thirteen cables—to allow for expansions. The company eventually built a thirty-mile cable network on seven lines, the largest cable system ever driven by a single powerhouse. The company’s main rival, the <a href="/article/denver-tramway-company"><strong>Denver Tramway Company</strong></a>, also had about thirty miles of cable lines, giving the city one of the most extensive cable-car networks in the United States.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Yet that extensive cable-car network soon became outdated as new electric streetcars powered by overhead lines proved superior to cable cars in most situations. Denver City Cable built some electric streetcars, but it lagged significantly behind Denver Tramway, which had converted all its lines to electric by 1893. After the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong>, Denver Tramway began to gobble up smaller competitors and incorporate them into its efficient electric network; meanwhile, Denver City Cable declined. It went bankrupt in 1893, reorganized, and then went bankrupt again in 1898. It was soon acquired by Tramway, which converted all its cable lines to electric streetcars by 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Parking and Preservation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After Denver City Cable’s lines were electrified, the company’s old wheelhouse was rendered obsolete. Its large interior spaces proved ideal for warehouse and industrial use. In the early 1900s, it housed Morse Brothers Machinery and the S.H. Supply Company. Later, as automobiles gained popularity, the building was converted to a garage and served for a time as a Hertz truck-rental location.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the early 1970s, the building was slated for demolition by the <strong>Denver Urban Renewal Authority</strong> (DURA), which was clearing much of downtown for redevelopment. Before DURA could knock the building down, however, it caught the eye of the owner of the Old Spaghetti Factory restaurant chain, who hoped to open a Denver location there. He got in touch with local contractor and preservationist James Judd, who quickly rallied the city council to save the building. Judd then bought the building from DURA for $150,000 and rehabilitated it for use as a restaurant and office space.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1973 Old Spaghetti Factory opened in the building, which was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The Old Spaghetti Factory became known for its railroad theme, which included an old cable car inside its expansive dining room.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Judd’s family owned the Denver City Cable building until 2007, when they sold it for $7 million to developers who planned to use it as a base for two hotel towers. The <strong>Great Recession</strong> derailed those plans.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Old Spaghetti Factory remained the building’s main tenant until it closed in 2018. Its space was taken over by Urban Putt, a San Francisco–based company that builds extravagant indoor miniature-golf courses that include a restaurant and bar. Urban Putt spent $5 million renovating the interior and opened in September 2019 with two nine-hole courses.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-city-cable-railway" hreflang="en">Denver City Cable Railway</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cable-cars" hreflang="en">cable cars</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/old-spaghetti-factory" hreflang="en">Old Spaghetti Factory</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/urban-putt" hreflang="en">Urban Putt</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Dave Burdick, “<a href="https://denverite.com/2018/08/21/denvers-old-spaghetti-factory-will-close-next-month/">Denver’s Old Spaghetti Factory Will Close Next Month</a>,” <em>Denverite</em>, August 21, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James E. Fell Jr., “Denver City Cable Railway Building,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, August 29, 1978.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>George W. Hilton, “Denver’s Cable Railways,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 44, no. 1 (Winter 1967).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Andrew Kenney, “<a href="https://denverite.com/2017/06/08/denver-city-cable-railway-building-downtown-spaghetti-factory-history/">The Denver City Cable Railway Building Was Saved From a Downtown Apocalypse by Spaghetti and Coincidence</a>,” <em>Denverite</em>, June 8, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kevin Pharris, <em>Riding Denver’s Rails: A Mile High Streetcar History</em> (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Wenzel, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2019/09/13/urban-putt-denver/">Urban Putt Transforms Denver’s Old Spaghetti Factory Into Surreal Mini-Golf Playground (With a Bar)</a>,” <em>The </em><em>Denver Post</em>, September 13, 2019.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas J. Noel and Nicholas J. Wharton, <em>Denver Landmarks and Historic Districts</em>, 2nd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Don Robertson, et al., <em>Denver’s Street Railways</em>, 3 vols. (Denver: Sundance, 1999–2011).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 09 Jul 2020 16:27:30 +0000 yongli 3387 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Tramway Building (Hotel Teatro) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tramway-building-hotel-teatro <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Tramway Building (Hotel Teatro)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-07-06T17:00:52-06:00" title="Monday, July 6, 2020 - 17:00" class="datetime">Mon, 07/06/2020 - 17:00</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tramway-building-hotel-teatro" data-a2a-title="Tramway Building (Hotel Teatro)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ftramway-building-hotel-teatro&amp;title=Tramway%20Building%20%28Hotel%20Teatro%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Completed in 1911, the Tramway Building (1100 Fourteenth Street, Denver) consists of a striking red-and-white tower and adjacent car barn that originally served as the headquarters of the powerful <strong>Denver Tramway Company</strong>. In 1956 Tramway sold the building to the <strong>University of Colorado</strong>, which housed its Denver Center there after converting the car barn to classrooms. Students and faculty moved out after the <strong>Auraria Higher Education Center</strong> opened just across <strong>Cherry Creek</strong> in the late 1970s, and the University of Colorado later sold the building. In 1991 the <strong>Denver Center for the Performing Arts</strong> acquired the car barn, which now houses its education program, and in 1998 developers bought the tower and turned it into a boutique hotel called Hotel Teatro.</p> <h2>Tramway Headquarters</h2> <p>The Denver Tramway Company got its start in 1885, when former governor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>, his son <strong>William Gray Evans</strong>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William Byers</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/david-h-moffat"><strong>David Moffat</strong></a>, and other investors founded the Denver Electric &amp; Cable Railway Company to operate streetcars for public transportation. Over the next fifteen years, Tramway blanketed <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> with a large network of lines as it competed with its main rival, the <strong>Denver City Cable Railway Company</strong>. Tramway’s conversion to electric lines in the 1890s gave it a decisive advantage, and by 1900 it had absorbed Denver City Cable Railway as well as most other competitors. As the main streetcar company in the city during the early 1900s, Tramway enjoyed unprecedented power—power that was ratified by the people in 1906, when voters narrowly approved the company’s franchise for another thirty years.</p> <p>Its future secure, Tramway embarked on a period of expansion under William Gray Evans, who had become company president in 1902. Soon the company’s growth demanded a larger headquarters to house everyone under one roof. Planned and built from 1909 to 1911, the new Tramway Building was a full Evans family affair: William Gray Evans’s son <strong>John Evans II </strong>supervised construction in his role as Tramway’s chief engineer, and the building took shape on the site of the former Evans family residence. The location had the advantage of being just a block away from the Central Loop on Fifteenth Street where Tramway’s lines converged.</p> <p>Designed by Denver architects <strong>William E. Fisher </strong>and <strong>Arthur A. Fisher</strong>, the Tramway Building consisted of two parts: an eight-story office tower rising up from Fourteenth Street and a two-story car barn stretching back along Arapahoe Street to Thirteenth. The office tower combined Renaissance Revival elements, such as the building’s rusticated terra-cotta base, contrasting facade of red brick and white terra-cotta, and prominent cornice, with the verticality and lack of corner ornamentation that characterized early Chicago School skyscrapers. Inside, the entrance lobby was awash in pink, white, and green marble. Above, the offices of the company’s general manager, treasurer, and auditor were connected by pneumatic tube for easy communication. Vaults and wall safes were built in throughout the tower, which also had its own plants for light, heat, and power. Behind the office tower lay Tramway’s car barn, where streetcars could be stored and serviced. A partial third story above the car barn contained facilities for Tramway’s streetcar operators, including an auditorium, reading room, barber shop, and gym.</p> <p>The Tramway Building opened in May 1911. Denver Tramway initially occupied five floors in the office tower and rented the remaining three floors until it grew into the space.</p> <h2>CU in the City</h2> <p>Despite being the only streetcar company in Denver, Tramway faced a potent new rival starting in the 1910s—the automobile. Over the next few decades, automobile use soared while streetcar ridership declined. The company started to phase out streetcars before World War II, then completed the transition to trolley coaches (rubber-tired vehicles that connected to overhead wires for power) and diesel buses by 1950. Yet even these modernization efforts could not arrest its decline as Denver residents embraced postwar suburban car culture.</p> <p>In 1955 Tramway moved its headquarters and garages to an industrial area a few miles south of downtown. A year later, the company sold its old headquarters building to the University of Colorado, which moved its Denver extension there. Some interior changes were necessary to turn the car barn into classrooms and the tower into offices, but the marble lobby and many other details remained. Outside, the building saw few changes aside from the addition of a full third floor over the car barn and the replacement of the car barn’s garage doors with human-scaled entrances in the early 1970s.</p> <p>In 1977 the University of Colorado–Denver began to move classrooms and offices from the Tramway Building to the newly constructed Auraria Higher Education Center. In 1978 the Tramway Building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and it was later made part of the Downtown Denver Historic District.</p> <h2>Hotel Teatro and the DCPA</h2> <p>The University of Colorado continued to own the Tramway Building even after its main Denver campus operations had moved. In 1991 the neighboring Denver Center for the Performing Arts (DCPA) bought the car barn portion of the building for additional office space, storage, and performance workshops. Today it is home to DCPA’s Robert and Judi Newman Center for Theatre Education.</p> <p>The eight-story Tramway Building tower sat vacant for most of the 1990s. In 1998 developers Jeff Selby and Michael Brenneman acquired the tower and, with assistance from the State Historical Fund, hired <strong>David Owen Tryba Architects</strong> to adapt it into a boutique hotel. Much of the interior was gutted and rebuilt, and a set-back ninth-story penthouse was added on top. The marble lobby and striking red brick and white terra-cotta exterior were carefully restored. The building reopened in 1999 as Hotel Teatro, the name a nod to its location near the <strong>Denver Performing Arts Complex</strong>.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-tramway-company" hreflang="en">Denver Tramway Company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-gray-evans" hreflang="en">William Gray Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hotel-teatro" hreflang="en">Hotel Teatro</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado-denver-center" hreflang="en">University of Colorado Denver Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-center-performing-arts" hreflang="en">Denver Center for the Performing Arts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fisher-and-fisher" hreflang="en">Fisher and Fisher</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Allen duPont Breck,<em> William Gray Evans, 1855–1924: Portrait of a Western Executive</em> (Denver: University of Denver Department of History, 1964).</p> <p>Stephanie Chapman, “The Tramway Building,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form (1977).</p> <p>Ellen Gray, “<a href="https://coloradotravelermagazine.fiblue.com/hotels-resorts/historic-hotel-teatro/">Historic Hotel Teatro</a>,” <em>Colorado Traveler Magazine</em>, November 25, 2013.</p> <p>George W. Hilton, “Denver’s Cable Railways,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 44, no. 1 (Winter 1967).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.trybaarchitects.com/portfolio/hotel-teatro">Hotel Teatro, Denver, Colorado</a>,” Tryba Architects, n.d.</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p> <p>Sam Lusky, <em>101 Years Young: The Tramway Saga</em> (Denver: Denver Tramway, 1968).</p> <p>Kevin Pharris, <em>Riding Denver’s Rails: A Mile High Streetcar History</em> (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2013).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>David Fridtjof Halaas, “The House in the Heart of a City: The Byers and Evans Families of Denver,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> 4 (1989).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel and Nicholas J. Wharton, <em>Denver Landmarks and Historic Districts</em>, 2nd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2016).</p> <p>Alan Prendergrast, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/news/four-seasons-denver-construction-led-to-missing-millions-criminal-charges-10304391">How the Quest to Build the Four Seasons Led to Criminal Charges</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, May 16, 2018.</p> <p>Don Robertson, et al., <em>Denver’s Street Railways</em>, 3 vols. (Denver: Sundance, 1999–2011).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 06 Jul 2020 23:00:52 +0000 yongli 3369 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Farmers State Bank of Cope http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/farmers-state-bank-cope <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Farmers State Bank of Cope</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-07-06T16:49:05-06:00" title="Monday, July 6, 2020 - 16:49" class="datetime">Mon, 07/06/2020 - 16:49</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/farmers-state-bank-cope" data-a2a-title="Farmers State Bank of Cope"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffarmers-state-bank-cope&amp;title=Farmers%20State%20Bank%20of%20Cope"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Farmers State Bank of Cope (<a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/washington-county"><strong>Washington County</strong></a>) opened in 1918 at the southwest corner of Main Street and Washington Avenue. The first and only bank that ever operated in Cope, Farmers State Bank was founded and led largely by local women until the <strong>Great Depression</strong> and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong></a> forced its closure in 1934. The bank’s poured-concrete building then housed a liquor store and pharmacy before becoming the headquarters of Things to Come Mission from 1962 to 1990. It is now owned by the Cope Community Church.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Banking in Cope</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Established in the late 1880s, Cope was named for early settler Jonathan Cope and took shape as <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteaders</strong></a> began to populate Colorado’s northeastern plains. By the 1910s, despite the dry climate and lack of a railroad, Cope developed into a town of about 100 people, with a post office, school, church, blacksmith, barber, doctor, dentist, and general store. At the time, however, the town had no bank, the closest one being forty miles north in <strong>Yuma</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to its bank, Yuma was also home to the Charles B. Marvin Investment Company. Charles Marvin focused on land investments, which were booming in the late 1910s because Colorado’s northeastern plains had benefited from a string of wet years and high agricultural demand driven by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>. By early 1917, three Marvin employees—Nellie Fastenau, Carrie Ingersoll, and William Foran—had joined with Murray Edward Gilderbloom to start the Colorado Farm Lands Company, which bought, sold, and managed agricultural land. In February 1917, those four filed paperwork with the Colorado State Bank Commission to establish Farmers State Bank of Cope, which would lend money to farmers to buy land and provide a place for Cope residents to deposit their cash.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Construction on the Farmers State Bank building started in 1917, with most of the work done by local men. Murray Gilderbloom was trained as a civil engineer and might have helped design the poured-concrete building, which was the only poured-concrete commercial building in town. The use of poured concrete rather than the typical materials of sod or wood lent the bank an aura of stability.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Unlike most of the town’s other buildings, the bank’s exterior had sidewalks on both street-facing sides and a corner entrance opening onto the intersection of Main Street and Washington Avenue. Large windows on the north and east sides let in plenty of light and gave the teller a chance to recognize customers before they came in. Inside, the one-story bank had four main rooms and a large central vault.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Customers using the corner entrance stepped into the large front lobby, which featured an oak floor, marble baseboards, and a teller counter. Behind the teller counter stood the bank’s large Herring-Hall-Mervin vault. The vault was flanked by two small rooms: an office or storage room to the south and a coat room to the north. Another large room, roughly the size of the lobby, occupied the rear of the building. The large rear room had access to the vault and probably served as the meeting room and bank president’s office. Stairs in the southwest corner led to a concrete basement for coal storage. Originally the building had no indoor plumbing; bank workers and customers would have had to use the outhouses behind Cope Community Church next door.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Farmers State Bank received its charter on April 10, 1918, and opened its doors a month later. The bank started with $10,000 in capital, nearly all of it coming from Fastenau, Foran, Gilderbloom, Ingersoll, and their close relatives. Fastenau served as president, Gilderbloom as cashier, and Allie Campbell as assistant cashier. Within two months, the bank had received more than $23,000 in deposits and made more than $15,000 in loans; after six months, it had more than $32,000 in deposits and more than $47,000 in loans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to being the only bank ever to operate in Cope, Farmers State Bank was also noteworthy for its predominantly female leadership. At a time when women rarely held positions of power in financial institutions, Farmers State Bank counted seven women among its original twelve investors, hired women as cashiers, and—most important—boasted a female president. President Nellie Fastenau quickly started using her initials instead of her first name in all filings and reports—probably to avoid alienating people who might be uncomfortable with a female bank president—but she remained the bank’s leader throughout its life.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>After the Bank</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early 1930s, northeastern Colorado’s promising agricultural conditions and prosperous land market collapsed as the area was hit by the Dust Bowl, the Great Depression, and a devastating grasshopper infestation. Faced with those disasters, Farmers State Bank of Cope could not survive. On March 31, 1934, the bank’s stockholders voted to dissolve the institution. Depositors were paid in full before the bank officially closed in July. At the time, the nearest bank for Cope residents lay nineteen miles southeast, in Kirk.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Farmers State Bank closed, Nellie Fastenau and Carrie Ingersoll still owned the bank building. They soon opened a liquor store and pharmacy there, taking advantage of the recent repeal of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/prohibition"><strong>prohibition</strong></a>. The liquor store and pharmacy remained in operation until about 1940, which was the last time the bank building housed a commercial business.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1950 Fastenau briefly lived in the bank building between selling her house and moving in with her younger sister in Colorado Springs. Five years later, she sold the bank building to R. F. Heady, who then sold the building in 1956 to the Pioneer Construction Company of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>. The company used the building as an office while constructing US 36 through the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1962 the bank building was acquired by Cope Community Church pastor Eldred Sidebottom and his Things to Come Mission. Things to Come used the building as the headquarters of its international missionary work for the next twenty-eight years. At the end of 1990, Things to Come moved its headquarters to Indianapolis to make it more nationwide. The organization sold the bank building to Sidebottom, who remained in Cope. In 2005 Sidebottom sold the bank building to the Cope Community Church, and in 2017 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cope" hreflang="en">Cope</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-banks" hreflang="en">historic banks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">colorado women&#039;s history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-history" hreflang="en">women&#039;s history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/things-come-mission" hreflang="en">Things to Come Mission</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cope-community-church" hreflang="en">Cope Community Church</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Patricia Covert, “Farmers State Bank of Cope,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (September 25, 2016).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Washington County Museum Association, <em>The Pioneer Book of Washington County, Colorado</em> (Denver: Big Mountain Press, 1959).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 06 Jul 2020 22:49:05 +0000 yongli 3366 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Tabor Opera House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tabor-opera-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Tabor Opera House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3303--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3303.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/tabor-opera-house-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Grand-Opera-Media-1_1.jpg?itok=4W8tgdkF" width="1000" height="1257" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/tabor-opera-house-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Tabor Opera House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built by Horace Tabor in 1879, the Tabor Opera House brought high-class entertainment to the rough mining camp of Leadville.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3304--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3304.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/elks-opera-house"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Tabor-Opera-House-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=6i1Xtb7_" width="900" height="900" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/elks-opera-house" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Elks Opera House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After Horace Tabor lost his opera house in the Panic of 1893, it became the Weston Opera House and the the Elks Opera House, with the Leadville Elks Lodge using the building as a meeting space and theater throughout the early twentieth century.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" 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field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-04-10T15:31:05-06:00" title="Friday, April 10, 2020 - 15:31" class="datetime">Fri, 04/10/2020 - 15:31</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tabor-opera-house" data-a2a-title="Tabor Opera House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ftabor-opera-house&amp;title=Tabor%20Opera%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Tabor Opera House (308 Harrison Avenue, Leadville) was built by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/horace-tabor"><strong>Horace Tabor</strong></a> in 1879 to bring high-class entertainment to the rough mining camp of <strong>Leadville</strong>. It was for a while one of the top theaters in the state. Horace Tabor had to sell the property during the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong>. It later was home to the Leadville Elks Lodge for many decades before being sold in 1955 to locals Florence Hollister and Evelyn Furman, who worked to preserve and maintain the building. Today the opera house is owned by the city of Leadville and managed by the Tabor Opera House Preservation Foundation, which presents performances there and is rehabilitating the historic building.</p> <h2>Grand Opera for a Booming City</h2> <p>Soon after its silver boom started in 1878, Leadville gained a well-deserved reputation as a rough place full of violence and vice. Local merchant, first mayor, and newly minted mining millionaire Horace Tabor attempted to tame the city by organizing a fire brigade, a telephone system, a bank, and a waterworks. He also believed Leadville deserved a high-class theater where residents could enjoy more refined entertainment than could be found in the red-light district on State Street. In summer 1879, he broke ground for a grand new theater building on Harrison Avenue next to the city’s first luxury hotel, the Clarendon, which had opened that spring. “It is to be the only legitimate theatre or the only place where respectable people need not be afraid to go,” reported the <em>Daily Chronicle</em>. “This has been one great need of Leadville for months.”</p> <p>On November 20, 1879, Leadville residents flocked to the Tabor Opera House’s opening night, where they saw theater manager and actor Jack Langrishe stage a performance of a comedy called <em>The Serious Family</em>. They also got a good look at the building itself, a large, boxy three-story brick structure measuring 60 feet wide, 60 feet tall, and 120 feet deep. The ground floor had two storefronts framing the central theater entrance. Inside, patrons ascended a grand staircase to the second-floor auditorium. There they were greeted by more than 800 plush red chairs—about half on the main floor and half on the mezzanine—facing a stage said to be one of the largest west of New York City. The building’s second floor also held offices and private apartments for Tabor and Clarendon Hotel owner W. H. Bush, who had helped finance the opera house. The third floor served as a twenty-five-room expansion of the Clarendon, with a bridge connecting the neighboring buildings.</p> <p>The opening of the Tabor Opera House signified that Leadville had serious cultural aspirations. Indeed, the opera house was for several years the second most important theater in the state, behind only the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city-opera-house"><strong>Central City Opera House</strong></a>. When the railroad reached Leadville in summer 1880, former president Ulysses S. Grant arrived on the first train and attended a performance at the Tabor that evening. Throughout the 1880s, the Tabor served as a stop on the <strong>Silver Circuit</strong> for touring theatrical companies, and it also attracted plenty of other national and regional tours, symphony orchestras, minstrel shows, and vaudevilles. Leadville’s most famous visitor, Oscar Wilde, gave a talk on aesthetic theory at the Tabor in April 1882, while Broadway actress Kate Claxton played there in 1881, Shakespearean actor Lawrence Barrett performed in 1883, and the Europeans Francesca Janauschek and Helena Modjeska also made appearances.</p> <p>Nevertheless, once Leadville’s initial mining boom subsided and its many new millionaires moved down to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, the city and its cultural jewel started a slow slide into second-tier status. Horace Tabor embodied and even advanced the change; he was living mostly in Denver by 1880 and opened the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tabor-grand-opera-house"><strong>Tabor Grand Opera House</strong></a> there in 1881, far outclassing all other theaters in the state. The Tabor Opera House in Leadville continued to attract top national shows, but each year the number of performances decreased and the season got shorter. By the end of the 1880s, the Tabor was able to offer first-class theatrical productions only once a week, with the rest of its schedule filled by local productions, speeches, meetings, and other community events.</p> <h2>After the Crash</h2> <p>The Panic of 1893 and the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act that year hit Colorado’s mining economy hard and destroyed many fortunes, including Horace Tabor’s. Tabor had to sell all his property in an attempt to stay afloat. He found it hard to part with his Leadville opera house, his first grand building that long served as his local residence, and it was reportedly the last possession he placed on the selling block. A local miner, rancher, and lawyer named Algernon Weston scooped it up for $22,000 and rechristened it the Weston Opera House.</p> <p>During Weston’s ownership, the opera house continued to attract some top-tier entertainment as Leadville’s economy recovered from the 1893 crash. The best performances came infrequently, however, and typically stayed for only one night before moving on. In between, the Weston Opera House stage was home to minstrel shows and other B-level entertainment. One landmark event came in 1897, when the opera house hosted a “Wonderful Magniscope,” probably the first movie ever shown in Leadville. When Weston died that same year, ownership of the opera house passed to his widow.</p> <p>By the early 1900s, Leadville was a productive but shrinking mining town, and Weston’s widow had a hard time attracting audiences to the opera house. In 1901 she sold the building to J. H. Heron, who soon resold it to the Leadville Elks Lodge for $12,000. The Elks planned to use the building’s upper floors as their meeting space while restoring the theater to its first-class status. After spending a reported $25,000 on renovations, including a smaller stage area that allowed for more seating, they reopened the theater in December 1902 as the Elks Opera House. The first performance was the popular musical comedy <em>Florodora</em>.</p> <p>The Elks may have spruced up the opera house, but they could not change the trajectory of Leadville’s economy or national trends in entertainment. After making a brief splash with its reopening, the building continued its gradual, decades-long decline from being one of the top opera houses in the state to serving as a glorified local community center. National tours appeared less frequently and eventually stopped coming at all. To fill the stage, the Elks put on a regular vaudeville show and sometimes screened movies. Eventually, the theater was used primarily for local school and community functions. By the 1930s, when the neighboring Clarendon Hotel was torn down, the opera house’s formerly grand interior was becoming a bit shabby, while its exterior was starting to crumble.</p> <h2>Saving the Tabor</h2> <p>After World War II, Leadville enjoyed relative prosperity thanks to the profits of the nearby <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/climax-molybdenum-mine"><strong>Climax Molybdenum Mine</strong></a>, and the city embarked on a project of modernization. Many old buildings were torn down and new structures put up. As part of this wave of renewal, the Elks decided to move out of their expensive old home and build a new lodge. In 1954 they listed the Tabor for sale and received a bid of $20,000 from a local woman named Florence Hollister, a retired schoolteacher who had moved to Leadville and become fascinated by the town’s history. After the Elks voted to accept Hollister’s bid, she took possession of the opera house in January 1955 with the goal of preserving and restoring an important piece of local history.</p> <p>Working with her daughter, Evelyn Livingston Furman, who was also living in Leadville, Hollister immediately revived the Tabor Opera House name, patched up the leaky roof, and opened the building to public tours as a way of raising money for its restoration. Gradually Hollister and Furman restored parts of the building and worked to prevent further deterioration. After Hollister died in 1965, Furman continued the project herself. She ran the opera house for more than thirty years before turning it over to her daughter, Sharon Furman Bland, in the late 1990s.</p> <h2>Recent Preservation Efforts</h2> <p>In 2003 Leadville locals formed the Tabor Opera House Preservation Foundation to help the Bland family preserve and restore the building. Despite their efforts, it proved difficult to raise money to maintain the aging opera house. By the mid-2010s, there was a growing sense that urgent action was needed. In 2016 the opera house was listed as an Endangered Place by Colorado Preservation Inc. and deemed a National Treasure by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p> <p>The Tabor’s listing as an Endangered Place and a National Treasure quickly helped mobilize new resources behind the building’s rehabilitation. In summer 2016, <strong>Colorado Creative Industries</strong> revived a miniature Silver Circuit as a fundraiser for historic theaters across the state, including the Tabor. By that fall, the city of Leadville had raised enough money from private donations and grants to buy the Tabor Opera House from the Bland family for $600,000.</p> <p>After the city bought the building, the Tabor Opera House Preservation Foundation reorganized and started to focus on fundraising for repairs as well as operating the building in line with consultant recommendations. In 2017 the foundation presented its first full season of performances at the opera house, followed in 2018 and 2019 by a steady flow of musical performances and local cultural events. In 2020 the first phase of rehabilitation work will begin with repair of the masonry and windows on the building’s exposed west and south facades. Fundraising is ongoing for future phases of work, which are planned to repair the rest of the building’s exterior; revive its historic storefronts; rehabilitate the interior; provide greater accessibility’ and improve power, lighting, and ventilation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tabor-opera-house" hreflang="en">Tabor Opera House</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/horace-tabor" hreflang="en">horace tabor</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/weston-opera-house" hreflang="en">Weston Opera House</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leadville" hreflang="en">Leadville</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leadville-elks-lodge" hreflang="en">Leadville Elks Lodge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/florence-hollister" hreflang="en">Florence Hollister</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/evelyn-furman" hreflang="en">Evelyn Furman</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tabor-opera-house-preservation-foundation" hreflang="en">Tabor Opera House Preservation Foundation</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Dorothy M. Degitz, <em>History of the Tabor Opera House, Leadville, Colorado, from 1879 to 1905</em> (MA thesis, Western State College of Colorado, 1935).</p> <p>Evelyn E. Livingston Furman, <em>The Tabor Opera House: A Captivating History</em> (Leadville, CO: n.p., 1972).</p> <p>“<a href="https://coloradopreservation.org/2016-list-colorados-most-endangered-places/tabor-opera/">Tabor Opera House</a>,” Endangered Places Program, Colorado Preservation Inc., 2016.</p> <p>“<a href="https://savingplaces.org/places/tabor-opera-house#.XYvKzOdKhBw">Tabor Opera House</a>,” National Treasures, National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.taboroperahouse.net/past-present">The Tabor Opera House, Past and Present</a>,” Tabor Opera House Preservation Foundation.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Christian G. Buys, <em>A Quick History of Leadville</em> (Montrose, CO: Western Reflections, 2004).</p> <p>Don L. Griswold and Jean Harvey Griswold, <em>History of Leadville and Lake County, Colorado: From Mountain Solitude to Metropolis</em> (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1996).</p> <p>Michael Hensley, <em>A History of the Theatre in Leadville, CO, From Its Beginning to 1900</em> (MA thesis, University of Wyoming, 1963).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 10 Apr 2020 21:31:05 +0000 yongli 3217 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Henderson Molybdenum Mine http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/henderson-molybdenum-mine <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Henderson Molybdenum Mine</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3209--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3209.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/henderson-mine"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/HendersonMineCO_0.jpg?itok=UD-v0h9e" width="600" height="406" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/henderson-mine" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Henderson Mine</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Located about ten miles west of Empire, the Henderson Molybdenum Mine started production in 1976 after a decade-long development process.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3210--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3210.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/molybdenite-henderson-orebody"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Henderson_Porphyry_Molybdenum_Deposit_0.jpg?itok=k5aUeMmL" width="800" height="480" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/molybdenite-henderson-orebody" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Molybdenite from Henderson Orebody</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Molybdenite (dark gray) is taken from deep underground at the Henderson mine and transported on a fifteen-mile conveyor belt to the Henderson mill, where it is separated from the surrounding rock to yield a 90 percent pure molybdenum concentrate.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-04-10T10:25:16-06:00" title="Friday, April 10, 2020 - 10:25" class="datetime">Fri, 04/10/2020 - 10:25</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/henderson-molybdenum-mine" data-a2a-title="Henderson Molybdenum Mine"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhenderson-molybdenum-mine&amp;title=Henderson%20Molybdenum%20Mine"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located about nine miles west of <strong>Empire</strong>, the Henderson Molybdenum Mine was developed by American Metal Climax (AMAX) and opened in 1976 to work one of the world’s largest known molybdenum deposits. A conveyor belt for transporting ore connects the mine to a separate mill on the western side of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a>, whose location was chosen because of space constraints and water-quality concerns in the mine’s narrow valley along the West Fork of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clear-creek-canyon"><strong>Clear Creek</strong></a>. Production halted when the world molybdenum market crashed in the early 1980s, then resumed in 1984 on a limited basis dictated largely by global molybdenum prices. Now owned by Freeport-McMoRan, the mine employs about 350 people and is expected to remain productive until the late 2030s.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Discovery</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, world molybdenum demand surged as the element proved useful in strengthening steel. Coloradans developed two main molybdenum deposits. At Red Mountain, west of Empire, the Primos Chemical Company worked one find, while at Bartlett Mountain, near Fremont Pass, the Climax Molybdenum Company developed its own giant deposit. The end of World War I caused both companies to cease operations. The Primos company never restarted, but production at Red Mountain briefly resumed during <strong>World War II</strong> under the Molybdenum Corporation of America.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/climax-molybdenum-mine"><strong>Climax Mine</strong></a> became the world’s largest underground mine as well as the world’s largest molybdenum producer. In 1963 Climax Molybdenum’s parent company, American Metal Climax (later renamed AMAX), acquired the molybdenum ore body at Red Mountain. As AMAX began to mine the ore, company geologists started to think that other molybdenum deposits must exist somewhere nearby. AMAX’s vice president of western operations, Robert Henderson, encouraged systematic exploration of the area. Two years and forty-four test holes later, the company had nothing to show for its efforts. But the final test hole, drilled just after Henderson’s death in 1965, nicked the edge of a new ore body deep underground. After another two years of testing, AMAX determined that the ore body, which sat more than 4,000 feet beneath the surface, was at least 300 million tons, making it one of the largest known deposits in the world. AMAX decided to mine the molybdenum, and it named both the ore body and the facilities it built there in honor of Henderson.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Development of the Henderson Mine benefited from AMAX’s long experience at the Climax Mine as well as from the company’s willingness to engage with the growing environmental movement in Colorado. In 1966–67, when the company decided to develop the Henderson ore body, it worked with environmental groups to figure out how best to mine the molybdenum with minimal disruption to the surrounding area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The location of the ore body deep under a narrow valley near the headwaters of Clear Creek, an important source of water for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, shaped several key decisions. First, even though the mine had to be located at the ore body, surface facilities were kept at a minimum. Second, the mill and tailing-disposal site were built outside the vital Clear Creek watershed. After studying thirty-six potential sites, AMAX chose a location in the Williams Fork Valley on the western side of the Continental Divide, about fifteen miles from the mine, with a railroad connecting the two facilities. Finally, some construction was done using helicopter drops of materials and men to reduce the need to cut new roads through previously roadless forests.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The development of the mine and mill took nearly a decade and cost a total of about $500 million, making it the largest privately financed project in Colorado history to that point. The mine started production in 1976. With about 1,100 employees working round-the-clock shifts, Henderson soon matched the older Climax Mine in producing roughly one-quarter of the world’s molybdenum, giving AMAX control of half of global production.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Facilities and Production</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Henderson Mine has a relatively small surface footprint because most activity occurs 3,000–4,000 feet underground. The largest mine shaft in North America, capable of transporting more than 200 miners at a time, connects the surface facilities to the ore body. Down in the mine, dozens of miles of underground tunnels provide access to the ore body.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Miners originally drilled and blasted the rock until it fell into passes leading down to the ore train 4,000 feet beneath the surface. The train carried the ore on a fifteen-mile journey that started in a 9.6-mile tunnel under the Continental Divide and then continued along a 4.8-mile surface track west of the divide. The railroad tunnel, one of the world’s longest, took more than four years to build. As mining continued, the depth of the mine’s main production level dropped below the original ore-transport train in the mid-1990s. At first a conveyor belt took ore up to the train, which continued to haul ore to the mill. By 1999 the conveyor had been extended fifteen miles to the mill, making it the world’s longest, and the train ceased operations.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At the mill, ore is dumped into a crusher, reduced from large blocks to sand-like particles, and then submerged in water for a flotation recovery process in which oil and chemicals separate molybdenum disulfide from the rest of the rock. About eight pounds of 90 percent pure molybdenum concentrate is recovered from each ton of ore, leaving 1,992 pounds of sandy waste. Water carries the waste out of the mill to a large tailing pond, where it is held in place by a dam fifty feet high and 3,800 feet across. To recycle waste water and prevent it from flowing into the Williams Fork River, the pond was designed so that water could be drained out of it and reused to carry more tailings from the mill. Yet even if little leaching occurs, there is still a lot of waste in the Williams Fork Valley. In its work with environmental groups prior to developing Henderson, AMAX performed an inventory of the valley’s flora and fauna to help monitor the mill’s long-term effects.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Hard Times</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the Henderson Mine started production in 1976, the world molybdenum market was booming. Production at the Climax Mine set new records throughout the 1970s as molybdenum prices surged because of oil embargoes and the end of an old government stockpile program. Henderson reached full production in 1980, making it the world’s largest molybdenum producer, with about 2,000 employees. As high prices drew new mines into the market, however, global production began to outpace demand. The start of a recession in 1980–81 caused the world molybdenum market to quickly collapse. In 1982 AMAX suspended production at its Climax and Henderson Mines.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Suddenly, the Henderson and Climax mines went from controlling the world molybdenum market to being at the market’s mercy, with production decisions dictated by molybdenum prices. When prices started to recover from the crash, AMAX resumed limited production at the Henderson Mine in January 1984. It chose not to reopen the older Climax Mine, where production costs were much higher, leading to complaints from Climax miners, who felt that they were being discarded after their expertise had been used to develop the Henderson Mine. Henderson continued limited production through the 1980s and 1990s, with exact levels rising and falling along with the price of molybdenum, while Climax was mostly mothballed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Corporate ownership changes in the 1990s ended with the Henderson Mine in the hands of Phelps Dodge at the end of the decade. The mine struggled in the early 2000s, as molybdenum prices stumbled, but revived after 2002, when molybdenum prices suddenly rebounded with demand outpacing supply. Phelps Dodge invested $20 million to double production at the Henderson Mine over the next few years, to an annual total of 40 million pounds. Henderson remained in operation throughout the Great Recession under new corporate owner Freeport-McMoRan. By the end of 2010, the mine had produced more than 220 billion tons of ore over the course of its life, yielding 1 billion pounds of molybdenum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the mid-2010s, low molybdenum prices hurt the Henderson Mine, leading to layoffs and reduced production. Moreover, a suspension of new development within the mine resulted in an announced closure date of 2020, much sooner than previously anticipated. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clear-creek-county"><strong>Clear Creek County</strong></a>, which relied on the mine for 70 percent of its property tax revenue, rushed to revise future budgets.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late 2010s, however, the molybdenum-price rollercoaster turned up again. Freeport-McMoRan hired more miners at Henderson and resumed new development within the mine. This expansion of mining operations pushed Henderson’s life expectancy out another twenty years, until the late 2030s. With additional time to prepare for the mine’s retirement, Clear Creek County is trying to learn from <strong>Leadville</strong>’s disastrous experience with the lengthy Climax Mine closure by diversifying its economy through outdoor recreation and heritage tourism.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/henderson-molybdenum-mine" hreflang="en">Henderson Molybdenum Mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/amax" hreflang="en">AMAX</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/american-metal-climax" hreflang="en">American Metal Climax</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/climax-molybdenum-mine" hreflang="en">Climax Molybdenum Mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/climax-mine" hreflang="en">Climax Mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/henderson-mine" hreflang="en">Henderson Mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/robert-henderson" hreflang="en">Robert Henderson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/molybdenum" hreflang="en">molybdenum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/urad" hreflang="en">Urad</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Jason Blevins, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2017/08/31/henderson-mine-clear-creek-county-closure-delay/">Henderson Mine in Clear Creek County Resuming Operations, Which Could Delay Closure by 6 Years</a>,” <em>The </em><em>Denver Post</em>, August 31, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Henderson</em> (Empire, CO: AMAX, n.d.).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://thediggings.com/mines/usgs10012410">Henderson Molybdenum Mine</a>,” The Diggings, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradocentralmagazine.com/low-molybdenum-prices-lead-to-mine-lay-offs/">Low Molybdenum Prices Lead to Mine Lay-Offs</a>,” <em>Colorado Central Magazine</em>, June 2000.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lance Maggart, “<a href="https://www.skyhinews.com/news/freeport-officials-plan-additional-mine-panel-development-at-henderson/">Freeport Officials Plan Additional Mine Panel Development at Henderson</a>,” <em>Sky-Hi News</em>, March 14, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jesse Paul, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2015/12/10/looming-henderson-mine-closure-stokes-big-fears-in-clear-creek-county/">Looming Henderson Mine Closure Stokes Big Fears in Clear Creek County</a>,” <em>The </em><em>Denver Post</em>, December 10, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://thediggings.com/mines/usgs10012413">Urad Molybdenum Mine</a>,” The Diggings, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen M. Voynick, <em>Climax: The History of Colorado</em><em>’</em><em>s Climax Molybdenum Mine</em> (Missoula, MT: Mountain Press, 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Steve Voynick, “<a href="https://www.coloradocentralmagazine.com/restarting-climax-the-who-when-and-why/">Restarting Climax: The Who, When, and Why</a>,” <em>Colorado Central Magazine</em>, June 2006.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Walter Weart, “<a href="http://www.transportwriter.com/writings/writing4_minetram.htm">Mine Tram</a>,” TransportWriter.com, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Working to Keep Pace With Demand</em> (Greenwich, CT: Climax Molybdenum, 1979).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>“<a href="https://www.climaxmolybdenum.com/operations/usa#co-henderson">Colorado—Henderson Mine</a>,” Climax Molybdenum.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://miningdataonline.com/property/1301/Henderson-Mine.aspx">Henderson Mine</a>,” Mining Data Online.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 10 Apr 2020 16:25:16 +0000 yongli 3206 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Climax Molybdenum Mine http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/climax-molybdenum-mine <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Climax Molybdenum Mine</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3200--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3200.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/climax-mine-today"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Climax_Molybdenum_Mine%2C_Colorado_%2843347974010%29_0_0.jpg?itok=Ere3shHe" width="1000" height="671" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/climax-mine-today" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Climax Mine Today</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Climax Mine experienced hard times in the late twentieth century, frequently reducing production after 1982 and even shutting down for many years in the late 1990s and early 2000s. It resumed production in 2012 with a smaller workforce than before.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3240--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3240.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/climax-mine-1930s"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Climax-Molybdenum-Mine-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=y_NYXyOJ" width="900" height="720" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/climax-mine-1930s" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Climax Mine, 1930s</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After sitting idle for several years after World War I, the Climax Mine experienced tremendous growth and greatly increased its production in the late 1920s and 1930s. The effects of underground mining are evident in the caving seen here on Bartlett Mountain (center).</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3241--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3241.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/climax-employee-housing"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Climax-Molybdenum-Mine-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=N328YohN" width="900" height="712" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/climax-employee-housing" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Climax Employee Housing</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>To attract a stable workforce, Climax Molybdenum developed a company town atop Fremont Pass starting in 1936. The town eventually grew to roughly 1,800 residents before being moved twelve miles to Leadville in the early 1960s.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-04-09T11:26:30-06:00" title="Thursday, April 9, 2020 - 11:26" class="datetime">Thu, 04/09/2020 - 11:26</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/climax-molybdenum-mine" data-a2a-title="Climax Molybdenum Mine"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fclimax-molybdenum-mine&amp;title=Climax%20Molybdenum%20Mine"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lake-county"><strong>Lake County</strong></a> beside Fremont Pass, the Climax Molybdenum Mine started production in 1918 and grew to become the world’s largest underground mine. Deemed a national priority during <strong>World War II</strong> because of molybdenum’s importance in hardening steel, Climax continued to grow for a generation after the war. A molybdenum price crash sent the mine into a tailspin in the 1980s, devastating the local economy. After decades of&nbsp; maintenance and environmental restoration, the mine resumed production in 2012.</p> <h2>Early Years</h2> <p>The first people to come to Fremont Pass in search of precious metals probably arrived around 1860, as prospectors attracted by the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> fanned out across the central <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a> dreaming of new discoveries. Near the pass itself, they saw only a metallic, dark gray deposit that they assumed was graphite or galena. In the late 1870s, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a> silver boom drew another wave of prospectors to the area. Charles Senter ventured north to Fremont Pass and became the first person to stake a claim to the gray rock on nearby Bartlett Mountain, though he did not bother to file his claim for more than a decade. In the meantime, the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> completed a line to Leadville in 1880 and then continued north over Fremont Pass, naming the spot at the top of the pass Climax.</p> <p>In 1895 a <strong>Colorado School of Mines</strong> professor determined that the gray rock at Bartlett Mountain was molybdenite, a mineral made of molybdenum and sulfur. This discovery did not spark any serious interest in the area, however, because there was little demand for molybdenum-hardened steel and the ore at Bartlett Mountain was low-grade, requiring a lot of work for a little molybdenum.</p> <h2>Mining Begins</h2> <p>Real mining at Bartlett Mountain started in the 1910s. Molybdenum demand increased sharply that decade, first as European countries geared up for war and then as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> demonstrated the clear superiority of molybdenum-strengthened steel. The major local breakthrough came in 1915, when Otis King developed a process for separating molybdenum from molybdenite. Within two years, three separate companies employing several hundred workers were competing to develop claims near Climax.</p> <p>The most important of the companies at Climax was a syndicate organized by Max Schott of the American Metal Company. Incorporating as the Climax Molybdenum Company in early 1918, it opened a mine and mill that February and was able to ship its first molybdenum by April. In its first year, the Climax Mine was already the largest mine in Colorado. It took over most of the claims of its two competitors, who sold out in late 1918 as World War I ended and as the molybdenum market dipped. The Climax Mine also had to stop production within a year because European steelmakers no longer needed molybdenum and were dumping their reserves.</p> <h2>Building a Company</h2> <p>In 1919 Brainerd Phillipson took over Climax Molybdenum, putting him at the head of a business that had a warehouse of molybdenum but nobody to buy it. Phillipson promoted molybdenum as an American metal and offered free samples to any company that wanted to experiment with potential uses. These efforts gradually increased demand, particularly among automobile makers. By August 1924, it finally made sense to resume production. Soon Climax Molybdenum was processing an average of 475 tons of ore per day, good for 75 percent of world production.</p> <p>Phillipson died of diffused meningitis in October 1930, at the age of forty, just as the <strong>Great Depression</strong> began to destroy domestic molybdenum demand. Max Schott, who had organized the original Climax syndicate, took over the company the next year. Under his leadership, Climax continued producing continuously through the 1930s thanks to strong molybdenum export markets. The company controlled 86 percent of world production by 1935.</p> <p>Despite strong production, Climax had persistent problems with its workforce. Underground mining at 11,000 feet was cold, dangerous work. Turnover rates were high, with miners calling Climax “the hellhole on the hill.” After a major blizzard in 1936 isolated Climax for weeks, the company pushed to develop attractive worker housing at the mine. The company saw war looming and anticipated that it would need an expanded workforce to deal with increased demand. That summer, boardinghouses gave way to single-family houses, apartments, a recreation center, a hospital, and a school; a ski area opened the next winter. The $4 million construction project quickly yielded results, as Climax employment doubled from 600 in 1936 to more than 1,200 in 1937.</p> <h2>War and Prosperity</h2> <p>As the company anticipated, demand for molybdenum shot up at the end of the 1930s as the world prepared for war. But the government quickly stepped in to regulate production and sale of the important wartime material. When fighting began in Europe in 1939, President Franklin Roosevelt asked Climax to suspend sales to potential adversaries. After the United States entered the war at the end of 1941, the War Production Board gave Climax the highest operating priority of any mine in the country, demanded sharp increases in production, and posted a unit of the US Army Auxiliary Military Police to guard the mine. By June 1943, production was more than twice what it had been before the war; over the full course of the war, the company shipped a total of 180 million pounds of molybdenum.</p> <p>Then, with the end of the war, the feverish production suddenly stopped. By fall 1945, Climax slashed production by three-quarters and employment by two-thirds. Nevertheless, the company nimbly navigated the postwar period, embedding itself within the new <strong>military-industrial complex</strong>. The War Production Board’s chief of staff, Arthur Bunker, became company president in 1949, and he successfully advocated for a federal stockpile of molybdenum as a Cold War safeguard. Along with the stockpile, the start of the Korean War in 1950 boosted demand, allowing the company to invest in increasing production capacity and improving its company town. By 1953 workers at Climax had an expanded hospital and school, a lighted baseball field, a full shopping center with a grocery store, and the first commercial television service in central Colorado.</p> <p>The 1950s were a golden age for Climax Molybdenum. Even with the end of the Korean War, the company managed to keep production high by marketing molybdenum for industrial uses. Production outpaced even World War II levels, and employment remained steadily above 1,000. The company town had more than 1,500 residents, who benefited from full employment and low rents. By 1958 Climax had become the largest underground mine in the world. With other mines around Leadville long in decline, the company accounted for half of Lake County’s workforce as well as three-quarters of the county’s property taxes.</p> <h2>Changes</h2> <p>At the end of the 1950s, Climax experienced two major changes that transformed the relationship between the company, its employees, and the community. First, on January 1, 1958, Climax Molybdenum merged with the American Metal Company, making it a division of American Metal Climax. Around the same time, Climax decided to shut down its company town. Not only was employment expanding beyond what could be housed there, but also better roads and cars were making it easier for employees to commute the twelve miles from Leadville. The company developed a new subdivision near Leadville, then in 1959 decided to move the entire company town down the hill as well to make way for future mining. Completed by September 1962, the move bound Leadville tightly to Climax.</p> <p>Distant corporate ownership and new distance between workers and management led to more contentious workplace relationships. When an economic downturn in 1958 caused a production cut, a shortened work week, and frozen wages, the Climax Molybdenum Workers Union voted to go on the first strike in the mine’s history. After three months, the union agreed to a small wage increase and went back to work. A second strike—over wages, work rules, and arbitration—started in July 1962. This strike lasted longer than the first and demonstrated the extent of Leadville’s dependence on the mine (four local businesses closed during the strike) and the power the mining company had over its employees. When the strike dragged on into the fall, Climax unilaterally resumed production to prevent the mine from freezing. In January the union settled for a small increase in pay and improvement in benefits.</p> <p>Despite labor difficulties, Climax continued to dominate the world molybdenum market—accounting for 61 percent of world supply in 1963—and to expand its operations. In May 1964, the company detonated the largest underground explosion in mining history in order to break 1.5 million tons of ore from the side of Bartlett Mountain. The explosion, which used 208 tons of powder, generated energy equivalent to a tactical nuclear weapon. In the early 1970s, the company added to its underground production by starting open-pit surface mining to counter increasing competition from foreign mines. Climax set annual production records throughout this period, reaching 61 million pounds of molybdenum in 1976.</p> <h2>Closure</h2> <p>Record-high molybdenum prices kept Climax profitable through the 1970s, even as new environmental regulations and rising payroll expenses for its 3,000 employees made the cost of production climb. But high prices also resulted in a worldwide molybdenum glut, which suddenly became clear as a recession hit in 1980. In 1981 the mine started to cut production and lay off workers. After suspending production for a month in July 1982, the mine stopped production indefinitely that September. In 1983 parent company AMAX reopened the nearby <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/henderson-molybdenum-mine"><strong>Henderson Molybdenum Mine</strong></a> as prices recovered, but the company kept Climax closed because of its high production costs. In 1987 AMAX ordered a full shutdown at Climax</p> <p>The decline of the Climax Mine destroyed the Lake County economy, which depended on steady wages and property taxes rolling down the hill. From 1980 to 1982, the county lost nearly one-third of its population, while school enrollments fell by half. Housing prices declined, and stores closed. By 1983 things were so bad that Ken Chlouber, a Climax employee and Lake County commissioner, helped stage a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville-trail-100-run"><strong>100-mile running race in Leadville</strong></a> to draw visitors. Many people accepted lower pay and longer commutes to do seasonal work at resorts in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/summit-county"><strong>Summit</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eagle-county"><strong>Eagle</strong></a> Counties. By the end of the 1980s, Lake County had lost half its population, leading the nation in demographic decline.</p> <h2>Renewal</h2> <p>Climax resumed limited mining operations in 1989, but the mine’s few full-time employees focused largely on maintenance and environmental restoration. In the roughly seventy-five years since it had opened, the mine had taken 940 billion pounds of ore from the earth, yielding 1.9 billion pounds of molybdenum. This produced great profits but also had high costs: Bartlett Mountain had been destroyed, and Ten Mile Canyon was converted into a series of tailings ponds. Climax’s efforts to correct the damage kept the mine from becoming a Superfund site; in the 1990s, its ongoing investments in water treatment allowed it to sell water rights to <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ski-industry"><strong>ski resorts</strong></a> in Summit and Eagle Counties.&nbsp;</p> <p>By this time, production at the once-dominant Climax Mine depended on corporate managers and market prices. After a spurt of production in 1995, the mine closed for the next seventeen years as new owner Phelps Dodge focused on the Henderson Mine. Finally, in 2012, after Freeport-McMoRan acquired the mine and invested roughly $750 million, Climax resumed production with about 400 employees.</p> <p>Today Climax continues to produce molybdenum, with a full operating capacity of about 30 million pounds per year. Roughly half of its employees live in Lake County, but Leadville is less dependent on the mine than it used to be. Its economy diversified between the 1980s and the 2010s, becoming more tourist-oriented thanks in part to the success of the Leadville Trail 100 race. The community learned the hard way that it must plan ahead for the next time Climax closes, which will probably be for good. Given current production levels and known reserves, the mine is expected to last until the late 2030s.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/climax-molybdenum-mine" hreflang="en">Climax Molybdenum Mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/climax-mine" hreflang="en">Climax Mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/climax" hreflang="en">Climax</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/molybdenum" hreflang="en">molybdenum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fremont-pass" hreflang="en">Fremont Pass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bartlett-mountain" hreflang="en">Bartlett Mountain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/max-schott" hreflang="en">Max Schott</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/brainerd-phillipson" hreflang="en">Brainerd Phillipson</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>B. S. Butler, J. W. Vanderwilt, and Charles W. Henderson, “The Climax Molybdenum Deposit, Colorado,” Geological Survey Bulletin 846-C, US Department of the Interior (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1933).</p> <p>Christian G. Buys, <em>A Quick History of Leadville</em> (Montrose, CO: Western Reflections, 2004).</p> <p>Ed Quillen, “<a href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/leadville-an-old-colorado-mining-town-may-resume-mining/">Leadville, an Old Colorado Mining Town, May Resume Mining</a>,” <em>High Country News</em>, July 15, 2011.</p> <p>Stephen M. Voynick, <em>Climax: The History of Colorado’s Climax Molybdenum Mine</em> (Missoula, MT: Mountain Press, 1996).</p> <p>Steve Voynick, “<a href="https://www.coloradocentralmagazine.com/climax-two-decades-later/">Climax: Two Decades Later</a>,” <em>Colorado Central Magazine</em>, July 2004.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Edward Blair, <em>Leadville: Colorado’s Magic City</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1980).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.climaxmolybdenum.com/">Climax Molybdenum</a>.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 09 Apr 2020 17:26:30 +0000 yongli 3199 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org