%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Mary Mullarkey http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mary-mullarkey <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mary Mullarkey </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-08-09T15:45:19-06:00" title="Tuesday, August 9, 2022 - 15:45" class="datetime">Tue, 08/09/2022 - 15:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mary-mullarkey" data-a2a-title="Mary Mullarkey "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmary-mullarkey&amp;title=Mary%20Mullarkey%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Mary Mullarkey (1943–2021) was a Colorado lawyer and public servant whose career was marked by firsts. She was the first woman to serve as Colorado solicitor general, the first to serve as chief legal counsel to a Colorado governor, and the first to become chief justice of the <strong>Colorado Supreme Court</strong>. Mullarkey was first appointed to a seat on Colorado’s Supreme Court in 1987. In 1998 her peers elected her as Colorado’s first female chief justice, a position she held until her retirement in 2010. Throughout her tenure as chief justice, Mullarkey had multiple sclerosis (MS). In her later years on the court, she used accommodations to walk and write.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As chief justice, Mullarkey almost singlehandedly turned the Colorado court system into one of the country's most technologically advanced court systems. She also advocated for greater diversity and inclusion in Colorado’s legal profession. She believed courthouses should be places of pride for their communities and ensured that courts would have safe places for children whose parents had court proceedings. She was the driving force behind a new state judicial building, the <strong>Ralph L. Carr Colorado Judicial Center</strong>, which opened in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> in 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Mary Jane Mullarkey was born on September 28, 1943, in New London, Wisconsin, to John Clifford Mullarkey and Isabelle Steffes Mullarkey. Neither of her parents attended college. Mary was the fourth of five children and the only girl. Her mother had been a legal secretary and court reporter, so Mary grew up hearing stories about the law. At Washington High School in New London, Mullarkey participated in debate, developing skills she later relied on during her years as a lawyer. She met John F. Kennedy when he spoke at her high school in 1960, before he became president, and later was deeply moved by his call to public service. Mary attended St. Norbert College, a Catholic liberal arts college in De Pere, Wisconsin, graduating in 1965 with a degree in mathematics.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mullarkey believed that a career in law would be the best way to answer the call to public service. She attended Harvard Law School, obtaining her JD in 1968. In her class of 535 students, she was one of twenty-two women. At the time, many professors did not believe that women should be admitted to law schools, and a few would call on women in class only one day a year. The questions asked on “Ladies Day” were intended to show that they did not take women seriously as students.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Law Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After law school, Mullarkey moved to Washington, DC, where she worked as an attorney with the Department of the Interior. Initially, she specialized in water and power law before becoming the one attorney in the department working on equal employment law under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. During that time, she met fellow lawyer Thomas E. Korson. They were married on July 24, 1971, at St. Patrick’s Church in Lebanon Township, Wisconsin, by Mary’s brother, Father Jack Mullarkey.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1973 Mary and Tom moved to Denver. The couple intended to stay only for two years after Mary’s expertise in discrimination cases landed her a job at the state’s Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. They fell in love with the state, however, and never left. Their son Andrew Steffes Mullarkey was born in Denver in 1981. Mary became a parishioner at Cure d’Ars Catholic Church, a predominantly African American parish in North <strong>Park Hill</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After her brief time at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Mullarkey oversaw appeals at the Office of the Attorney General under J. D. MacFarlane. In 1975 she became the first woman to serve as Colorado solicitor general. During her seven years as solicitor general, she was the lead counsel for the state in major appellate cases. In 1982 Colorado governor <strong>Richard Lamm</strong> recruited Mullarkey as his chief legal advisor. It was another first—before then, no woman had served as chief legal advisor to the governor.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Colorado Supreme Court</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After Lamm left office at the start of 1987, Mullarkey looked for a new job that would allow her to effect change and challenge her intellectually. She applied for a vacant seat on the Colorado Supreme Court and was appointed to the position by Governor <strong>Roy Romer</strong> on June 29, 1987. She was only the second woman to serve on the Colorado Supreme Court after <strong>Jean Dubofsky</strong> (1979–1987). In 1998 Mullarkey was recognized by her fellow justices—all men—for her diligence, fairness, and attentiveness when they elected her chief justice, a position she held until her retirement in 2010. She was the longest-serving chief justice in Colorado history.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Jurisprudence</em></p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Mullarkey’s twenty-three-year tenure on the court, she heard more than 30,000 cases and wrote 472 opinions. One critical case, <strong><em>Lobato v. Taylor</em></strong> (2002), had to do with land access rights on the former <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sangre-de-cristo-land-grant"><strong>Sangre de Cristo land grant</strong></a> in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>. The rights of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/terminology-latino-experience-colorado"><strong>Hispano</strong></a> <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead"><strong>homesteaders</strong></a> to graze animals, gather firewood, and harvest timber had existed for more than a century, since before Colorado statehood, but were denied when a new owner bought the land in the 1960s. Mullarkey wrote the majority opinion that secured these rights to descendants of the 1850s Hispano homesteaders.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2003 Mullarkey wrote the majority opinion that threw out a Republican-drawn map of new <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-congressional-districts"><strong>congressional districts</strong></a>. The ruling preserved Colorado’s competitive redistricting system by holding that the <strong>legislature</strong> had unconstitutionally overridden a map drawn by the court.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Judicial Expansion and Modernization</em></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mullarkey designated her first year as chief justice as the year of customer service. Her goal was to improve the way everyone in the judicial branch interacted with the court, their colleagues, and the public. Noted for her compassion, Mullarkey prioritized cases of child abuse and neglect, raising these cases above others to reduce the time children had to spend in the court system. </p>&#13; &#13; <p>In her time on the Colorado Supreme Court, Mullarkey witnessed the state’s population increase from about 3.3 million in 1987 to more than 5 million by 2010. She lobbied the state legislature to expand the judicial system so courts could keep up with their caseloads. Mullarkey was successful: the number of judges increased by 27 percent during her time as chief justice, and Colorado became a national leader in the use of information technology in courts. She increased access by ensuring diverse language interpreters were available in Colorado’s courtrooms. In addition, she instituted a rule that all court buildings must provide safe places for children while their parents had court appearances. This led to a cultural shift, as judges began to accept the need to provide childcare as a function of the courts.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mullarkey was also largely responsible for the state’s Ralph L. Carr Judicial Center (2013). When Mullarkey began work at the Supreme Court, its home at the decade-old Colorado Judicial Center was in disrepair. Justices held court in rooms where buckets were positioned to catch leaking rainwater. She spent years trying to convince the governor and state legislature that a new building was needed, then created a funding source through filing fees once the building was proposed in the early 2000s. In 2010 the Colorado Judicial Center and neighboring <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-history-museum"><strong>Colorado History Museum</strong></a> were demolished to make way for the new building.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>One of Mullarkey’s greatest accomplishments, the Carr Judicial Center occupies an entire block at West Fourteenth Avenue and Broadway in Denver. It is a prominent addition to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center</strong></a> near the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-capitol"><strong>Colorado State Capitol</strong></a>. It was Mullarkey’s idea to name the building for former Colorado governor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ralph-carr"><strong>Ralph Carr</strong></a>, who opposed Japanese internment camps during <strong>World War II</strong>. She knew Carr was the rare political figure both liberals and conservatives could support. Designed to bring Denver-area state judicial offices under one roof, the Carr Judicial Center is now home to the Colorado Supreme Court, the Colorado Court of Appeals, the Colorado Supreme Court Library, several judicial and legal agencies (such as the Office of the Attorney General and the Colorado State Public Defender), and the Colorado Judicial Learning Center, a museum-like space of interactive exhibits.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Living with Multiple Sclerosis</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Mullarkey was serving on the Supreme Court when she was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) in 1994. The disease attacks the protective sheath of the nervous system and can cause permanent damage to the nerves, leading to difficulty breathing, limited mobility, and paralysis. In 2005 she was honored with the Multiple Sclerosis Achievement Award for her advocacy for better treatment of the disease. In her later years, the disease slowed her body, not her workload. She relied on a walker in the courtroom and used a dictation program rather than writing or typing. When her feet no longer worked, she got hand controls for her car so she could still drive. She maintained that she would retire if the disease negatively affected her mind, but she remained sharp through the end of her life. Over time, however, the illness forced her to give up many activities she loved, from skiing to gardening to playing the piano. When she retired from the court in 2010, at age sixty-seven, she was the longest-serving chief justice in Colorado history.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Awards and Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2003 Mullarkey received the Judicial Excellence Award from the Denver Bar Association. In 2010 she was awarded the American Judicature Society’s top honor, the Herbert Haley Award, given to individuals who make outstanding contributions that substantially improve the administration of justice in their state. In 2012 Mullarkey was inducted into the Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame. In 2017 she was again honored, this time by the Justice Sonia Sotomayor Inn of Court, a voluntary association of legal professionals that promotes continuous learning. The Sotomayor Inn’s members unanimously voted to name one of their groups the Justice Mary Mullarkey Pupilage.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mullarkey died on March 31, 2021, of complications from pneumonia and end-stage multiple sclerosis. Her ashes are interred at the columbarium at <strong>Montview Boulevard Presbyterian Church</strong>. She left the state with a flourishing court system where inclusion and diversity had become the norm.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/wroble-susan" hreflang="und">Wroble, Susan</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mary-mullarkey" hreflang="en">Mary Mullarkey</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-supreme-court" hreflang="en">Colorado Supreme Court</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ralph-l-carr-judicial-center" hreflang="en">Ralph L. Carr Judicial Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lobato-v-taylor" hreflang="en">Lobato v. Taylor</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/romer-v-evans" hreflang="en">Romer v. Evans</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Claire Cleveland, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/2021/04/01/mary-mullarkey-colorados-first-woman-supreme-court-justice-leaves-lasting-mark-on-state-court-system/">Mary Mullarkey, Colorado’s First Woman Supreme Court Justice, Leaves Lasting Mark on State Court System</a>,” CPR News, April 1, 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jessica Fender, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2010/06/03/mullarkey-chief-justice-of-colorado-supreme-court-stepping-down/">Mullarkey, Chief Justice of Colorado Supreme Court, Stepping Down</a>,” <em>The Denver Post, </em>June 3, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Emily Korson, “<a href="https://issuu.com/greaterparkhillnews/docs/gphn_may_cpa">Mary J. Mullarkey: Former Colorado Chief Justice Was a Trailblazer</a>,” <em>The Greater Park Hill News, </em>May 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.cogreatwomen.org/project/mary-mullarkey/">Mary Mullarkey</a>,” Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Memorial Service for Justice Mary Mullarkey, Denver Botanic Gardens, April 26, 2021. Video courtesy of Tom Korson.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Noelle Phillips, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2021/03/31/mary-mullarkey-obituary-colorado-supreme-court-chief-justice/">Mary Mullarkey, the First Woman to Serve as Colorado Supreme Court Chief Justice, Has Died at 77</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, March 31, 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Andrea Dukakis, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/show-segment/colorado-chief-justice-to-retire/">Colorado Chief Justice to Retire</a>,” CPR News, June 16, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mary Mullarkey, “<a href="https://iaals.du.edu/sites/default/files/2012/10/10-2012_Mullarkey_History-of-Women-of-ColoSupCt.pdf">A Brief History of Women of the Colorado Supreme Court</a>,” <em>The Colorado Lawyer</em> 27 (October 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79pkTUKbO9M">Justice Mary Mullarkey</a>,” <em>Colorado Makers: Women and Girls Lead</em>, June 4, 2015.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 09 Aug 2022 21:45:19 +0000 yongli 3737 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Maurice Rose http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/maurice-rose <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Maurice Rose</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-05-18T10:06:33-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 18, 2022 - 10:06" class="datetime">Wed, 05/18/2022 - 10:06</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/maurice-rose" data-a2a-title="Maurice Rose"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmaurice-rose&amp;title=Maurice%20Rose"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Maurice Rose (1899–1945) served in the US Army during <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> and <strong>II</strong>. Raised and educated in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, Rose attained the rank of major general, making him the highest-ranking person of Jewish heritage in the US Army. He was known for his aggressive leadership style, directing his units from the front rather than a rear command post. Rose was killed in action in Germany during the closing days of World War II. A new Jewish hospital being planned in Denver was named the General Maurice Rose Memorial Hospital to honor the fallen Jewish general. The hospital opened in 1948 and is now known as Rose Medical Center-HealthOne.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Maurice Rose was born to Russian immigrants in New York City on November 26, 1899. Rose’s grandfather was a rabbi, and his father, Samuel Rauss, had been raised in Russia, where the family followed Orthodox Judaism. Samuel immigrated to America, changed his name from Rauss to Rose, and settled in New York, where he found work as a tailor. He married Katherin (Katy) Bronowitz, an immigrant from Warsaw, in 1893. The couple had two children, Arnold (1897) and Maurice (1899), before moving to Denver, where Samuel was treated for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a> at <strong>National Jewish Hospital</strong>. The Rose family became part of the active <strong>Jewish community in Denver</strong>. Samuel recovered and opened a dress design shop frequented by socially prominent clientele. Later, through his political connections, he joined the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-police-department-1859%E2%80%931933"><strong>Denver Police</strong></a>.</p> <p>The Rose family lived in the Whittier neighborhood, where Maurice dreamed of being a soldier. People remembered his leadership abilities, spirit of adventure, and interest in all things military. Maurice was active in the Hebrew school and choir, school sports, and Boy Scouts, becoming an Eagle Scout. He attended <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/east-high-school"><strong>East High School</strong></a>, where he was on the debate team, wrote for the school newspaper, and was an honors student. After graduating in 1916, he lied about his age (he was only seventeen) to enlist in the Colorado National Guard. He hoped to join the Mexican Expedition against Pancho Villa but was sent home after six weeks because his age was found out. He started working at a meatpacking plant, where he coordinated a lunchtime civilian drilling program. When the United States declared war against Germany in 1917, Rose was among the first Denverites to enlist in the US Army.</p> <h2>World War I</h2> <p>The army recognized Rose’s leadership potential and sent him to the First Officers Training Camp (FOTC) in Fort Riley, Kansas. Rose was enrolled in the ninety-day course and became a second lieutenant. Assigned to the All Kansas 353rd Infantry Regiment, he shipped out to France in June 1918. American forces there were under the command of General John Pershing, whose aggressive leadership style would influence Rose.</p> <p>During the Saint-Mihiel Offensive in August 1918, the 353rd suffered significant losses. Rose distinguished himself in the frontline trenches but was wounded by shrapnel. Despite not being fully recovered, Rose slipped out of the hospital and rejoined his regiment. After Rose left the hospital without authorization, the War Department accidentally sent his parents a telegram stating that he had been killed in action. The mistake was corrected two weeks later when his family was in the middle of the traditional Jewish thirty-day mourning period.</p> <h2>Interwar Years</h2> <p>Rose returned to Denver after the war ended. He was twenty years old and took a job as a traveling salesman. When he was working in Salt Lake City, he married Venice Hanson on June 12, 1920. A son, Maurice (Mike) Rose, was born in 1925. He and Venice, however, were not a good match, and they divorced in 1928.</p> <p>Rose soon tired of life as a traveling salesman and decided to pursue a professional military career. On July 1, 1920, he received his second commission and was promoted to infantry captain. Rose had no formal education compared to his officer colleagues, many of whom had attended collegiate military academies, so he committed to getting a professional military education. He was promoted into various positions across the country, including running operations at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-logan-national-cemetery"><strong>Fort Logan</strong></a>, before working as an infantry professor for the Reserve Officers Training Corps in Kansas.</p> <p>In 1930 Rose requested to be transferred from the infantry to the cavalry. He enjoyed working with the horses and was assigned to the Panama Canal Zone, where he served as a commander. There he met Virginia Barringer, and they married in an Episcopal ceremony in 1934. Their son, Maurice (Reece) Roderick Rose, was born in 1941.</p> <p>In the late 1930s, with a new war looking possible in Europe, Rose attended the prestigious Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and the Army Industrial College in Washington, DC. In 1940 he requested a transfer to another branch of service, the newly formed US Armored Force. He became a commander of one of the branch’s first units, the Second Armored Division Combat Command A. War had started in Europe in 1939, and with the United States on the brink of entering the conflict, Rose’s new position promised to put him in the middle of the action.</p> <h2>World War II</h2> <p>After the United States entered World War II at the end of 1941, Rose became the chief of staff at Fort Benning and was promoted to colonel. He soon learned that his division would be among the first to see action in the Mediterranean. Rose stayed behind to coordinate logistics and arrived in northern Africa in late 1942. Serving as principal staff aide to General Ernest Harmon, Rose won his first silver star for his style of leading men from the front. Rose was promoted to brigadier general and led Combat Command A in the invasion of Sicily and southern Italy in 1943.</p> <p>Under Rose’s leadership, Combat Command A trained in England and was assigned to storm Omaha Beach on D-Day, June 6, 1944. After the Allies gained a foothold in France, Rose established a command center in Carentan. German forces fiercely attacked the city, but Rose and his unit helped save it from recapture. Generals Omar Bradley and Dwight Eisenhower recognized Rose’s performance as outstanding.</p> <p>As the Allies moved through France, Rose was the most experienced senior field armor officer in the US Army. He led Combat Command A during Operation Cobra, when Allied forces pushed from Normandy into the heart of occupied France. Involving coordinated strikes from the air and ground, the complex operation secured more of France for the Allies. Because of his outstanding performance, Rose was given command of the Third Armored Division. During fierce fighting through France and Belgium, Rose continued to put himself in the center of the action. At the Battle of Mons in Belgium, he was heralded for his tactical choices. He was promoted to the rank of major general.</p> <p>As the army moved across Belgium, Rose’s Third Armored was the first American division to cross into Germany at Roentgen. It spearheaded the attack into Germany across the important Siegfried Line and served in the Battle of the Bulge, the last major German offensive of the war. Rose maintained his reputation as an excellent and demanding commander, making strategic decisions that moved the war toward its conclusion.</p> <p>The Third Armored Division fought its way through Germany and participated in the liberation of Cologne on March 12, 1945. Newspapers hailed Rose as the “Captor of Cologne.” It was the peak of his career. He received the French Croix de Guerre and was saluted, decorated, and praised by his superiors and men.</p> <p>On March 30, 1945, Rose, his aide, and their driver led the fight near Paderborn, Germany, when a German tank stopped them. They raised their hands in the air as a clear sign of surrender, but Rose was shot to death by a German machine pistol. His aide and driver were taken prisoner. His men grieved his loss, which was reported in newspapers across the United States. About five weeks later, on May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered, and the war in Europe was over.</p> <p>During the war, Rose declared on official papers that he was a Protestant, a decision that would lead to questions and confusion after his death. Although he never informed his family of this change and was referred to as the “Jewish General,” he was ultimately buried in Margraten, Netherlands, under a white cross, to the consternation of his Jewish family.</p> <h2>General Maurice Rose Memorial Hospital</h2> <p>When news of Rose’s death reached Denver, the local Jewish community was in the middle of a fundraising campaign for a new $1 million, 150-bed, nonsectarian hospital. They decided to name the hospital after Rose as a memorial to the highest-ranking Jewish general of the war. The decision to honor Rose helped with fundraising and caught the whole country's attention. Donations had been slowing, but within three months of the naming decision, more than half of the $1 million had been raised from all over the country. General Maurice Rose Memorial Hospital was completed in Denver’s Hale neighborhood in May 1948, with General Dwight Eisenhower delivering the dedication address.</p> <p>In 2021 the Colorado legislature approved plans to place a statue of Major General Maurice Rose in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Lincoln Veterans’ Memorial Park</strong></a>, located next to the <strong>Colorado State Capitol</strong>, with state House speaker Alec Garnett calling Rose “Colorado’s proudest war hero.”</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/duncan-elizabeth" hreflang="und">Duncan, Elizabeth</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/maurice-rose" hreflang="en">Maurice Rose</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jews" hreflang="en">Jews</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rose-hospital" hreflang="en">Rose Hospital</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/world-war-i" hreflang="en">world war I</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/world-war-ii" hreflang="en">World War II</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Daniel Bolger, <em>The Panzer Killers: The Untold Story of a Fighting General and His Spearhead Tank Division’s Charge Into the Third Reich</em> (New York: Dutton Caliber, 2020).</p> <p>Marshall Fogel, <em>Major General Maurice Rose: The Most Decorated Battletank Commander in U.S. Military History</em> (Aurora, CO: Frederic Printing, 2015).</p> <p>“<a href="https://rcfdenver.org/about-us/our-history/general-maurice-rose/">Major General Maurice Rose</a>,” Rose Community Foundation, n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://militaryhallofhonor.com/honoree-record.php?id=3022">Maurice Rose, Major General, U.S. Army</a>,” Military Hall of Honor, n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://rcfdenver.org/blog/new-statue-to-honor-jewish-war-hero-major-general-maurice-rose/">New Statue to Honor Jewish War Hero Major General Maurice Rose</a>,” Rose Community Foundation, July 21, 2021.</p> <p>Steven L. Ossad and Don R. Marsh, <em>Major General Maurice Rose: World War II’s Greatest Forgotten Commander</em> (Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2003).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Jeanne E. Abrams, <em>Jewish Denver, 1859–1940</em> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2007).</p> <p>Ida Libert Uchill, <em>Pioneers, Peddlers, and Tsadikim: The Story of Jews in Colorado</em>, 3rd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 18 May 2022 16:06:33 +0000 yongli 3681 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org William Gray Evans http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-gray-evans <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">William Gray Evans</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-05-18T09:59:28-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 18, 2022 - 09:59" class="datetime">Wed, 05/18/2022 - 09:59</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-gray-evans" data-a2a-title="William Gray Evans"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwilliam-gray-evans&amp;title=William%20Gray%20Evans"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>William Gray Evans (1855–1924) was a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> businessman best known as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-tramway-company"><strong>Denver Tramway Company</strong></a> president. The son of Territorial Governor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>, he was involved in many of Denver’s early foundational enterprises and played an integral role in constructing the <strong>Moffat Tunnel</strong>. During the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/progressive-era-colorado"><strong>Progressive Era</strong></a>, he was plagued by accusations of political and financial corruption and eventually quit his business career. He spent the last years of his life focused on social and philanthropic interests, such as the <strong>University of Denver</strong>.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>William Gray Evans was born on December 16, 1855, in Evanston, Illinois, to <strong>Margaret Patton Gray</strong> and John Evans. John Evans was a businessman, real estate and railroad investor, physician, and Methodist minister who founded many institutions, including Northwestern University. The town of Evanston, home to the university, was named for him. In 1862 Evans was named governor of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>, and the Evans family relocated to Denver. The family resided at Fourteenth and Arapahoe Streets. After three years as governor, Evans had to resign in the wake of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a>. Still, he continued to be involved in founding Colorado Seminary (later the University of Denver) and various railroads.</p> <p>As a child, William Evans attended school at the first incarnation of Colorado Seminary. However, most of his early education came via his mother or on his own while the family traveled. He also spent one school term in England. In 1873 he enrolled at Northwestern, becoming a star member of the university’s baseball team. He graduated in 1877 with his Bachelor of Science degree.</p> <h2>Early Career</h2> <p>After graduation, William Evans returned to Denver. He lived with his parents and worked as a bookkeeper for his father before trying his hand at real estate and other ventures. Most notably, in 1885 he joined John Evans, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William Byers</strong></a>, and <strong>Henry Brown</strong> in founding the Denver Electric and Cable Company. The company operated streetcars that served as public transportation before the age of the automobile. In 1886 the company was reincorporated as the Denver Tramway Company, with William Evans serving as secretary.</p> <h2>Personal Life</h2> <p>On December 12, 1883, Evans married <strong>Cornelia Lunt Gray</strong> in the <strong>Evans Chapel</strong> at Thirteenth and Bannock Streets in Denver. The chapel was built in memory of Evans’s sister, Josephine Evans Elbert, who had died in 1868. On September 24, 1884, William and Cornelia welcomed their first child, John II. Their second child, Josephine, was born three years later. As the family grew, in 1889 Evans bought a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/byers-evans-house"><strong>large house</strong></a> from Byers at the corner of Thirteenth and Bannock Streets, catercorner from the Evans Chapel. The Evanses had their third child, Margaret, at the end of that year. Their fourth and final child, Katharine, was born in 1894.</p> <p>After John Evans died in 1897, William Evans moved his mother, Margaret, and sister, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/anne-evans"><strong>Anne</strong></a>, into his home at 1310 Bannock Street. Evans then knocked down his parents’ home at Fourteenth and Arapahoe, where he built a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tramway-building-hotel-teatro"><strong>new headquarters for the Tramway Company</strong></a>.</p> <h2>Career and Controversy</h2> <p>In the late 1880s and 1890s, Evans continued to invest in railroad companies. At the same time, the Denver Tramway Company capitalized on its early adoption of electric streetcar lines to gobble up its competition after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/panic-1893"><strong>Panic of 1893</strong></a> left smaller companies reeling. By 1900 Denver Tramway was the only major streetcar company left in town. Evans became president of the company two years later. His rule earned him a reputation as a Napoleonic figure. He led the company to secure a thirty-year franchise in Denver and expand its regional reach as far as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden"><strong>Golden</strong></a>.</p> <p>In 1902, the same year that he became president of the Denver Tramway Company, Evans was also elected to the board of trustees of the University of Denver. Three years later, he was elected president of the board in 1905. At the time, the university was in financial straits, and Evans worked in conjunction with the university’s chancellor, <strong>Henry Buchtel</strong>, to correct the downward trajectory. Together, the two set up fundraising campaigns and successfully relieved the debt. Evans continued to contribute funds to the university and was noted by Buchtel as the greatest benefactor of his day.</p> <p>At the same time, Evans joined forces with <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/david-h-moffat"><strong>David Moffat</strong></a> to found the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-northwestern-pacific-railway-hill-route-moffat-road"><strong>Denver, Northwestern &amp; Pacific Railway Company</strong></a> to build a direct railroad line from Denver to Salt Lake City. A tunnel under the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a> would take significant time and money to make, however, so in the meantime, the company laid a temporary route over the Divide at Rollins Pass. Progress on the tunnel stalled as cost estimates climbed, and the project faced fierce opposition from the rival Union Pacific Railroad. The company struggled to attract enough funding to complete the project, and Evans took it upon himself to secure the necessary funds through his business connections and personal contributions. This investment put him in a precarious financial position. After Moffat died in 1911, Evans succeeded him as president of the reorganized Denver &amp; Salt Lake Railway and continued to pursue the tunnel project.</p> <p>All the while, Evans was plagued by serious accusations that he stole elections and mishandled money. The story was that Evans and Mayor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/robert-w-speer"><strong>Robert Speer</strong></a> had used funds from the Tramway Company and other institutions to finance <strong>Lawrence C. Phipps</strong>’s purchase of the <strong><em>Denver Times</em></strong><em>.</em> The unfavorable press led to two libel suits, spawning a complex legal situation that involved contempt charges for Evans, Speer, and <strong><em>The Denver Post</em></strong> editors who had leveled the allegations; Evans was even arrested and put on trial to determine his ownership of the<em> Times</em>. In the end, the charges were dropped. &nbsp;</p> <p>Stressed by his legal situation and the ongoing Moffat Tunnel struggle, Evans had a nervous breakdown in 1913. He resigned from the Tramway Company and his many railroad positions, though he remained personally invested in the Moffat Road and was a staunch supporter of the project for the rest of his life. At the end of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, Evans worked with Representative Hugh R. Steele to propose a state railroad commission bill. After the bill passed, the governor appointed Evans to the commission, and he was elected its president. Thanks in part to his influence, in 1922 the Colorado legislature passed a bill to fund the tunnel, which was finally completed in 1928.</p> <h2>Community Involvement</h2> <p>After a vacation to recuperate from his mental distress, Evans continued his involvement in the Denver community. He retained his position as president of the University of Denver board of trustees until his death. He was well connected socially and belonged to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-country-club"><strong>Denver Country Club</strong></a>, Denver Athletic Club, and University Club. During World War I, Evans and his wife became heavily involved in the Red Cross and distributed supplies for the war effort. Evans also chaired a Denver Civic and Commercial Association committee for establishing hospitals in Denver for soldiers.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>On October 21, 1924, William Gray Evans died at his house on Bannock Street. Like his father before him, Evans was a powerful business and civic leader who made many valuable contributions to the Centennial State. Also, like his father, his life was not without controversy. His leadership of the Tramway Company into a monopolized takeover of public transit dismayed many because it concentrated so much power in one company’s hands and because Evans accomplished it through his relationship with political figures such as Mayor Speer.</p> <p>While Evans may have unabashedly gained and consolidated power, he put it to ends that definitively reshaped Denver. His influence can still be seen today in the University of Denver, the Tramway Building (now Hotel Teatro), the Byers-Evans House (now operated by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a> as the Center for Colorado Women’s History), and even the <strong>Regional Transportation District</strong> (RTD), which took over public transit in Denver after the monopolistic Tramway Company’s demise.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/carr-shelby" hreflang="und">Carr, Shelby</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-gray-evans" hreflang="en">William Gray Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-evans" hreflang="en">John Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-evans-ii" hreflang="en">John Evans II</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/margaret-evans" hreflang="en">Margaret Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/anne-evans" hreflang="en">Anne Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-denver" hreflang="en">University of Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-tramway-company" hreflang="en">Denver Tramway Company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moffat-road" hreflang="en">Moffat Road</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moffat-tunnel" hreflang="en">Moffat Tunnel</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Charles B. Atwell, ed., <em>Alumni Record of the College of Liberal Arts, 1903</em> (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, 1903).</p> <p>Allan DuPont Breck, <em>William Gray Evans, 1855–1924: Portrait of a Western Executive </em>(Denver: University of Denver, 1964).</p> <p>Helen Cannon, “First Ladies of Colorado: Margaret Gray Evans,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 39, no. 1 (January 1962).</p> <p>“Diary of Margaret Patton Gray Evans,” Governor John Evans Papers, MSS WH1724, Denver Public Library.</p> <p>A. J. Flynn, “An Appreciation of William G. Evans,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 2, no. 1 (January 1925).</p> <p>“Great Family: Evans of Denver,” <em>LIFE,</em> June 15, 1959.</p> <p>Frances Wayne, “William G. Evans Is Dead: News Kept from Wife Ill in Hospital as End Comes, Tuesday Night,” <em>The </em><em>Denver Post, </em>October 22, 1924.&nbsp;</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>David Fridtjof Halaas, “The House in the Heart of a City: The Byers and Evans Families of Denver,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> 4 (1989).</p> <p>Elaine Colvin Walsh and Jean Walton Smith, <em>Victoria of Civic Center: The Byers-Evans House</em> (Denver: n.p., 1985).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel and Nicholas J. Wharton, <em>Denver Landmarks and Historic Districts</em>, 2nd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2016).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 18 May 2022 15:59:28 +0000 yongli 3680 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Alexander Cummings http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/alexander-cummings <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Alexander Cummings </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-02-11T10:07:04-07:00" title="Friday, February 11, 2022 - 10:07" class="datetime">Fri, 02/11/2022 - 10:07</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/alexander-cummings" data-a2a-title="Alexander Cummings "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Falexander-cummings&amp;title=Alexander%20Cummings%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Appointed by President Andrew Johnson in 1865, Alexander Cummings (1810–79) was the third governor of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Territory of Colorado</strong></a>. Originally from Pennsylvania, Cummings gained his office as governor in 1865 largely because he served the Union during the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a>.</p> <p>His time in office was fraught with conflict and controversy. He made efforts to promote suffrage for African Americans, and Coloradans condemned his opposition to statehood and frequent absences. Allegations that he illegally tampered with the 1866 congressional campaign ultimately led to his removal from office in 1867. Although his term as governor was short lived, Cummings’s time in office reveals important economic, social, and political issues that shaped the early history of Colorado.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Alexander Cummings was born in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, on November 11, 1810. Little is known about the first thirty-five years of his life. He aspired to become a printer, and in 1845 acquired a half-interest in the <em>Philadelphia North American. </em>Two years later, political differences prompted Cummings to sell his half of the newspaper. He went on to found his own publication, which he called <em>Cummings’ Evening Telegraphic Bulletin. </em>The paper evolved into the <em>Philadelphia Bulletin</em>, one of the most popular newspapers in the United States for decades. Cummings published the <em>Bulletin</em> until 1859, when he sold the paper and went on to found the <em>New York World</em>, a religious, Republican newspaper. The <em>New York World </em>did not prosper under Cummings, and in 1862 it was taken over by new owners, who shifted the paper’s political views toward the Democratic Party.</p> <h2>Civil War</h2> <p>Cummings’s time as a publisher put him in contact with Simon Cameron, a well-connected politician who was the state printer of Pennsylvania before serving as secretary of war in the Lincoln administration. Cummings’s influence with Cameron led to his appointment as a special purchasing agent for the War Department. Cummings was tasked with purchasing supplies and arranging troop transportation via railroads, but he was soon brought under investigation for making irresponsible purchases that were either way over budget or that troops never used. On April 30, 1862, the House of Representatives passed a resolution dismissing Cummings on charges of profiteering. The investigation showed that Cummings had wasted much of his $2 million budget and that $140,000 in expenditures could not be accounted for.</p> <p>After his dismissal, Cummings continued to contribute to the Union war effort. He recruited the Nineteenth Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry, of which he became colonel in October 1863. The regiment was involved in combat in Mississippi and Tennessee in 1864, though Cummings was not in command in the field. He then became Superintendent of Troops of African Descent for Arkansas the following February. He helped organize five regiments of Black infantry and one artillery battery. President Andrew Johnson later promoted Cummings to the rank of brigadier general for his service. Cummings’s service with Black troops during the war would influence his later opposition to Colorado statehood because statehood would deny Black Americans the right to vote.</p> <h2>Colorado Statehood</h2> <p>President Andrew Johnson appointed Cummings as the third governor of Colorado Territory on October 17, 1865. Public opinion was against Cummings from the start, as many were unhappy with the removal of the previous governor, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>, from office following the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a>. Many of the territory’s citizens considered the Sand Creek Massacre a heroic battle rather than a “foul and dastardly massacre,” as the US Joint Committee on the Conduct of War determined following an investigation in 1865.</p> <p>One of the major contentions between Cummings and the public was his opposition to statehood. Cummings and his antistatehood followers opposed the proposed state constitution because it allowed only white males over twenty-one to vote. Cummings was against segregation and supported giving Black citizens the right to vote. He tried to sway Coloradans to his side by traveling through the territory’s mining regions, delivering speeches, and talking to miners and businessmen. While he was away on this trip, a group of statehood supporters met in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden"><strong>Golden</strong></a> to elect a legislature and governor and frame a constitution, assuming that their actions would force the governor’s hand. When he returned, Governor Cummings publicly opposed the legislature that the prostatehood group had appointed. Colorado citizens were forced to take sides, either pro- or antistatehood, and so many people considered themselves pro- or anti-Cummings.</p> <p>To a certain extent, Cummings’s tactics worked. While Congress approved Colorado statehood in late 1865, President Johnson vetoed the act based on the proposed constitution’s failure to recognize Black suffrage. Another bill was submitted for statehood in 1866, but because it still denied Blacks the right to vote, it was again rejected. A Democrat, Johnson was also concerned about the territory’s low population and its Republican politics. Colorado later attained statehood in 1876, with a Constitution that gave the right to vote to all men over the age of twenty-one, in keeping with the Fifteenth Amendment (ratified in 1870).</p> <h2>Controversies While in Office</h2> <p>Cummings’s time in office was fraught with controversy, and public opinion generally was against him. Many citizens charged him with engaging in corrupt and often tyrannical political practices. The<em> <strong>Rocky Mountain News</strong></em> gave him the nickname “His Craftiness,” claiming that “everything emanating from [Cummings] in regard to Colorado, [was] calculated to mislead the public.”</p> <p>Besides opposition to statehood, Cummings had several conflicts with other politicians. In 1865 he got involved in a feud between territorial secretary <strong>Samuel Elbert</strong> and former governor John Evans. They were fighting over rightful possession of the Great Seal of the Territory, which was affixed to public documents. Cummings believed the current governor should hold the seal and took it for himself. Accusations flew back and forth, eventually escalating to the point where US secretary of state William Seward became involved, and Elbert resigned his office.</p> <p>Cummings also generated controversy during the 1866 congressional campaign, which pitted antistatehood candidate <strong>Alexander Cameron Hunt</strong> against prostatehood candidate George Chilcott. Cummings campaigned against Chilcott, claiming that only “galvanized rebel soldiers” of the Civil War, the same who committed the Sand Creek Massacre, would vote for him.</p> <p>After the election, Cummings allegedly went much further. According to the Territorial Canvassing Board members, who were responsible for counting votes, Cummings interfered with vote counting, claiming that there was no point in counting because Hunt had won in a landslide. Cummings reported to the House that Hunt had won the election, though when the board counted the ballots, Chilcott had won by 108 votes. The matter was taken to House Committee on Elections in Washington, DC, which eventually determined that Chilcott had indeed won the election, and he was officially appointed to Congress.</p> <p>The election scandal did not bode well for Cummings. In 1867 the Sixth Territorial Council passed a resolution requesting that President Johnson dismiss Cummings and appoint a Colorado resident in his place. According to the council, Cummings had been “intermeddling with duties of other territorial officers,” making him unfit for his position. Cummings was dismissed, and, ironically, Hunt took his place as territorial governor on April 24, 1867.</p> <h2>Postgovernorship</h2> <p>Cummings held several jobs after being dismissed as governor. Initially, he returned to Pennsylvania, where President Johnson appointed him as a collector of internal revenue for the state’s Fourth District. He was also nominated for the position of commissioner of internal revenue, but the Senate refused to confirm him. When President Johnson left office in 1869, Cummings lost most of his political connections. However, President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed him US consul in Hawaii in 1877. Cummings held this office until his death in June 1879 in Ottawa, Canada. His body was returned to Pennsylvania, where it was interred in Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.</p> <p>While Cummings’s time in Colorado was fraught with controversy, he did have lasting effects on state politics. His effort to grant Black Coloradans the right to vote delayed statehood until 1876, which brought suffrage to Blacks in the new state and influenced the decision to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>grant women suffrage</strong></a> in 1893. Cummings’s many misdeeds, including the time he spent away from Colorado while in office, also helped open Congress’s eyes to the common practice of absenteeism among Western governors, prompting reforms that promoted more local citizens to office.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/kennedy-anna" hreflang="und">Kennedy, Anna</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alexander-cummings" hreflang="en">Alexander Cummings</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-territory" hreflang="en">Colorado Territory</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-governors" hreflang="en">colorado governors</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civil-war" hreflang="en">Civil War</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/statehood" hreflang="en">statehood</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>William N. Byers, “Governor Cummings: Reply to his Letter in the Press of November 8—Review of his ‘Performances’—First as the Negroes’ Moses, and Next as the Copperheads’ Aaron—He Wants to Save His Bread and Butter,” <em>Rocky Mountain News, </em>November 25, 1866.</p> <p>George W. Collins, “Colorado’s Territorial Secretaries,” <em>Colorado Magazine </em>43, no. 3 (Summer 1966).</p> <p>“Congressional: Tuesday, April 9,” <em>Evening Star, </em>April 9, 1867.</p> <p>“The Council Asks the Removal of His Craftiness,” <em>Rocky Mountain News Daily, </em>January 12, 1867.</p> <p>Alexander Cummings, “Proclamation,” <em>Rocky Mountain News Daily, </em>December 2, 1865.</p> <p>“Cummings Performances,” <em>Rocky Mountain News Daily</em>, March 20, 1866.</p> <p>“The Negro in Colorado: Governor Cummings, of Colorado Territory, to Senator Sumner, of Massachusetts,” <em>New York Herald, </em>January 27, 1866.</p> <p>“The News,” <em>Chicago Tribune</em>, September 29, 1865.</p> <p>“News Summary,” <em>Montana Post</em>, February 17, 1866.</p> <p>Records of the Department of Military and Veteran’s Affairs: Registers of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861–65, Volume 14: 172nd–187th Regiments, Series No. 19.65, Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg.</p> <p>“Senate Yesterday,” <em>National Republican</em>, April 16, 1867.</p> <p>“Senator Chaffee’s Reply to Governor Cummings,” <em>Rocky Mountain News Daily, </em>December 12, 1866.</p> <p>“Statehood: Danger to the Movement From a Silent Opposition,”<em> Golden Weekly Globe,</em> May 27, 1876.</p> <p>“XXXIX Congress: Second Section,”<em> Portland Daily Press</em>, February 25, 1867.&nbsp;</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Eugene H. Berwanger, <em>The Rise of the Centennial State: Colorado Territory, 1861–76</em> (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007).</p> <p>Colorado State Archives, “<a href="https://archives.colorado.gov/collections/governors/alexander-cummings">Alexander Cummings</a>.”</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 11 Feb 2022 17:07:04 +0000 yongli 3663 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Patricia (Pat) Schroeder http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/patricia-pat-schroeder <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Patricia (Pat) Schroeder</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-12-01T15:10:37-07:00" title="Wednesday, December 1, 2021 - 15:10" class="datetime">Wed, 12/01/2021 - 15:10</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/patricia-pat-schroeder" data-a2a-title="Patricia (Pat) Schroeder"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fpatricia-pat-schroeder&amp;title=Patricia%20%28Pat%29%20Schroeder"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Patricia (Pat) Scott Schroeder (1940–) represented Colorado’s First <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-congressional-districts"><strong>Congressional District</strong></a>—the city of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>—in the US House of Representatives from 1973 to 1997. The first female US Representative elected in Colorado, she championed liberal issues, including opposing the Vietnam War and advocating for women’s rights and reforms affecting families. A Democrat and an early feminist, she was known for her razor-sharp wit and political barbs. She spent her twenty-four years in Congress battling Republicans and the old boys’ network of political favors.</p> <h2>Early Years</h2> <p>Patricia Scott was born on July 30, 1940, in Portland, Oregon. Her father, Lee Scott, served in the Army Air Corps, and the family moved often. Her brother, Mike, was born in 1943. The family eventually settled in Des Moines, Iowa, where her father started an aviation insurance company and her mother, Bernice Scott, worked as a first-grade teacher. Pat was a gifted student and graduated from Roosevelt High School in 1958.</p> <p>Pat’s parents did not raise her with the stereotypical 1950s vision that a girl’s role in life was as a helpmate, wife, and mother. Instead, they encouraged her independence, valued her opinions, and nurtured her diverse interests. Her father taught her how to rebuild cars and planes, as well as how to remodel their historic house. Pat became involved in Girl Scouts, especially excelling at outdoor activities. At age sixteen, she earned her pilot’s license.</p> <p>Her parents were Democrats who supported liberal causes and candidates. Politics and current events were the subjects of dinner-table conversations. Her role models were Amelia Earhart, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Margaret Sanger, whom she referred to as “doers” who broke new ground and challenged the status quo.</p> <h2>College and Law School</h2> <p>After high school, Patricia Scott enrolled at the University of Minnesota, working as a pilot to help pay tuition. At that time, women were discouraged from pursuing degrees in any fields besides teaching and nursing. Scott felt out of place and excluded because of her ambition for a career instead of the customary “M.R.S.” degree, that is, getting married and raising a family.</p> <p>During college, she became involved in liberal political activism. Serving on the student senate, she was inspired by Minnesota senator Hubert Humphrey’s commitment to racial and economic justice and Allard Lowenstein’s antiapartheid movement. She graduated at the top of her class in three years, with a major in history and minors in philosophy and political science.</p> <p>Scott was accepted to Harvard Law School as one of nineteen women in a class of 550. Facing blatant sexism and a brutally competitive environment, the female classmates—including Elizabeth Dole and Janet Reno—formed deep, enduring bonds with each other.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p> <p>Scott met Jim Schroeder, a fellow Harvard Law student, at a party, and they were married before the start of their second year. He admired and encouraged her independent and ambitious personality.</p> <h2>Colorado and Congress</h2> <p>After graduation, the couple moved to Colorado. Jim was offered jobs at top law firms in Colorado, while Pat had trouble finding a job. Law firms were reluctant to hire female lawyers, believing they were less capable and would leave the job when they started a family. Pat took a job at the Denver office of the federal National Labor Relations Board, taught at Colorado colleges, and did legal volunteer work for Planned Parenthood.</p> <p>In 1966 the Schroeders had their first child, Scott, followed in 1970 by their second child, Jamie Christine. There was no maternity leave for women, so Schroeder quit her job to take care of their children.</p> <p>Jim Schroeder ran for a seat in the <strong>state legislature</strong> in 1970. He lost but remained involved in Colorado politics. In 1971, when a committee was looking for a candidate to run in the First Congressional District, which had a popular Republican incumbent, someone suggested his wife. Pat Schroeder decided to run, with Jim acting as her campaign manager. Campaigning on an anti–Vietnam War platform, she also focused on children, the elderly, housing, and the environment. From an office in their basement, the campaign created thought-provoking posters and planned celebrity fundraisers that included Gloria Steinem and Shirley MacLaine. Schroeder canvassed Denver neighborhoods to meet voters personally. When the 1972 election returns came in, Schroeder had won 52 percent of the vote.</p> <h2>Inside the Beltway</h2> <p>Schroeder was thirty-two years old and the mother of two small children when the family moved to Washington, DC, for Schroeder&nbsp;to serve in Congress. As one of the youngest women ever elected to Congress, she received considerable attention from the media, her congressional colleagues, and the public. She acknowledged she was juggling two jobs—working woman and mother—bringing a diaper bag to Congress and keeping crayons in her office. She lived her conviction that women across the country could do both jobs well.</p> <h2>Legislating for Women</h2> <p>When Schroeder entered Congress in 1973, she was one of only fourteen women in the House. At the time, women earned 40 percent less than men, could not get a credit card in their own name, had limited access to birth control, could be fired for being pregnant, and made up a disproportionate share of people living in poverty. The women’s rights movement was making demands for the Equal Rights Amendment, federal assistance for child care, an end to gender discrimination at work, and freedom of choice concerning abortion. Schroeder was determined to make the government an ally of women and children.</p> <p>In 1977 Schroeder became a founding member of the Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues, chairing it for ten years. Schroeder focused her energy on women’s rights and reforms affecting the family, including women’s health care, childcare, maternity leave, family planning, and gender equity in the workplace. In 1993 the Family and Medical Leave Act culminated years of work in this area. Colorado ratified the Equal Rights Amendment under her leadership, though the amendment failed to garner enough states to become part of the Constitution.</p> <p>In 1987 Schroeder briefly sought the Democratic nomination for president. Realizing that she would not be able to get enough delegates for the nomination, Schroeder resigned from the race in an emotional press conference. She teared up during the announcement, causing hostile backlash from feminists and conservatives alike.</p> <h2>House Armed Services Committee</h2> <p>Schroeder entered Congress at a time when the Vietnam War was dividing the nation. During her first term, she became the first woman to serve on the House Armed Services Committee<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-11-16T18:47">,</ins> to the dismay of entrenched committee members. She advocated for the rights of women in the military and crusaded against excessive military spending. The Military Family Leave Act, which Schroeder sponsored, improved benefits and living conditions for military personnel and their families. She brought attention to sexual harassment in the military and advocated for women to serve on combat missions.</p> <h2>Wit</h2> <p>Schroeder spent twelve terms in Congress and was known for her quick, biting wit and her clever one-liners that cut to the heart of an issue. Most famously, she dubbed Ronald Re<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-11-16T18:47">a</ins>gan the “Teflon President” for retaining his popularity in spite of high-profile scandals in his administration. None of the dirt stuck to him. When asked about her ability to balance her political work with motherhood, she replied, “I have a brain and a uterus, and they both work.” She joked that if the Pentagon officials were women<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-11-16T18:48">,</ins> they would always be pregnant because they never said no.</p> <p>Schroeder was aggressive in showing her opposition to the status quo, organizing press conferences, interviews, and protests to publicize her positions. Despite her no-nonsense approach to issues, she enjoyed the spotlight and embraced a certain amount of “quirkiness,” including dressing in costumes for holidays and signing her name with a smiley&nbsp;face.</p> <h2>Later Life</h2> <p>Schroeder did not seek reelection in 1996 and left the House of Representatives the following year. During her tenure in Congress, she opened doors for women in political office and left a legacy of legislation that valued women and families. She was succeeded by Democrat <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/diana-degette"><strong>Diana DeGette</strong></a>.</p> <p>From 1997 to 2007, Schroeder worked as president and CEO of the Association of American Publishers. She advocated for stronger copyright laws and making materials more accessible to people with disabilities. She has also written two books of her own: <em>Champion of the Great American Family</em> (1989) and <em>24 Years of House Work . . .&nbsp;and the Place Is Still a Mess</em> (1998).</p> <p>Schroeder was inducted into the Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame in 1985 and the National Women’s Hall of Fame in 1995. She and her husband retired and relocated to Celebration, Florida, where she remains active in local and national politics.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/duncan-elizabeth" hreflang="und">Duncan, Elizabeth</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pat-schroeder" hreflang="en">Pat Schroeder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/politicians" hreflang="en">politicians</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">colorado women&#039;s history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-congresspeople" hreflang="en">colorado congresspeople</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-congress" hreflang="en">us congress</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Joan A. Lowy, <em>Pat Schroeder: A Woman of the House </em>(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003).</p> <p>Pat Schroeder, <em>Champion of the Great American Family: A Personal and Political Book</em> (New York: Random House, 1989).</p> <p>Jeanne Varnell,&nbsp;<em>Women of Consequence: The Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame</em>&nbsp;(Boulder: Johnson Books, 1999).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Karen Foerstel and Herbert N. Foerstel, <em>Climbing the Hill: Gender Conflict in Congress</em> (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 01 Dec 2021 22:10:37 +0000 yongli 3643 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Bulkeley Wells http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bulkeley-wells <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bulkeley Wells</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-15T16:19:25-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 15, 2021 - 16:19" class="datetime">Tue, 06/15/2021 - 16:19</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bulkeley-wells" data-a2a-title="Bulkeley Wells"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbulkeley-wells&amp;title=Bulkeley%20Wells"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Bulkeley Wells (1872–1931) was an influential <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a> investor and hydroelectric engineer best known for building the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/smuggler-union-hydroelectric-power-plant"><strong>Smuggler-Union Hydroelectric Power Plant</strong></a> near <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/telluride"><strong>Telluride</strong></a> and for his hostility toward unions. A controversial figure in Colorado history, Wells carried on an affair with <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/louise-bethel-sneed-hill"><strong>Louise Sneed Hill</strong></a>, a leader of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> society, and later committed suicide as business failures mounted and his finances unraveled.</p> <h2>Early Life<strong> </strong></h2> <p>Bulkeley Wells was born March 10, 1872, in Chicago, Illinois, to Samuel Edgar and Mary Agnes (Bulkeley) Wells; his first name was his mother’s maiden name. He attended Roxbury Latin School in Boston, Massachusetts, before going to Harvard University, where he graduated in 1894 with a degree in engineering. Next, he worked as a machinist at the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester, New Hampshire, and then at the Boston and Albany Railroad Company.</p> <p>In 1895 Wells married Grace Livermore, a daughter of Colonel Thomas Leonard and Sarah Ellen (Daniels) Livermore. Colonel Livermore was a well-known lawyer who had served as the manager of the Amoskeag Company. Bulkeley and Grace had four children together: Bulkeley L. in 1896, Barbara in 1898, Dorothy in 1900, and Thomas in 1902.</p> <h2>Mining Career</h2> <p>Colonel Livermore had also amassed a fortune from Western mining properties, including the Smuggler, the wealthiest and most famous gold mine in Telluride. After marrying Grace, Wells joined his father-in-law in the mining industry. When the manager of the <strong>Smuggler-Union Mining Company</strong> was murdered in the wake of a violent <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-federation-miners"><strong>Western Federation of Miners</strong></a> (WFM) strike, Livermore appointed Wells as president and general manager, a position he held from 1902 to 1923. During his years in the industry, he served as president or director of at least sixty other mining companies in California, Nevada, and Colorado. He also served as president of the Western Colorado Power Company and the First National Bank of Telluride; sat on the executive board of the Telluride Mining Association; and was a member of numerous civic, scientific, and professional organizations.</p> <p>Nationally known for his work in hydroelectric engineering, Wells oversaw the construction and operation of numerous hydroelectric plants in the United States and Mexico, showing a knack for efficiently tapping natural resources. Most notably, in 1907 he built a power plant at the top of Bridal Veil Falls near Telluride to serve the Smuggler-Union milling complex; the building doubled as Wells’s summer home. The plant’s generator was one of the first to supply alternating current for industrial use in the United States.</p> <h2>Labor Conflicts</h2> <p>Perhaps because of the way he started out in the mining industry, Wells was famously antiunion and fought hard to discredit the WFM. Taking over for murdered manager Arthur Collins, he quickly became a leader among local mine owners and managers who wanted to break the union. After local employees <strong>went on strike again in September 1903</strong>, the Mine Operators Association, which Wells had organized, convinced Governor <strong>James Peabody</strong> to send in National Guard soldiers to protect strikebreakers. The association helped to pay for the deployment of soldiers and provided mine managers to serve as their officers, with Wells as captain of a cavalry troop. By January the governor had declared martial law at the request of the unit’s leader, Major Zeph Hill, who was working with managers to deport dozens of union members. When Hill withdrew in February, Wells gained full command of the district. He kept deporting union members and ordered construction of a sentry post at Imogene Pass—named <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-peabody"><strong>Fort Peabody</strong></a> for the governor—to prevent deportees from returning.</p> <p>After crushing the strike by the summer of 1904, Wells still refused to hire union members. As late as 1908, he may have manned Fort Peabody using mine employees to keep tabs on who was using that route into Telluride. He continued to serve in the National Guard as adjutant general from 1905 to 1907, and from 1907 to 1909 he was a colonel on the governor’s staff. He achieved the rank of brigadier general before retiring from the Colorado National Guard in 1917.</p> <p>During this time, Wells also played an instrumental role in capturing the alleged killers of former Idaho governor Frank Steunenberg, who was assassinated in 1905. A former WFM member named Harry Orchard confessed to the murder. Orchard claimed he had been hired by the union, whose leadership included <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-dudley-haywood"><strong>William “Big Bill” Haywood</strong></a>. Haywood and the other union leaders were arrested in Denver, put on trial, and later acquitted. Wells’s role in the investigation, and his continued actions to neutralize unions, had made him a target. In 1908 a bomb was placed under his bed in Telluride, but he escaped serious injury.</p> <h2>Social Life and Controversy</h2> <p>Wells was popular in elite social circles across the country. A sportsman who enjoyed playing polo and tennis, he was active in numerous prominent sporting and social clubs in Boston, New York, Colorado, Salt Lake City, and San Francisco. These social connections helped advance his business career. Playing cards one night in the early 1900s at a private men’s club in New York, he met Harry Payne Whitney, who was so impressed by Wells’s confidence during the high-stakes game that he soon invested millions in Wells’s mining ventures.</p> <p>Sometime in the early 1900s, Wells became acquainted with <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/crawford-hill"><strong>Crawford</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/louise-bethel-sneed-hill"><strong>Louise Hill</strong></a>, recognized leaders of Denver’s elite group, the Sacred 36. It is unknown exactly when the trio became acquainted; they may have met through their mutual interests in the mining industry, or at a social or polo event at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-country-club"><strong>Denver Country Club</strong></a>. Regardless, they quickly became a tight-knit trio. They vacationed together, and Wells became involved in the lives of the Hills’ two sons, who sometimes stayed with him in Telluride.</p> <p>Then and now, the story has been that Wells and Louise Hill carried on an affair. Partygoers at Denver Country Club events told of Wells and Hill disappearing upstairs together. Yet their relationship was more complicated than a simple love affair; instead, it was a deep familial bond. Far from being angry about the relationship, Crawford Hill enlisted Wells’s help when his sons were having trouble in school, affectionately signed his personal letters to Wells with a line of friendship and devotion, and listed Wells in his will as backup executor and guardian to his children should Louise Hill die first. The bond between the three was so tight that Louise Hill hung a life-size portrait of Wells in his finest polo attire beside her husband’s smaller, head-only portrait in the main foyer of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/crawford-and-louise-hill-mansion"><strong>their Denver mansion</strong></a>.</p> <p>Grace Wells was not as pleased with the arrangement; in 1918 she divorced her husband, citing desertion. After the divorce, Bulkeley Wells lived at the Hills’ old mansion on Cleveland Place in Denver before moving to San Francisco to pursue new business ventures. When Crawford Hill passed away in December 1922, Denver society assumed Wells would marry the newly widowed Louise Hill. Instead, he eloped in January 1923 with a much younger woman, Virginia Schmidt. After losing the two men she loved most in quick succession, Louise Hill was emotionally devastated and never loved another man.</p> <h2>Decline and Death</h2> <p>Wells and his new wife appeared to be happy and had two children together, but he was struggling professionally and financially. The decline of his fortune began with his 1918 divorce, when he lost the backing of his wealthy in-laws, the Livermores. He also lost money on risky mining investments, and his gambling habit became a problem as well. On top of all that, Harry Payne Whitney removed his backing from Wells after losing at least $15 million in bad investments. Some claim that Louise Hill, who was friendly with Whitney, convinced him to withdraw his support. Wells retired as head of Whitney’s mining investment company in 1923. His financial situation continued to deteriorate as he attempted to gamble his way out.</p> <p>In 1931, with the Great Depression deepening, Wells foresaw a life of poverty and made a drastic decision. He went to his office on the morning of May 26, 1931, spoke briefly with his coworkers, and asked for a loan of twenty-five dollars, perhaps so that a coworker would have to leave to get the money out of the bank. Wells returned to his office, sat down at his desk, and penned a note to a bookkeeper at the Smuggler-Union. “Nothing but bankruptcy is possible as far as my estate is concerned,” he wrote. “Do what you can for Mrs. Wells.” He then took a revolver from his desk, lay down on a couch, and shot himself in the head, using a pillow to mute the sound. Unaware of the shot, Wells’s coworkers entered his office to discuss business and discovered him bleeding out on the couch. Wells was rushed to the hospital, but he never regained consciousness; he died shortly thereafter. His young wife died four years later of acute gastritis.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Wells’s suicide came as a surprise to many who knew him. Most people have blamed Louise Hill for his demise, but no one person or factor caused the downfall of the once-prominent businessman and socialite.</p> <p>Wells remains a controversial figure in Colorado history. His gambling troubles, personal affairs (including his relationship with Louise Hill), and the controversial nature of his death (especially at that time) left him with a complicated social legacy. In business, his early success in the mining industry also involved harsh tactics designed to undercut union progress at every turn, including wrongful murder accusations aimed at union leaders such as Haywood. Wells was once known around the world for his contributions to hydroelectric engineering, but the true significance of his work remains unclear because most surviving information about him deals with his later business failures. Two facets of Wells’s business career are still visible outside Telluride, where Fort Peabody stands watch at Imogene Pass and the picturesque Smuggler-Union Hydroelectric Power Plant continues to generate renewable energy for the town below.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/carr-shelby" hreflang="und">Carr, Shelby</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bulkeley-wells" hreflang="en">Bulkeley Wells</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/smuggler-union-mining-company" hreflang="en">Smuggler-Union Mining Company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/telluride" hreflang="en">Telluride</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/crawford-hill" hreflang="en">Crawford Hill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/louise-hill" hreflang="en">louise hill</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>E.&nbsp;B. Adams, <em>My Association with a Glamorous Man: Bulkeley Wells</em> (n.p., 1961).</p> <p>“Bulkeley Wells, Noted Mining Engineer, Commits Suicide in S.F. Office,” <em>San Francisco Chronicle</em>, May 27, 1931.</p> <p>“Bulkeley Wells Quits Metals Exploration Co., Says a Denver Report: Denver Post Carries Story That Wells and Harry Payne Whitney Have Parted,” <em>Daily Journal, </em>August 14, 1923.</p> <p>“Bulkeley Wells, Suicide, Once Colorful Figure in Colorado,” <em>Eagle Valley Enterprise</em>, June 5, 1931.</p> <p>MaryJoy Martin, “Fort Peabody,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (August 1, 2004).</p> <p>Kaspar Monahan, “Bulkeley Wells Spent and Lost Huge Fortunes, Gambled $15,000,000 for Harry Payne Whitney and Failed,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, May 27, 1931.</p> <p>Wilson Rockwell, “Gentleman of Fortune,” in <em>The 1966 Brand Book</em>, ed. William D. Powell, vol. 22 (Denver: Denver Westerners, 1967).</p> <p>Wilber Fisk Stone, “Bulkeley Wells,” <em>History of Colorado </em>(Chicago: S.&nbsp;J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1918).</p> <p>Roger Neville Williams, “<a href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=%22Smuggler-Union%20Hydroelectric%20Power%20Plant,%22">Smuggler-Union Hydroelectric Power Plant,</a>” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (December 7, 1977).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Shelby Carr, <em>The Queen of Denver: Louise Sneed Hill and The Emergence of Modern High Society </em>(Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2020).</p> <p>MaryJoy Martin,&nbsp;<em>The Corpse on Boomerang Road: Telluride’s War on Labor 1899–1908</em>&nbsp;(Montrose, CO: Western Reflections, 2004).</p> <p>Carrol D. Wright, <em>A Report on Labor Disturbances in the State of Colorado, From 1880 to 1904, Inclusive </em>(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1905).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 15 Jun 2021 22:19:25 +0000 yongli 3556 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/saint-frances-xavier-cabrini <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3754--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3754.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/st-frances-cabrini"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Francesca_Cabrini_1_0.jpg?itok=186-KOkO" width="878" height="1041" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/st-frances-cabrini" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">St. Frances Cabrini</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Born in Italy in 1850, Frances Cabrini came to the United States in 1889 to work with Italian immigrants. She established dozens of schools, orphanages, and hospitals across the country before her death in 1917. In 1946 she became the first US citizen to be declared a saint.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3756--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3756.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mother-cabrini-shrine"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Mother_Cabrini_Shrine_Golden_CO_0.png?itok=-YuHSzTt" width="474" height="632" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mother-cabrini-shrine" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden"> Mother Cabrini Shrine</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Mother Cabrini Shrine outside Golden is on the site of the former Queen of Heaven Orphanage Summer Camp, which Cabrini started in 1909.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button 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'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-01-21T16:17:27-07:00" title="Thursday, January 21, 2021 - 16:17" class="datetime">Thu, 01/21/2021 - 16:17</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/saint-frances-xavier-cabrini" data-a2a-title="Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsaint-frances-xavier-cabrini&amp;title=Saint%20Frances%20Xavier%20Cabrini"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini (1850–1917) was an Italian Catholic nun who came to the United States in 1889 as a missionary tasked with ministering to the country’s growing population of Italian <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/early-immigration-denver-1850%E2%80%931920"><strong>immigrants</strong></a>. Over the next three decades, during her missionary work, Cabrini established sixty-seven schools, orphanages, and hospitals, including Mount Carmel School and the Queen of Heaven Orphanage in north <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. Canonized in 1946 as the first US citizen to become a saint, she is remembered in Colorado through the Mother Cabrini Shrine south of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden"><strong>Golden</strong></a> as well as Cabrini Day, an annual holiday observed on the first Monday in October.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Frances Cabrini was born on July 15, 1850, to Stella and Agostino Cabrini in Sant’Angelo Lodigiano, Italy, a small town about twenty miles southeast of Milan. Born two months premature, she remained small and weak throughout childhood. She was so frail that she was rejected from several religious orders because of her health. She left her family’s farm in 1863 to attend the Normal School in Arluno. She lived there for five years with the Daughters of the Sacred Heart, who ran the school, before graduating in 1868 with her teaching certificate. Rejected by the Daughters because of her health, she returned home to become a teacher in Sant’Angelo Lodigiano and the nearby village of Vidardo.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1874 Cabrini moved to Codogno to become head of a girls’ orphanage called the House of Providence. Along with a group of young women teaching there, in 1880 she reorganized the orphanage as a religious institute, the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and made a profession of religious vows. Cabrini added “Xavier” to her name in honor of Saint Francis Xavier, an early Catholic missionary to Asia.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Missionary Work</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite her history of poor health, Cabrini hoped to go to China as a missionary. The church hierarchy, however, had other plans for her. When she met with Pope Leo XIII, he told her, “Not to the East, but to the West.” He wanted her to head to the United States, where hundreds of thousands of poor, newly arrived Italian immigrants were trying to make their way with insufficient social and religious services. Cabrini complied, arriving in New York City with a handful of other Missionary Sisters in March 1889. After spending their first night in a tenement, the missionaries set to work begging for donations and bringing families groceries and clothing. A year later, they established an orphanage and a school for Italian children; a hospital followed. The order’s convent in the notoriously rough <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/five-points"><strong>Five Points</strong></a> neighborhood soon functioned as a refuge for poor children in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Over the next three decades, Cabrini traveled extensively, crossing the Atlantic Ocean nearly two dozen times as she carried out her work in Europe and the Americas. Cabrini spent more than half of these years in a series of nine journeys throughout the United States, and in 1909 she became a US citizen. After initially focusing on eastern areas with high Italian populations—such as New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania—in the early 1900s, she turned her attention to Chicago, Colorado, and the West Coast. Everywhere she went, she and her fellow Missionary Sisters founded schools, hospitals, and orphanages—a total of sixty-seven in her lifetime—while also establishing recreational programs and visiting hospitals, jails, and prisons.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cabrini in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1902 Bishop <strong>Nicholas Matz</strong> of Denver asked Cabrini to come to the city, where he said fewer than 50 of about 1,000 school-age Italian children were enrolled in Catholic schools. Cabrini sent two fellow Missionary Sisters, Umilia Capietti and Clemenza Boldrini, ahead of her to make preparations and start working with the local community. Cabrini arrived on October 29, 1902, and opened the Mount Carmel School in the heavily Italian Highland neighborhood on November 17. The school remained in operation until the 1960s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In October 1904 the Missionary Sisters started an orphanage in north Denver’s Sunnyside neighborhood. Colorado’s Italian community had a high number of orphans because Italian workers tended to be concentrated in dangerous industries such as mining and railroads. In 1905 the Queen of Heaven Orphanage moved into a farmhouse at the corner of West Forty-Eighth Avenue and <strong>Federal Boulevard</strong>, and in 1921 it moved into a new, three-story brick building on the site. Heavily Italian when it opened, the orphanage’s demographics changed with the neighborhood. By the 1960s, it was full of Cuban children fleeing their country’s revolution. The orphanage remained in operation until 1967, when the children were transferred to foster care. The building was demolished two years later to make way for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During her time in Colorado, Cabrini also traveled to various mountain mining districts to minister to Italian miners. Heading west from Denver, she noticed a hilly property above Mount Vernon Canyon, which she thought would make a good summer camp and ranch for the Denver orphanage. In 1909, she acquired the property from the city of Golden. During her last trip there, in the fall of 1912, she found a spring that still produces water. She also climbed the property’s highest hill, where she arranged stones in the shape of a heart with a cross at the top, and she worked with Denver builder Thomas Ekrom to design a new dormitory for the orphanage summer camp, which had been using the barns as sleeping quarters. Completed in 1914 on a site overlooking Denver, the Stone House hosted groups of about twenty orphaned girls at a time for a few weeks each summer until the orphanage closed in 1967.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Frances Cabrini died on December 22, 1917, at Columbus Hospital in Chicago, which she had established in 1905. Her legacy lives on in the dozens of institutions she helped establish, many of which continued to serve their communities throughout the twentieth century. Her religious institute, the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, still has a presence in fifteen countries today.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1938 Pope Pius XI declared Cabrini “Blessed.” On July 7, 1946, after an extensive review of her life, Pope Pius XII canonized her, making her the first US citizen to be declared a saint. In 1950 she was named patron saint of immigrants. In the United States, her feast day is November 13. There is a Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini Shrine in upper Manhattan and a National Shrine of Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini in Chicago.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The third Cabrini Shrine in the United States is on the site of the former Queen of Heaven Orphanage Summer Camp south of Golden. Cabrini’s Heart of Stones is still preserved there under glass, and in 1954 a twenty-two-foot-tall statue of Jesus was placed atop an eleven-foot pedestal near the stones. Pilgrims can make their way up via a stairway that ascends the same route Cabrini took when she made the Heart of Stones in 1912. The Stone House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 and now functions as a retreat center. The property is also home to a small chapel on the site of Cabrini’s spring as well as a modern convent for the Missionary Sisters, completed in 1971.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In March 2020, Colorado replaced its Columbus Day holiday with Cabrini Day, to be held annually on the first Monday in October. Cabrini Day became the first paid state holiday in the country to honor a woman.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/frances-xavier-cabrini" hreflang="en">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/saint-cabrini" hreflang="en">Saint Cabrini</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mother-cabrini" hreflang="en">Mother Cabrini</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mother-cabrini-shrine" hreflang="en">Mother Cabrini Shrine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/queen-heaven-orphanage" hreflang="en">Queen of Heaven Orphanage</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mount-carmel-school" hreflang="en">Mount Carmel School</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/catholicism" hreflang="en">Catholicism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/italian-immigrants" hreflang="en">Italian immigrants</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://cabrinishrinenyc.org/about-st-cabrini/">About St. Frances Cabrini</a>,” St. Frances Cabrini Shrine NYC, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.cabriniday.com/">Cabrini Day</a>, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Edna Fiore, “Queen of Heaven Orphanage Summer Camp,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, August 23, 1999.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://mothercabrinishrine.org/about-us/history">History of Mother Cabrini Shrine</a>,” Mother Cabrini Shrine (Golden, CO), n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Michael T. Luongo, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/08/nyregion/in-upper-manhattan-restoring-the-golden-halo-of-mother-cabrini.html">In Upper Manhattan, Restoring the Golden Halo of Mother Cabrini</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, February 6, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.mothercabrini.org/who-we-are/mother-cabrini/">Mother Cabrini</a>,” Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.mothercabrini.org/who-we-are/our-history/">Our History</a>,” Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, n.d</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mary Louise Sullivan, “<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25153802">Mother Cabrini: Missionary to Italian Immigrants</a>,” <em>US Catholic Historian</em> 6, no. 4 (Fall 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.cabrininationalshrine.org/timeline-and-her-life-s-work">Timeline and Her Life’s Work</a>,” National Shrine of Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini, n.d.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Alisa DiGiacomo, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/story/2020/09/28/celebrating-colorado-cabrini-day-2020">Celebrating Colorado Cabrini Day 2020</a>,” History Colorado, September 28, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Colorado Catholicism and the Archdiocese of Denver, 1857–1989</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mary Louise Sullivan,<em> Mother Cabrini, Italian Immigrant of the Century</em> (New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alisa Zahller, <em>Italy in Colorado: Family Histories From Denver and Beyond</em> (Virginia Beach: Donning, 2008).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini (1850–1917) was an Italian Catholic nun. She came to the United States in 1889 as a missionary. Cabrini ministered to the country’s growing population of Italian immigrants. Over the next three decades, Cabrini established sixty-seven schools, orphanages, and hospitals. These include Mount Carmel School and the Queen of Heaven Orphanage in north Denver. Cabrini was canonized in 1946. She was the first US citizen to become a saint. She is remembered in Colorado through the Mother Cabrini Shrine south of Golden as well as Cabrini Day. The holiday is observed on the first Monday in October.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Frances Cabrini was born on July 15, 1850 in a small town about twenty miles southeast of Milan, Italy. She was born two months premature. Cabrini remained small and weak throughout childhood. She was so frail that she was rejected from several religious orders. She left her family’s farm in 1863 to attend the Normal School in Arluno. She lived there for five years with the Daughters of the Sacred Heart. Cabrini graduated in 1868 with her teaching certificate. She was rejected by the Daughters because of her health. Cabrini returned home to become a teacher.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1874 Cabrini became head of a girls’ orphanage called the House of Providence. In 1880, she reorganized the orphanage as a religious institute. She made a profession of religious vows. Cabrini added “Xavier” to her name in honor of Saint Francis Xavier, an early Catholic missionary to Asia.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Missionary Work</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Cabrini hoped to go to China as a missionary. The church had other plans for her. When she met with Pope Leo XIII, he told her, “Not to the East, but to the West.” The Pope wanted her to head to the United States.  There, hundreds of thousands of newly arrived Italian immigrants were living with poor social and religious services. Cabrini complied. She arrived in New York City in March 1889. The missionaries set to work begging for donations. They brought families groceries and clothing. A year later, they established an orphanage and a school for Italian children. A hospital followed. The order’s convent functioned as a refuge for poor children in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Over the next three decades, Cabrini traveled. She crossed the Atlantic Ocean nearly two dozen times as she carried out her work. Cabrini spent more than half of these years in a series of nine journeys throughout the United States. In 1909 she became a US citizen. She first focused on eastern areas with high Italian populations such as New York and New Jersey. In the early 1900s, she turned her attention to Chicago, Colorado, and the West Coast. Everywhere she went, she founded schools, hospitals, and orphanages. Cabrini also visited jails, and prisons.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cabrini in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1902 Bishop Nicholas Matz of Denver asked Cabrini to come to the city. Fewer than 50 of about 1,000 school-age Italian children in Denver were enrolled in Catholic schools. Cabrini arrived on October 29, 1902. She opened the Mount Carmel School in the heavily Italian Highland neighborhood on November 17. The school remained in operation until the 1960s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In October 1904, the Missionary Sisters started an orphanage in north Denver’s Sunnyside neighborhood. Colorado’s Italian community had a high number of orphans because Italian workers tended to work in dangerous industries such as mining and railroads. In 1905 the Queen of Heaven Orphanage moved into a farmhouse at the corner of West Forty-Eighth Avenue and Federal Boulevard. In 1921 it moved into a new, three-story brick building on the site. The orphanage’s demographics changed with the neighborhood. By the 1960s, it was full of Cuban children fleeing their country’s revolution. The orphanage remained in operation until 1967. The building was demolished two years later to make way for Interstate 70.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cabrini also traveled to mountain mining districts to minister to Italian workers. Heading west from Denver, she noticed a hilly property above Mount Vernon Canyon. She thought this would make a good summer camp and ranch for the Denver orphanage. In 1909, she acquired the property from the city of Golden. During her last trip there, in the fall of 1912, she found a spring that still produces water. She climbed the property’s highest hill. There, she arranged stones in the shape of a heart with a cross at the top. Cabrini worked with Denver builder Thomas Ekrom to design a dormitory for the orphanage summer camp. Completed in 1914, the Stone House hosted groups of about twenty girls. Girls continued to go there for a few weeks each summer until the orphanage closed in 1967.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Frances Cabrini died on December 22, 1917, at Columbus Hospital in Chicago. Her legacy lives on in institutions she helped establish.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1938 Pope Pius XI declared Cabrini “Blessed.” On July 7, 1946, Pope Pius XII canonized her. This made her the first US citizen to be declared a saint. In 1950 Cabrini was named patron saint of immigrants. In the United States, her feast day is November 13. There is a Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini Shrine in upper Manhattan and a National Shrine of Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini in Chicago.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The third Cabrini Shrine in the United States is on the site of the former Queen of Heaven Orphanage Summer Camp south of Golden. Cabrini’s Heart of Stones is preserved there under glass. In 1954 a twenty-two-foot-tall statue of Jesus was placed near the stones. Pilgrims can make their way up via a stairway. The Stone House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. It now functions as a retreat center. The property is home to a small chapel as well as a convent for the Missionary Sisters.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In March 2020, Colorado replaced its Columbus Day holiday with Cabrini Day. The holiday is celebrated on the first Monday in October. Cabrini Day became the first paid state holiday in the country to honor a woman.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini (1850–1917) was an Italian Catholic nun. She came to the United States in 1889 as a missionary. Cabrini ministered to the country’s growing population of Italian immigrants. Over the next three decades, Cabrini established sixty-seven schools, orphanages, and hospitals. These include Mount Carmel School and the Queen of Heaven Orphanage in north Denver. Cabrini was canonized in 1946. She was the first US citizen to become a saint. She is remembered in Colorado through the Mother Cabrini Shrine south of Golden as well as Cabrini Day. The holiday is observed on the first Monday in October.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Frances Cabrini was born on July 15, 1850 in a small town about twenty miles southeast of Milan, Italy. Born two months premature, she remained small and weak throughout childhood. She was so frail that she was rejected from several religious orders. She left her family’s farm in 1863 to attend the Normal School in Arluno. She lived there for five years with the Daughters of the Sacred Heart. Cabrini graduated in 1868 with her teaching certificate. She was rejected by the Daughters because of her health. Cabrini returned home to become a teacher.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1874 Cabrini became head of a girls’ orphanage called the House of Providence. In 1880, she reorganized the orphanage as a religious institute. She made a profession of religious vows. Cabrini added “Xavier” to her name in honor of Saint Francis Xavier, an early Catholic missionary to Asia.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Missionary Work</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Cabrini hoped to go to China as a missionary. The church had other plans for her. When she met with Pope Leo XIII, he told her, “Not to the East, but to the West.” The Pope wanted her to head to the United States.  There, hundreds of thousands of newly arrived Italian immigrants were living with insufficient social and religious services. Cabrini complied. She arrived in New York City in March 1889. After spending their first night in a tenement, the missionaries set to work begging for donations. They brought families groceries and clothing. A year later, they established an orphanage and a school for Italian children. A hospital followed. The order’s convent functioned as a refuge for poor children in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Over the next three decades, Cabrini traveled. She crossed the Atlantic Ocean nearly two dozen times as she carried out her work. Cabrini spent more than half of these years in a series of nine journeys throughout the United States. In 1909 she became a US citizen. She first focused on eastern areas with high Italian populations such as New York and New Jersey. In the early 1900s, she turned her attention to Chicago, Colorado, and the West Coast. Everywhere she went, she founded schools, hospitals, and orphanages. Cabrini also visited jails, and prisons.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cabrini in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1902 Bishop Nicholas Matz of Denver asked Cabrini to come to the city. Fewer than 50 of about 1,000 school-age Italian children in Denver were enrolled in Catholic schools. Cabrini arrived on October 29, 1902. She opened the Mount Carmel School in the heavily Italian Highland neighborhood on November 17. The school remained in operation until the 1960s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In October 1904, the Missionary Sisters started an orphanage in north Denver’s Sunnyside neighborhood. Colorado’s Italian community had a high number of orphans because Italian workers tended to work in dangerous industries such as mining and railroads. In 1905 the Queen of Heaven Orphanage moved into a farmhouse at the corner of West Forty-Eighth Avenue and Federal Boulevard. In 1921 it moved into a new, three-story brick building on the site. Heavily Italian when it opened, the orphanage’s demographics changed with the neighborhood. By the 1960s, it was full of Cuban children fleeing their country’s revolution. The orphanage remained in operation until 1967, when the children were transferred to foster care. The building was demolished two years later to make way for Interstate 70.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cabrini also traveled to mountain mining districts to minister to Italian miners. Heading west from Denver, she noticed a hilly property above Mount Vernon Canyon. She thought this would make a good summer camp and ranch for the Denver orphanage. In 1909, she acquired the property from the city of Golden. During her last trip there, in the fall of 1912, she found a spring that still produces water. She climbed the property’s highest hill, where she arranged stones in the shape of a heart with a cross at the top. Cabrini worked with Denver builder Thomas Ekrom to design a dormitory for the orphanage summer camp. Completed in 1914, the Stone House hosted groups of about twenty orphaned girls. Girls went there  for a few weeks each summer until the orphanage closed in 1967.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Frances Cabrini died on December 22, 1917, at Columbus Hospital in Chicago, which she had established in 1905. Her legacy lives on in the dozens of institutions she helped establish.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1938 Pope Pius XI declared Cabrini “Blessed.” On July 7, 1946, Pope Pius XII canonized her. This made her the first US citizen to be declared a saint. In 1950 she was named patron saint of immigrants. In the United States, her feast day is November 13. There is a Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini Shrine in upper Manhattan and a National Shrine of Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini in Chicago.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The third Cabrini Shrine in the United States is on the site of the former Queen of Heaven Orphanage Summer Camp south of Golden. Cabrini’s Heart of Stones is preserved there under glass. In 1954 a twenty-two-foot-tall statue of Jesus was placed near the stones. Pilgrims can make their way up via a stairway that ascends the same route Cabrini took when she made the Heart of Stones in 1912. The Stone House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. It now functions as a retreat center. The property is home to a small chapel on the site of Cabrini’s spring as well as a modern convent for the Missionary Sisters.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In March 2020, Colorado replaced its Columbus Day holiday with Cabrini Day. The holiday is held annually on the first Monday in October. Cabrini Day became the first paid state holiday in the country to honor a woman.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini (1850–1917) was an Italian Catholic nun. She came to the United States in 1889 as a missionary. Cabrini was tasked with ministering to the country’s growing population of Italian immigrants. Over the next three decades, Cabrini established sixty-seven schools, orphanages, and hospitals. These include Mount Carmel School and the Queen of Heaven Orphanage in north Denver. Cabrini was canonized in 1946. She was the first US citizen to become a saint. She is remembered in Colorado through the Mother Cabrini Shrine south of Golden as well as Cabrini Day, an annual holiday observed on the first Monday in October.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Frances Cabrini was born on July 15, 1850, to Stella and Agostino Cabrini in a small town about twenty miles southeast of Milan, Italy. Born two months premature, she remained small and weak throughout childhood. She was so frail that she was rejected from several religious orders because of her health. She left her family’s farm in 1863 to attend the Normal School in Arluno. She lived there for five years with the Daughters of the Sacred Heart. Cabrini graduated in 1868 with her teaching certificate. She was rejected by the Daughters because of her health. Cabrini returned home to become a teacher.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1874 Cabrini became head of a girls’ orphanage called the House of Providence. In 1880, she reorganized the orphanage as a religious institute. She made a profession of religious vows. Cabrini added “Xavier” to her name in honor of Saint Francis Xavier, an early Catholic missionary to Asia.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Missionary Work</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Cabrini hoped to go to China as a missionary. The church had other plans for her. When she met with Pope Leo XIII, he told her, “Not to the East, but to the West.” The Pope wanted her to head to the United States.  There, hundreds of thousands of newly arrived Italian immigrants were trying to make their way with insufficient social and religious services. Cabrini complied. She arrived in New York City with a handful of other Missionary Sisters in March 1889. After spending their first night in a tenement, the missionaries set to work begging for donations. They brought families groceries and clothing. A year later, they established an orphanage and a school for Italian children. A hospital followed. The order’s convent in the rough Five Points neighborhood functioned as a refuge for poor children in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Over the next three decades, Cabrini traveled. She crossed the Atlantic Ocean nearly two dozen times as she carried out her work in Europe and the Americas. Cabrini spent more than half of these years in a series of nine journeys throughout the United States, and in 1909 she became a US citizen. After initially focusing on eastern areas with high Italian populations—such as New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania—in the early 1900s, she turned her attention to Chicago, Colorado, and the West Coast. Everywhere she went, she and her fellow Missionary Sisters founded schools, hospitals, and orphanages—a total of sixty-seven in her lifetime—while also establishing recreational programs and visiting hospitals, jails, and prisons.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cabrini in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1902 Bishop Nicholas Matz of Denver asked Cabrini to come to the city, where he said fewer than 50 of about 1,000 school-age Italian children were enrolled in Catholic schools. Cabrini sent two fellow Missionary Sisters, Umilia Capietti and Clemenza Boldrini, ahead of her to make preparations and start working with the local community. Cabrini arrived on October 29, 1902, and opened the Mount Carmel School in the heavily Italian Highland neighborhood on November 17. The school remained in operation until the 1960s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In October 1904, the Missionary Sisters started an orphanage in north Denver’s Sunnyside neighborhood. Colorado’s Italian community had a high number of orphans because Italian workers tended to be concentrated in dangerous industries such as mining and railroads. In 1905 the Queen of Heaven Orphanage moved into a farmhouse at the corner of West Forty-Eighth Avenue and Federal Boulevard, and in 1921 it moved into a new, three-story brick building on the site. Heavily Italian when it opened, the orphanage’s demographics changed with the neighborhood. By the 1960s, it was full of Cuban children fleeing their country’s revolution. The orphanage remained in operation until 1967, when the children were transferred to foster care. The building was demolished two years later to make way for Interstate 70.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During her time in Colorado, Cabrini also traveled to various mountain mining districts to minister to Italian miners. Heading west from Denver, she noticed a hilly property above Mount Vernon Canyon, which she thought would make a good summer camp and ranch for the Denver orphanage. In 1909, she acquired the property from the city of Golden. During her last trip there, in the fall of 1912, she found a spring that still produces water. She also climbed the property’s highest hill, where she arranged stones in the shape of a heart with a cross at the top, and she worked with Denver builder Thomas Ekrom to design a new dormitory for the orphanage summer camp, which had been using the barns as sleeping quarters. Completed in 1914 on a site overlooking Denver, the Stone House hosted groups of about twenty orphaned girls at a time for a few weeks each summer until the orphanage closed in 1967.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Frances Cabrini died on December 22, 1917, at Columbus Hospital in Chicago, which she had established in 1905. Her legacy lives on in the dozens of institutions she helped establish, many of which continued to serve their communities throughout the twentieth century. Her religious institute, the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, still has a presence in fifteen countries today.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1938 Pope Pius XI declared Cabrini “Blessed.” On July 7, 1946, after an extensive review of her life, Pope Pius XII canonized her, making her the first US citizen to be declared a saint. In 1950 she was named patron saint of immigrants. In the United States, her feast day is November 13. There is a Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini Shrine in upper Manhattan and a National Shrine of Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini in Chicago.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The third Cabrini Shrine in the United States is on the site of the former Queen of Heaven Orphanage Summer Camp south of Golden. Cabrini’s Heart of Stones is still preserved there under glass, and in 1954 a twenty-two-foot-tall statue of Jesus was placed atop an eleven-foot pedestal near the stones. Pilgrims can make their way up via a stairway that ascends the same route Cabrini took when she made the Heart of Stones in 1912. The Stone House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 and now functions as a retreat center. The property is also home to a small chapel on the site of Cabrini’s spring as well as a modern convent for the Missionary Sisters, completed in 1971.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In March 2020, Colorado replaced its Columbus Day holiday with Cabrini Day, to be held annually on the first Monday in October. Cabrini Day became the first paid state holiday in the country to honor a woman.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 21 Jan 2021 23:17:27 +0000 yongli 3481 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Byron White http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/byron-white <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Byron White</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-09-14T15:18:45-06:00" title="Monday, September 14, 2020 - 15:18" class="datetime">Mon, 09/14/2020 - 15:18</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/byron-white" data-a2a-title="Byron White"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbyron-white&amp;title=Byron%20White"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Byron White (1917–2002) was Colorado’s first-ever US Supreme Court justice, serving from 1962 to 1993, as well as a nationally known college athlete for the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> and a star pro football player. As a justice, White was remembered for his belief in judicial restraint, writing brief, straightforward opinions that argued against expansive interpretations of constitutional rights. Some legal scholars believe his greatest influence came not in written decisions but in face-to-face discussions with his fellow justices. His sterling achievements in sports and long service on the Supreme Court have ensured him an enduring reputation in Colorado, where the Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Constitutional Law at the University of Colorado Law School and the <strong>Byron White US Courthouse</strong> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> bear his name.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Byron Raymond White was born in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> on June 8, 1917, to Maude and Albert White. He grew up about ten miles north, in the town of <strong>Wellington</strong>, where his father served as mayor and worked as a manager for a lumber company. Byron and his older brother, Clayton Samuel White, made extra money by working in the area’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet</strong></a> fields.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>College Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As valedictorian of his small high school, White received a full scholarship to the University of Colorado (CU). There he followed in the footsteps of his brother, who was a football player and student body president before being selected as a Rhodes Scholar in 1934. The younger White started college that year and became a three-sport star, earning all-conference honors in football, basketball, and baseball. He still managed to earn a straight-A average, making him an easy choice for student body president during his senior year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White’s senior year was one of the most remarkable in the history of college athletics. In the fall of 1937, he led CU to an undefeated season and personally led the country in scoring, rushing, and total offense. He was named an All-American and finished second in the Heisman Trophy voting. CU was invited to the Cotton Bowl, the school’s first bowl game, which it lost to Rice Institute. That winter, sportswriters in New York wanted to see White play basketball so badly that they created the National Invitational Tournament (NIT) to bring CU to Madison Square Garden. The team lost to Temple in the finals. White was subjected to intense media attention, which contributed to his lifelong aversion to the press. He was so exhausted after the season that he skipped spring baseball even though he enjoyed the sport and was a .400 hitter.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Sports and Scholarship</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After graduating as valedictorian, White had an unusual decision to make: enroll at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, or enter the National Football League, where he had been promised the biggest payday in league history. He inclined toward Oxford until he learned that he could play the fall football season and still start one term late at Oxford. Drafted fourth overall by the Pittsburgh Pirates (now the Steelers), White earned his record-high salary of more than $15,000 (about $275,000 today) by leading the league in rushing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the season, White went to Oxford in January 1939 to study law. When <strong>World War II</strong> broke out in September 1939, he returned to the United States. Enrolling at Yale Law School, he received the highest grades in the first-year class. In fall 1940, however, he took a semester off to play football for the Detroit Lions, leading the league in rushing for a second time. He returned to the Lions again the next fall.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the United States entered World War II, White enlisted in the US Navy. He was awarded two Bronze Stars for his service in the Pacific Theater. As an intelligence officer, he wrote the report on the sinking of John F. Kennedy’s boat, PT-109.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Legal Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Back home after the war, White completed his law degree at Yale in 1946, finishing first in his class. He spent a year in Washington, DC, clerking for newly appointed Chief Justice Fred Vinson at the Supreme Court. That year he married Marion Stearns, who was the great-granddaughter of Colorado governor <strong>Frederick Pitkin</strong> and the daughter of University of Colorado president <strong>Robert L. Stearns</strong>. They later had two children, Charles and Nancy. During his year in Washington, White also became reacquainted with John F. Kennedy, who was starting his first term in the US House of Representatives.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1947 White returned to Colorado and joined the Denver law firm of Lewis, Grant, Newton, Davis &amp; Henry, where he spent fourteen years in practice. He changed his policy of avoiding involvement in electoral politics in 1960, when his old friend Kennedy was running for president and asked him to help the campaign in Colorado. White organized Colorado for Kennedy clubs before being asked to head the national Citizens for Kennedy group for the general election, which Kennedy won.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Kennedy entered the White House, he named White as deputy attorney general. The Whites moved back to Washington, DC, where White was second-in-command under Robert F. Kennedy at the Department of Justice. White did daily departmental administrative work, recruited new lawyers, helped select federal court nominees, and oversaw departmental initiatives in Congress. As the Civil Rights Movement gained strength, White also worked on federal efforts to prevent violence against peaceful protesters. In May 1961, he was on the ground in Alabama to supervise federal marshals and deputies sent to protect the Freedom Riders on their trip through the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Supreme Court</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In March 1962, President Kennedy nominated White to replace retiring Supreme Court associate justice Charles Whittaker. Calling him “the ideal New Frontier judge,” Kennedy noted that White had “excelled in everything he has attempted.” White was quickly confirmed by the Senate and took his seat on the Supreme Court on April 16, 1962, at the age of forty-four. He reportedly told one colleague that he was being “put out to pasture.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During White’s thirty-one years on the Supreme Court, the institution experienced a substantial transformation from the height of the liberal Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in the 1960s until White was the only Democratic nominee remaining when he retired in the early 1990s. White himself was hard to categorize ideologically and has been described as a “nondoctrinaire pragmatist” who focused more on the specific facts of each case than on any sweeping constitutional doctrine. Similarly, White’s written opinions tended to be lean and matter-of-fact, without any rhetorical flourishes, in line with his view that the role of judges should be a modest one.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Judicial Restraint</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Nevertheless, White wrote almost 1,000 opinions during his three decades on the Court and tended to side with the conservatives. Broadly speaking, he believed in a strong but accountable federal government and, most important, judicial deference to the popularly elected branches of government.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As a result, White often found himself at odds with the Warren Court’s decisions, which inserted the Court forcefully into ongoing political debates. Most notably, White dissented from the majority in <em>Miranda v. Arizona</em> (1966), which required people in police custody to be advised of their rights to an attorney and against self-incrimination. In his dissent, he wrote that the majority opinion “is neither compelled nor even strongly suggested by the language of the Fifth Amendment, is at odds with American and English legal history, and involves a departure from a long line of precedent.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout his career, White was a strong critic of substantive due process, the doctrine by which courts place certain fundamental rights beyond the scope of government regulation or legislation. White made his view clear in his dissent in <em>Roe v. Wade</em> and <em>Doe v. Bolton</em> (1973), which declared a constitutional right to abortion. “I find nothing in the language or history of the Constitution to support the Court’s judgment,” he wrote. “This issue, for the most part, should be left with the people and to the political processes the people have devised to govern their affairs.” White continued to dissent in cases involving abortion rights until the end of his career.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the Court shifted to a more conservative orientation in the 1970s, White found himself more influential and more often in the majority. Perhaps his most famous opinion in these years came in <em>Bowers v. Hardwick</em> (1986), which upheld a state law criminalizing sodomy. As usual, White argued that there was no constitutional right to homosexual sex that would override state legislative prohibitions. (The decision was overturned by <em>Lawrence v. Texas</em> in 2003.)</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Civil Rights</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Some legal scholars believe White’s most significant opinion came in <em>Washington v. Davis</em> (1976), which held that government policies needed to have discriminatory intent, not simply a discriminatory effect, in order to constitute an equal-protection violation. “Disproportionate impact is not irrelevant,” he wrote, “but it is not the sole touchstone of an invidious racial discrimination forbidden by the Constitution.” The decision was lamented by civil rights advocates because of the high burden it imposed to prove discrimination.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite similar votes to curb federal civil rights laws and end state and local affirmative action policies, White consistently supported federal power over states in civil rights matters, perhaps because of his experience in the Department of Justice during the Civil Rights Movement. “Surely the State may not leave in place policies . . . that serve to maintain the racial identifiability of its universities,” he wrote in his majority opinion in <em>United States v.</em> <em>Fordice</em> (1992), which required Mississippi to take affirmative action to better integrate its public universities, “if those policies can practicably be eliminated without eroding sound educational policies.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Final Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White announced his retirement from the Supreme Court on March 19, 1993. As a retired justice, he continued to serve as a visiting judge on federal appeals courts, and he also led a commission to study the structure of the federal appeals courts. He sat in the front row of the Supreme Court gallery to watch oral arguments in <em>Bush v. Gore</em> (2000), which would be one of his final public appearances. In 2001 he closed his chambers because of ill health and moved back to Denver with his wife. He died of pneumonia on April 15, 2002, at the age of eighty-four. His funeral was held at <strong>St. John</strong><strong>’</strong><strong>s Cathedral</strong>, where he was interred.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White’s achievements in sports and the law merited him numerous honors during his life and after his death. In 1954 he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame. The NFL Players’ Association’s community service award bore his name from 1967 to 2018. In 1990 the Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Constitutional Law was established at the University of Colorado Law School. In 1994 the newly renovated home of the <strong>US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit</strong> in Denver was renamed the Byron White US Courthouse. In 2003 he was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by George W. Bush.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/byron-white" hreflang="en">Byron White</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/supreme-court" hreflang="en">Supreme Court</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/robert-stearns" hreflang="en">Robert Stearns</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/football" hreflang="en">football</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civil-rights" hreflang="en">Civil Rights</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado" hreflang="en">university of colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.profootballhof.com/news/1938-national-football-league-draft/">1938 National Football League Draft</a>,” Pro Football Hall of Fame, n.d.</p> <p><a href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep478/usrep478186/usrep478186.pdf"><em>Bowers v. Hardwick</em></a>, 478 US 186 (1986).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.oyez.org/justices/byron_r_white">Byron R. White</a>,”, <em>Oyez</em>, n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.ca10.uscourts.gov/education/byron-white">Byron White</a>,” United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.gsa.gov/real-estate/historic-preservation/explore-historic-buildings/find-a-building/all-historic-buildings/byron-white-us-courthouse-denver-co">Byron White US Courthouse, Denver, CO</a>,” US General Services Administration, n.d.</p> <p><a href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep410/usrep410179/usrep410179.pdf"><em>Doe v. Bolton</em></a>, 410 US 179 (1973).</p> <p>Linda Greenhouse, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/16/us/byron-r-white-longtime-justice-and-a-football-legend-dies-at-84.html">Byron R. White, Longtime Justice and a Football Legend, Dies at 84</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, April 16, 2002.</p> <p>Dennis J. Hutchinson, “<a href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7515&amp;context=ylj">The Man Who Once Was Whizzer White</a>,” <em>Yale Law Journal</em> 103, no. 1 (1993).</p> <p>Charles Lane and Bret Barnes, “<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/04/16/longtime-justice-byron-white-dies/a5c2335a-81d8-4eb4-8696-1cc061a8b9f0/">Longtime Justice Byron White Dies</a>,” <em>Washington Post</em>, April 16, 2002.</p> <p>Douglas Martin, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/02/us/sam-white-91-researcher-on-effects-of-a-bombs-dies.html">Sam White, 91, Researcher on Effects of A-Bombs, Dies</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, May 2, 2004.</p> <p><a href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep384/usrep384436/usrep384436.pdf"><em>Miranda v. Arizona</em></a>, 384 US 436 (1966).</p> <p>Jacob Myers, “<a href="https://www.ncaa.com/news/football/article/2023-12-06/heisman-trophy-winners-and-runners-each-year-1935">Heisman Trophy Winners, Runners-Up Since 1935</a>,” <a href="https://www.ncaa.com/">NCAA.com</a>, December 14, 2019.</p> <p>“<a href="https://nflpa.com/press/nflpa-establishes-alan-page-community-award-as-its-highest-honor">NFLPA Establishes ‘Alan Page Community Award’ as Its Highest Honor</a>,” NFL Players Association, September 4, 2018.</p> <p><a href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep505/usrep505717/usrep505717.pdf"><em>United States v. Fordice</em></a>, 505 US 717 (1992).</p> <p><a href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep426/usrep426229/usrep426229.pdf"><em>Washington v. Davis</em></a>, 426 US 229 (1976).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Dennis J. Hutchinson, <em>The Man Who Once Was Whizzer White: A Portrait of Justice Byron R. White</em> (New York: Free Press, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Justice White and the Exercise of Judicial Power</em>, special issue of <em>University of Colorado Law Review</em> 74, no. 4 (Fall 2003).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Byron White (1917–2002) was Colorado’s first-ever US Supreme Court justice. He served from 1962 to 1993. White was also a college athlete and a star pro football player. He played for the University of Colorado. His achievements in sports and long service on the Supreme Court have left a mark on Colorado. The Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Constitutional Law at the University of Colorado Law School is named for him. The Byron White US Courthouse in Denver also bears his name.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Byron Raymond White was born in Fort Collins on June 8, 1917, to Maude and Albert White. He grew up about ten miles north, in the town of Wellington. His father served as mayor and worked as a manager for a lumber company. Byron and his older brother made extra money by working in the area’s sugar beet fields.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>College Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White received a full scholarship to the University of Colorado (CU). He became a three-sport star. White earned all-conference honors in football, basketball, and baseball. He earned a straight-A average. He became student body president during his senior year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White’s senior year was one of the most remarkable in the history of college athletics. In the fall of 1937, he led CU to an undefeated season. White was named an All-American. He finished second in the Heisman Trophy voting. CU was invited to the Cotton Bowl. It was the school’s first bowl game. The team lost to Rice Institute. That winter, sportswriters in New York wanted to see White play basketball. They created the National Invitational Tournament (NIT) to bring CU to Madison Square Garden. The team lost to Temple in the finals. White attracted intense media attention. It contributed to his lifelong aversion to the press. He was so exhausted after the season that he skipped spring baseball.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Sports and Scholarship</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White graduated valedictorian. He had an unusual decision to make. He could enroll at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar. His other option was to enter the National Football League. White had been promised the biggest payday in league history. He leaned toward Oxford until he learned that he could play the fall football season and start one term late at Oxford. White was drafted fourth overall by the Pittsburgh Pirates (now the Steelers). He earned his record-high salary of more than $15,000 (about $275,000 today). White lead the league in rushing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White went to Oxford in January 1939 to study law. When World War II broke out in September 1939, he returned to the United States. He enrolled at Yale Law School. White received the highest grades in the first-year class. In fall 1940, he took a semester off to play football for the Detroit Lions. He led the league in rushing for a second time. White returned to the Lions again the next fall.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the United States entered World War II, White enlisted in the US Navy. He was awarded two Bronze Stars for his service in the Pacific Theater. As an intelligence officer, he wrote the report on the sinking of John F. Kennedy’s boat.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Legal Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White completed his law degree at Yale in 1946. He finished first in his class. He spent a year in Washington, DC, clerking for newly appointed Chief Justice Fred Vinson at the Supreme Court. That year he married Marion Stearns. Marion was the great-granddaughter of Colorado governor Frederick Pitkin. She was also the daughter of University of Colorado president Robert L. Stearns. The couple had two children. During his year in Washington, White also became reacquainted with John F. Kennedy. Kennedy was starting his first term in the US House of Representatives.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1947 White returned to Colorado. He joined the Denver law firm of Lewis, Grant, Newton, Davis &amp; Henry. White he spent fourteen years in practice there. Previously, he had avoided involvement in politics. White changed his policy in 1960, when his old friend Kennedy was running for president. Kennedy asked White to help the campaign in Colorado. White organized Colorado for Kennedy clubs. He was then asked to head the national Citizens for Kennedy group for the general election. Kennedy won the race.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Kennedy entered the White House, he named White as deputy attorney general. The Whites moved back to Washington, DC. White was second-in-command under Robert F. Kennedy at the Department of Justice. White did daily departmental administrative work. He recruited new lawyers. White also helped select federal court nominees, and oversaw departmental initiatives in Congress. As the Civil Rights Movement gained strength, White worked on federal efforts to prevent violence against peaceful protesters. In May 1961, he was on the ground in Alabama. He supervised federal marshals and deputies sent to protect the Freedom Riders on their trip through the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Supreme Court</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In March 1962, President Kennedy nominated White to replace retiring Supreme Court associate justice Charles Whittaker. Calling him “the ideal New Frontier judge,” Kennedy noted that White had “excelled in everything he has attempted.” White was confirmed by the Senate. He took his seat on the Supreme Court on April 16, 1962.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During White’s thirty-one years on the Supreme Court, the institution experienced a  transformation. The Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in the 1960s was liberal. However, White was the only Democratic nominee remaining when he retired in the early 1990s. White himself was hard to categorize ideologically. White focused more on the specific facts of each case than on constitutional doctrine. His written opinions tended to be lean and matter-of-fact.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Judicial Restraint</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White wrote almost 1,000 opinions during his three decades on the Court. He tended to side with the conservatives. He believed in a strong but accountable federal government.  Most important, White believed in judicial deference to the elected branches of government.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White often found himself at odds with the Warren Court’s decisions. The decisions inserted the Court forcefully into ongoing political debates.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout his career, White was a strong critic of substantive due process. Substantive due process is the doctrine by which courts place certain fundamental rights beyond the scope of government regulation or legislation. White made his view clear in his dissent in Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton (1973). The cases declared a constitutional right to abortion. “I find nothing in the language or history of the Constitution to support the Court’s judgment,” he wrote. “This issue, for the most part, should be left with the people and to the political processes the people have devised to govern their affairs.” White continued to dissent in cases involving abortion rights until the end of his career.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the Court shifted to a more conservative orientation in the 1970s, White found himself more influential. He was often in the majority.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Civil Rights</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White supported federal power over states in civil rights matters. This may have been a result of his experience in the Department of Justice during the Civil Rights Movement.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Final Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White announced his retirement from the Supreme Court on March 19, 1993. He continued to serve as a visiting judge on federal appeals courts. He sat in the front row of the Supreme Court gallery to watch oral arguments in Bush v. Gore (2000). It was one of his final public appearances. In 2001 he closed his chambers because of ill health. White moved back to Denver with his wife. He died of pneumonia on April 15, 2002, at the age of eighty-four. His funeral was held at St. John’s Cathedral.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White’s achievements in sports and the law earned him numerous honors during his life and after his death. In 1954 he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame. The NFL Players’ Association’s community service award bore his name from 1967 to 2018. In 1990 the Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Constitutional Law was established at the University of Colorado Law School. In 1994 the newly renovated home of the US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Denver was renamed the Byron White US Courthouse. In 2003 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by George W. Bush.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Byron White (1917–2002) was Colorado’s first-ever US Supreme Court justice. He served from 1962 to 1993. White was also a nationally known college athlete and a star pro football player. He played for the University of Colorado. His achievements in sports and long service on the Supreme Court have ensured him an enduring reputation in Colorado. The Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Constitutional Law at the University of Colorado Law School and the Byron White US Courthouse in Denver bear his name.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Byron Raymond White was born in Fort Collins on June 8, 1917, to Maude and Albert White. He grew up about ten miles north, in the town of Wellington. His father served as mayor and worked as a manager for a lumber company. Byron and his older brother, Clayton Samuel White, made extra money by working in the area’s sugar beet fields.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>College Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Whit was valedictorian of his small high school. He received a full scholarship to the University of Colorado (CU). White became a three-sport star, earning all-conference honors in football, basketball, and baseball. He still managed to earn a straight-A average. This mad him an easy choice for student body president during his senior year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White’s senior year was one of the most remarkable in the history of college athletics. In the fall of 1937, he led CU to an undefeated season. He personally led the country in scoring, rushing, and total offense. White was named an All-American. He finished second in the Heisman Trophy voting. CU was invited to the Cotton Bowl, the school’s first bowl game. The team lost to Rice Institute. That winter, sportswriters in New York wanted to see White play basketball so badly that they created the National Invitational Tournament (NIT) to bring CU to Madison Square Garden. The team lost to Temple in the finals. White was subjected to intense media attention. It contributed to his lifelong aversion to the press. He was so exhausted after the season that he skipped spring baseball even though he enjoyed the sport and was a .400 hitter.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Sports and Scholarship</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After graduating as valedictorian, White had an unusual decision to make. He could enroll at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, or enter the National Football League, where he had been promised the biggest payday in league history. He inclined toward Oxford until he learned that he could play the fall football season and still start one term late at Oxford. White was drafted fourth overall by the Pittsburgh Pirates (now the Steelers). He earned his record-high salary of more than $15,000 (about $275,000 today) by leading the league in rushing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the season, White went to Oxford in January 1939 to study law. When World War II broke out in September 1939, he returned to the United States. He enrolled at Yale Law School. White received the highest grades in the first-year class. In fall 1940, he took a semester off to play football for the Detroit Lions. He led the league in rushing for a second time. He returned to the Lions again the next fall.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the United States entered World War II, White enlisted in the US Navy. He was awarded two Bronze Stars for his service in the Pacific Theater. As an intelligence officer, he wrote the report on the sinking of John F. Kennedy’s boat, PT-109.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Legal Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Back home after the war, White completed his law degree at Yale in 1946. He finished first in his class. He spent a year in Washington, DC, clerking for newly appointed Chief Justice Fred Vinson at the Supreme Court. That year he married Marion Stearns. Marion was the great-granddaughter of Colorado governor Frederick Pitkin and the daughter of University of Colorado president Robert L. Stearns. They later had two children, Charles and Nancy. During his year in Washington, White also became reacquainted with John F. Kennedy. Kennedy was starting his first term in the US House of Representatives.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1947 White returned to Colorado. He joined the Denver law firm of Lewis, Grant, Newton, Davis &amp; Henry. White he spent fourteen years in practice there. Previously, he had avoided involvement in politics. White changed his policy in 1960, when his old friend Kennedy was running for president. Kennedy asked White to help the campaign in Colorado. White organized Colorado for Kennedy clubs. He was then asked to head the national Citizens for Kennedy group for the general election, which Kennedy won.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Kennedy entered the White House, he named White as deputy attorney general. The Whites moved back to Washington, DC. White was second-in-command under Robert F. Kennedy at the Department of Justice. White did daily departmental administrative work. He recruited new lawyers. White also helped select federal court nominees, and oversaw departmental initiatives in Congress. As the Civil Rights Movement gained strength, White worked on federal efforts to prevent violence against peaceful protesters. In May 1961, he was on the ground in Alabama to supervise federal marshals and deputies sent to protect the Freedom Riders on their trip through the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Supreme Court</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In March 1962, President Kennedy nominated White to replace retiring Supreme Court associate justice Charles Whittaker. Calling him “the ideal New Frontier judge,” Kennedy noted that White had “excelled in everything he has attempted.” White was confirmed by the Senate. He took his seat on the Supreme Court on April 16, 1962. He told one colleague that he was being “put out to pasture.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During White’s thirty-one years on the Supreme Court, the institution experienced a  transformation. The Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in the 1960s was liberal. However, White was the only Democratic nominee remaining when he retired in the early 1990s. White himself was hard to categorize ideologically. He was described as a “nondoctrinaire pragmatist.” White focused more on the specific facts of each case than on constitutional doctrine. His written opinions tended to be lean and matter-of-fact.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Judicial Restraint</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White wrote almost 1,000 opinions during his three decades on the Court. He tended to side with the conservatives. Broadly speaking, he believed in a strong but accountable federal government.  Most important, White believed in judicial deference to the elected branches of government.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White often found himself at odds with the Warren Court’s decisions. The decisions inserted the Court forcefully into ongoing political debates. Most notably, White dissented from the majority in Miranda v. Arizona (1966).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout his career, White was a strong critic of substantive due process. Substantive due process is the doctrine by which courts place certain fundamental rights beyond the scope of government regulation or legislation. White made his view clear in his dissent in Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton (1973). The cases declared a constitutional right to abortion. “I find nothing in the language or history of the Constitution to support the Court’s judgment,” he wrote. “This issue, for the most part, should be left with the people and to the political processes the people have devised to govern their affairs.” White continued to dissent in cases involving abortion rights until the end of his career.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the Court shifted to a more conservative orientation in the 1970s, White found himself more influential. He was often in the majority. Perhaps his most famous opinion in these years came in Bowers v. Hardwick (1986). The case upheld a state law criminalizing sodomy. As usual, White argued that there was no constitutional right to homosexual sex that would override state legislative prohibitions. The decision was overturned by Lawrence v. Texas in 2003.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Civil Rights</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Some legal scholars believe White’s most significant opinion came in Washington v. Davis (1976). The decision held that government policies needed to have discriminatory intent, not simply a discriminatory effect, in order to constitute an equal-protection violation. The decision was lamented by civil rights advocates because of the high burden it imposed to prove discrimination.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White supported federal power over states in civil rights matters,. This may have been a result of his experience in the Department of Justice during the Civil Rights Movement. “Surely the State may not leave in place policies . . . that serve to maintain the racial identifiability of its universities,” he wrote in his majority opinion in United States v. Fordice (1992), which required Mississippi to take affirmative action to better integrate its public universities, “if those policies can practicably be eliminated without eroding sound educational policies.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Final Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White announced his retirement from the Supreme Court on March 19, 1993. As a retired justice, he continued to serve as a visiting judge on federal appeals courts, and he also led a commission to study the structure of the federal appeals courts. He sat in the front row of the Supreme Court gallery to watch oral arguments in Bush v. Gore (2000), which would be one of his final public appearances. In 2001 he closed his chambers because of ill health and moved back to Denver with his wife. He died of pneumonia on April 15, 2002, at the age of eighty-four. His funeral was held at St. John’s Cathedral, where he was interred.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White’s achievements in sports and the law merited him numerous honors during his life and after his death. In 1954 he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame. The NFL Players’ Association’s community service award bore his name from 1967 to 2018. In 1990 the Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Constitutional Law was established at the University of Colorado Law School. In 1994 the newly renovated home of the US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Denver was renamed the Byron White US Courthouse. In 2003 he was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by George W. Bush.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Byron White (1917–2002) was Colorado’s first-ever US Supreme Court justice. He served from 1962 to 1993. White was also a nationally known college athlete for the University of Colorado and a star pro football player. As a justice, White was remembered for his belief in judicial restraint, writing brief, straightforward opinions that argued against expansive interpretations of constitutional rights. Some legal scholars believe his greatest influence came not in written decisions but in face-to-face discussions with his fellow justices. His sterling achievements in sports and long service on the Supreme Court have ensured him an enduring reputation in Colorado. The Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Constitutional Law at the University of Colorado Law School and the Byron White US Courthouse in Denver bear his name.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Byron Raymond White was born in Fort Collins on June 8, 1917, to Maude and Albert White. He grew up about ten miles north, in the town of Wellington. His father served as mayor and worked as a manager for a lumber company. Byron and his older brother, Clayton Samuel White, made extra money by working in the area’s sugar beet fields.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>College Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Whit was valedictorian of his small high school. He received a full scholarship to the University of Colorado (CU). There he followed in the footsteps of his brother, who was a football player and student body president before being selected as a Rhodes Scholar in 1934. The younger White started college that year. He became a three-sport star, earning all-conference honors in football, basketball, and baseball. He still managed to earn a straight-A average. This mad him an easy choice for student body president during his senior year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White’s senior year was one of the most remarkable in the history of college athletics. In the fall of 1937, he led CU to an undefeated season and personally led the country in scoring, rushing, and total offense. He was named an All-American. White finished second in the Heisman Trophy voting. CU was invited to the Cotton Bowl, the school’s first bowl game, which it lost to Rice Institute. That winter, sportswriters in New York wanted to see White play basketball so badly that they created the National Invitational Tournament (NIT) to bring CU to Madison Square Garden. The team lost to Temple in the finals. White was subjected to intense media attention. It contributed to his lifelong aversion to the press. He was so exhausted after the season that he skipped spring baseball even though he enjoyed the sport and was a .400 hitter.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Sports and Scholarship</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After graduating as valedictorian, White had an unusual decision to make. He could enroll at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, or enter the National Football League, where he had been promised the biggest payday in league history. He inclined toward Oxford until he learned that he could play the fall football season and still start one term late at Oxford. Drafted fourth overall by the Pittsburgh Pirates (now the Steelers), White earned his record-high salary of more than $15,000 (about $275,000 today) by leading the league in rushing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the season, White went to Oxford in January 1939 to study law. When World War II broke out in September 1939, he returned to the United States. Enrolling at Yale Law School, he received the highest grades in the first-year class. In fall 1940, however, he took a semester off to play football for the Detroit Lions. He led the league in rushing for a second time. He returned to the Lions again the next fall.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the United States entered World War II, White enlisted in the US Navy. He was awarded two Bronze Stars for his service in the Pacific Theater. As an intelligence officer, he wrote the report on the sinking of John F. Kennedy’s boat, PT-109.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Legal Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Back home after the war, White completed his law degree at Yale in 1946, finishing first in his class. He spent a year in Washington, DC, clerking for newly appointed Chief Justice Fred Vinson at the Supreme Court. That year he married Marion Stearns, who was the great-granddaughter of Colorado governor Frederick Pitkin and the daughter of University of Colorado president Robert L. Stearns. They later had two children, Charles and Nancy. During his year in Washington, White also became reacquainted with John F. Kennedy, who was starting his first term in the US House of Representatives.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1947 White returned to Colorado and joined the Denver law firm of Lewis, Grant, Newton, Davis &amp; Henry, where he spent fourteen years in practice. He changed his policy of avoiding involvement in electoral politics in 1960, when his old friend Kennedy was running for president and asked him to help the campaign in Colorado. White organized Colorado for Kennedy clubs before being asked to head the national Citizens for Kennedy group for the general election, which Kennedy won.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Kennedy entered the White House, he named White as deputy attorney general. The Whites moved back to Washington, DC, where White was second-in-command under Robert F. Kennedy at the Department of Justice. White did daily departmental administrative work, recruited new lawyers, helped select federal court nominees, and oversaw departmental initiatives in Congress. As the Civil Rights Movement gained strength, White also worked on federal efforts to prevent violence against peaceful protesters. In May 1961, he was on the ground in Alabama to supervise federal marshals and deputies sent to protect the Freedom Riders on their trip through the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Supreme Court</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In March 1962, President Kennedy nominated White to replace retiring Supreme Court associate justice Charles Whittaker. Calling him “the ideal New Frontier judge,” Kennedy noted that White had “excelled in everything he has attempted.” White was quickly confirmed by the Senate and took his seat on the Supreme Court on April 16, 1962, at the age of forty-four. He reportedly told one colleague that he was being “put out to pasture.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During White’s thirty-one years on the Supreme Court, the institution experienced a substantial transformation from the height of the liberal Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in the 1960s until White was the only Democratic nominee remaining when he retired in the early 1990s. White himself was hard to categorize ideologically and has been described as a “nondoctrinaire pragmatist” who focused more on the specific facts of each case than on any sweeping constitutional doctrine. Similarly, White’s written opinions tended to be lean and matter-of-fact, without any rhetorical flourishes, in line with his view that the role of judges should be a modest one.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Judicial Restraint</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Nevertheless, White wrote almost 1,000 opinions during his three decades on the Court and tended to side with the conservatives. Broadly speaking, he believed in a strong but accountable federal government and, most important, judicial deference to the popularly elected branches of government.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As a result, White often found himself at odds with the Warren Court’s decisions, which inserted the Court forcefully into ongoing political debates. Most notably, White dissented from the majority in Miranda v. Arizona (1966), which required people in police custody to be advised of their rights to an attorney and against self-incrimination. In his dissent, he wrote that the majority opinion “is neither compelled nor even strongly suggested by the language of the Fifth Amendment, is at odds with American and English legal history, and involves a departure from a long line of precedent.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout his career, White was a strong critic of substantive due process, the doctrine by which courts place certain fundamental rights beyond the scope of government regulation or legislation. White made his view clear in his dissent in Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton (1973), which declared a constitutional right to abortion. “I find nothing in the language or history of the Constitution to support the Court’s judgment,” he wrote. “This issue, for the most part, should be left with the people and to the political processes the people have devised to govern their affairs.” White continued to dissent in cases involving abortion rights until the end of his career.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the Court shifted to a more conservative orientation in the 1970s, White found himself more influential and more often in the majority. Perhaps his most famous opinion in these years came in Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), which upheld a state law criminalizing sodomy. As usual, White argued that there was no constitutional right to homosexual sex that would override state legislative prohibitions. (The decision was overturned by Lawrence v. Texas in 2003.)</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Civil Rights</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Some legal scholars believe White’s most significant opinion came in Washington v. Davis (1976), which held that government policies needed to have discriminatory intent, not simply a discriminatory effect, in order to constitute an equal-protection violation. “Disproportionate impact is not irrelevant,” he wrote, “but it is not the sole touchstone of an invidious racial discrimination forbidden by the Constitution.” The decision was lamented by civil rights advocates because of the high burden it imposed to prove discrimination.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite similar votes to curb federal civil rights laws and end state and local affirmative action policies, White consistently supported federal power over states in civil rights matters, perhaps because of his experience in the Department of Justice during the Civil Rights Movement. “Surely the State may not leave in place policies . . . that serve to maintain the racial identifiability of its universities,” he wrote in his majority opinion in United States v. Fordice (1992), which required Mississippi to take affirmative action to better integrate its public universities, “if those policies can practicably be eliminated without eroding sound educational policies.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Final Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White announced his retirement from the Supreme Court on March 19, 1993. As a retired justice, he continued to serve as a visiting judge on federal appeals courts, and he also led a commission to study the structure of the federal appeals courts. He sat in the front row of the Supreme Court gallery to watch oral arguments in Bush v. Gore (2000), which would be one of his final public appearances. In 2001 he closed his chambers because of ill health and moved back to Denver with his wife. He died of pneumonia on April 15, 2002, at the age of eighty-four. His funeral was held at St. John’s Cathedral, where he was interred.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White’s achievements in sports and the law merited him numerous honors during his life and after his death. In 1954 he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame. The NFL Players’ Association’s community service award bore his name from 1967 to 2018. In 1990 the Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Constitutional Law was established at the University of Colorado Law School. In 1994 the newly renovated home of the US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Denver was renamed the Byron White US Courthouse. In 2003 he was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by George W. Bush.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Sep 2020 21:18:45 +0000 yongli 3415 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Otto Mears http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/otto-mears <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Otto Mears</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3152--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3152.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/otto-mears"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Otto%20Mears%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=LLze-ujR" width="932" height="1208" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/otto-mears" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Otto Mears</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Originally from Russia, Otto Mears arrived in Colorado in the 1860s. Over a long career, he helped establish Saguache, served as a merchant and Indian trader, built a large network of roads and railroads in southwestern Colorado, and played a key role in state politics.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3326--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3326.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mears-and-ouray"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Otto-Mears-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=tFHFJE3g" width="600" height="766" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mears-and-ouray" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mears and Ouray</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In the 1860s, Mears became the official trader with the Ute Indians. He learned to speak Ute, became friends with Ute leader Ouray (pictured here with Mears), and in the 1870s helped negotiate several agreements that kept the peace in Colorado but resulted in the removal of the Utes.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3328--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3328.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/million-dollar-highway"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Otto-Mears-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=SFk-0-xP" width="600" height="853" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/million-dollar-highway" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Million Dollar Highway</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Today Mears is most often remembered for the large network of toll roads he built through the San Juan Mountains in the 1870s and 1880s. His most famous roads connected Silverton and Ouray to the mining district at Red Mountain in between the two towns. The road, pictured here above Ouray, is now known as the "Million Dollar Highway."</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-01-16T16:13:20-07:00" title="Thursday, January 16, 2020 - 16:13" class="datetime">Thu, 01/16/2020 - 16:13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/otto-mears" data-a2a-title="Otto Mears"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fotto-mears&amp;title=Otto%20Mears"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Otto Mears (1840–1931) was a Colorado businessman who played a key role in the removal of the Nuche&nbsp;(<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/.../northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-%20reservation"><strong>Ute</strong></a>)&nbsp;people&nbsp;and is best known for building more than 450 miles of toll roads and railroads on the Utes’ former lands in the southern and southwestern parts of the state. Called the “Pathfinder of the San Juan,” Mears established the routes that became the basis for much of the region’s highway system, including the famed “<strong>Million Dollar Highway</strong>” between <a href="/article/ouray-town"><strong>Ouray</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/silverton-0"><strong>Silverton</strong></a>. His roads facilitated the development of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan</strong></a> mining region by enabling cheaper and quicker transportation of people and ores.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Otto Mears was born in Kurland, Russia, on May 3, 1840, to an English father and a Russian mother. His parents were both Jewish, but otherwise little is known about them. They died when he was young, and he bounced from relative to relative until the early 1850s, when he wound up in San Francisco in search of an uncle who lived there. Arriving at the height of the California Gold Rush, the young Mears tried his hand as a prospector, a tinsmith, a merchant, and a speculator in mining stocks.</p> <p>In 1861, at the outbreak of the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a>, Mears joined the First Regiment of California Volunteers. He served with the regiment at Fort Craig, New Mexico, where the soldiers were responsible for patrolling the Texas–New Mexico border after the Union victory at the Battle of Glorieta Pass. Along with the rest of his regiment, Mears also participated in the army’s campaign against the Navajo, which was led by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a> in 1863–64.</p> <h2>Coming to Colorado</h2> <p>After mustering out of the Army on August 31, 1864, Mears became a merchant in Santa Fé. A year later he moved to <strong>Conejos</strong> in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>, where he had a store, a gristmill, and a sawmill. He moved again a year later, this time starting a farm, a mill, and a store at the site of present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/saguache-0"><strong>Saguache</strong></a>, which Mears helped to establish and develop in the late 1860s.</p> <p>Since his year in Conejos, Mears had been selling lumber and wheat to the army outpost at <a href="/article/fort-garland"><strong>Fort Garland</strong></a>. When the price of flour dropped in the late 1860s, he looked north for new markets in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining camps</strong></a> of the upper <a href="/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas</strong></a> valley. To get there from the San Luis Valley, however, required traveling over <strong>Poncha Pass</strong> on a rough path. Mears improved the path to a wagon road, made a tidy profit on his flour, and proceeded to partner with an Arkansas Valley mill owner named Charles Nachtrieb to start the Poncha Pass Wagon Road Company in November 1870. The company’s toll road, which ran north from Poncha Pass to Nachtrieb’s mill in Nathrop and beyond, formed the first easily accessible connection between the San Luis Valley and the Arkansas Valley.</p> <p>As the Poncha Pass company started its operations in November 1870, Mears felt financially secure enough to marry Mary Kampfshulte, a young German immigrant whom he had met in the Arkansas Valley town of Granite. The couple had four children, only two of whom—Laura May, born in 1872, and Cora, born in 1879—survived infancy.</p> <h2>Clearing Paths in the San Juans</h2> <p>The Poncha Pass road marked the start of Mears’s extensive road empire. He soon turned west to the San Juan Mountains, where he played a key role in both clearing the region for white settlement and clearing paths along which those immigrants could travel. Since Mears had arrived in Colorado, he had been developing ties with the Ute Indians, who had lived in the region for more than 400 years. Already in the 1860s, he became the tribe’s official trader, with a government contract to supply food to the Utes at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/los-pi%C3%B1os-indian-agency"><strong>Los Piños Indian Agency</strong></a>. He also learned to speak Ute—one of the few white men to do so—and became friends with <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ouray"><strong>Ouray</strong></a>, the Tabeguache leader who often negotiated treaties with the US government. As a result of these close ties, Felix Brunot consulted Mears during the negotiation of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/brunot-agreement"><strong>Brunot Agreement</strong></a> in 1873. By suggesting that Brunot promise Ouray an annual salary of $1,000 for ten years, Mears helped smooth the way for the Ute cession of the San Juan Mountains.</p> <p>Like most men of his time and station, Mears saw no clear line between his business interests and his government service. As Ute territory became more restricted, the Indians became more reliant on the government for their survival, and Mears was happy to snatch up government contracts to provide them with trade goods. He was also happy to build and profit from the infrastructure that made white settlement possible on former Ute land. In 1873, the same year he greased the wheels for the Brunot Agreement, Mears acquired an interest in the Saguache and San Juan Toll Road Company, which was building a route from Saguache to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lake-city-0"><strong>Lake City</strong></a> via Cochetopa Pass. By August 1874, Mears had taken control of the company and completed the road.</p> <p>As he expanded his growing toll road empire, Mears followed the market to new mining camps in need of better transportation. When necessary, he also took time away from his businesses to secure a stable environment for economic growth. Most notably, he secured Ute support for the treaty that removed the Utes to a smaller reservation. With the treaty on its way to ratification, Mears worked to ensure that the new Ute reservation would be located in Utah, not in western Colorado’s potentially fertile <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-river"><strong>Grand River</strong></a> Valley, which he already envisioned as an agricultural paradise full of white farmers who would pay to use his roads.</p> <p>In his work with the Utes, Mears did what he thought was necessary to avert a war that could have resulted in the annihilation of the Utes. But he also did what was best for his own bottom line. In the years after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a>, he earned a small fortune in toll fees from soldiers traveling his roads, helped open vast new regions in western Colorado to white settlement, and secured the contracts to build and supply the Utes’ new reservation in Utah.</p> <p>Over the next five years, Mears worked tirelessly to expand his San Juan road network to about 450 miles. The most significant of these projects were the roads he built to the Red Mountain mining district between Ouray and Silverton, which boomed after the discovery of the Yankee Girl mine in 1882. First, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ouray-county"><strong>Ouray County</strong></a> asked Mears in 1883 to construct a toll road south from town up Uncompahgre Canyon. He completed the road to Red Mountain in September 1883, at a cost of almost $10,000 per mile. The new road worried residents of Silverton, who feared that all Red Mountain ores would now flow through Ouray. They, too, hired Mears to build from their town to Red Mountain. Construction on the Silverton–Red Mountain Toll Road started in July 1884 and was completed that November, linking Silverton not only to Red Mountain but also on to Ouray via Mears’s earlier road.</p> <p>Mears’s work on Ute removal also gained him the publicity to launch his own bid for public office. Starting in the 1870s, he had already become a de facto Republican Party boss for the San Luis Valley and southwest Colorado. He served as a state presidential elector in 1876 and engineered the nomination of <strong>Frederick Pitkin</strong> for governor in 1878. After his work on Ute removal, he ran for office himself, serving a single term in the state legislature in 1883. His brief political experience was enough to convince him that he preferred to focus on making money and then using it to influence politics. Over the next few decades, Mears’s main official political role was as a member of the Board of Capitol Managers, to which he was appointed in 1889. Mears helped speed completion of a new <strong>state capitol</strong>, whose construction had dragged on for years, and he characteristically ensured that a stained-glass portrait of himself would adorn the building’s second floor. Today Mears is often remembered for his suggestion that the capitol dome be covered in gold leaf as a symbol of the state’s mining heritage.</p> <h2>Railroad Baron</h2> <p>Building toll roads eventually drew Mears into railroad development. After connecting Silverton to the mines at Red Mountain, he started the Mears Transportation Company to carry ore along the route. His company soon became the largest freighting firm in Colorado, but at the same time he saw firsthand that slow wagons could not keep up with the mines’ production. To enable faster and cheaper transportation to the Red Mountain mines, he decided in 1887 to replace his toll road with a railroad. When the Silverton Railroad was completed to Red Mountain in 1889, it was a triumph of engineering, maintaining a grade of less than 5 percent thanks to two loops and four switchbacks along the route. Red Mountain mines boomed because cheaper railroad transportation allowed them to ship lower-grade ores at a profit. Silverton boomed, too, as a supply center for Red Mountain, as did <strong>Durango</strong> as a source of coal and a smelting center.</p> <p>Enjoying the profits and stature that went along with being a nineteenth-century railroad president, Mears dreamt up grander rail projects that had the potential to make him a national figure. The first step was the Rio Grande Southern (RGS), which Mears incorporated in 1889. His goal with the line was to bridge a gap in <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande</strong> (D&amp;RG) service between the northern and southern San Juans. With heavy investment from the D&amp;RG, Mears established the new railroad town of <strong>Ridgway</strong> in 1890 and laid track from there to <a href="/article/telluride"><strong>Telluride</strong></a> by the end of the year. In 1891 he continued the line southwest past <strong>Ophir</strong>, where he had to negotiate a treacherous passage from valley floor to canyon walls, and on through <strong>Rico</strong>, Dolores, and Hesperus to reach Durango on December 20. On the other side of the state, the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> described the completion of the Rio Grande Southern as “the most important railroad event of the year.”</p> <p>In the early 1890s, Mears used the record profits from the Rio Grande Southern to support his ambitious plans. In a bid to become a national railroad baron, he proposed extending the Rio Grande Southern to Phoenix and on to the Pacific Coast. But before he could set that plan in motion, larger economic forces intervened; the combined hit of the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> and the repeal of the <strong>Sherman Silver Purchase Act</strong> later that year caused economic chaos throughout Colorado. Not only did many mines close, drastically reducing revenues for Mears’s railroads, but so did the bank where he kept his money, making his suddenly precarious financial position even more difficult. Luckily for Mears, the Silverton Railroad continued to prosper because it shipped plenty of copper, but in 1895 he was forced to sell the Rio Grande Southern to the Denver &amp; Rio Grande. Convinced that silver (and the San Juans) would rebound, he invested the money from the sale into a new railroad, the Silverton Northern, which he had completed along the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/animas-river"><strong>Animas River</strong></a> from Silverton to Eureka by June 1896.</p> <p>William Jennings Bryan’s defeat in the 1896 presidential election signaled that the silver market would not recover anytime soon, so Mears left Colorado to try to recoup his fortune. He built railroads in Maryland (with fellow Coloradan <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/david-h-moffat"><strong>David Moffat</strong></a>) and Louisiana, but in 1905 he decided to return to Colorado when the Louisiana railroad failed to secure a right-of-way into New Orleans.&nbsp;</p> <p>Mears had remained involved in his Colorado business and political interests during his decade away. In 1902 his Silverton Northern line to Eureka had started to show a profit, so in 1903 he decided to extend the track to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/animas-forks"><strong>Animas Forks</strong></a>. When he returned to Colorado a few years later, he hoped to continue expanding his San Juan rail network to forge direct connections between Silverton, Ouray, and Lake City. But it was not to be; the treacherous mountain terrain made construction difficult and expensive, and adequate funding was not forthcoming.</p> <h2>Later Years and Legacy</h2> <p>After his planned railroad extensions around Silverton fizzled, Mears shifted in the 1910s to a focus on mining investments in the San Juans. His shrewd investments in the Iowa Tiger, <strong>Gold King</strong>, and Mayflower mines, as well as in flotation mills to process low-grade ores, soon made him a millionaire again after his setbacks in the 1890s and 1900s.</p> <p>With his wife Mary in ill health, however, Mears was starting to spend more time in the milder climate of Pasadena, California, where the couple often wintered. After <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, with Mary’s health on edge and metals markets in a tailspin, Mears decided to retire to Pasadena. He sold his Silverton house in 1919, resigned from the Board of Capitol Managers in 1920, and terminated his mining leases in 1920. He retained ownership of his railroads in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-county"><strong>San Juan County</strong></a>, but they fared poorly as San Juan mining declined. In 1922 Mears shut down the Silverton Railroad, and the Silverton, Gladstone &amp; Northerly ended regular service a year later. The Silverton Northern continued to turn a profit through the 1920s but operated intermittently after 1931; its rails were removed in 1942. By that time Mears, too, was gone, having died in Pasadena on June 24, 1931, at the age of ninety-one.</p> <p>Mears dreamed of becoming a major railroad baron, but today the railroads he built—the Rio Grande Southern, the Silverton, and the Silverton Northern—have all disappeared. Yet his legacy is readily apparent on every map of the San Juan Mountains, where he facilitated Ute removal from the region and then opened access for white settlers to what was left behind. In the late nineteenth century, his toll road network made it faster and easier to transport miners, supplies, and metals, allowing the area’s mining towns to prosper. A generation later, his well-built wagon roads were converted for automobile use, providing the basic blueprint for the highway system that knits together the San Juans today.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/trump-thomas-james" hreflang="und">Trump, Thomas-James </a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/otto-mears" hreflang="en">Otto Mears</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-mountains" hreflang="en">San Juan Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/railroads" hreflang="en">railroads</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/toll-roads" hreflang="en">toll roads</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/saguache" hreflang="en">saguache</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chief-ouray" hreflang="en">Chief Ouray</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ouray" hreflang="en">ouray</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/silverton" hreflang="en">Silverton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-mountain" hreflang="en">Red Mountain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/million-dollar-highway" hreflang="en">Million Dollar Highway</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Michael Kaplan, “Otto Mears and the Silverton Northern Railroad,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 48, no. 3 (Summer 1971).</p> <p>Michael Kaplan, <em>Otto Mears: Paradoxical Pathfinder</em> (Silverton, CO: San Juan County Book Company, 1982).</p> <p>Michael D. Kaplan, “The Toll Road Building Career of Otto Mears, 1881–1887,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 52, no. 2 (Spring 1975).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>George F. Burtch, “Otto Mears: The Pathfinder of the Southwest,” <em>Illustrated Rocky Mountain Globe</em> 7, no. 45 (October 18, 1900).</p> <p>Josie Moore Crum,<em> Three Little Lines: Silverton Railroad, Silverton, Gladstone &amp; Northerly, Silverton Northern</em> (Durango, CO: Durango Herald News, 1960)<em>.</em></p> <p>Robert Ormes, <em>Railroads and the Rockies: A Record of Lines in and Near Colorado</em> (Denver: Sage, 1963).</p> <p>Robert Ormes, <em>Tracking Ghost Railroads in Colorado</em> (Colorado Springs, CO: Century One, 1975).</p> <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> <p>Grace Zirkelbach, <em>Otto Mears: Pathfinder of the San Juan Mountains</em> (Palmer Lake, CO: Filter Press, 2013).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Otto Mears (1840–1931) was a Colorado businessman. He played a key role in the removal of the state’s Ute Indians. He is best known for building more than 450 miles of toll roads and railroads on the Utes’ former lands. Mears created the routes that became the basis for much of the region’s highway system. This includes the famed “Million Dollar Highway” between Ouray and Silverton. His roads helped the development of the San Juan mining region. They enabled cheaper and quicker shipment of people and ores.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Otto Mears was born in Kurland, Russia, on May 3, 1840. His parents were both Jewish. Otherwise, little is known about them. They died when he was young. Mears bounced from relative to relative until the early 1850s. He wound up in San Francisco in search of an uncle who lived there. He arrived at the height of the California Gold Rush. The young Mears tried his hand as a prospector and a merchant.</p> <p>At the outbreak of the Civil War, Mears joined the First Regiment of California Volunteers. He served with the regiment at Fort Craig, New Mexico. The soldiers were responsible for patrolling the Texas–New Mexico border after the Union victory at the Battle of Glorieta Pass. Mears participated in the army’s campaign against the Navajo. The campaign was led by Kit Carson in 1863–64.</p> <h2>Coming to Colorado</h2> <p>After mustering out of the Army on August 31, 1864, Mears became a merchant in Santa Fé. A year later he moved to Conejos in the San Luis Valley. He had a store, a gristmill, and a sawmill. He moved again a year later. This time he started a farm, a mill, and a store at the site of present-day Saguache. Mears helped to establish and develop Saguache in the late 1860s.</p> <p>Since his year in Conejos, Mears had been selling lumber and wheat to the army outpost at Fort Garland. When the price of flour dropped in the late 1860s, he looked for new markets in the mining camps of the upper Arkansas Valley. Getting there required traveling over Poncha Pass on a rough path. Mears improved the path to a wagon road. He partnered with an Arkansas Valley mill owner to start the Poncha Pass Wagon Road Company in November 1870. The company’s toll road ran north from Poncha Pass to Nathrop and beyond. It formed the first easily accessible connection between the San Luis Valley and the Arkansas Valley.</p> <p>The Poncha Pass company started its operations in November 1870. Mears felt financially secure enough to marry Mary Kampfshulte. She was a young German immigrant. He met her in the Arkansas Valley town of Granite. The couple had four children. Only two survived infancy.</p> <h2>Clearing Paths in the San Juans</h2> <p>The Poncha Pass road marked the start of Mears’s road empire. He turned west to the San Juan Mountains. Mears played a key role in clearing the region for white settlement. He cleared paths along which immigrants could travel. Since Mears had arrived in Colorado, he had been developing ties with the Ute Indians. The Utes had lived in the region for more than 400 years. In the 1860s, he became the tribe’s official trader. Mears had a government contract to supply food to the Utes at the Los Piños Indian Agency. He learned to speak Ute. Mears also became friends with Ouray, the Tabeguache leader who often negotiated treaties with the US government. As a result of these close ties, Felix Brunot consulted Mears during the negotiation of the Brunot Agreement in 1873. Mears suggested that Brunot promise Ouray an annual salary of $1,000 for ten years. This helped smooth the way for the Ute cession of the San Juan Mountains.</p> <p>Mears saw no clear line between his business interests and his government service. As Ute territory became more restricted, the Indians became more reliant on the government for their survival.&nbsp; Mears was happy to snatch up government contracts to provide them with trade goods. He was also happy to build and profit from the infrastructure that made white settlement possible on former Ute land. In 1873, Mears acquired an interest in the Saguache and San Juan Toll Road Company. The company was building a route from Saguache to Lake City via Cochetopa Pass. By August 1874, Mears had taken control of the company and completed the road.</p> <p>Mears followed the market to new mining camps in need of better transportation. He also took time away from his businesses to secure a stable environment for economic growth. He secured Ute support for the treaty that moved the Utes to a smaller reservation. Mears worked to ensure that the new Ute reservation would be located in Utah, not in western Colorado’s potentially fertile Grand River Valley. He envisioned the valley as a paradise full of white farmers who would pay to use his roads.</p> <p>Mears did what he thought was necessary to avoid a war that could have resulted in the death of the Utes. But he also did what was best for his own bottom line. In the years after the Meeker Incident, he earned a small fortune in toll fees from soldiers traveling his roads. He helped open vast new regions in western Colorado to white settlement. Mears also secured the contracts to build and supply the Utes’ new reservation in Utah.</p> <p>Over the next five years, Mears worked to expand his San Juan road network to about 450 miles. The most significant of these projects were the roads he built to the Red Mountain mining district between Ouray and Silverton. The area boomed after the discovery of the Yankee Girl mine in 1882. In 1883, Ouray County asked Mears to build a toll road south from town up Uncompahgre Canyon. He completed the road to Red Mountain in September 1883. The road cost almost $10,000 per mile. The new road worried residents of Silverton. They feared that all Red Mountain ores would now flow through Ouray. They hired Mears to build from their town to Red Mountain. Construction on the Silverton–Red Mountain Toll Road started in July 1884. It was completed that November. The road linked Silverton not only to Red Mountain but also on to Ouray via Mears’s earlier road.</p> <p>Mears launched his own bid for public office. Starting in the 1870s, he had become a de facto Republican Party boss for the San Luis Valley and southwest Colorado. He served as a state presidential elector in 1876. Mears engineered the nomination of Frederick Pitkin for governor in 1878. After his work on Ute removal, he ran for office himself. Mears served a single term in the state legislature in 1883. His brief political experience was enough to convince him that he preferred to focus on making money and then using it to influence politics. Over the next few decades, Mears’s main official political role was as a member of the Board of Capitol Managers. He was appointed to the position in 1889. Mears helped speed completion of a new state capitol. The construction had dragged on for years.&nbsp; Mears ensured that a stained-glass portrait of himself would adorn the building’s second floor. Mears is remembered for his suggestion that the capitol dome be covered in gold leaf as a symbol of the state’s mining heritage.</p> <h2>Railroad Baron</h2> <p>Building toll roads drew Mears into railroad development. After connecting Silverton to the mines at Red Mountain, he started the Mears Transportation Company to carry ore along the route. His company became the largest freighting firm in Colorado. Mears saw firsthand that slow wagons could not keep up with the mines’ production. He decided to replace his toll road with a railroad. The Silverton Railroad was completed to Red Mountain in 1889. It was a triumph of engineering. The railroad maintained a grade of less than 5 percent thanks to two loops and four switchbacks along the route. Red Mountain mines boomed because cheaper railroad transportation allowed them to ship lower-grade ores at a profit. As a supply center for Red Mountain, Silverton boomed, too. Durango also profited as a source of coal and a smelting center.</p> <p>Mears dreamt up grander rail projects that had the potential to make him a national figure. The first step was the Rio Grande Southern (RGS), which Mears incorporated in 1889. His goal with the line was to bridge a gap in Denver &amp; Rio Grande (D&amp;RG) service between the northern and southern San Juans. With heavy investment from the D&amp;RG, Mears established the new railroad town of Ridgway in 1890. He laid track from there to Telluride by the end of the year. In 1891 he continued the line southwest past Ophir. Mears had to negotiate a treacherous passage from valley floor to canyon walls to reach Durango on December 20. The Rocky Mountain News described the completion of the Rio Grande Southern as “the most important railroad event of the year.”</p> <p>Mears used the record profits from the Rio Grande Southern to support his plans. He proposed extending the Rio Grande Southern to Phoenix and on to the Pacific Coast. Before he could set that plan in motion, larger economic forces intervened. The combined hit of the Panic of 1893 and the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act later that year caused economic chaos in Colorado. Many mines closed. This reduced revenues for Mears’s railroads. The bank where Mears kept his money also closed. This made his financial position even more difficult. Luckily for Mears, the Silverton Railroad continued to prosper because it shipped copper. In 1895 Mears was forced to sell the Rio Grande Southern to the Denver &amp; Rio Grande. Mears was convinced that silver would rebound. He invested the money from the sale into a new railroad, the Silverton Northern. Mears completed the line along the Animas River from Silverton to Eureka by June 1896.</p> <p>William Jennings Bryan’s defeat in the 1896 presidential election signaled that the silver market would not recover anytime soon. Mears left Colorado to try to recoup his fortune. He built railroads in Maryland and Louisiana. In 1905 he decided to return to Colorado when the Louisiana railroad failed to secure a right-of-way into New Orleans.</p> <p>Mears had remained involved in his Colorado business and political interests during his decade away. In 1902 his Silverton Northern line to Eureka had started to show a profit. In 1903 he decided to extend the track to Animas Forks. He hoped to continue expanding his San Juan rail network to forge direct connections between Silverton, Ouray, and Lake City. It was not to be. The treacherous mountain terrain made construction difficult and expensive. Adequate funding was not forthcoming.</p> <h2>Later Years and Legacy</h2> <p>Mears shifted to a focus on mining investments in the San Juans. His shrewd investments in mines and flotation mills to process low-grade ores soon made him a millionaire again.</p> <p>Mears' wife Mary in ill health.&nbsp; He started to spend more time in the milder climate of Pasadena, California. After World War I, Mears decided to retire to Pasadena. He sold his Silverton house in 1919. He resigned from the Board of Capitol Managers in 1920 and terminated his mining leases. He retained ownership of his railroads in San Juan County. They fared poorly as San Juan mining declined. In 1922 Mears shut down the Silverton Railroad. The Silverton, Gladstone &amp; Northerly ended regular service a year later. The Silverton Northern continued to turn a profit through the 1920s. It operated occasionally after 1931. Its rails were removed in 1942. By that time Mears was gone. He died in Pasadena on June 24, 1931, at the age of ninety-one.</p> <p>Mears dreamed of becoming a major railroad baron. Today the railroads he built have all disappeared. Yet his legacy is apparent on every map of the San Juan Mountains. He facilitated Ute removal from the region. Mears opened access for white settlers to what was left behind. His toll road network made it faster and easier to transport miners, supplies, and metals. This allowed the area’s mining towns to prosper. A generation later, his well-built wagon roads were converted for automobile use. Mears' roads provided the basic blueprint for the highway system that knits together the San Juans today.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Otto Mears (1840–1931) was a Colorado businessman who played a key role in the removal of the state’s Ute Indians. He is best known for building more than 450 miles of toll roads and railroads on the Utes’ former lands in the southern and southwestern parts of the state. Called the “Pathfinder of the San Juan,” Mears established the routes that became the basis for much of the region’s highway system. This includes the famed “Million Dollar Highway” between Ouray and Silverton. His roads facilitated the development of the San Juan mining region. They enabled cheaper and quicker transportation of people and ores.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Otto Mears was born in Kurland, Russia, on May 3, 1840, to an English father and a Russian mother. His parents were both Jewish. Otherwise, little is known about them. They died when he was young. Mears bounced from relative to relative until the early 1850s, when he wound up in San Francisco in search of an uncle who lived there. Arriving at the height of the California Gold Rush, the young Mears tried his hand as a prospector, a tinsmith, a merchant, and a speculator in mining stocks.</p> <p>In 1861, at the outbreak of the Civil War, Mears joined the First Regiment of California Volunteers. He served with the regiment at Fort Craig, New Mexico. The soldiers were responsible for patrolling the Texas–New Mexico border after the Union victory at the Battle of Glorieta Pass. Mears participated in the army’s campaign against the Navajo. The campaign was led by Kit Carson in 1863–64.</p> <h2>Coming to Colorado</h2> <p>After mustering out of the Army on August 31, 1864, Mears became a merchant in Santa Fé. A year later he moved to Conejos in the San Luis Valley. He had a store, a gristmill, and a sawmill. He moved again a year later. This time he started a farm, a mill, and a store at the site of present-day Saguache. Mears helped to establish and develop Saguache in the late 1860s.</p> <p>Since his year in Conejos, Mears had been selling lumber and wheat to the army outpost at Fort Garland. When the price of flour dropped in the late 1860s, he looked north for new markets in the mining camps of the upper Arkansas Valley. Getting there required traveling over Poncha Pass on a rough path. Mears improved the path to a wagon road. He made a tidy profit on his flour, and partnered with an Arkansas Valley mill owner Charles Nachtrieb to start the Poncha Pass Wagon Road Company in November 1870. The company’s toll road ran north from Poncha Pass to Nachtrieb’s mill in Nathrop and beyond. It formed the first easily accessible connection between the San Luis Valley and the Arkansas Valley.</p> <p>The Poncha Pass company started its operations in November 1870. Mears felt financially secure enough to marry Mary Kampfshulte. She was a young German immigrant whom he had met in the Arkansas Valley town of Granite. The couple had four children, only two of whom—Laura May, born in 1872, and Cora, born in 1879—survived infancy.</p> <h2>Clearing Paths in the San Juans</h2> <p>The Poncha Pass road marked the start of Mears’s extensive road empire. He turned west to the San Juan Mountains. Mears played a key role in clearing the region for white settlement and clearing paths along which those immigrants could travel. Since Mears had arrived in Colorado, he had been developing ties with the Ute Indians. The Utes had lived in the region for more than 400 years. In the 1860s, he became the tribe’s official trader. Mears had a government contract to supply food to the Utes at the Los Piños Indian Agency. He learned to speak Ute and became friends with Ouray, the Tabeguache leader who often negotiated treaties with the US government. As a result of these close ties, Felix Brunot consulted Mears during the negotiation of the Brunot Agreement in 1873. By suggesting that Brunot promise Ouray an annual salary of $1,000 for ten years, Mears helped smooth the way for the Ute cession of the San Juan Mountains.</p> <p>Mears saw no clear line between his business interests and his government service. As Ute territory became more restricted, the Indians became more reliant on the government for their survival.&nbsp; Mears was happy to snatch up government contracts to provide them with trade goods. He was also happy to build and profit from the infrastructure that made white settlement possible on former Ute land. In 1873, Mears acquired an interest in the Saguache and San Juan Toll Road Company. The company was building a route from Saguache to Lake City via Cochetopa Pass. By August 1874, Mears had taken control of the company and completed the road.</p> <p>As he expanded his growing toll road empire, Mears followed the market to new mining camps in need of better transportation. He also took time away from his businesses to secure a stable environment for economic growth. He secured Ute support for the treaty that moved the Utes to a smaller reservation. Mears worked to ensure that the new Ute reservation would be located in Utah, not in western Colorado’s potentially fertile Grand River Valley. He envisioned the valley as an agricultural paradise full of white farmers who would pay to use his roads.</p> <p>Mears did what he thought was necessary to avert a war that could have resulted in the annihilation of the Utes. But he also did what was best for his own bottom line. In the years after the Meeker Incident, he earned a small fortune in toll fees from soldiers traveling his roads. He helped open vast new regions in western Colorado to white settlement. Mears also secured the contracts to build and supply the Utes’ new reservation in Utah.</p> <p>Over the next five years, Mears worked to expand his San Juan road network to about 450 miles. The most significant of these projects were the roads he built to the Red Mountain mining district between Ouray and Silverton. The area boomed after the discovery of the Yankee Girl mine in 1882. In 1883, Ouray County asked Mears to build a toll road south from town up Uncompahgre Canyon. He completed the road to Red Mountain in September 1883. The road cost almost $10,000 per mile. The new road worried residents of Silverton. They feared that all Red Mountain ores would now flow through Ouray. They hired Mears to build from their town to Red Mountain. Construction on the Silverton–Red Mountain Toll Road started in July 1884. It was completed that November. The road linked Silverton not only to Red Mountain but also on to Ouray via Mears’s earlier road.</p> <p>Mears’s work on Ute removal also gained him the publicity to launch his own bid for public office. Starting in the 1870s, he had already become a de facto Republican Party boss for the San Luis Valley and southwest Colorado. He served as a state presidential elector in 1876. Mears engineered the nomination of Frederick Pitkin for governor in 1878. After his work on Ute removal, he ran for office himself. Mears served a single term in the state legislature in 1883. His brief political experience was enough to convince him that he preferred to focus on making money and then using it to influence politics. Over the next few decades, Mears’s main official political role was as a member of the Board of Capitol Managers. He was appointed to the position in 1889. Mears helped speed completion of a new state capitol. The construction had dragged on for years.&nbsp; Mears ensured that a stained-glass portrait of himself would adorn the building’s second floor. Mears is remembered for his suggestion that the capitol dome be covered in gold leaf as a symbol of the state’s mining heritage.</p> <h2>Railroad Baron</h2> <p>Building toll roads drew Mears into railroad development. After connecting Silverton to the mines at Red Mountain, he started the Mears Transportation Company to carry ore along the route. His company became the largest freighting firm in Colorado. Mears saw firsthand that slow wagons could not keep up with the mines’ production. To enable faster and cheaper transportation to the Red Mountain mines, he decided to replace his toll road with a railroad. When the Silverton Railroad was completed to Red Mountain in 1889, it was a triumph of engineering. The railroad maintained a grade of less than 5 percent thanks to two loops and four switchbacks along the route. Red Mountain mines boomed because cheaper railroad transportation allowed them to ship lower-grade ores at a profit. As a supply center for Red Mountain, Silverton boomed, too. Durango also profited as a source of coal and a smelting center.</p> <p>Mears dreamt up grander rail projects that had the potential to make him a national figure. The first step was the Rio Grande Southern (RGS), which Mears incorporated in 1889. His goal with the line was to bridge a gap in Denver &amp; Rio Grande (D&amp;RG) service between the northern and southern San Juans. With heavy investment from the D&amp;RG, Mears established the new railroad town of Ridgway in 1890. He laid track from there to Telluride by the end of the year. In 1891 he continued the line southwest past Ophir. Mears had to negotiate a treacherous passage from valley floor to canyon walls, and on through Rico, Dolores, and Hesperus to reach Durango on December 20. On the other side of the state, the Rocky Mountain News described the completion of the Rio Grande Southern as “the most important railroad event of the year.”</p> <p>In the early 1890s, Mears used the record profits from the Rio Grande Southern to support his plans. In a bid to become a national railroad baron, he proposed extending the Rio Grande Southern to Phoenix and on to the Pacific Coast. Before he could set that plan in motion, larger economic forces intervened. The combined hit of the Panic of 1893 and the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act later that year caused economic chaos throughout Colorado. Many mines closed. This reduced revenues for Mears’s railroads. The bank where Mears kept his money also closed. This made his financial position even more difficult. Luckily for Mears, the Silverton Railroad continued to prosper because it shipped plenty of copper. In 1895 Mears was forced to sell the Rio Grande Southern to the Denver &amp; Rio Grande. Convinced that silver (and the San Juans) would rebound, he invested the money from the sale into a new railroad, the Silverton Northern. Mears completed the line along the Animas River from Silverton to Eureka by June 1896.</p> <p>William Jennings Bryan’s defeat in the 1896 presidential election signaled that the silver market would not recover anytime soon. Mears left Colorado to try to recoup his fortune. He built railroads in Maryland (with fellow Coloradan David Moffat) and Louisiana. In 1905 he decided to return to Colorado when the Louisiana railroad failed to secure a right-of-way into New Orleans.</p> <p>Mears had remained involved in his Colorado business and political interests during his decade away. In 1902 his Silverton Northern line to Eureka had started to show a profit. In 1903 he decided to extend the track to Animas Forks. When he returned to Colorado, he hoped to continue expanding his San Juan rail network to forge direct connections between Silverton, Ouray, and Lake City. It was not to be. The treacherous mountain terrain made construction difficult and expensive. Adequate funding was not forthcoming.</p> <h2>Later Years and Legacy</h2> <p>After his planned railroad extensions around Silverton fizzled, Mears shifted to a focus on mining investments in the San Juans. His shrewd investments in the Iowa Tiger, Gold King, and Mayflower mines, as well as in flotation mills to process low-grade ores, soon made him a millionaire again.</p> <p>With his wife Mary in ill health, Mears was starting to spend more time in the milder climate of Pasadena, California. After World War I, with Mary’s health on edge and metals markets in a tailspin, Mears decided to retire to Pasadena. He sold his Silverton house in 1919, resigned from the Board of Capitol Managers in 1920, and terminated his mining leases in 1920. He retained ownership of his railroads in San Juan County. They fared poorly as San Juan mining declined. In 1922 Mears shut down the Silverton Railroad. The Silverton, Gladstone &amp; Northerly ended regular service a year later. The Silverton Northern continued to turn a profit through the 1920s. It operated occasionally after 1931. Its rails were removed in 1942. By that time Mears was gone. He died in Pasadena on June 24, 1931, at the age of ninety-one.</p> <p>Mears dreamed of becoming a major railroad baron. Today the railroads he built—the Rio Grande Southern, the Silverton, and the Silverton Northern—have all disappeared. Yet his legacy is apparent on every map of the San Juan Mountains. He facilitated Ute removal from the region and then opened access for white settlers to what was left behind. In the late nineteenth century, his toll road network made it faster and easier to transport miners, supplies, and metals. This allowed the area’s mining towns to prosper. A generation later, his well-built wagon roads were converted for automobile use. Mears' roads provided the basic blueprint for the highway system that knits together the San Juans today.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Otto Mears (1840–1931) was a Colorado businessman who played a key role in the removal of the state’s Ute Indians. He is best known for building more than 450 miles of toll roads and railroads on the Utes’ former lands in the southern and southwestern parts of the state. Called the “Pathfinder of the San Juan,” Mears established the routes that became the basis for much of the region’s highway system. This includes the famed “Million Dollar Highway” between Ouray and Silverton. His roads facilitated the development of the San Juan mining region. They enabled cheaper and quicker transportation of people and ores.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Otto Mears was born in Kurland, Russia, on May 3, 1840, to an English father and a Russian mother. His parents were both Jewish. Otherwise, little is known about them. They died when he was young. Mears bounced from relative to relative until the early 1850s, when he wound up in San Francisco in search of an uncle who lived there. Arriving at the height of the California Gold Rush, the young Mears tried his hand as a prospector, a tinsmith, a merchant, and a speculator in mining stocks.</p> <p>In 1861, at the outbreak of the Civil War, Mears joined the First Regiment of California Volunteers. He served with the regiment at Fort Craig, New Mexico. The soldiers were responsible for patrolling the Texas–New Mexico border after the Union victory at the Battle of Glorieta Pass. Mears participated in the army’s campaign against the Navajo. The campaign was led by Kit Carson in 1863–64.</p> <h2>Coming to Colorado</h2> <p>After mustering out of the Army on August 31, 1864, Mears became a merchant in Santa Fé. A year later he moved to Conejos in the San Luis Valley. He had a store, a gristmill, and a sawmill. He moved again a year later. This time he started a farm, a mill, and a store at the site of present-day Saguache. Mears helped to establish and develop Saguache in the late 1860s.</p> <p>Since his year in Conejos, Mears had been selling lumber and wheat to the army outpost at Fort Garland. When the price of flour dropped in the late 1860s, he looked north for new markets in the mining camps of the upper Arkansas Valley. Getting there required traveling over Poncha Pass on a rough path. Mears improved the path to a wagon road. He made a tidy profit on his flour, and partnered with an Arkansas Valley mill owner Charles Nachtrieb to start the Poncha Pass Wagon Road Company in November 1870. The company’s toll road ran north from Poncha Pass to Nachtrieb’s mill in Nathrop and beyond. It formed the first easily accessible connection between the San Luis Valley and the Arkansas Valley.</p> <p>The Poncha Pass company started its operations in November 1870. Mears felt financially secure enough to marry Mary Kampfshulte. She was a young German immigrant whom he had met in the Arkansas Valley town of Granite. The couple had four children, only two of whom—Laura May, born in 1872, and Cora, born in 1879—survived infancy.</p> <h2>Clearing Paths in the San Juans</h2> <p>The Poncha Pass road marked the start of Mears’s extensive road empire. He turned west to the San Juan Mountains. Mears played a key role in clearing the region for white settlement and clearing paths along which those immigrants could travel. Since Mears had arrived in Colorado, he had been developing ties with the Ute Indians. The Utes had lived in the region for more than 400 years. In the 1860s, he became the tribe’s official trader. Mears had a government contract to supply food to the Utes at the Los Piños Indian Agency. He learned to speak Ute and became friends with Ouray, the Tabeguache leader who often negotiated treaties with the US government. As a result of these close ties, Felix Brunot consulted Mears during the negotiation of the Brunot Agreement in 1873. By suggesting that Brunot promise Ouray an annual salary of $1,000 for ten years, Mears helped smooth the way for the Ute cession of the San Juan Mountains.</p> <p>Mears saw no clear line between his business interests and his government service. As Ute territory became more restricted, the Indians became more reliant on the government for their survival.&nbsp; Mears was happy to snatch up government contracts to provide them with trade goods. He was also happy to build and profit from the infrastructure that made white settlement possible on former Ute land. In 1873, Mears acquired an interest in the Saguache and San Juan Toll Road Company. The company was building a route from Saguache to Lake City via Cochetopa Pass. By August 1874, Mears had taken control of the company and completed the road.</p> <p>As he expanded his growing toll road empire, Mears followed the market to new mining camps in need of better transportation. When necessary, he also took time away from his businesses to secure a stable environment for economic growth. Most notably, he secured Ute support for the treaty that removed the Utes to a smaller reservation. With the treaty on its way to ratification, Mears worked to ensure that the new Ute reservation would be located in Utah, not in western Colorado’s potentially fertile Grand River Valley, which he already envisioned as an agricultural paradise full of white farmers who would pay to use his roads.</p> <p>In his work with the Utes, Mears did what he thought was necessary to avert a war that could have resulted in the annihilation of the Utes. But he also did what was best for his own bottom line. In the years after the Meeker Incident, he earned a small fortune in toll fees from soldiers traveling his roads, helped open vast new regions in western Colorado to white settlement, and secured the contracts to build and supply the Utes’ new reservation in Utah.</p> <p>Over the next five years, Mears worked tirelessly to expand his San Juan road network to about 450 miles. The most significant of these projects were the roads he built to the Red Mountain mining district between Ouray and Silverton, which boomed after the discovery of the Yankee Girl mine in 1882. First, Ouray County asked Mears in 1883 to construct a toll road south from town up Uncompahgre Canyon. He completed the road to Red Mountain in September 1883, at a cost of almost $10,000 per mile. The new road worried residents of Silverton, who feared that all Red Mountain ores would now flow through Ouray. They, too, hired Mears to build from their town to Red Mountain. Construction on the Silverton–Red Mountain Toll Road started in July 1884 and was completed that November, linking Silverton not only to Red Mountain but also on to Ouray via Mears’s earlier road.</p> <p>Mears’s work on Ute removal also gained him the publicity to launch his own bid for public office. Starting in the 1870s, he had already become a de facto Republican Party boss for the San Luis Valley and southwest Colorado. He served as a state presidential elector in 1876 and engineered the nomination of Frederick Pitkin for governor in 1878. After his work on Ute removal, he ran for office himself, serving a single term in the state legislature in 1883. His brief political experience was enough to convince him that he preferred to focus on making money and then using it to influence politics. Over the next few decades, Mears’s main official political role was as a member of the Board of Capitol Managers, to which he was appointed in 1889. Mears helped speed completion of a new state capitol, whose construction had dragged on for years, and he characteristically ensured that a stained-glass portrait of himself would adorn the building’s second floor. Today Mears is often remembered for his suggestion that the capitol dome be covered in gold leaf as a symbol of the state’s mining heritage.</p> <h2>Railroad Baron</h2> <p>Building toll roads eventually drew Mears into railroad development. After connecting Silverton to the mines at Red Mountain, he started the Mears Transportation Company to carry ore along the route. His company soon became the largest freighting firm in Colorado, but at the same time he saw firsthand that slow wagons could not keep up with the mines’ production. To enable faster and cheaper transportation to the Red Mountain mines, he decided in 1887 to replace his toll road with a railroad. When the Silverton Railroad was completed to Red Mountain in 1889, it was a triumph of engineering, maintaining a grade of less than 5 percent thanks to two loops and four switchbacks along the route. Red Mountain mines boomed because cheaper railroad transportation allowed them to ship lower-grade ores at a profit. Silverton boomed, too, as a supply center for Red Mountain, as did Durango as a source of coal and a smelting center.</p> <p>Enjoying the profits and stature that went along with being a nineteenth-century railroad president, Mears dreamt up grander rail projects that had the potential to make him a national figure. The first step was the Rio Grande Southern (RGS), which Mears incorporated in 1889. His goal with the line was to bridge a gap in Denver &amp; Rio Grande (D&amp;RG) service between the northern and southern San Juans. With heavy investment from the D&amp;RG, Mears established the new railroad town of Ridgway in 1890 and laid track from there to Telluride by the end of the year. In 1891 he continued the line southwest past Ophir, where he had to negotiate a treacherous passage from valley floor to canyon walls, and on through Rico, Dolores, and Hesperus to reach Durango on December 20. On the other side of the state, the Rocky Mountain News described the completion of the Rio Grande Southern as “the most important railroad event of the year.”</p> <p>In the early 1890s, Mears used the record profits from the Rio Grande Southern to support his ambitious plans. In a bid to become a national railroad baron, he proposed extending the Rio Grande Southern to Phoenix and on to the Pacific Coast. But before he could set that plan in motion, larger economic forces intervened; the combined hit of the Panic of 1893 and the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act later that year caused economic chaos throughout Colorado. Not only did many mines close, drastically reducing revenues for Mears’s railroads, but so did the bank where he kept his money, making his suddenly precarious financial position even more difficult. Luckily for Mears, the Silverton Railroad continued to prosper because it shipped plenty of copper, but in 1895 he was forced to sell the Rio Grande Southern to the Denver &amp; Rio Grande. Convinced that silver (and the San Juans) would rebound, he invested the money from the sale into a new railroad, the Silverton Northern, which he had completed along the Animas River from Silverton to Eureka by June 1896.</p> <p>William Jennings Bryan’s defeat in the 1896 presidential election signaled that the silver market would not recover anytime soon, so Mears left Colorado to try to recoup his fortune. He built railroads in Maryland (with fellow Coloradan David Moffat) and Louisiana, but in 1905 he decided to return to Colorado when the Louisiana railroad failed to secure a right-of-way into New Orleans.</p> <p>Mears had remained involved in his Colorado business and political interests during his decade away. In 1902 his Silverton Northern line to Eureka had started to show a profit, so in 1903 he decided to extend the track to Animas Forks. When he returned to Colorado a few years later, he hoped to continue expanding his San Juan rail network to forge direct connections between Silverton, Ouray, and Lake City. But it was not to be; the treacherous mountain terrain made construction difficult and expensive, and adequate funding was not forthcoming.</p> <h2>Later Years and Legacy</h2> <p>After his planned railroad extensions around Silverton fizzled, Mears shifted in the 1910s to a focus on mining investments in the San Juans. His shrewd investments in the Iowa Tiger, Gold King, and Mayflower mines, as well as in flotation mills to process low-grade ores, soon made him a millionaire again after his setbacks in the 1890s and 1900s.</p> <p>With his wife Mary in ill health, however, Mears was starting to spend more time in the milder climate of Pasadena, California, where the couple often wintered. After World War I, with Mary’s health on edge and metals markets in a tailspin, Mears decided to retire to Pasadena. He sold his Silverton house in 1919, resigned from the Board of Capitol Managers in 1920, and terminated his mining leases in 1920. He retained ownership of his railroads in San Juan County, but they fared poorly as San Juan mining declined. In 1922 Mears shut down the Silverton Railroad, and the Silverton, Gladstone &amp; Northerly ended regular service a year later. The Silverton Northern continued to turn a profit through the 1920s but operated intermittently after 1931; its rails were removed in 1942. By that time Mears, too, was gone, having died in Pasadena on June 24, 1931, at the age of ninety-one.</p> <p>Mears dreamed of becoming a major railroad baron, but today the railroads he built—the Rio Grande Southern, the Silverton, and the Silverton Northern—have all disappeared. Yet his legacy is readily apparent on every map of the San Juan Mountains, where he facilitated Ute removal from the region and then opened access for white settlers to what was left behind. In the late nineteenth century, his toll road network made it faster and easier to transport miners, supplies, and metals, allowing the area’s mining towns to prosper. A generation later, his well-built wagon roads were converted for automobile use, providing the basic blueprint for the highway system that knits together the San Juans today.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 16 Jan 2020 23:13:20 +0000 yongli 3146 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org John Evans http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">John Evans</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3149--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3149.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/john-evans"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/John%20Evans%20Media%201_0.gif?itok=31vEBOrF" width="220" height="342" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/john-evans" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">John Evans</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Originally from Ohio, John Evans forged a successful career in medicine and business in Chicago before coming to Colorado Territory in 1862 to serve as second territorial governor.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3150--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3150.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/sand-creek-massacre-site"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/John%20Evans%20Media%204_0.jpg?itok=Muj8as9s" width="1090" height="749" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/sand-creek-massacre-site" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Sand Creek Massacre Site</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Evans resigned from his position as Colorado governor in the wake of the Sand Creek Massacre of November 1864, in which Colorado volunteer soldiers killed more than 150 Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapahoe people camping near Sand Creek in eastern Colorado. Recent historical inquiries have determined that Evans bears some responsibility for the massacre.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3235--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3235.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/evans-house-denver"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/John-Evans-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=LF7nHVuL" width="900" height="535" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/evans-house-denver" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Evans House, Denver</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>During his time in Denver, John Evans lived in this sturdy brick house at the corner of Fourteenth and Arapahoe Streets.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3236--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3236.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/later-years"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/John-Evans-Media-5_0.jpg?itok=A-EtYMtr" width="600" height="880" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/later-years" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Later Years</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 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class="datetime">Thu, 01/16/2020 - 15:22</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans" data-a2a-title="John Evans"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fjohn-evans&amp;title=John%20Evans"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>John Evans (1814–97) served as second governor of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>, from 1862 to 1865. His role in precipitating the massacre of peaceful <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and <strong>Arapaho</strong> Indians at <a href="/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek</strong></a> in November 1864 forced him to resign. A doctor and Methodist minister who helped found Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, Evans also established what became the <strong>University of Denver</strong> and helped connect the fledgling territory to the transcontinental railroad. Perhaps more than most in Colorado’s founding generation, Evans represents the complicated legacy of US expansion in the mid-nineteenth century.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>John Evans was born to Rachel and David Evans on March 9, 1814, in Waynesville, Ohio. As a young man, he had no desire to follow in the footsteps of his farmer parents. When he was twenty-years old, he pleaded with his father to allow him to pursue higher education. David Evans reluctantly agreed, and in 1838 John received his MD from Cincinnati College. That year he also married Hannah Canby.</p> <p>In July 1839 Evans moved to Attica, Indiana, to begin his medical career. Two years later, Evans heard a talk by the Methodist Episcopal minister Matthew Simpson, which motivated his conversion to Methodism and to a lifelong belief in the importance of fostering education in new communities. Meanwhile, as a physician, he made a name for himself by starting the state’s first mental hospital and becoming its first superintendent in 1845. At the same time, Rush Medical College in Chicago hired him as a professor. After struggling for three years to balance the two jobs, Evans resigned from the Indiana hospital in 1848 and moved his family permanently to Chicago.</p> <h2>Shifting to Business in Chicago</h2> <p>Evans arrived in Chicago at a crucial moment in the city’s history, when its role as a hub connecting Western resources to Eastern capital was causing it to grow from a relatively rough city of 30,000 people in 1850 to a booming metropolis of 110,000 ten years later. For a man as intelligent and energetic as Evans, it was easy to thrive. Within a few years, he had helped establish the Chicago Medical Society, cofounded Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes, and edited a medical journal.</p> <p>Yet Evans soon redirected his ambitions from medicine to business and politics. The signal event in his professional transformation came in 1852, when he traded the medical journal he owned for five acres of Chicago land and helped to organize the Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, which enhanced the city’s infrastructure. Evans’s real estate and railroad interests made him wealthy—by the mid-1850s he no longer practiced medicine. As he gained prominence, Evans was able to engage in public service more directly as a two-term Chicago alderman from 1853 to 1855, focusing on urban development, public health, and education.</p> <h2>Northwestern and New Opportunities</h2> <p>Evans’s zeal for promoting education led to his prominent role in founding Northwestern University, his most lasting legacy in the Chicago area. In 1850 he joined with eight other local Methodists to establish the university, and then spearheaded the five-year effort to actually open the school. He helped draft the university’s charter, select its first president, and acquire the property north of Chicago, where the school and a surrounding Methodist town would be located. For his efforts, Evans was elected chairman of the board of trustees, and in 1854 his fellow trustees moved to name the new university town “Evanston” in his honor.</p> <p>Evans achieved great professional success in the 1840s and 1850s, but he also experienced his share of personal setbacks. Of the four children to whom Hannah gave birth, only one, Josephine, born in 1844, survived childhood. Then in 1850 Hannah succumbed to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a>. In 1853 Evans married again, this time to Margaret Gray, the sister-in-law of a fellow Northwestern trustee. When Northwestern opened its doors to students in 1855, Evans moved his family from Chicago to a large new house just south of campus.</p> <h2>Governor of Colorado</h2> <p>As a well-known doctor and then businessman and civic booster in Chicago, Evans easily developed a network of influential political connections. A Whig early in his life, he transferred his allegiance to the new antislavery <strong>Republican Party</strong> in the mid-1850s and became acquainted with his fellow Illinois Republican Abraham Lincoln. After Lincoln was elected president in 1860, Evans and his friends made no secret of his desire to be named governor of some plum western territory. His chance came in 1862, when he replaced the first territorial governor of Colorado, <a href="/article/william-gilpin"><strong>William Gilpin</strong></a>, who was removed from office for authorizing military payments without approval. On April 11 Evans took his oath in Washington, DC, before quickly returning to Evanston and then setting out for Colorado by stagecoach.</p> <p>Arriving in Denver on May 16, 1862, Evans found himself in a situation full of potential. He had the opportunity to shape a new city and a new territory, to play a large role in developing Denver’s real estate and railroads, and to shepherd Colorado to statehood. As his previous career indicated, he possessed the political tools, business sense, and civic spirit to succeed, and in many ways he did. During his three years as governor, he helped build up the new territory’s infrastructure, economy, legal system, and educational institutions. In 1864 he figured prominently in the foundation of the Colorado Seminary, which was reestablished in 1880—again with Evans’s support—as the University of Denver.</p> <p>Evans dedicated much of his time as territorial governor to promoting statehood for Colorado, believing that incorporation into the Union would provide better federal military protection, a better chance of attracting a transcontinental railroad route through Denver, and a US Senate seat for himself. Despite his best efforts, however, Colorado voters overwhelmingly rejected statehood in September 1864. To Evans’s arguments, they countered that the territory was still sparsely populated and ill equipped for self-government, and that statehood would actually leave the area more vulnerable as the federal government withdrew its support. Perhaps most important, statehood would make Colorado men subject to the draft while the Civil War still raged. Colorado voters changed their minds a year later, after the Civil War had ended and Evans had stepped down as governor, but President Andrew Johnson vetoed statehood.</p> <h2>Sand Creek</h2> <p>As governor of Colorado Territory, Evans was also the territory’s superintendent of Indian affairs. These two positions did not necessarily conflict, but in practice it proved hard to act in the best interests of both Colorado’s new migrants, whom Evans represented in his capacity as governor, and the territory’s indigenous inhabitants, whom he represented in his role as superintendent. As tens of thousands of immigrants from the east arrived to mine Colorado’s mountains, set up supply towns along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>, and establish farms and ranches on the plains, they controlled resources that Indians had long relied on and still needed to survive. In response, Indians sometimes conducted raids against the new settlers and the precarious supply lines that linked Colorado to the east. In the charged atmosphere of the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a> years, with the federal government fearing for its hold on the West and Coloradans concerned about potential Confederate invasions, even small-scale raids provoked alarm bordering on paranoia.</p> <p>To mitigate potential conflicts, Evans relied on the existing framework of federal Indian policy, which involved making treaties to acquire Indian land for white settlement. Indeed, Evans’s primary goal with respect to Indians was to gain wider Indian support for the disputed 1861 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Treaty of Fort Wise</strong></a>, in which a small group of Arapaho and Cheyenne chiefs had ceded their claims to most of the eastern plains, and to forge new treaties with the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Utes</strong></a> in the mountains. Evans diligently pursued these diplomatic solutions throughout 1862 and 1863.</p> <p>In spring 1864, however, reports of stolen livestock led to a violent cycle of harsh military responses by troops under Major <strong>John Chivington</strong> and Indian raids on the plains. Initially Evans pushed for peaceful diplomacy, but over the summer he began to favor more militant options. In August he requested authorization for a regiment of 100-day volunteers, which took shape as the Third Colorado Cavalry, and issued an aggressive proclamation allowing Coloradans to “kill and destroy, as enemies of the country,” any hostile Indians they encountered.</p> <p>In late September he reluctantly attended a peace conference with Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho leaders at Camp Weld, where he absolved himself of any responsibility for making peace and said the Indians needed to negotiate with the military. He soon departed for the mountains, where he met with the Utes, and then left Colorado for his annual trip to the east. Meanwhile, Southern Cheyenne under Black Kettle and Southern Arapaho under <a href="/article/niwot-left-hand"><strong>Niwot</strong></a> (Left Hand) reported to <strong>Fort Lyon</strong> in southeastern Colorado, where the commander told them they could camp by Sand Creek. In late November, despite no reports of violence anywhere near Fort Lyon, Chivington went there with his troops, including the new volunteers of the Third Cavalry. Learning that a group of Indians was camped nearby, Chivington ordered his men to attack on the morning of November 29, 1864, killing at least 230 people, mostly women and children.</p> <p>Chivington and his troops returned to Denver in triumph, but news of the incident provoked greater violence on the plains and soon prompted official inquiries by two congressional committees as well as the US Army. Still in Washington, DC, as part of his annual eastern trip, Evans testified in March 1865 before both the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War and the Joint Special Committee on the Condition of the Indian Tribes. He distanced himself from the massacre and denied knowledge of it, but he also implied that it could be justified by prior Indian attacks. In May the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War passed a resolution condemning Chivington and other officers who were directly responsible for Sand Creek, rebuking Evans for the “prevarication and shuffling” that had characterized his testimony, expressing disappointment in his failure to acknowledge the massacre’s horrors, and calling for his removal from office. Secretary of State William Seward agreed, forcing Evans to resign on August 1.</p> <p>Evans returned to Colorado, where residents had cheered his arrival. Throughout the rest of his life, he never chastised Chivington or the soldiers involved in the massacre, and he continued to maintain that it had been necessary for the development of Colorado and the west. “The benefit to Colorado, of that massacre, as they call it, was very great,” he declared in an 1884 interview, “for it ridded the plains of the Indians.”</p> <h2>Later Life</h2> <p>After Evans resigned as governor and President Johnson’s veto of statehood killed his dream of a Senate seat, he no longer pursued public office. His broader engagement in public service, however, did not end. He remained an influential civic leader, particularly in the realm of religion. He donated heavily to a variety of religious congregations and was an elected delegate to the Methodist Church’s main leadership body, the General Conference, every four years from 1872 to 1892.</p> <p>As he did in Chicago, Evans also continued to combine public service with private profit in the form of economic development, especially railroad development. The city of Denver and the Colorado Territory encountered a major setback to future growth in 1866, when the Union Pacific Railroad decided that its transcontinental route would bypass Colorado in favor of Wyoming’s easier mountain passes. Convinced that Colorado needed strong rail connections to prosper, Evans and other local leaders determined to forge those connections themselves.</p> <p>To link Denver to the Union Pacific’s transcontinental line at Cheyenne, Wyoming, Evans led the creation of the <strong>Denver Pacific Railway</strong>, which completed the connection in 1870. Then, to tie Denver directly to central Colorado’s rich mining region, Evans organized the <strong>Denver, South Park &amp; Pacific Railroad</strong>, which laid its track in the 1870s. Finally, to provide Denver with a quicker connection to the closest port, Evans built the Denver &amp; New Orleans Railroad in the 1880s. Thanks in part to these vital rail connections, Denver’s population boomed during the 1870s and 1880s, growing from a frontier town of a few thousand people to a metropolis of more than 100,000.</p> <p>As Denver grew, Evans and his family remained firmly ensconced among the city’s elite. In 1865 Josephine Evans, Evans’s surviving daughter from his first marriage, married <strong>Samuel Elbert</strong>, who was then serving under Evans as secretary of Colorado Territory and would later serve as territorial governor himself. Evans’s son William Gray Evans, born in 1855, followed his father into the railroad business, becoming a leader in the development of the Denver Tramway Company and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-northwestern-pacific-railway-hill-route-moffat-road"><strong>Moffat Tunnel</strong></a>. Evans’s youngest surviving child, Anne, was born in 1871 and became one of the most influential cultural patrons in Denver’s history, playing a key role in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-art-museum"><strong>Denver Art Museum</strong></a>, the <a href="/article/denver-public-library"><strong>Denver Public Library</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center Park</strong></a>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city-opera-house"><strong>Central City Opera</strong></a>.</p> <p>Despite Evans’s deep ties to the Midwest—he served as president of the Northwestern University board of trustees until 1895—he remained in Denver for the rest of his life. He died there on July 3, 1897, at the age of eighty-three.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>During his life and long after, Evans was deeply admired. By almost any measure, he was one of the most influential figures in the early development of both Chicago and Colorado. Not only was Evanston, Illinois, named for him, but also a wide variety of locations across Colorado, including the city of Evans in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a>, Evans Avenue in Denver, and, perhaps most prominently, <strong>Mt. Evans</strong> in the Front Range.</p> <p>For many decades, Evans’s manifold accomplishments insulated him from the Sand Creek Massacre, which was rarely mentioned in eulogies or later remembrances. In recent years, however, scholars have started to emphasize the deep, inextricable ties between Evans’s desire for development and his disregard for the existing ways of life of Indians on the plains. In time for the 150th anniversary of the Sand Creek Massacre in 2014, both Northwestern University and the University of Denver conducted thorough investigations into Evans’s role in the massacre. The reports concluded that he bore some share of the responsibility for the attack and displayed what the Northwestern report called “a deep moral failure” in refusing to acknowledge the tragedy.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/maurer-josef" hreflang="und">Maurer, Josef</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-evans" hreflang="en">John Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/margaret-evans" hreflang="en">Margaret Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-gray-evans" hreflang="en">William Gray Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/northwestern-university" hreflang="en">Northwestern University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/evanston" hreflang="en">Evanston</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sand-creek-massacre" hreflang="en">Sand Creek Massacre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-governors" hreflang="en">colorado governors</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-denver" hreflang="en">University of Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-seminary" hreflang="en">Denver Seminary</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-railroads" hreflang="en">Colorado Railroads</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Colorado State Archives, “<a href="https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/archives/john-evans">John Evans</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Colorado State Archives, “<a href="https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/archives/william-gilpin#Territorial%20Governor">William Gilpin</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Harry E. Kelsey Jr., <em>Frontier Capitalist: The Life of John Evans</em> (Denver: State Historical Society of Colorado, 1969).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/provost/about/committees/study-committee-report.pdf">Report of the John Evans Study Committee</a>,” Northwestern University, May 2014.</p> <p>“<a href="https://portfolio.du.edu/downloadItem/286858">Report of the John Evans Study Committee</a>,” University of Denver, November 2014.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Patricia Calhoun, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/news/remembering-the-sand-creek-massacre-the-past-is-always-with-us-7387126">Remembering the Sand Creek Massacre: The Past Is Always With Us</a>,”<em> Westword</em>, December 1, 2015.</p> <p>Patricia Calhoun, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/news/sand-creek-massacre-john-evans-founded-du-but-he-left-a-legacy-of-shame-6054709">Sand Creek Massacre: John Evans Founded DU, but He Left a Legacy of Shame</a>,”&nbsp;<em>Westword</em>, November 11, 2014.</p> <p>Walter Dill Scott,&nbsp;<em>John Evans, 1814–1897: An Appreciation</em> (Evanston, IL: L. J. Norris, 1939).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>John Evans (1814–97) served as second governor of Colorado Territory from 1862 to 1865. He was forced to resign over the 1864 Sand Creek Massacre. Before becoming governor, Evans was a doctor. He helped found Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. He represents the complicated legacy of US expansion.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>John Evans was born on March 9, 1814, in Waynesville, Ohio. His parents were farmers. Evans had no desire to follow in their footsteps. He pleaded with his father to allow him to go to college. David Evans reluctantly agreed. In 1838 John received his MD from Cincinnati College. That year he married Hannah Canby.</p> <p>In July 1839 Evans moved to Attica, Indiana. He began his medical career. Two years later, Evans heard a talk by a Methodist minister. The talk converted him to Methodism. Evans also began to believe in the importance of education. Evans made a name for himself as a doctor. He started the state’s first mental hospital. Evans became its first superintendent in 1845. At the same time, Rush Medical College in Chicago hired Evans as a professor. Evans struggled to balance the two jobs. He resigned from the Indiana hospital in 1848. He moved his family to Chicago.</p> <h2>Shifting to Business in Chicago</h2> <p>Evans arrived in Chicago at an important moment. Chicago connected Western resources to Eastern capital. The city was growing as a result. Within a few years, Evans had helped establish the Chicago Medical Society. He also cofounded Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes. Evans edited a medical journal.</p> <p>Evans soon directed his energy into business and politics. In 1852, he traded a medical journal for five acres of land. Evans then helped organize the Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad. The railroad enhanced the city’s infrastructure. Evans’s real estate and railroad interests made him wealthy. By the mid-1850s he no longer practiced medicine. Evans was a two-term Chicago alderman from 1853 to 1855. His focus was on public health and education.</p> <h2>Northwestern and New Opportunities</h2> <p>Evans helped found Northwestern University. The school is his most lasting legacy in the Chicago area. Evans led the five-year effort to open the school. He helped draft the charter. Evans also selected the school's first president. He acquired the property north of Chicago where the school and a surrounding town would be located. For his efforts, Evans was elected chairman of the board of trustees. The new town was named “Evanston” in his honor.</p> <p>Evans had professional success in the 1840s and 1850s. He also had personal setbacks. Hannah gave birth to four children. Only one, Josephine, survived childhood. In 1850 Hannah died. In 1853 Evans married again. He wed Margaret Gray, the sister-in-law of a fellow Northwestern trustee. Northwestern opened its doors to students in 1855. Evans moved his family from Chicago to a house just south of campus.</p> <h2>Governor of Colorado</h2> <p>Evans developed political connections. He became part of the new antislavery Republican Party in the mid-1850s. Evans met his fellow Illinois Republican Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was elected president in 1860. Evans wanted to be named governor of a western territory. His chance came in 1862. Lincoln replaced the first territorial governor of Colorado, William Gilpin, with Evans. On April 11 Evans took his oath in Washington, DC. He set out for Colorado by stagecoach.</p> <p>Evans arrived in Denver on May 16, 1862. He spent three years as governor. During that time, he helped build up the new territory’s economy and legal system. In 1864 he helped found the Colorado Seminary, which was reestablished in 1880 as the University of Denver.</p> <p>Evans dedicated his time to promoting statehood for Colorado. He thought statehood would give Colorado a better chance of attracting a transcontinental railroad route. Additionally, Evans wanted a US Senate seat for himself. Despite his efforts, Colorado voters rejected statehood in September 1864. Voters countered that the territory was sparsely populated. They felt it was ill-equipped for self-government. Most important, statehood would make Colorado men subject to the draft while the Civil War raged. Voters changed their minds a year later. However, President Andrew Johnson vetoed statehood.</p> <h2>Sand Creek</h2> <p>As governor of Colorado Territory, Evans was also the superintendent of Indian affairs. It proved hard to act in the best interests of new migrants and the territory’s native people. Tens of thousands of people arrived to mine Colorado’s mountains. The migrants took up resources that Indians needed. In response, Indians conducted raids against the new settlers.</p> <p>Evans relied on federal Indian policy to stop conflicts. The policy was to make treaties to gain Indian land for white settlement. Evans’s goal was to gain Indian support for the disputed 1861 Treaty of Fort Wise. In the treaty, a small group of Arapaho and Cheyenne chiefs had given up their claims to most of the eastern plains. Evans also wanted to forge new treaties with the Utes in the mountains. He pursued diplomatic solutions throughout 1862 and 1863.</p> <p>In spring 1864, there were reports of stolen livestock. This led to a violent cycle of conflict between troops under Major John Chivington and Indians. Evans pushed for diplomacy. But over the summer, he began to favor military options. In August, raised a regiment of 100-day volunteers. They took shape as the Third Colorado Cavalry. Evans then issued a proclamation. The proclamation allowed Coloradans to “kill and destroy,” any hostile Indians they encountered.</p> <p>In late September Evans attended a peace conference. He met with Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho leaders at Camp Weld. Evans felt he had no obligation to make peace. He said Indians needed to negotiate with the military. Evans left for the mountains, where met with the Utes. Then, Evans left Colorado for his annual trip to the east. Meanwhile, Southern Cheyenne under Black Kettle and Southern Arapaho under Niwot (Left Hand) went to Fort Lyon in southeastern Colorado. They were told they could camp by Sand Creek. Chivington went there with his troops. Among the men were the new volunteers of the Third Cavalry. Chivington ordered his men to attack the peacefully camped Indians on the morning of November 29, 1864. The soldiers killed 150–200 people. Most of the dead were women and children.</p> <p>News of the incident caused more violence on the plains. The massacre prompted inquiries by two congressional committees and the US Army. Still in Washington, DC, Evans testified in March 1865. Evans denied any knowledge of the massacre. However, he implied that the massacre could be justified by prior Indian attacks. In May the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War passed a resolution. They condemned Chivington and the other officers responsible for Sand Creek. They rebuked Evans for his testimony. They were disappointed Evans failed to acknowledge the massacre’s horrors. The committee called for Evans removal from office. Secretary of State William Seward agreed. Evans was forced to resign on August 1.</p> <p>Evans returned to Colorado. He never condemned Chivington, or the soldiers involved in the massacre. “The benefit to Colorado, of that massacre, as they call it, was very great,” he said in an 1884 interview, “for it ridded the plains of the Indians.”</p> <h2>Later Life</h2> <p>Evans no longer pursued public office. He remained a civic leader. He was an elected delegate to the Methodist Church’s main leadership body every four years from 1872 to 1892.</p> <p>Evans continued to combine public service with private profit. The city of Denver and the Colorado Territory had a major setback in 1866. The Union Pacific Railroad decided that its transcontinental route would not go through Colorado. Instead, the route would run through Wyoming. Evans was convinced that Colorado needed strong rail connections to prosper. He and other local leaders were determined to forge those connections themselves.</p> <p>Evans wanted to link Denver to the Union Pacific’s transcontinental line at Cheyenne, Wyoming. To do that, he led the creation of the Denver Pacific Railway.&nbsp; The connection was completed in 1870. Evans also wanted to tie Denver to central Colorado’s rich mining region. So, he organized the Denver, South Park &amp; Pacific Railroad. It laid its track in the 1870s. Evans wanted Denver to have a quicker connection to the closest port. He built the Denver &amp; New Orleans Railroad in the 1880s. Thanks in part to these rail connections, Denver’s population boomed. The city grew from a frontier town of a few thousand people to a city of more than 100,000.</p> <p>Evans and his family remained among the city’s elite. In 1865 Evans' daughter Josephine married Samuel Elbert. Elbert was serving under Evans as secretary of Colorado Territory. Elbert would later serve as territorial governor. Evans’s son William followed his father into the railroad business. William became a leader in the development of the Denver Tramway Company and the Moffat Tunnel. Evans’s youngest surviving child, Anne, became one of the most influential cultural patrons in Denver’s history. Anne played a key role in the Denver Art Museum, the Denver Public Library, Civic Center Park, and Central City Opera.</p> <p>Evans remained in Denver for the rest of his life. He died on July 3, 1897, at the age of eighty-three.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Evans was deeply admired. He was one of the most influential figures in the early development of Chicago and Colorado. Locations across the state are named for him. Those locations include the city of Evans in Weld County, Evans Avenue in Denver, and Mt. Evans.</p> <p>For decades, Evans' connection to the Sand Creek Massacre was rarely mentioned. That has changed in recent years. Scholars have started to look at Evans’s desire for development and his disregard for native people. Northwestern University and the University of Denver conducted investigations into Evans’s role in the massacre. The reports found that Evans bore some responsibility for the attack. Evans displayed what the Northwestern report called “a deep moral failure” in refusing to acknowledge the tragedy.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>John Evans (1814–97) served as second governor of Colorado Territory from 1862 to 1865. He was forced to resign over the 1864 Sand Creek Massacre. Before becoming governor, Evans was a doctor and Methodist minister. Evans helped found Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. He also established what became the University of Denver. Evans helped connect the fledgling territory to the transcontinental railroad. He represents the complicated legacy of US expansion.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>John Evans was born on March 9, 1814, in Waynesville, Ohio. His parents were farmers. Evans had no desire to follow in their footsteps. He pleaded with his father to allow him to pursue higher education. David Evans reluctantly agreed. In 1838 John received his MD from Cincinnati College. That year he also married Hannah Canby.</p> <p>In July 1839 Evans moved to Attica, Indiana. He began his medical career. Two years later, Evans heard a talk by the Methodist Episcopal minister Matthew Simpson. The talk converted him to Methodism. It also fostered a lifelong belief in the importance of education. Evans made a name for himself as a doctor. He started the state’s first mental hospital. Evans became its first superintendent in 1845. At the same time, Rush Medical College in Chicago hired Evans as a professor. Evans struggled to balance the two jobs. He resigned from the Indiana hospital in 1848. He moved his family to Chicago.</p> <h2>Shifting to Business in Chicago</h2> <p>Evans arrived in Chicago at a crucial moment. Chicago was a hub connecting Western resources to Eastern capital. It was growing as a result. Within a few years, Evans had helped establish the Chicago Medical Society. He also cofounded Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes and edited a medical journal.</p> <p>Evans soon directed his energy to business and politics. In 1852, he traded the medical journal he owned for five acres of land. Evans then helped organize the Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad. The railroad enhanced the city’s infrastructure. Evans’s real estate and railroad interests made him wealthy. By the mid-1850s he no longer practiced medicine. Evans was able to engage in public service more directly as a two-term Chicago alderman from 1853 to 1855. His focus was on urban development, public health, and education.</p> <h2>Northwestern and New Opportunities</h2> <p>Evans’s zeal for education led to his role in founding Northwestern University. The school is his most lasting legacy in the Chicago area. In 1850, he joined with eight other local Methodists to establish the university. Evans then spearheaded the five-year effort to open the school. He helped draft the charter. Evans also selected the school's first president. He acquired the property north of Chicago where the school and a surrounding town would be located. For his efforts, Evans was elected chairman of the board of trustees. In 1854 his fellow trustees moved to name the new town “Evanston” in his honor.</p> <p>Evans achieved professional success in the 1840s and 1850s. He also had personal setbacks. Hannah gave birth to four children. Only one, Josephine, survived childhood. In 1850 Hannah died of tuberculosis. In 1853 Evans married again. He wed Margaret Gray, the sister-in-law of a fellow Northwestern trustee. Northwestern opened its doors to students in 1855. Evans moved his family from Chicago to a house just south of campus.</p> <h2>Governor of Colorado</h2> <p>Evans developed political connections. He became part of the new antislavery Republican Party in the mid-1850s. Evans met his fellow Illinois Republican Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was elected president in 1860. Evans wanted to be named governor of a western territory. His chance came in 1862. Lincoln replaced the first territorial governor of Colorado, William Gilpin, with Evans. Gilpin was removed from office for authorizing military payments without approval. On April 11 Evans took his oath in Washington, DC. He set out for Colorado by stagecoach.</p> <p>Evans arrived in Denver on May 16, 1862. Evans had the political tools, business sense, and civic spirit to shape the new territory. He spent three years as governor. During that time, he helped build up the new territory’s economy, legal system, and educational institutions. In 1864 he helped found the Colorado Seminary. The institution was reestablished in 1880 as the University of Denver.</p> <p>Evans dedicated much of his time to promoting statehood for Colorado. He believed that statehood would provide better federal military protection. He also thought statehood would give Colorado a better chance of attracting a transcontinental railroad route. Additionally, Evans wanted a US Senate seat for himself. Despite his efforts, Colorado voters rejected statehood in September 1864. Voters countered that the territory was sparsely populated. They felt it was ill-equipped for self-government. Most important, statehood would make Colorado men subject to the draft while the Civil War raged. Colorado voters changed their minds a year later. However, President Andrew Johnson vetoed statehood.</p> <h2>Sand Creek</h2> <p>As governor of Colorado Territory, Evans was also the superintendent of Indian affairs. It proved hard to act in the best interests of both new migrants and the territory’s native people. Tens of thousands of people arrived to mine Colorado’s mountains. The migrants took up resources that Indians needed. In response, Indians conducted raids against the new settlers.</p> <p>Evans relied on federal Indian policy to stop conflicts. The policy was to make treaties to gain Indian land for white settlement. Evans’s goal was to Indian support for the disputed 1861 Treaty of Fort Wise. In the treaty, a small group of Arapaho and Cheyenne chiefs had given up their claims to most of the eastern plains. Evans also wanted to forge new treaties with the Utes in the mountains. He pursued these diplomatic solutions throughout 1862 and 1863.</p> <p>In spring 1864, there were reports of stolen livestock. This led to a violent cycle of conflict between troops under Major John Chivington and Indians. Evans pushed for diplomacy, but over the summer, he began to favor military options. In August, he requested approval for a regiment of 100-day volunteers. They took shape as the Third Colorado Cavalry. Evans then issued a proclamation. The proclamation allowed Coloradans to “kill and destroy,” any hostile Indians they encountered.</p> <p>In late September Evans attended a peace conference with Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho leaders at Camp Weld. He felt he had no obligation to make peace. Evans said the Indians needed to negotiate with the military. Evans left for the mountains, where met with the Utes. Then, Evans left Colorado for his annual trip to the east. Meanwhile, Southern Cheyenne under Black Kettle and Southern Arapaho under Niwot (Left Hand) went to Fort Lyon in southeastern Colorado. They were told they could camp by Sand Creek. Chivington went there with his troops. Among the men were the new volunteers of the Third Cavalry. Chivington ordered his men to attack the peacefully camped Indians on the morning of November 29, 1864. The soldiers killed 150–200 people. Most of the dead were women and children.</p> <p>Chivington and his troops returned to Denver. News of the incident caused more violence on the plains. The massacre prompted official inquiries by two congressional committees as well as the US Army. Still in Washington, DC, Evans testified in March 1865. He went before the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War and the Joint Special Committee on the Condition of the Indian Tribes. Evans denied any knowledge of the massacre. However, he implied that the massacre could be justified by prior Indian attacks. In May the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War passed a resolution. They condemned Chivington and the other officers who were responsible for Sand Creek. They rebuked Evans for his testimony. They were also disappointed Evans failed to acknowledge the massacre’s horrors. The committee called for Evans removal from office. Secretary of State William Seward agreed. Evans was forced to resign on August 1.</p> <p>Evans returned to Colorado. He never condemned Chivington or the soldiers involved in the massacre. Evans continued to maintain that the massacre had been necessary. “The benefit to Colorado, of that massacre, as they call it, was very great,” he declared in an 1884 interview, “for it ridded the plains of the Indians.”</p> <h2>Later Life</h2> <p>Evans no longer pursued public office. However, he remained a civic leader. Evans donated to a variety of religious congregations. He was an elected delegate to the Methodist Church’s main leadership body every four years from 1872 to 1892.</p> <p>Evans continued to combine public service with private profit. The city of Denver and the Colorado Territory had a major setback in 1866. The Union Pacific Railroad decided that its transcontinental route would bypass Colorado. Instead, the route would run through Wyoming. Evans was convinced that Colorado needed strong rail connections to prosper. He and other local leaders were determined to forge those connections themselves.</p> <p>Evans wanted to link Denver to the Union Pacific’s transcontinental line at Cheyenne, Wyoming. To do that, he led the creation of the Denver Pacific Railway.&nbsp; The connection was completed in 1870. Evans also wanted to tie Denver to central Colorado’s rich mining region. So, he organized the Denver, South Park &amp; Pacific Railroad. It laid its track in the 1870s. Evans wanted Denver to have a quicker connection to the closest port. He built the Denver &amp; New Orleans Railroad in the 1880s. Thanks in part to these rail connections, Denver’s population boomed. The city grew from a frontier town of a few thousand people to a city of more than 100,000.</p> <p>Evans and his family remained among the city’s elite. In 1865 Evans' daughter Josephine married Samuel Elbert. Elbert was serving under Evans as secretary of Colorado Territory. Elbert would later serve as territorial governor. Evans’s son William followed his father into the railroad business. William became a leader in the development of the Denver Tramway Company and the Moffat Tunnel. Evans’s youngest surviving child, Anne, became one of the most influential cultural patrons in Denver’s history. Anne played a key role in the Denver Art Museum, the Denver Public Library, Civic Center Park, and Central City Opera.</p> <p>Evans remained in Denver for the rest of his life. He died on July 3, 1897, at the age of eighty-three.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Evans was deeply admired. He was one of the most influential figures in the early development of both Chicago and Colorado. Locations across Colorado have been named for him. Those include the city of Evans in Weld County, Evans Avenue in Denver, and Mt. Evans.</p> <p>For decades, Evans’s connection to the Sand Creek Massacre was rarely mentioned. That has changed in recent years. Scholars have started to emphasize Evans’s desire for development and his disregard for native people. Northwestern University and the University of Denver conducted investigations into Evans’s role in the massacre. The reports found that Evans bore some responsibility for the attack. Evans displayed what the Northwestern report called “a deep moral failure” in refusing to acknowledge the tragedy.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>John Evans (1814–97) served as second governor of Colorado Territory, from 1862 to 1865. His role in precipitating the massacre of peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians at Sand Creek in November 1864 forced him to resign. He was a doctor and Methodist minister. Evans helped found Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. He also established what became the University of Denver. Evans helped connect the fledgling territory to the transcontinental railroad. He represents the complicated legacy of US expansion in the mid-nineteenth century.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>John Evans was born to Rachel and David Evans on March 9, 1814, in Waynesville, Ohio. As a young man, he had no desire to follow in the footsteps of his farmer parents. When he was twenty-years old, he pleaded with his father to allow him to pursue higher education. David Evans reluctantly agreed. In 1838 John received his MD from Cincinnati College. That year he also married Hannah Canby.</p> <p>In July 1839 Evans moved to Attica, Indiana, to begin his medical career. Two years later, Evans heard a talk by the Methodist Episcopal minister Matthew Simpson. The talk converted him to Methodism. It also fostered a lifelong belief in the importance of education in new communities. As a physician, Evans made a name for himself by starting the state’s first mental hospital. He became its first superintendent in 1845. At the same time, Rush Medical College in Chicago hired Evans as a professor. After struggling for three years to balance the two jobs, Evans resigned from the Indiana hospital in 1848. He moved his family permanently to Chicago.</p> <h2>Shifting to Business in Chicago</h2> <p>Evans arrived in Chicago at a crucial moment in the city’s history. Chicago's role as a hub connecting Western resources to Eastern capital was causing it to grow. It was easy to thrive. Within a few years, Evans had helped establish the Chicago Medical Society, cofounded Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes, and edited a medical journal.</p> <p>Evans soon redirected his ambitions from medicine to business and politics. The signal event in his professional transformation came in 1852. He traded the medical journal he owned for five acres of Chicago land and helped to organize the Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad. The railroad enhanced the city’s infrastructure. Evans’s real estate and railroad interests made him wealthy. By the mid-1850s he no longer practiced medicine. As he gained prominence, Evans was able to engage in public service more directly as a two-term Chicago alderman from 1853 to 1855. His focus was on urban development, public health, and education.</p> <h2>Northwestern and New Opportunities</h2> <p>Evans’s zeal for promoting education led to his prominent role in founding Northwestern University. The school is his most lasting legacy in the Chicago area. In 1850 he joined with eight other local Methodists to establish the university. Evans then spearheaded the five-year effort to open the school. He helped draft the university’s charter. Evans also selected its first president. He acquired the property north of Chicago, where the school and a surrounding Methodist town would be located. For his efforts, Evans was elected chairman of the board of trustees. In 1854 his fellow trustees moved to name the new university town “Evanston” in his honor.</p> <p>Evans achieved great professional success in the 1840s and 1850s. However, he also experienced his share of personal setbacks. Of the four children to whom Hannah gave birth, only one, Josephine, born in 1844, survived childhood. Then in 1850 Hannah succumbed to tuberculosis. In 1853 Evans married again, this time to Margaret Gray, the sister-in-law of a fellow Northwestern trustee. When Northwestern opened its doors to students in 1855, Evans moved his family from Chicago to a large new house just south of campus.</p> <h2>Governor of Colorado</h2> <p>Evans developed a network of influential political connections. A Whig early in his life, he transferred his allegiance to the new antislavery Republican Party in the mid-1850s. He became acquainted with his fellow Illinois Republican Abraham Lincoln. After Lincoln was elected president in 1860, Evans made no secret of his desire to be named governor of a western territory. His chance came in 1862. Evans replaced the first territorial governor of Colorado, William Gilpin. Gilpin was removed from office for authorizing military payments without approval. On April 11 Evans took his oath in Washington, DC. He set out for Colorado by stagecoach.</p> <p>Evans arrived in Denver on May 16, 1862. He had the chance to shape a new territory. Evans had the political tools, business sense, and civic spirit to succeed. During his three years as governor, he helped build up the new territory’s infrastructure, economy, legal system, and educational institutions. In 1864 he helped found the Colorado Seminary. The institution which was reestablished in 1880 as the University of Denver.</p> <p>Evans dedicated much of his time to promoting statehood for Colorado. He believed that incorporation into the Union would provide better federal military protection. He also saw statehood as giving Colorado a better chance of attracting a transcontinental railroad route through Denver. Evans wanted a US Senate seat for himself. Despite his best efforts, however, Colorado voters rejected statehood in September 1864. Voters countered that the territory was sparsely populated. They felt it was ill-equipped for self-government. Perhaps most important, statehood would make Colorado men subject to the draft while the Civil War raged. Colorado voters changed their minds a year later, after the Civil War had ended and Evans had stepped down as governor. However, President Andrew Johnson vetoed statehood.</p> <h2>Sand Creek</h2> <p>As governor of Colorado Territory, Evans was also the territory’s superintendent of Indian affairs. These two positions did not necessarily conflict. In practice, it proved hard to act in the best interests of both Colorado’s new migrants and the territory’s indigenous inhabitants. As tens of thousands of immigrants from the east arrived to mine Colorado’s mountains they controlled resources that Indians needed. In response, Indians sometimes conducted raids against the new settlers. Even small-scale raids provoked alarm.</p> <p>To mitigate potential conflicts, Evans relied on existing federal Indian policy. The policy involved making treaties to acquire Indian land for white settlement. Evans’s primary goal with respect to Indians was to gain wider Indian support for the disputed 1861 Treaty of Fort Wise. In the treaty, a small group of Arapaho and Cheyenne chiefs had ceded their claims to most of the eastern plains. Evans also wanted to forge new treaties with the Utes in the mountains. He pursued these diplomatic solutions throughout 1862 and 1863.</p> <p>In spring 1864, however, there were reports of stolen livestock. This led to a violent cycle of harsh military responses by troops under Major John Chivington and Indian raids. Evans pushed for peaceful diplomacy. Over the summer he began to favor more militant options. In August, he requested authorization for a regiment of 100-day volunteers. They took shape as the Third Colorado Cavalry. Evans issued a proclamation allowing Coloradans to “kill and destroy, as enemies of the country,” any hostile Indians they encountered.</p> <p>In late September Evans reluctantly attended a peace conference with Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho leaders at Camp Weld. Evans absolved himself of any responsibility for making peace. He said the Indians needed to negotiate with the military. Evans soon departed for the mountains. He met with the Utes. Then, Evans left Colorado for his annual trip to the east. Meanwhile, Southern Cheyenne under Black Kettle and Southern Arapaho under Niwot (Left Hand) reported to Fort Lyon in southeastern Colorado. The commander told them they could camp by Sand Creek. In late November, despite no reports of violence anywhere near Fort Lyon, Chivington went there with his troops, including the new volunteers of the Third Cavalry. Learning that a group of Indians was camped nearby, Chivington ordered his men to attack on the morning of November 29, 1864. The soldiers killed roughly 150–200 people, mostly women and children.</p> <p>Chivington and his troops returned to Denver in triumph. However, news of the incident provoked greater violence on the plains. It soon prompted official inquiries by two congressional committees as well as the US Army. Still in Washington, DC, Evans testified in March 1865 before both the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War and the Joint Special Committee on the Condition of the Indian Tribes. Evans denied knowledge of the massacre. However, he also implied that it could be justified by prior Indian attacks. In May the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War passed a resolution condemning Chivington and other officers who were responsible for Sand Creek. They rebuked Evans for his testimony. They also expressed disappointment in his failure to acknowledge the massacre’s horrors. The committee called for his removal from office. Secretary of State William Seward agreed. Evans was forced to resign on August 1.</p> <p>Evans returned to Colorado. For the rest of his life, he never chastised Chivington or the soldiers involved in the massacre. Evans continued to maintain that it had been necessary for the development of Colorado and the west. “The benefit to Colorado, of that massacre, as they call it, was very great,” he declared in an 1884 interview, “for it ridded the plains of the Indians.”</p> <h2>Later Life</h2> <p>After Evans resigned as governor and President Johnson’s veto of statehood killed his dream of a Senate seat, he no longer pursued public office. His broader engagement in public service, however, did not end. He remained an influential civic leader. Evans donated to a variety of religious congregations. He was an elected delegate to the Methodist Church’s main leadership body, the General Conference, every four years from 1872 to 1892.</p> <p>Evans also continued to combine public service with private profit. The city of Denver and the Colorado Territory encountered a major setback to future growth in 1866. The Union Pacific Railroad decided that its transcontinental route would bypass Colorado in favor of Wyoming’s easier mountain passes. Convinced that Colorado needed strong rail connections to prosper, Evans and other local leaders determined to forge those connections themselves.</p> <p>To link Denver to the Union Pacific’s transcontinental line at Cheyenne, Wyoming, Evans led the creation of the Denver Pacific Railway.&nbsp; The connection was completed in 1870. Then, to tie Denver directly to central Colorado’s rich mining region, Evans organized the Denver, South Park &amp; Pacific Railroad. It laid its track in the 1870s. Finally, to provide Denver with a quicker connection to the closest port, Evans built the Denver &amp; New Orleans Railroad in the 1880s. Thanks in part to these vital rail connections, Denver’s population boomed. The city grew from a frontier town of a few thousand people to more than 100,000.</p> <p>Evans and his family remained among the city’s elite. In 1865 Josephine Evans, Evans’s surviving daughter from his first marriage, married Samuel Elbert. Elbert was then serving under Evans as secretary of Colorado Territory. He would later serve as territorial governor himself. Evans’s son William Gray Evans, born in 1855, followed his father into the railroad business. William became a leader in the development of the Denver Tramway Company and the Moffat Tunnel. Evans’s youngest surviving child, Anne, was born in 1871. She became one of the most influential cultural patrons in Denver’s history. Anne played a key role in the Denver Art Museum, the Denver Public Library, Civic Center Park, and Central City Opera.</p> <p>Evans remained in Denver for the rest of his life. He died on July 3, 1897, at the age of eighty-three.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Evans was deeply admired. He was one of the most influential figures in the early development of both Chicago and Colorado. Not only was Evanston, Illinois, named for him, but also a wide variety of locations across Colorado. Those include the city of Evans in Weld County, Evans Avenue in Denver, and Mt. Evans in the Front Range.</p> <p>For many decades, Evans’s manifold accomplishments insulated him from the Sand Creek Massacre, which was rarely mentioned in eulogies or later remembrances. In recent years, however, scholars have started to emphasize the deep, inextricable ties between Evans’s desire for development and his disregard for the existing ways of life of Indians on the plains. In time for the 150th anniversary of the Sand Creek Massacre in 2014, both Northwestern University and the University of Denver conducted thorough investigations into Evans’s role in the massacre. The reports concluded that he bore some share of the responsibility for the attack and displayed what the Northwestern report called “a deep moral failure” in refusing to acknowledge the tragedy.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 16 Jan 2020 22:22:20 +0000 yongli 3136 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org John L. Routt http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-l-routt <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">John L. Routt</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3249--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3249.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/john-l-routt"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/John-L.-Routt-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=bvw0jHOU" width="600" height="1032" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/john-l-routt" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">John L. Routt</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>John Routt oversaw Colorado's transition to statehood in 1876, serving as both its last territorial governor and first state governor. A notable advocate of women's suffrage, he pushed the cause during his terms as governor in the 1870s and again in the early 1890s, when the measure was approved.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-01-15T16:41:06-07:00" title="Wednesday, January 15, 2020 - 16:41" class="datetime">Wed, 01/15/2020 - 16:41</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-l-routt" data-a2a-title="John L. Routt"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fjohn-l-routt&amp;title=John%20L.%20Routt"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>John Long Routt (1826–1907) was Colorado’s last <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>territorial</strong></a> governor and first state governor. A popular politician, he was elected to two separate, two-year terms as governor and is remembered for his leadership in bringing Colorado to <strong>statehood</strong>. He supported the cause of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>women’s suffrage in Colorado</strong></a> and used his position as governor to help Colorado become the second state to grant women the right to vote, in 1893.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Routt was born in Kentucky on April 25, 1826. His family moved several times before settling in Bloomington, Illinois. As a child, he attended public school for three months each year and enhanced his education primarily through his own reading and study.</p> <p>In 1845, at age nineteen, Routt married Hester Ann Woodson. Together they had five children, whom he initially supported through his work at a wood mill. The people of Bloomington elected Routt as an alderman, township collector, sheriff, and county treasurer. In his political life, he was known for his common sense and honesty.</p> <p>During the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a>, Routt joined the Union army at age thirty-six, fighting under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant. The men became lifelong friends. After the war, when Grant was elected president of the United States, he appointed Routt first as US marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, then as second assistant postmaster general in Washington, DC.</p> <p>In 1872 Hester Ann died, leaving Routt a widower with five children. Two years later he met <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eliza-pickrell-routt"><strong>Eliza Pickrell</strong></a> while on a trip back to Illinois. They conducted a courtship through letters before marrying in 1874.</p> <h2>Statehood for Colorado</h2> <p>In 1875 President Grant rewarded Routt for his years of public service by appointing him governor of Colorado Territory. Although Routt was viewed as an outsider to Colorado, he quickly became a popular leader. Before his arrival, Colorado had been mired in conflict over the transition from a territory to a state. Routt worked with Colorado’s representatives and unified the squabbling factions. Under his leadership, a group of delegates drafted a state constitution, which Colorado voters then ratified on July 1, 1876. One month later, on August 1, 1876, President Grant issued his proclamation of statehood, officially making Colorado the thirty-eighth state.</p> <p>Under the newly created state <a href="/article/colorado-constitution"><strong>Constitution</strong></a>, the governor needed to be elected by the people, not appointed by the president. In the state’s first election, Routt won the Republican nomination, pitting him against Democratic nominee Bela Hughes. On October 3, 1876, Routt won the general election, making him the first governor of the state of Colorado. During Routt’s tenure, Colorado experienced rapid population growth thanks to existing gold mines and a new boom in silver. Routt was noted for his defense of working people, his support of women’s suffrage, his management skills, and his commitment to using common sense and compromise to solve problems.</p> <h2>The Morning Star Mine</h2> <p>In 1877 Routt bought the Morning Star Mine in Leadville. Despite still serving as governor, he put in long hours digging at the site, searching for silver. When time allowed, he went to <a href="/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a>, donned miner’s clothing, and worked the mine. He was able to spend even more time at the mine after his term as governor ended in early 1879. His work paid off that April, when he unearthed a rich vein of silver at the Morning Star.</p> <p>Wealthy for the first time in his life, Routt bought a large mansion with spacious gardens near downtown <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. In 1880 he and Eliza welcomed the only child they had together, a daughter named Lila, into their new home. Routt spent his time investing his wealth in additional mines, stone quarries, ranchland, and livestock. He enjoyed a life of prestige and elegance. He and Eliza contributed to charities and to the construction of Central Christian Church in Denver. Six years after he paid $10,000 for the Morning Star Mine, he sold it for $1 million.</p> <p>Despite Routt’s new interests in business, philanthropy, and Denver social life, he remained active in public service. He served a two-year term as Denver’s mayor, from 1883 to 1885. Later, as a member of the Board of Capitol Managers, he supervised and administered the construction of the new Colorado State Capitol, which opened in 1894.</p> <p>In 1890 Routt won election once again as governor of Colorado. Soon after his term ended in early 1893, the <a href="/article/panic-1893"><strong>silver market crashed</strong></a>, when Washington legislators repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, shaking Colorado’s economy to the core. A depression resulted, with high rates of mine closures and unemployment. Although Routt suffered losses in the crash, his fortune survived because he had earlier diversified his investments.</p> <h2>Women’s Suffrage in Colorado</h2> <p>Routt believed that as citizens women should have the right to vote and to hold public office. When delegates were drafting the Colorado Constitution in 1876, Routt advocated giving women full suffrage. His efforts failed, and the new Constitution granted women the right to vote only in school board elections.</p> <p>The question of full suffrage rights for women was left for the state’s male voters to decide in the election of 1877. Both Governor Routt and Eliza Routt, as first lady of Colorado, embraced the cause and gave their time and support to equal voting rights for women. The Routts arranged for national suffrage leader <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/susan-b-anthony"><strong>Susan B. Anthony</strong></a> to <strong>come to Colorado</strong>, and John Routt traveled with her to spread the suffrage message. Despite their efforts, the vote failed by a margin of two to one.</p> <p>When John Routt returned to the governor’s office in 1891, he and Eliza continued their support of equal suffrage. In 1893, soon after he left office, his efforts helped put the question of women’s suffrage before the state’s male voters again. On Election Day 1893, Colorado’s men approved women’s suffrage by about 6,000 votes, making Colorado the second state to grant women suffrage and the first state in which suffrage was voted in by the male voters (the territories of Wyoming and Utah granted suffrage in 1869; suffrage for women was then written into Wyoming’s Constitution when it became a new state in 1890). Although Routt’s successor, Governor <strong>Davis Waite</strong>, signed women’s suffrage into law, it was John Routt’s support that had made this possible. His wife became the first woman to register to vote in Colorado.</p> <h2>Later Years</h2> <p>From 1900 to 1902 the Routts lived in Europe, hoping lower altitude and more humidity would help with some health issues. They then returned home to Colorado and lived a quiet life, residing at the Metropole Hotel in downtown Denver. After Eliza died in March 1907, Routt lost interest in life and died five months later, on August 13, 1907, at the age of eighty-one. Flags were flown at half-mast and government offices closed early.</p> <p>Today a stained-glass window depicting John Routt adorns the wall of the senate chambers in the Colorado State Capitol. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/routt-county"><strong>Routt County</strong></a> is named in his honor.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/duncan-elizabeth" hreflang="und">Duncan, Elizabeth</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-routt" hreflang="en">John Routt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eliza-pickrell-routt" hreflang="en">Eliza Pickrell Routt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-governors" hreflang="en">colorado governors</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s Suffrage</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-constitution" hreflang="en">Colorado State Constitution</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/statehood" hreflang="en">statehood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leadville" hreflang="en">Leadville</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/state-capitol" hreflang="en">State Capitol</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Edward L. Lach, Jr., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500980">Routt, John Long</a>,” <em>American National Biography</em>, July 2002.</p> <p>Joyce Lohse, <em>First Governor, First Lady: John and Eliza Routt of Colorado</em> (Palmer Lake, CO: Filter Press, 2002).</p> <p>Rhonda Rau, <em>John Routt: Colorado’s First Governor</em> (Palmer Lake, CO: Filter Press, 2013).</p> <p>Albert B. Sanford, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2018/ColoradoMagazine_v3n3_August1926.pdf">John L. Routt, First State Governor of Colorado</a>,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 3, no. 3 (August 1926).</p> <p>Amy Zimmer, “<a href="https://www.coloradovirtuallibrary.org/resource-sharing/state-pubs-blog/colorado-governors-john-l-routt/">Colorado Governors: John L. Routt</a>,” Colorado Virtual Library, March 21, 2019.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/archives/john-long-routt">John Long Routt</a>, Colorado State Archives, n.d.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 15 Jan 2020 23:41:06 +0000 yongli 3131 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Helen Ring Robinson http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/helen-ring-robinson <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Helen Ring Robinson</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-01-15T16:19:59-07:00" title="Wednesday, January 15, 2020 - 16:19" class="datetime">Wed, 01/15/2020 - 16:19</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/helen-ring-robinson" data-a2a-title="Helen Ring Robinson"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhelen-ring-robinson&amp;title=Helen%20Ring%20Robinson"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Helen Ring Robinson (c. 1860–1923) was the first woman elected to the Colorado State Senate in 1912 and the second woman elected to any state senate in the nation. In her role as senator during the<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/progressive-era-colorado"> <strong>Progressive Era</strong></a>, she was a passionate advocate for social reform that supported women, education, labor, and the mentally ill. Robinson was a leader in the national effort for women’s voting rights and traveled throughout the country giving speeches on <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>women’s suffrage</strong></a>.</p> <h2>Early Life and Teaching Career</h2> <p>Helen Margaret Ring was born in Eastport, Maine, around 1860 as the sixth of nine children. Her family later moved from Maine to Providence, Rhode Island, where she graduated from high school around 1877.</p> <p>After attending Wellesley College for one year in a “teacher special” program that provided additional training for teachers, Helen Ring taught school in various locations, including Cleveland, Ohio, and Yonkers, New York, before moving to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> in 1893 to teach at <strong>Colorado College</strong>. In 1895 she moved to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, where she taught English, history, and literature at Wolfe Hall, a private girls’ school. From 1898 to 1902, she worked at the Miss Wolcott School as the head of the high school academic department.</p> <p>In 1902 forty-two-year-old Helen Ring married Ewing Robinson and quit teaching; at the time, it was common for women to stop working when they married. In other respects, the Robinson marriage was less conventional. Helen and Ewing Robinson lived apart for some of their married life, and he did not participate in her public life. She did become a devoted stepmother to his daughter, Alcyon, with whom she maintained a close relationship all her life. Whatever its inner nature, Helen Robinson’s marriage appears to have provided her with financial security and the opportunity to devote her time to writing, politics, and eventually public office.</p> <h2>Writing, Speeches and Women’s Clubs</h2> <p>After her marriage, Robinson served as a freelance writer for local newspapers. She became well known in Denver for her book reviews, interviews with prominent authors and politicians, and columns about social justice issues. She traveled to Europe and interviewed the wives of famous writers, wrote a children’s adaptation of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s famous novel <em>Uncle Tom’s Cabin</em>, and reported on political events, including the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/1908-democratic-national-convention"><strong>1908 Democratic National Convention</strong></a> in Denver.</p> <p>Robinson also became involved in some of the many women’s clubs that proliferated across the country, and especially in Denver, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These clubs provided women an academic and a social avenue to enrich their lives. At a time when only a handful of states had granted women the right to vote, women used their clubs to champion issues that they cared about, including traveling libraries, orphanages and homes for indigent elderly women, and reforms of child labor, working people’s rights, marriage, and voting rights.</p> <p>Robinson’s most important club activity was the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-woman%E2%80%99s-press-club"><strong>Denver Woman’s Press Club</strong></a>, which she joined in 1899. The club’s membership was made up of well-known women in the Denver writing and political community, and the contacts Robinson made in the club contributed to the success of her political career. She served as president of the organization in 1909­–10, was active on committees, and made frequent presentations to the group. She became a featured speaker at conventions and clubs throughout Colorado, acquiring a reputation as a feminine, maternal woman who spoke eloquently on the rights of women, children, and oppressed peoples.</p> <h2>“Housewife of the Senate”</h2> <p>Robinson’s club friends initially encouraged her to enter politics. After Colorado granted women the right to vote in 1893, women were being elected to the Colorado House of Representatives and to other statewide offices. In 1910 Robinson, too, turned to electoral politics. That year she ran for state superintendent of public institutions but lost the election to the incumbent woman.</p> <p>Less than two years later, in August 1912, Robinson announced her candidacy for the <strong>Democratic</strong> nomination for the Colorado State Senate. She won the primary and then was elected to the senate in a Democratic landslide, making her the first woman elected to the Colorado State Senate and just the second woman in the country to be elected to any state senate. She became known as Mrs. Senator Robinson. “I am going to be the housewife of the senate,” she said. “I shall take it upon myself to look after the women and children. I shall feel honored to introduce any laws drawn up for their welfare and protection.” She claimed that the men in the senate treated her as one of them, with the exception that they removed their hats and cigars when speaking to her.</p> <p>During her four years as a senator, Robinson fulfilled her promise to be the “housewife of the senate.” She sponsored and supported a wide variety of legislation aimed at improving the lives of women and children. Significantly, she sponsored a bill proposing a minimum wage for women, stating that women who were not paid a living wage were often forced into prostitution, and that if society tolerated low wages, it shared the blame for the social ills that followed.</p> <p>Robinson supported bills allowing women to serve on juries and strengthening food-safety regulations. She fought for a minimum wage for teachers, state support for education in rural and poor communities, and a minimum length for the school year. She introduced a bill stipulating that the state “consider the best interests of the child” for neglected children and proposed a committee to investigate the state insane asylum and recommend modern treatments.</p> <p>In 1914 Robinson was instrumental in helping to resolve the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ludlow-massacre"><strong>Ludlow Massacre</strong></a>, the bloody culmination of a coal miners’ strike in southern Colorado. Robinson led other Colorado women in camping at the <a href="/article/colorado-state-capitol"><strong>State Capitol</strong></a> and demanding that Governor <strong>Elias Ammons </strong>call in federal troops to quell the violence. Robinson visited the massacre site in support of the miners and their families.</p> <h2>Women’s Suffrage</h2> <p>In the 1910s, Colorado was one of several states that allowed women the ballot, but suffragists in other states were still fighting for women’s right to vote. In addition to state-level suffrage campaigns, there was also a movement to add a women’s suffrage amendment to the US Constitution. “The best argument for woman suffrage,” Robinson said, “was the good old argument of democracy. Believe in democracy and you must believe in equal suffrage.”</p> <p>As the only female state senator in the nation in the mid-1910s, Robinson was a highly sought-after speaker. Her feminine demeanor, articulate and witty speaking style, and strident message were highly effective in gaining support for the suffrage cause. From 1913 to 1917, she traveled on speaking tours to other states. During one short tour she gave more than sixty speeches. She also served on panels and participated in debates across the country.</p> <p>Robinson decided not to seek reelection to the state senate in 1916, choosing instead to work as a national and international leader for suffrage and peace. She continued to be an important spokesperson for suffrage, traveling to other states, working with a multitude of suffrage groups, and advocating at both the state and national levels. As more states allowed women to vote, women and men increasingly voted for representatives who would support suffrage at the national level. On August 26, 1920, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/19th-amendment"><strong>Nineteenth Amendment</strong></a> to the US Constitution was ratified, granting female citizens the right to vote.</p> <p>To educate female voters, Robinson wrote <em>Preparing Women for Citizenship</em>, which was published in 1918. She emphasized the need for women to rethink their role in society and to use their new right to advocate for human need rather than for profit.</p> <h2>Peace Movement and World War I</h2> <p>Alongside Robinson’s work on behalf of women’s suffrage, she was also active in the peace movement after the outbreak of World War I in Europe in 1914. Robinson joined other peace advocates on a vessel called the <em>Peace Ship </em>financed by Henry Ford, which sailed for Europe in 1915 to encourage neutral nations to help negotiate an end to the fighting. The mission was unsuccessful, and in 1917 the United States entered the war. Robinson then devoted herself to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>war cause</strong></a>, serving on the Colorado State Women’s Council of Defense. She traveled throughout Colorado to raise money for Liberty Bonds.</p> <h2>Later Years</h2> <p>In her later years, Robinson continued to publish articles and columns on social and feminist issues. She also represented the United States in international gatherings of women in Madrid and Geneva. These meetings addressed the needs of women worldwide, including the right to vote.</p> <p>Robinson died on July 10, 1923, when she was about sixty-three. She lay in state in the Colorado State Capitol rotunda, with honor guards from the Denver Woman’s Press Club and the League of Women Voters. In 2014 she was inducted into the Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/duncan-elizabeth" hreflang="und">Duncan, Elizabeth</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/helen-ring-robinson" hreflang="en">Helen Ring Robinson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/progressive-era" hreflang="en">Progressive Era</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s Suffrage</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-womans-press-club" hreflang="en">Denver Woman&#039;s Press Club</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame, “<a href="https://www.cogreatwomen.org/project/helen-ring-robinson/">Helen Ring Robinson</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Pat Pascoe, <em>Helen Ring Robinson: Colorado Senator and Suffragist</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Gail M. Beaton, <em>Colorado Women: A History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2012).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teacher-resources--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-teacher-resources.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-teacher-resources.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teacher-resources field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-teacher-resources"><p><a href="/sites/default/files/ARS%20Helen%20Ring%20Robinson.docx">Helen Ring Robinson Teacher Resource Set (Word)</a></p> <p><a href="/sites/default/files/ARS%20Helen%20Ring%20Robinson.pdf">Helen Ring Robinson&nbsp;Teacher Resource Set (PDF)</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Helen Ring Robinson (c. 1860–1923) was the first woman elected to the Colorado State Senate in 1912. She was the second woman elected to any state senate in the nation. She supported laws that helped women, children and working people. Robinson was a leader in women getting the right to vote. This right is called <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>women’s suffrage</strong></a>.</p> <h2>Early Life and Teaching Career</h2> <p>Helen Margaret Ring was born in 1860. She grew up in Eastport, Maine. She was the sixth of nine children. Her family moved to Providence, Rhode Island. She graduated from high school around 1877.</p> <p>She attended Wellesley College for one year. She became a teacher. In 1893, she moved to <strong>Colorado Springs</strong> to teach at <strong>Colorado College</strong>. In 1895 she moved to <strong>Denver</strong>. From 1895 to 1902 she taught at private girls’ schools.</p> <p>In 1902, when she was forty-two, Helen Ring married Ewing Robinson. She became a stepmother to his daughter, Alcyon. At the time, women stopped teaching when they married. She stopped working and devoted her time to writing and politics.</p> <h2>Writing, Speeches and Women’s Clubs</h2> <p>Robinson wrote for local newspapers. She wrote articles about books, authors and politicians. She also reported on political events. This included reporting on the <strong>1908 Democratic National Convention</strong> in Denver.</p> <p>Women’s clubs were popular across the country. Robinson became involved in these clubs. The clubs enriched women’s lives outside their homes. Women used their clubs to work for issues that they cared about. These included building libraries, orphanages, and homes for elderly women. They also worked on child labor laws and voting rights for women.</p> <p>Robinson’s most important club was the <strong>Denver Woman’s Press Club</strong>. This club included women in Denver’s writing and political community. She was president in 1909­–10. She served on committees and made presentations. She spoke at conventions and clubs. She was known as a feminine, motherly woman who spoke about the rights of women and children.</p> <h2>“Housewife of the Senate”</h2> <p>Robinson’s club friends asked her to enter politics. Colorado gave women the right to vote in 1893. Since then, women had been elected to the Colorado House of Representatives and to other offices.</p> <p>In August 1912, Robinson decided to run for the Colorado State Senate. She was elected. She was the first woman elected to the Colorado State Senate. She was the second woman in the country to be elected to any state senate.</p> <p>She was known as Mrs. Senator Robinson. “I am going to be the housewife of the senate,” she said. “I shall take it upon myself to look after the women and children.” She said that the men in the senate treated her as one of them. However, they did remove their hats and cigars when speaking to her.</p> <p>Robinson served four years as a senator. She supported laws that improved the lives of women and children. Robinson thought women should serve on juries. She wanted safe food laws. She fought for education issues. These included minimum wage for teachers, funds for rural and poor schools, and a longer school year.</p> <p>In 1914 Robinson helped miners during the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ludlow-massacre"><strong>Ludlow Massacre</strong></a>. This was a coal miners’ strike that had turned violent. Robinson and other women camped at the <strong>State Capitol</strong>. They wanted or <strong>Elias Ammons </strong>to send soldiers to stop the violence. Robinson visited the miners and their families.</p> <h2>Women’s Suffrage</h2> <p>In the 1910s, Colorado allowed women to vote. Suffragists in most other states were still fighting for women’s right to vote. “The best argument for woman suffrage,” Robinson said, “was the good old argument of democracy. Believe in democracy and you must believe in equal suffrage.”</p> <p>From 1913 to 1917, Robinson went on speaking tours to other states. During one tour she gave more than sixty speeches. People wanted to hear Robinson speak. This was because she was the only female state senator in the United States at the time. She helped to gain support for the suffrage cause.</p> <p>Robinson was a senator for four years. She did not run for senate again. She chose instead to work for suffrage. She worked with groups in different states and at the national level. On August 26, 1920, the <strong>Nineteenth Amendment</strong> to the US Constitution was ratified. Women citizens in America now had the right to vote.</p> <p>Robinson wrote&nbsp;a book, <em>Preparing Women for Citizenship </em>in 1918. It was a guide for how women could use their new right to vote.</p> <h2>Peace Movement and World War I</h2> <p>World War I started in Europe in 1914. Robinson was involved in the peace movement. Robinson joined peace advocates on the <em>Peace Ship</em> by Henry Ford. The ship sailed for Europe in 1915. They wanted to help end the fighting. They were unsuccessful.</p> <p>In 1917 the United States entered the war. Robinson then devoted herself to helping with the <strong>war cause</strong>.</p> <h2>Later Years</h2> <p>In her later years, Robinson published articles newspapers and magazines. She represented the United States in gatherings of women in Europe. These meetings were about the needs of women worldwide, including the right to vote.</p> <p>Robinson died on July 10, 1923, when she was sixty-three. She lay in state in the Colorado State Capitol. In 2014 she was inducted into the Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Helen Ring Robinson (c. 1860–1923) was the first woman elected to the Colorado State Senate in 1912. She was the second woman elected to any state senate in the nation. As a senator during the&nbsp;<strong>Progressive Era</strong>, she was an advocate for social reform. She supported legislation that helped women, children, working people, and the mentally ill. Robinson was a leader in the national effort for women’s voting rights. She traveled throughout the country giving speeches on <strong>women’s suffrage</strong>.</p> <h2>Early Life and Teaching Career</h2> <p>Helen Margaret Ring was born in Eastport, Maine, around 1860. She was the sixth of nine children. Her family moved to Providence, Rhode Island, where she graduated from high school around 1877.</p> <p>She attended Wellesley College for one year where she trained to be a teacher. Helen Ring taught school in Ohio and New York. She moved to <strong>Colorado Springs</strong> in 1893 to teach at <strong>Colorado College</strong>. In 1895 she moved to <strong>Denver</strong>, where she taught English and history at Wolfe Hall, a private girls’ school. From 1898 to 1902, she worked at the Miss Wolcott School as the head of the high school academic department.</p> <p>In 1902, when she was forty-two, Helen Ring married Ewing Robinson. She became a stepmother to his daughter, Alcyon, and they developed a close relationship. At the time, it was common for women to stop working when they married. She stopped teaching and devoted her time to writing, politics, and eventually public office.</p> <h2>Writing, Speeches and Women’s Clubs</h2> <p>After her marriage, Robinson became a well-known writer for local newspapers. She wrote book reviews and interviewed with prominent authors and politicians. She also wrote about social justice issues. She reported on political events, including the <strong>1908 Democratic National Convention</strong> in Denver.</p> <p>Robinson became involved in women’s clubs which were popular across the country. These clubs provided a way for women to enrich their lives outside their homes. Women used their clubs to advocate for issues that they cared about. These included building libraries, orphanages, and homes for elderly women. They also advocated for child labor laws and voting rights for women.</p> <p>Robinson’s most important club activity was the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-woman%E2%80%99s-press-club"><strong>Denver Woman’s Press Club</strong></a>. The club’s membership included well-known women in Denver’s writing and political community. The club contributed to the success of Robinson’s political career. She served as president of the organization in 1909­–10. She served on committees and made presentations to the group. She became a speaker at conventions and clubs throughout Colorado. She was known as a feminine, maternal woman who spoke eloquently on the rights of women and children.</p> <h2>“Housewife of the Senate”</h2> <p>Robinson’s club friends encouraged her to enter politics. Colorado granted women the right to vote in 1893. Since then, women had been elected to the Colorado House of Representatives and to other statewide offices. In 1910 Robinson turned to politics. She ran for state superintendent of public institutions but lost the election to another woman.</p> <p>Less than two years later, in 1912, Robinson announced she would run for the <strong>Democratic</strong> nomination for the Colorado State Senate. She won the primary and was elected to the senate in a Democratic landslide. She became the first woman elected to the Colorado State Senate. She was the second woman in the country to be elected to any state senate.</p> <p>She became known as Mrs. Senator Robinson. “I am going to be the housewife of the senate,” she said. “I shall take it upon myself to look after the women and children. I shall feel honored to introduce any laws drawn up for their welfare and protection.” She claimed that the men in the senate treated her as one of them. The exception was that they removed their hats and cigars when speaking to her.</p> <p>Robinson served four years as a senator. She sponsored and supported laws that improved the lives of women and children. Significantly, she sponsored a bill proposing a minimum wage for women. She stated that all women should be paid a living wage. She believed that if low wages were tolerated, the government shared the blame for the social problems that followed.</p> <p>Robinson supported bills that allowed women to serve on juries. She advocated strengthening food-safety rules. She fought for education issues. These included minimum wage for teachers, state funding for education, and a minimum length for the school year. She asked the state “consider the best interests of the child” for neglected children. She proposed a committee to investigate the state insane asylum and recommended modern treatments.</p> <p>In 1914 Robinson helped to resolve the <strong>Ludlow Massacre</strong>. This was a coal miners’ strike in southern Colorado that had turned violent. Robinson led other Colorado women in camping at the <strong>State Capitol</strong>. They demanded that Governor <strong>Elias Ammons </strong>call in federal troops to stop the violence. Robinson visited the massacre site in support of the miners and their families.</p> <h2>Women’s Suffrage</h2> <p>In the 1910s, Colorado was one of several states that allowed women to vote. Suffragists in most other states were still fighting for women’s right to vote. There was a movement to add a women’s suffrage amendment to the US Constitution. “The best argument for woman suffrage,” Robinson said, “was the good old argument of democracy. Believe in democracy and you must believe in equal suffrage.”</p> <p>Robinson was a highly sought-after speaker because she was the only female state senator in the United States at the time. Her feminine manner, entertaining speaking style, and impassioned message helped to gain support for the suffrage cause. From 1913 to 1917, she went on speaking tours to other states. During one short tour she gave more than sixty speeches.</p> <p>Robinson did not to seek reelection to the state senate in 1916. She chose instead to work as a leader for suffrage. She worked with suffrage groups at both the state and national levels. As more states allowed women to vote, women and men increasingly voted for representatives who supported suffrage. On August 26, 1920, the <strong>Nineteenth Amendment</strong> to the US Constitution was ratified, granting female citizens the right to vote.</p> <p>To educate female voters, Robinson wrote <em>Preparing Women for Citizenship </em>in 1918. She emphasized the need for women to rethink their role in society. She thought they should use their new voting rights to advocate for human need rather than for profit.</p> <h2>Peace Movement and World War I</h2> <p>After the outbreak of World War I in Europe in 1914, Robinson became active in the peace movement. Robinson joined peace advocates on the <em>Peace Ship</em> financed by Henry Ford. The ship sailed for Europe in 1915 to encourage neutral nations to negotiate an end to the fighting. The mission was unsuccessful and in 1917 the United States entered the war. Robinson then devoted herself to the <strong>war cause</strong>. She served on the Colorado State Women’s Council of Defense. She traveled throughout Colorado to raise money for Liberty Bonds.</p> <h2>Later Years</h2> <p>In her later years, Robinson published articles and columns on social and women’s issues. She represented the United States in international gatherings of women in Madrid and Geneva. These meetings addressed the needs of women worldwide, including the right to vote.</p> <p>Robinson died on July 10, 1923, when she was about sixty-three. She lay in state in the Colorado State Capitol rotunda, with honor guards from the Denver Woman’s Press Club and the League of Women Voters. In 2014 she was inducted into the Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Helen Ring Robinson (c. 1860–1923) was the first woman elected to the Colorado State Senate in 1912 and the second woman elected to any state senate in the nation. In her role as senator during the <strong>Progressive Era</strong>, she was a passionate advocate for social reform. She supported legislation that helped women, children, working people, and the mentally ill. Robinson was a leader in the national effort for women’s voting rights. She traveled throughout the country giving speeches on <strong>women’s suffrage</strong>.</p> <h2>Early Life and Teaching Career</h2> <p>Helen Margaret Ring was born in Eastport, Maine, around 1860. She was the sixth of nine children. Her family moved to Providence, Rhode Island, where she graduated from high school around 1877.</p> <p>She attended Wellesley College for one year where she trained to be a teacher. Helen Ring taught school in Cleveland, Ohio and Yonkers, New York. She moved to <strong>Colorado</strong> <strong>Springs</strong> in 1893 to teach at <strong>Colorado College</strong>. In 1895 she moved to <strong>Denver</strong>, where she taught English, history, and literature at Wolfe Hall, a private girls’ school. From 1898 to 1902, she worked at the Miss Wolcott School as the head of the high school academic department.</p> <p>In 1902, when she was forty-two, Helen Ring married Ewing Robinson. She became a stepmother to his daughter, Alcyon, and they developed a close relationship. At the time, it was common for women to stop working when they married. She stopped teaching and devoted her time to writing, politics, and eventually public office.</p> <h2>Writing, Speeches and Women’s Clubs</h2> <p>After her marriage, Robinson became a well-known writer for local newspapers. She wrote book reviews, interviewed prominent authors and politicians, and wrote about social justice issues. She traveled to Europe and interviewed the wives of famous authors. She adapted Harriet Beecher Stowe’s famous novel <em>Uncle Tom’s Cabin</em>, for children. She also reported on political events, the 1908 <strong>Democratic National Convention</strong> in Denver.</p> <p>Robinson became involved in the women’s clubs that proliferated across the country, and especially in Denver. These clubs provided women an academic and social way to enrich their lives. Colorado’s women were granted the right to vote in 1893. Women used their clubs to champion issues that they cared about. These issues included libraries, orphanages, homes for elderly women, child labor, and marriage and voting rights.</p> <p>Robinson’s most important club activity was the <strong>Denver Woman’s Press Club</strong>. She joined in 1899. The club’s membership was made up of well-known women in Denver’s writing and political community. The contacts Robinson made in the club contributed to the success of her political career. She served as president of the organization in 1909­–10, was active on committees, and made frequent presentations to the group. She became a featured speaker at conventions and clubs throughout Colorado. She gained a reputation as a feminine, maternal woman who spoke eloquently on the rights of women, children, and oppressed peoples.</p> <h2>“Housewife of the Senate”</h2> <p>Robinson’s club friends encouraged her to enter politics. Colorado granted women the right to vote in 1893. Since then, women had been elected to the Colorado House of Representatives and to other statewide offices. In 1910 Robinson, too, turned to politics. She ran for state superintendent of public institutions but lost the election to the incumbent woman.</p> <p>Less than two years later, in August 1912, Robinson announced her candidacy for the <strong>Democratic</strong> nomination for the Colorado State Senate. She won the primary and was elected to the senate in a Democratic landslide. She became the first woman elected to the Colorado State Senate. She was the second woman in the country to be elected to any state senate.</p> <p>She became known as Mrs. Senator Robinson. “I am going to be the housewife of the senate,” she said. “I shall take it upon myself to look after the women and children. I shall feel honored to introduce any laws drawn up for their welfare and protection.” She claimed that the men in the senate treated her as one of them, with the exception that they removed their hats and cigars when speaking to her.</p> <p>During her four years as a senator, Robinson sponsored and supported a wide variety of legislation aimed at improving the lives of women and children. Significantly, she sponsored a bill proposing a minimum wage for women. She stated that women who were not paid a living wage were often forced into prostitution. She believed that if society tolerated low wages, it shared the blame for the social ills that followed.</p> <p>Robinson supported bills that allowed women to serve on juries. She advocated strengthening food-safety rules. She fought for a minimum wage for teachers, state support for education in rural and poor communities, and a minimum length for the school year. She introduced a bill that asked the state “consider the best interests of the child” for neglected children. She proposed a committee to investigate the state insane asylum and recommend modern treatments.</p> <p>In 1914 Robinson was instrumental in helping to resolve the <strong>Ludlow Massacre</strong>. This was a coal miners’ strike in southern Colorado that had turned violent. Robinson led other Colorado women in camping at the <strong>State Capitol</strong>. They demanded that Governor <strong>Elias Ammons c</strong>all in federal troops to stop the violence. Robinson visited the massacre site in support of the miners and their families.</p> <h2>Women’s Suffrage</h2> <p>In the 1910s, Colorado was one of several states that allowed women to vote. Suffragists in other states were still fighting for the right to vote. There was also a movement to add a women’s suffrage amendment to the US Constitution. “The best argument for woman suffrage,” Robinson said, “was the good old argument of democracy. Believe in democracy and you must believe in equal suffrage.”</p> <p>Robinson was a highly sought-after speaker because she was the only female state senator in the United States in the mid-1910s. Her feminine manner, entertaining speaking style, and impassioned message helped to gain support for the suffrage cause. From 1913 to 1917, she traveled on speaking tours to other states. During one short tour she gave more than sixty speeches. She also served on panels and participated in debates across the country.</p> <p>Robinson decided not to seek reelection to the state senate in 1916. She chose instead to work as a national and international leader for suffrage and peace. She continued to be an important spokesperson for suffrage. She traveled to other states, worked with suffrage groups, and advocated at both state and national levels. As more states allowed women to vote, women and men increasingly voted for representatives who supported suffrage at the national level. On August 26, 1920, the <strong>Nineteenth Amendment</strong> to the US Constitution was ratified, granting female citizens the right to vote.</p> <p>To educate female voters, Robinson wrote<em> Preparing Women for Citizenship </em>in 1918. She emphasized the need for women to rethink their role in society and to use their new right to advocate for human need rather than for profit.</p> <h2>Peace Movement and World War I</h2> <p>After the outbreak of World War I in Europe in 1914, Robinson became active in the peace movement. Robinson joined other peace advocates on a vessel called the <em>Peace Ship</em> financed by Henry Ford. The ship sailed for Europe in 1915 to encourage neutral nations to help negotiate an end to the fighting. The mission was unsuccessful, and in 1917 the United States entered the war. Robinson then devoted herself to the <strong>war cause</strong>. She served on the Colorado State Women’s Council of Defense. She traveled throughout Colorado to raise money for Liberty Bonds.</p> <h2>Later Years</h2> <p>In her later years, Robinson continued to publish articles and columns on social and feminist issues. She also represented the United States in international gatherings of women in Madrid and Geneva. These meetings addressed the needs of women worldwide, including the right to vote.</p> <p>Robinson died on July 10, 1923, when she was about sixty-three. She lay in state in the Colorado State Capitol rotunda, with honor guards from the Denver Woman’s Press Club and the League of Women Voters. In 2014 she was inducted into the Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 15 Jan 2020 23:19:59 +0000 yongli 3130 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Eliza Pickrell Routt http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eliza-pickrell-routt <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Eliza Pickrell Routt</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3154--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3154.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/eliza-pickrell-routt"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Eliza%20Pickrell%20Routt%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=mFCCctJs" width="475" height="452" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/eliza-pickrell-routt" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Eliza Pickrell Routt</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Eliza Pickrell Routt was the first First Lady of the state of Colorado, using her position as wife of Governor John Routt to push for women's suffrage, higher education for women, and other causes that expanded women's opportunities.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-01-15T16:09:22-07:00" title="Wednesday, January 15, 2020 - 16:09" class="datetime">Wed, 01/15/2020 - 16:09</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eliza-pickrell-routt" data-a2a-title="Eliza Pickrell Routt"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Feliza-pickrell-routt&amp;title=Eliza%20Pickrell%20Routt"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Eliza Pickrell Routt (1839–1907) was the first First Lady of the territory and later state of Colorado in 1875–79 and 1891–93. A strong supporter of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>women’s suffrage</strong></a>, she used her position as wife of Governor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-l-routt"><strong>John Long Routt</strong></a> to advocate for expanded voting rights. When Colorado became the second state to grant suffrage to women in 1893, she was the first woman registered to vote. Her belief in women’s equality also led her to push for higher education for women and support causes that advanced opportunities for women in Colorado.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Eliza Franklin Pickrell was born in 1839 in the small town of Mechanicsburg, Illinois, which her family had founded. Her parents died before she was four years old, so she was raised by her maternal grandparents and their nine children near Springfield. Eliza’s grandfather, William Elkin, was an Illinois state senator who knew and worked with Abraham Lincoln. Eliza’s grandmother, Elizabeth Elkin, provided her with a cultivated Victorian upbringing that included literature, arts, and European travel. The family’s interest in politics and its emphasis on education prepared Eliza for the public life she would later lead in Colorado.</p> <p>Little else is known about Eliza Pickrell’s life before her marriage, at the age of thirty-five, to John Routt, a widower with five children. Originally from Illinois, John Routt was living and working in Washington, DC, at the time as the second assistant postmaster general of the United States. The couple were introduced by a mutual friend when John was back in Illinois on a visit. They courted through letters before marrying in 1874. After the wedding, Eliza Pickrell Routt joined her husband’s family in Washington, DC.</p> <h2>First Lady of Colorado</h2> <p>John Routt benefited from the friendship and patronage of President Ulysses S. Grant, under whom he had served in the Civil War. In 1875 President Grant appointed him territorial governor of Colorado. When the Routts arrived in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> later that year, Eliza Routt took her place as the First Lady of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>.</p> <p>Although the Routts were outsiders to Colorado, they quickly won the confidence and affection of the people. John Routt was an effective leader who shepherded the territory to statehood in 1876. He was then elected as the first governor of the new state of Colorado, making Eliza Routt the state’s first First Lady.</p> <h2>Life in Colorado</h2> <p>As Colorado’s First Lady, Eliza Routt was expected to supervise her household, become involved in the community, entertain official visitors, and set an example for women of the state. In fulfilling that role, she channeled her energy into many causes and public service works. She and John joined Central Christian Church, where they served as active members for the rest of their lives. She helped establish the Woman’s Home Club, which later became the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), providing housing for young women working in Denver. She also served on the board of directors of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-orphans%E2%80%99-home"><strong>Denver Orphans’ Home</strong></a> and worked with the Ladies Relief Society, which helped needy families and maintained a home for elderly women.</p> <p>At the end of John Routt’s term as governor of Colorado, he left politics to mine for silver in <strong>Leadville</strong>. When his Morning Glory Mine struck a rich vein of silver in 1879, the Routt family became wealthy overnight. They bought a grand mansion with beautiful gardens in Denver, where they hosted political and society events. Meanwhile, in 1880, at the age of forty-one, Eliza Routt gave birth to the couple’s only child, a daughter named Lila.</p> <h2>Women’s Suffrage</h2> <p>Eliza Routt is best known for her work on behalf of women’s suffrage. Colorado’s original <strong>state constitution</strong>, adopted in 1876, allowed women to vote in school district elections. Wider suffrage rights for women were left up to a <strong>referendum </strong>of the state’s male voters in 1877. Before the election, Eliza worked with her husband, an outspoken supporter of women’s suffrage, to bring national suffrage leader <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/susan-b-anthony"><strong>Susan B. Anthony</strong></a> to Colorado. Anthony and Governor Routt <strong>campaigned together</strong> across the state. Despite their activities and Eliza Routt’s efforts, suffrage for women was defeated by a margin of two to one.</p> <p>Eliza Routt, her husband, and their fellow activists did not give up. They worked together over the next sixteen years to achieve suffrage for women. The culmination of their fight came in the early 1890s, after John Routt was elected once again as governor of Colorado, serving from 1891 to 1893. During his term, he continued to advocate for women’s suffrage. Soon after he left office, his efforts helped bring the question once again before the state’s male voters. In the run-up to the November 1893 contest, Eliza Routt was elected president of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/non-partisan-equal-suffrage-association"><strong>Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association</strong></a>’s Denver branch, which helped organize the prosuffrage campaign.</p> <p>When Election Day arrived, prosuffragists won about 55 percent of the vote. Colorado became the second state to grant women suffrage and the first state in which suffrage was voted in by a referendum of the male voters (the territories of Wyoming and Utah granted suffrage in 1869; suffrage for women was then written into Wyoming’s constitution when it became a new state in 1890). Eliza Routt became the first woman registered to vote in Colorado. An article in the <em>Denver Times</em> noted, “It is eminently fitting that the wife of the first governor of the state, and a lady who has been so intimately connected with all that is best in Denver since the foundation of the state, should be the first woman in Colorado to become a fully qualified elector.”</p> <h2>Higher Education for Women</h2> <p>After women gained the vote, they began to seek political offices and appointments, through which they could influence the state’s development. Eliza Routt took advantage of these new opportunities to press for the expansion of women’s educational opportunities. The cause was not a new one for her; in 1888 she served on the first board of trustees of the newly formed <strong>Colorado Women’s College</strong>. &nbsp;</p> <p>Routt’s ability to influence state educational policy increased after the success of the suffrage campaign. In 1895 she became the first woman appointed to the State Board of Agriculture at Colorado Agricultural College in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> (now Colorado State University). In that role, she advocated for young women to attend Colorado Agricultural College and served as chair of the committee to create a department of domestic economy.</p> <p>Under Routt’s leadership, the college established the new department, hired <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/theodosia-ammons"><strong>Theodosia Ammons</strong></a> as its head, developed a domestic training curriculum, and renovated a building for the Hall of Household Arts. Later, Routt helped secure the gift that resulted in the construction of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/guggenheim-hall"><strong>Guggenheim Hall</strong></a> as a new home for the department. At a time when women had few options in higher education, these reforms provided them with an important foothold.</p> <h2>Later Years and Legacy</h2> <p>John and Eliza Routt continued to be involved in Denver social and political life until they moved to Paris in 1900 for health reasons. After staying in Europe for two years, they returned to Colorado, living at the <strong>Metropole Hotel</strong> in downtown Denver. On March 22, 1907, Eliza died of complications from liver disease and diabetes.</p> <p>Eliza Routt’s work on behalf of women’s suffrage and higher education continue to be recognized across Colorado. Because of Routt’s dedication to voting equality, the Colorado secretary of state’s office created the Eliza Pickrell Routt Award, which goes to those Colorado high schools where 85 percent of eligible seniors are registered to vote. At Colorado State, where she focused her efforts to expand higher education for women, she is the namesake of Routt Hall, while Guggenheim Hall, the former home of the department of domestic economy, has a stained-glass window in her honor. In 2008 Routt was inducted into the <strong>Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame</strong>.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/duncan-elizabeth" hreflang="und">Duncan, Elizabeth</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eliza-pickrell-routt" hreflang="en">Eliza Pickrell Routt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-routt" hreflang="en">John Routt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">colorado women&#039;s history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-non-partisan-equal-suffrage-association" hreflang="en">Colorado Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s Suffrage</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Helen Cannon, <a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2018/ColoradoMagazine_v40n1_January1963.pdf">“First Ladies of Colorado—Eliza Pickrell Routt,”</a> <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 40, no. 1 (Winter 1963).</p> <p>Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame, <a href="https://www.cogreatwomen.org/project/eliza-pickrell-routt/">“Eliza Routt,”</a> n.d.</p> <p>Joyce Lohse, <em>First Governor, First Lady: John and Eliza Routt of Colorado</em> (Palmer Lake, CO: Filter Press, 2002).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Gail M. Beaton, <em>Colorado Women: A History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2012).</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard, “‘Bristling for Their Rights’: Colorado’s Women and the Mandate of 1893,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> (Spring 1993).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Eliza Pickrell Routt (1839–1907) was the first First Lady of Colorado. As the governor’s wife she fought for voting rights and higher education for women.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Eliza Franklin Pickrell was born in 1839 in a town in Illinois. Eliza married John Routt in 1874.</p> <h2>First Lady of Colorado</h2> <p>John Routt was elected as the first governor of the new state of Colorado. Eliza Routt was the state’s first First Lady.</p> <h2>Life in Colorado</h2> <p>Eliza Routt helped create the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA).</p> <p>In 1880 Eliza Routt gave birth to the couple’s only child, a daughter named Lila.</p> <h2>Women’s Suffrage</h2> <p>Eliza worked with her husband to bring&nbsp;<strong>Susan B. Anthony</strong>&nbsp;to Colorado. Anthony and Governor Routt worked together to gain women the right to vote. But they did not succeed. Eliza and John Routt worked together over the next sixteen years for the same cause.</p> <p>Colorado became the second state to grant women the right to vote. Eliza Routt became the first woman listed to vote in Colorado.</p> <h2>Higher Education for Women</h2> <p>In 1888 she worked at the for <strong>Colorado Women’s College</strong>.</p> <p>In 1895 Routt became the first woman at the Colorado Agricultural College (now Colorado State University [CSU]).</p> <h2>Later Years and Legacy</h2> <p>John and Eliza Routt moved to Paris in 1900 for health reasons. After staying in Europe for two years, they returned to Colorado. Eliza died March 22, 1907.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Eliza Pickrell Routt (1839–1907) was the first First Lady of Colorado. As the governor’s wife she promoted voting rights and higher education for women.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Eliza Franklin Pickrell was born in 1839 in the town of Mechanicsburg, Illinois. She was raised by her grandparents near Springfield.</p> <p>Not much is known about Eliza Pickrell’s life before her marriage to John Routt in 1874.</p> <h2>First Lady of Colorado</h2> <p>John Routt was elected as the first governor of the new state of Colorado. Eliza Routt became the state’s first First Lady.</p> <h2>Life in Colorado</h2> <p>Eliza Routt put her energy into many causes. She helped launch the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA).</p> <p>In 1880 Eliza Routt gave birth to the couple’s only daughter, Lila.</p> <h2>Women’s Suffrage</h2> <p>Eliza Routt is best known for her work on behalf of women’s suffrage. Eliza worked with her husband to bring <strong>Susan B. Anthony </strong>to Colorado. Anthony and Governor Routt <strong>campaigned together</strong> across the state. But, suffrage for women was defeated. Eliza and John Routt worked together over the next sixteen years to achieve suffrage for women.</p> <p>Colorado became the second state to grant women the right to vote. Eliza Routt became the first woman registered in Colorado.</p> <h2>Higher Education for Women</h2> <p>In 1888 she served on the first board of trustees at <strong>Colorado Women’s College</strong>.</p> <p>In 1895 Routt became the first woman appointed to the State Board of Agriculture at Colorado Agricultural College in <strong>Fort Collins</strong> (now Colorado State University [CSU]).</p> <h2>Later Years and Legacy</h2> <p>John and Eliza Routt moved to Paris in 1900 for health reasons. After staying in Europe for two years, they returned to Colorado. Eliza died from health problems on March 22, 1907.</p> <p>At CSU she is the namesake of Routt Hall. In 2008 Routt was welcomed into the <strong>Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame</strong>.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Eliza Pickrell Routt (1839–1907) was the first First Lady of Colorado. She used her position as the governor’s wife to advocate for women’s voting rights and higher education for women.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Eliza Franklin Pickrell was born in 1839 in the town of Mechanicsburg, Illinois. She was raised by her grandparents near Springfield.</p> <p>Little else is known about Eliza Pickrell’s life before her marriage to John Routt. He wasa widower with five children. They courted through letters before marrying in 1874.</p> <h2>First Lady of Colorado</h2> <p>In 1875 President Grant appointed John Routt territorial governor of Colorado. When the Routts arrived in <strong>Denver</strong>, Eliza took her place as the First Lady of Colorado.</p> <p>John Routt was elected as the first governor of the new state of Colorado. Eliza Routt became the state’s first First Lady.</p> <h2>Life in Colorado</h2> <p>Eliza Routt put her energy into many causes. She helped establish the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA). She also served on the board of directors of the <strong>Denver Orphans’ Home</strong> and worked with the Ladies Relief Society.</p> <p>In 1880, at the age of forty-one, Eliza Routt gave birth to the couple’s only child, a daughter named Lila.</p> <h2>Women’s Suffrage</h2> <p>Eliza Routt is best known for her work on behalf of women’s suffrage. Eliza worked with her husband to bring <strong>Susan B. Anthony</strong> to Colorado. Anthony and Governor Routt <strong>campaigned together</strong> across the state. But, suffrage for women was defeated. Eliza and John Routt and other activists, worked together over the next sixteen years to achieve suffrage for women.</p> <p>When Colorado became the second state to grant women suffrage Eliza Routt became the first woman registered to vote in Colorado.</p> <h2>Higher Education for Women</h2> <p>In 1888 she served on the first board of trustees of the newly formed <strong>Colorado Women’s College</strong>.</p> <p>In 1895 Routt became the first woman appointed to the State Board of Agriculture at Colorado Agricultural College in <strong>Fort Collins</strong> (now Colorado State University [CSU]).</p> <p>Under Routt’s leadership, the college established the new department for domestic economy.</p> <h2>Later Years and Legacy</h2> <p>John and Eliza Routt moved to Paris in 1900 for health reasons. After staying in Europe for two years, they returned to Colorado. Eliza died of complications from liver disease and diabetes on March 22, 1907.</p> <p>At CSU she is the namesake of Routt Hall. Guggenheim Hall has a stained-glass window in her honor. In 2008 Routt was welcomed into the <strong>Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame</strong>.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 15 Jan 2020 23:09:22 +0000 yongli 3129 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Nathaniel P. Hill http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nathaniel-p-hill <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Nathaniel P. Hill</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3337--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3337.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/nathaniel-hills-black-hawk-smelter"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Nathaniel-Peter-Hill-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=KjAuHhjB" width="1090" height="763" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/nathaniel-hills-black-hawk-smelter" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Nathaniel Hill&#039;s Black Hawk Smelter</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After visiting Colorado in the mid-1860s, Hill recognized that miners in the region needed a new extraction method to separate metals from ore. He turned to smelting and secured investors to build a smelter in Black Hawk (pictured here), which opened in 1868 as Colorado's first successful smelter. It revitalized the territory's mining industry.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3338--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3338.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/argo-smelter"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Nathaniel-Peter-Hill-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=jJyripom" width="1090" height="803" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/argo-smelter" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Argo Smelter</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1879 Hill decided to move his Boston and Colorado Smelting Company from Black Hawk to a more central location in Denver. His company built the Argo Smelter (depicted here) two miles north of Denver. The surrounding area was listed as a Superfund site in 1999.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-01-15T16:02:07-07:00" title="Wednesday, January 15, 2020 - 16:02" class="datetime">Wed, 01/15/2020 - 16:02</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nathaniel-p-hill" data-a2a-title="Nathaniel P. Hill"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fnathaniel-p-hill&amp;title=Nathaniel%20P.%20Hill"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Nathaniel Peter Hill (1832–1900) was a mining entrepreneur and US senator from Colorado. In the 1860s, Hill, an accomplished chemist and metallurgist, bought mining interests in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Black Hawk</strong></a> and developed the first successful<strong> smelter</strong> in Colorado, revolutionizing the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining industry</strong></a> in the fledgling territory and beyond.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>A Chemist Heads West</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Hill was born on February 18, 1832, into a distinguished family in Montgomery, New York. By the 1860s, he was a professor of chemistry at Brown University, where he established the campus’s first chemistry lab for students. In 1864 he made his first journey westward to survey potential mining opportunities in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>. His education in chemistry and interest in metallurgy made him the perfect candidate to inspect the lands bounded by the <strong>Sangre de Cristo Grant</strong>, which was owned by former Colorado governor <a href="/article/william-gilpin"><strong>William Gilpin</strong></a>. In 1864 Colonel William Reynolds, an investor in the property, hired Hill to inspect the land for traces of mineral deposits. Hill presumably found no mineral value in the land; Hill submitted his report to Reynolds, and the colonel sold his interest in the property.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Smelting Solution</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although his first survey came up empty, Hill’s visit to Colorado sparked his interest in mining as well as his entrepreneurial spirit. He quit his job at Brown and purchased a house and mining property in Black Hawk. His arrival was fortuitous for Colorado’s mining industry, which was struggling at the time. The first wave of prospectors in the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59 had mostly used the placer method, panning out loose surface gold from streams. By the 1860s, most of the placer gold had been panned out, so miners began digging tunnels and extracting ore—rock containing precious metals. To free the metals bound to the rock, miners in Black Hawk and other frontier mining towns used a process called stamp milling, in which they crushed the ore with giant metal stamps and then sluiced the metals away from the pulverized rock. However, as miners dug deeper into the earth, they encountered more complex types of ore that stamp mills could not efficiently extract.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hill recognized that Colorado’s gold miners needed a new extraction method. In search of solutions, he turned to smelting, a process of metal extraction that uses heat to melt the precious metals in ore, allowing for more efficient removal. With the backing of Eastern investors, he arranged for a few tons of ore to be transported to a famous smelter in Swansea, Wales. The Swansea smelter successfully processed his shipment of Colorado ore, and in 1867 he secured investors to build his own smelter in Black Hawk using the Swansea process. They founded the Boston and Colorado Smelting Company and opened Colorado’s first successful smelter in January 1868. Hill and his family officially moved from Providence to Black Hawk later that year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Smelting revitalized the territory’s dormant mining industry. In the decade before Hill’s smelter opened, miners in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gilpin-county"><strong>Gilpin County</strong></a> had extracted a total of $9.4 million in gold. In the decade after Hill’s smelter opened, Gilpin County miners more than doubled their gold production to $20.2 million. Hill’s company ruled Colorado’s smelting industry in those years, and Hill also acquired mining interests in Central City that saw great success.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Mining to Politics</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Hill’s reputation as the savior of Colorado’s mining industry firmly established, he decided to enter politics in 1871. That year, he was elected mayor of Black Hawk, a position he held until 1873. He also served as a member of the Colorado Territorial Legislature in 1872–73. In 1879 the state legislature elected Hill, a Republican, to the US Senate. He served for a single six-year term before being defeated in a reelection bid by <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/henry-teller"><strong>Henry Teller</strong></a>. During his time in the Senate, Hill served as chairman of the committee on mines and mining and sat on the committee for post offices and post roads.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1879 Hill wanted a more central location for his business and decided to move the Boston and Colorado Smelting Company from Black Hawk to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. He also decided to rename the smelter “<strong>Argo</strong>” after the legendary ship that sailed in search of the fabled Golden Fleece in Greek mythology. Hill and his business associates built the Argo smelter two miles north of Denver, where it continued to thrive.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After relocating his business, Hill moved his family from Black Hawk to the capital city. The Hills purchased a twenty-room, three-story mansion at Fourteenth and Welton Streets, an area that was considered at the time to be the city’s first “upper-crust” neighborhood. The Hills’ neighbors included the <a href="/article/john-evans"><strong>Evanses</strong></a>, the <a href="/article/william-n-byers"><strong>Byers</strong></a>, and the <strong>Iliffs</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After his move to Denver, Hill expanded his business interests. He acquired real estate and helped develop property around the growing city. In 1887 he helped form the Denargo Land Company and served as its president. He also served as president of the United Oil Company and purchased a local newspaper, the <em>Denver Republican</em>. In his later years, he sat on the board of trustees of the <strong>Colorado School of Mines</strong>, where he also taught classes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Death and Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Hill died in Denver of a stomach disease on May 22, 1900. He was remembered as energetic and kind, finding success in almost all his endeavors because of his remarkable work ethic and intelligence. His establishment of the Boston and Colorado revolutionized the mining industry not just in Colorado but across the entire West. His work in the mining industry, as well in the various other influential positions he held within the state, made him one of the most important individuals in Colorado history. In recognition of Hill’s influence in Colorado, he was chosen as one of the sixteen individuals depicted in stained glass as part of the Colorado Hall of Fame in the state capitol dome.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today Hill’s legacy appears mixed. The smelting process he introduced to Colorado made vital contributions to the state’s early development, yet it also contaminated groundwater and soil with toxic heavy metals. Coloradans continue to live with the harsh environmental consequences. The site of Hill’s Argo smelter in Denver, for example, was listed as a Superfund site in 1999. Despite years of testing and cleanup efforts, a 2017 study found that the nearby Globeville and Elyria-Swansea neighborhoods remain the most environmentally hazardous populated areas in the United States.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/carr-shelby" hreflang="und">Carr, Shelby</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nathaniel-hill" hreflang="en">Nathaniel Hill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-hawk" hreflang="en">Black Hawk</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/smelting" hreflang="en">smelting</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boston-and-colorado-smelting-company" hreflang="en">Boston and Colorado Smelting Company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/argo-smelter" hreflang="en">Argo Smelter</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-school-mines" hreflang="en">Colorado School of Mines</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>J. H. Appleton, “Hon. Nathaniel P. Hill ’56,” <em>Brown Alumni Monthly</em> (Providence, RI: Brown University, 1900).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Death of Senator Hill,” <em>Yuma Pioneer</em>, May 25, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James E. Fell, “Nathaniel P. Hill: A Scientist-Entrepreneur in Colorado,” <em>Arizona and the West</em> 15, no. 4 (1973).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James E<em>. </em>Fell, <em>Ores to Metals: The Rocky Mountain Smelting Industry </em>(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ellen Fisher, “Alice Hale Hill Collection Forward,” Collection 308, Stephen H. Hart Library and Research Center, History Colorado Center.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Russel Headley,<em> The History of Orange County, New York</em> (Middletown, NY: Van Duesen and Elms, 1908).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Charles W. Henderson, <em>Mining in Colorado: A History of Discovery, Development, and Production</em>, US Geological Survey (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1926).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Martha Mitchell, “Nathaniel P. Hill,” <em>Encyclopedia Brunoniana</em> (Providence, RI: Brown University,1993).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2018/ColoradoMagazine_v33n4_October1956.pdf">Nathaniel P. Hill Inspects Colorado: Letters Written in 1864</a>,”<em> Colorado Magazine</em> 33, no. 4 (October 1956).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>B. W. Steele, “Honorable Nathaniel Peter Hill: Ex-United States Senator of Colorado,” <em>The National Magazine: A Journal Devoted to American History</em> 15 (New York: National History Company, 1891).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wilbur Fiske Stone, “Nathaniel Peter Hill,” <em>History of Colorado</em>, vol. 4 (Chicago: S. J. Clarke, 1919).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Aldo Svaldi, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2017/02/16/denver-most-polluted-zip-code/">Northeast Denver Neighborhood Is Nation’s Most Polluted</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, February 16, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0801646">Vasquez Boulevard and I-70, Denver, CO</a>,” Environmental Protection Agency, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Without Any Display: Funeral of Ex-Senator Hill Was Private According to His Desire,” <em>Leadville​ Herald Democrat</em>, May 25, 1900.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, “<a href="https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/H000603">Hill, Nathaniel Peter</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hill-Hold and Brick House Museums, “<a href="https://www.hillholdandbrickhouse.org/museum-history/">Museum History</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William T. Hull, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500346">Hill, Nathaniel Peter</a>,” <em>American National Biography</em>, February 2000.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum, “<a href="https://www.mininghalloffame.org/inductee/hill">Nathaniel Peter Hill</a>.”</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 15 Jan 2020 23:02:07 +0000 yongli 3127 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Lyulph Ogilvy http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lyulph-ogilvy <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Lyulph Ogilvy</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-01-15T15:33:12-07:00" title="Wednesday, January 15, 2020 - 15:33" class="datetime">Wed, 01/15/2020 - 15:33</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lyulph-ogilvy" data-a2a-title="Lyulph Ogilvy"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flyulph-ogilvy&amp;title=Lyulph%20Ogilvy"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Lyulph Gilchrist Stanley Ogilvy (1861–1947) was an influential irrigator, rancher, journalist, and soldier in early Colorado. An immigrant son of Scottish aristocrats, Ogilvy helped build and maintain <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> ditches in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a> and later became a successful agricultural journalist in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. The Ogilvy Ditch, northeast of <a href="/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a>, bears his name, and his family’s ranch is now part of the <strong>SLW Ranch</strong> in Weld County. Known in later years as “Lord” Ogilvy or “Honorable” Ogilvy, he was also a veteran of three wars, serving in both the US and British militaries.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Lyulph Ogilvy was born in 1861 as the second son of David Graham Drummond Ogilvy, Tenth Earl of Airlie (a Scottish Peerage), and Henrietta Blanche Stanley Ogilvy.&nbsp;Educated first by governesses, as was the custom among the Scottish aristocracy, Lyulph later attended Eton College.&nbsp;He left Eton early for military training, likely with an eye toward service in Queen Victoria’s British Empire.&nbsp;The British followed the system of primogeniture, in which only the first son inherits, so as a second son Lyulph had few opportunities outside of the armed forces, the church, or imperial service. His family’s overseas ambition, however, eventually took him to the American West.</p> <h2>Arrival in Colorado</h2> <p>After the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>American Civil War</strong></a>, interest in the American West grew both at home and abroad. Several English companies promoted land sales, including the English-owned Colorado Mortgage and Investment Company (known as the English Company) and XIT Corporation, which bought, sold, and leased ranch land from Texas to Montana. In 1874 the Earl of Airlie, along with his son Lyulph and daughter Maude, visited Colorado with <strong>Lord Dunraven </strong>when he negotiated the purchase of <strong>Estes Park</strong>. Like other members of the British aristocracy, Lord Airlie eventually had many holdings in the western United States. In 1879 he decided to tour them again with his son and daughter. The trip ranged from Texas to California and Oregon. At its end, Lyulph decided to stay in the United States, and in 1880 his father bought 3,500 acres of land in Weld County, northeast of Greeley on Crow Creek, where the family established a cattle ranch that Lyulph managed.</p> <p>Lyulph’s father died in 1881 after getting sick while visiting New Mexico. The Earl had not yet legally conveyed the Crow Creek Ranch land to his son, and Lyulph waited seven years for the estates to be sorted out before he could acquire title. During that time, he and some partners established the Polled Angus and Swiss Company on June 6, 1883. The next year, on a visit to his mother in Scotland, Ogilvy arranged to bring the first Aberdeen Angus cattle to Weld County, a breed that is today one of the primary sources of beef cattle. He also brought in stallions—although not from abroad—to breed larger draft horses for farming and ditch building.</p> <p>According to a biography written by his son, Jack Ogilvy, Lyulph would not confirm or discuss rumored youthful escapades, referring to them as “silly.” Over the years, Ogilvy acquired a reputation as a colorful and feisty man with an affinity for horse racing and pranks. Several legendary pranks occurred at the <strong>Windsor Hotel</strong> in Denver, at the time a new establishment frequented by cattlemen. One incident involved Ogilvy bringing in roosters to rouse the desk clerk after he failed to wake Ogilvy in time to catch a train. Another time he staged a rat hunt in the hotel, letting loose a pack of rats and then unleashing dogs to hunt them down. Perhaps his most famous prank was staging his own mock funeral, complete with an open casket viewing, in downtown Denver. Once the casket made the trip to Riverside Cemetery, Ogilvy emerged, Scotch bottle in hand, very much alive.</p> <h2>Irrigation Work</h2> <p>From 1880 to 1898, Lyulph Ogilvy did part-time contract work with local ditch builder Edward Baker, building portions of many ditches including the Ogilvy Ditch northeast of Greeley. The ditch that bears his name was built in 1881 to bring water to Crow Creek Ranch, which Ogilvy managed after his father’s death as he waited for legal title to the land. Originally known as the Baker and Ogilvy Canal, the ditch was engineered by Baker, one of the original <strong>Union</strong> colonists who also helped build the Greeley #2 Ditch.</p> <p>The Ogilvy Ditch, along with others, was built in the wake of the <strong>Desert Land Act of 1877</strong>, which encouraged economic development in the arid western states. The Ogilvy Ditch’s first <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-law"><strong>water right</strong></a> dates to 1881, and a second right dates to 1986. The Ogilvy Ditch is the last irrigation diversion on the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong>Cache la Poudre River</strong></a> before its convergence with the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong> <strong>River</strong></a> southeast of Greeley. Today the ditch is within the Cache la Poudre National Heritage Area and provides water for thirty-three shareholders of the Ogilvy Irrigating and Land Company, formed in 1883 with Lyulph Ogilvy as president.</p> <p>Initially, the ditch brought some prosperity, and Ogilvy built a two-story ranch house at Crow Creek Ranch in February 1885. But he soon lost money on another ditch project (the Platte Ditch), as the natural springs in the area prevented the use of standard construction methods. These losses, coupled with a string of disastrous winters that killed the open-range cattle industry, forced Ogilvy to sell Crow Creek Ranch in 1888 to Franklin Murphy, secretary of the Percheron-Norman Horse Company. Ogilvy bought a smaller farm closer to Greeley. After the sale of his ranch, Ogilvy worked for a while as a ditch rider, controlling head gates and the release of water onto shareholders’ lands for one of the Greeley ditches.</p> <h2>Soldier and Journalist</h2> <p>In 1898 Ogilvy enlisted in Company D, First Colorado Infantry, during the <strong>Spanish-American War</strong>. He later served in the Boer War in South Africa as a British cavalry captain. In 1902 Ogilvy bought a ranch in LaSalle known as the Ogilvy LaSalle Ranch, which he owned for eight years. In 1902 he also married Edith Gertrude Boothroyd, whose English family had settled along the mouth of the <strong>Big Thompson River</strong> near <strong>Loveland</strong>. Edith died six years later, leaving her husband with a daughter, Blanche, and a son, Jack David Angus Ogilvy. Jack later became a professor at the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> and wrote a series of articles about his father.</p> <p>After the death of his wife, Ogilvy left his children to be raised by their maternal grandparents on their farm in Loveland and moved to Denver, where he took a job as a night watchman for the <strong>Union Pacific</strong> Railroad in 1909. There he was reacquainted with Harry Tammen, a former bartender at the Windsor Hotel. Tammen co-owned <strong><em>The Denver Post</em></strong> and, wanting to attract rural readers, offered Ogilvy a job as an agricultural journalist. Ogilvy turned that into a thirty-six-year career, with a two-year break for an additional military enlistment, serving with the British army in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>. Tammen introduced his new journalist to readers as “Lord” Ogilvy, which stuck with him, though coworkers called him Captain in recognition of his rank from the Boer War.</p> <h2>Death</h2> <p>Ogilvy died in 1947 in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a> and is buried at Fairmount Cemetery in Denver. A newspaper clipping of April 4, 1947, titled “Captain the Honorable,” remembered Ogilvy as a “Veteran of three wars, Colorado pioneer, one-time bon vivant, in his youth daredevil and roguish prankster, agriculturalist and an expert writer on agriculture.” The article also noted that Ogilvy was an ardent promoter of the <strong>National Western Stock Show.</strong></p> <h2>SLW Ranch</h2> <p>Today, Ogilvy’s Crow Creek Ranch, originally 3,500 acres, is part of the SLW Ranch. In 1889, one year after Ogilvy sold Crow Creek, new owner Frank Murphy deeded the property to John M. Studebaker of the Studebaker Wagon Company and Lafayette Lamb, a director of the Weyerhaeuser Lumber Company. Together they expanded the Crow Creek Land Company to 22,000 acres and built an enormous barn to service 2,400 head of brood mares.</p> <p>The same year, Studebaker, Lamb, and Harvey Witwer incorporated the SLW Ranch Company. Witwer was John Studebaker’s nephew and a salesman for the Studebaker Wagon Company. Witwer was responsible for selling and leasing 80- and 160-acre parcels with water rights to the Ogilvy Ditch. He also worked to establish a Hereford cattle herd, making SLW one of the oldest continuously operating Hereford ranches in the country. Eventually Harvey Witwer acquired sole ownership of the ranch, which remains in the Witwer family today.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/zuckweiler-jean-hansen" hreflang="und">Zuckweiler, Jean Hansen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/ross-kate" hreflang="und">Ross, Kate</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ogilvy-ditch" hreflang="en">ogilvy ditch</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lyulph-ogilvy" hreflang="en">lyulph ogilvy</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/irrigation" hreflang="en">irrigation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/immigrants" hreflang="en">immigrants</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>David Boyd, <em>A History: Greeley and the Union Colony of Colorado </em>(Greeley, CO: Greeley Tribune Press, 1890).</p> <p>James Duff, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3T9OAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><em>Farm Lands in Colorado</em></a> (Denver: Rocky Mountain News Printing Company, 1879).</p> <p>Rose Laflin, <em>Irrigation, Settlement, and Change on the Cache la Poudre River </em>(Fort Collins: Colorado Water Resources Research Institute Special Report No. 15, Colorado State University, June 2005).</p> <p>Edmund Lodge, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw4wAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA857&amp;lpg=PA857&amp;dq=lineage+of+Airlie+peerage&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=zvR_Q1NIQG&amp;sig=pyxo61mNTeqSTeece4asCHMfRBw&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj91vex8_fTAhVQ92MKHVEzA6wQ6AEIPzAG#v=onepage&amp;q=Airlie&amp;f=false"><em>The Genealogy of the Existing British Peerage and Baronetage: Containing the Family History of the Nobility Under the Gracious Patronage of the Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty and of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort</em></a> (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1859).</p> <p>Jane E. and Lee G. Norris, <em>Written in Water: The Life of Benjamin Harrison Eaton </em>(Athens: Ohio University Press, 1990).</p> <p>James Ogilvy, “Biographical Note on Lyulph Ogilvy,” City of Greeley Museum’s Permanent Collection, 1994.09.0014.</p> <p>Carol Rein Shwayder, ed., <em>Weld County Old and New</em>, vol 1:<em> Chronology 1836–1983 </em>(Greeley, CO: Unicorn Ventures, 1983).</p> <p>Carol Rein Shwayder, ed., <em>Weld County Old and New: Gazetteer and Dictionary of Place Names</em>, vol. 5 (Greeley, CO: Unicorn Ventures, 1992).</p> <p>Peggy Ford Waldo, “Historical Hindsights: Horses, History and Herefords,” <em>Greeley Tribune</em>, September 2009.</p> <p>Stow Witwer, Interview by Chris Scully, April 19, 2017.</p> <p>Richard E. Wood, <em>Here Lies Colorado: Fascinating Figures in Colorado History </em>(Helena, MT: Farcountry Press, 2005).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://poudreheritage.org/">Cache la Poudre National Heritage Area</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 15 Jan 2020 22:33:12 +0000 yongli 3125 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org