%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Folsom People http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/folsom-people <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Folsom People</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1477--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1477.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/original-folsom-point"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Folsom_0.jpg?itok=B9f1fGJf" width="1000" height="1282" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/original-folsom-point" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Original Folsom point</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Preserved original discovery of the Folsom point near Folsom, New Mexico. The removed matrix with bison bone and point are at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1479--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1479.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fluted-point-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/barger2FolsomArnold%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=YTfFYEI0" width="1000" height="1023" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fluted-point-2" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fluted point 2</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Clovis points from the Drake Cache site, Logan County, Colorado</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-06-22T14:59:07-06:00" title="Wednesday, June 22, 2016 - 14:59" class="datetime">Wed, 06/22/2016 - 14:59</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/folsom-people" data-a2a-title="Folsom People"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffolsom-people&amp;title=Folsom%20People"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Folsom groups, also called Folsom peoples or<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fremont-culture"><strong> Folsom culture</strong></a>, occupied all of Colorado between about 13,000 and 12,000 years ago. They were not the first people in these areas, although they might have been the first in some newly unglaciated portions of the high Rockies. Nevertheless, Folsom peoples were widespread throughout Colorado and beyond, and in some places they were apparently quite numerous.</p> <h2>Discovery</h2> <p>The Folsom culture was first discovered near Folsom, New Mexico, in 1926, just over Colorado’s southern border. The discovery is a fascinating story of a former slave, a self-educated naturalist, and his quest for knowledge. The Denver Museum of Natural History (now <a href="/article/denver-museum-nature-science-0"><strong>Denver Museum of Nature and Science</strong></a>) played a significant role in the Folsom investigations and still holds the first documented association of humans and Pleistocene fauna in its collections, which are usually on display. The investigation marks a major change in the understanding of American prehistory: the realization that the ancestors of Native Americans have been on the continent since the <strong>Pleistocene</strong> (Ice Ages).</p> <p>The discovery of other Folsom sites followed throughout Colorado, but with the exception of the <a href="/article/lindenmeier-folsom-site"><strong>Lindenmeier</strong></a> site in <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>, few finds were accompanied by major excavations. Notable investigations at several places in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a> expanded the geographic range of Folsom groups into the mountains, but the sites remained underinvestigated until the later part of the twentieth century, when their true value was realized. A major expansion of the Folsom database in Colorado occurred at the end of the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty-first. This showed the extensive use of the <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a> by one of the earliest inhabitants of North America. On the continental scale these studies changed perceptions of Folsom people from plains <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> hunters to perhaps much more broad-based foragers—people who subsisted on a wide variety of plants and animals—occupying various niches of the continent.</p> <h2>Points</h2> <p>Folsom sites are identified by Folsom projectile points, which include the following:</p> <p><strong>Projectile point preforms.</strong> This is a stage in the manufacturing sequence of most projectile points.</p> <p><strong>Channel flakes or flutes. </strong>A flute is the groove created when a thin piece of stone is removed from the point longitudinally; the thin piece is the channel flake.</p> <p><strong>Ultrathin bifaces. </strong>A biface is a chipped stone tool worked on both faces; when that work involves thinning the center of the face more than the edges, the biface is termed an ultrathin.</p> <p>The manufacturing of Folsom projectile points has fascinated archaeologists, the public, and flint knappers—replicators of ancient stone tool technologies—since the earliest days of their discovery.</p> <p>The finished Folsom projectile point is characterized by two longitudinal flakes (flutes) removed from each face of the point, followed by finishing flakes between the point edge and the flute ridge. Both the flutes and in many instances the finishing flakes constitute much of the fascination—the flutes because they often result in breakage of the point and cause high failure rates, and the finishing flaking because it is occasionally so fine and regular that it appears to be machine-made.</p> <p>Of course, machines did not exist until recently, so how did Folsom people perform such <span class="wsc-grammar-problem" data-grammar-phrase="craftsmanship" data-grammar-rule="W_STYLE_INCLUSIVE" data-wsc-id="lgw2qmx9bxoj9b9ef" data-wsc-lang="en_US">craftsmanship</span>? This has yet to be answered. Folsom ultrathin bifaces or knives are also distinct in that the manufacturing process results in extremely thin forms that archaeologists argue were specialized tools for preparing dry meat.</p> <h2>Mountain People</h2> <p>The fascinating new data from the Colorado high country suggest that the Rocky Mountains may have had an especially heavy human occupation during Folsom times. Site density estimates for <a href="/article/grand-county"><strong>Middle Park</strong></a> are comparable to or even higher than other high-density Folsom sites in the Central Rio Grande Valley and Llano Estacado (the so-called staked plains of west Texas). This is even more stunning considering that the Colorado parks with heavy Folsom occupations are high-altitude, montane environments where human physiology is affected by lower oxygen levels.</p> <p>At least some of the cultural responses to these conditions seem to be intensification of resource extraction and heat conservation, the latter accomplished through manufacture of heavy tailored clothing and construction of insulated structures. Archaeologists Mark Stiger at the <strong>Tenderfoot</strong> site in the <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison</strong></a> Basin and Todd Surovell and Nicole Waguespack at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/barger-gulch-site"><strong>Barger Gulch site</strong></a> in Middle Park have shown that Folsom people regularly built structures at these high-altitude sites that were most likely used in the winter.</p> <p>In summary, while Folsom people are known to have occupied all the states adjacent to Colorado as well as much of North America, in Colorado they likely practiced a variety of subsistence pursuits, relied more heavily on clothing and structures, and seem to have been especially fond of mountain basins, where their sites are particularly common.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/kornfeld-marcel" hreflang="und">Kornfeld, Marcel</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/paleoindians" hreflang="en">Paleoindians</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fluted-points" hreflang="en">fluted points</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lindenmeier" hreflang="en">lindenmeier</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-archaeology" hreflang="en">prehistoric archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-native-americans" hreflang="en">prehistoric Native Americans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archaeology" hreflang="en">archaeology</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>C. Vance Haynes, Jr., “Clovis-Folsom Geochronology and Climatic Change,” in <em>From Kostenki to Clovis: Upper Paleolithic–Paleo-Indian Adaptations</em>, ed. Olga Soffer and N. D. Praslov (New York: Plenum Press, 1993).</p> <p>James J. Hester and James Grady, “Paleoindian Social Patterns on the Llano Estacado,” <em>Museum Journal</em> 17 (1977).</p> <p>Margaret A. Jodry and Dennis J. Stanford, “Stewart’s Cattle Guard Site: An Analysis of Bison Remains in a Folsom Kill-Butchery Campsite,” in <em>Ice Age Hunters of the Rockies</em>, ed. Dennis J. Stanford and Jane S. Day (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1992).</p> <p>Mark Stiger, “A Folsom Structure in the Colorado Mountains,” <em>American Antiquity</em> 71 (April 2006).</p> <p>Todd A. Surovell and Nicole M. Waguespack, “Barger Gulch Locality B,” in <em>Frontiers in Colorado Paleoindian Archaeology: From the Dent Site to the Rocky Mountains</em>, ed. Robert H. Brunswig and Bonnie L. Pitblado (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2007).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>George Agogino, “The Amateur Involvement in the Discovery of the Folsom Type Site,” <em>Chesopiean</em> 23, no. 4 (1985).</p> <p>George A. Agogino and Al Parrish, “Fowler-Parrish Site: A Folsom Campsite in Eastern Colorado,” <em>Plains Anthropologist</em> 16 (May 1971).</p> <p>Brian N. Andrews, “<a href="http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;res_dat=xri:pqdiss&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&amp;amp;rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3403864">Folsom Adaptive Systems in the Upper Gunnison Basin, Colorado: An Analysis of the Mountaineer Site</a>,” 2010.</p> <p>Sloan Emery and Dennis Stanford, “Preliminary Report on the Archaeological Investigations at the Cattle Guard Site, Alamosa County, Colorado,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 48 (March 1982).</p> <p>Jesse D. Figgins, “The Antiquity of Man in America,” <em>Natural History</em> 27, no. 3 (1927).</p> <p>C. T. Hurst, “A Folsom Location in the San Luis Valley, Colorado: A Preliminary Report,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 7 (September 1941).</p> <p>Marcel Kornfeld, <em>The First Rocky Mountaineers: Coloradans Before Colorado</em> (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2013).</p> <p>Jason LaBelle and Cody Newton, “<a href="https://www.academia.edu/8773465/Red_Ocher_Endscrapers_and_the_Folsom_Occupation_of_the_Lindenmeier_Site_Colorado_with_Cody_Newton_">Red Ocher, Endscrapers, and the Folsom Occupation of the Lindenmeier Site, Colorado</a>,” 2010.</p> <p>Lithic Casting Lab, “<a href="http://www.lithiccastinglab.com/gallery-pages/2012marchlindenmeiersitepage1.htm">The Lindenmeier Folsom Site</a>,” February 29, 2012.</p> <p>David J. Meltzer, <em>Folsom: New Archaeological Investigations of a Classic Paleoindian Bison Kill</em> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).</p> <p>Brian S. Naze, “The Folsom Occupation of Middle Park, Colorado,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 52 (December 1986).</p> <p>Bonnie L. Pitblado, “Paleoindian Presence in Southwest Colorado,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 60 (winter 1994).</p> <p>Frank H. H. Roberts, “Additional Information on the Folsom Complex: Report on the Second Season’s Investigations at the Lindenmeier Site in Northern Colorado (with 12 plates),” <em>Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections</em> 95, no. 10 (1936).</p> <p>Southern Methodist University, “<a href="https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/pleistocene.php">Folsom Site, NM</a>,” updated June 10, 2011.</p> <p>University of California Museum of Paleontology, “<a href="https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/pleistocene.php">The Pleistocene Epoch</a>,” updated June 10, 2011.</p> <p>University of Oklahoma, “<a href="https://www.ou.edu/cas/archsur/game/pdffiles/paleo.pdf">Folsom Culture</a>.”</p> <p>Western State Colorado University, “<a href="https://western.edu/academics/undergraduate/anthropology/folsom-points">Folsom Points</a>.”</p> <p>Western State Colorado University, “<a href="https://western.edu/academics/undergraduate/anthropology/folsom-tools">Folsom Tools</a>.”</p> <p>Hannah Marie Wormington, <em>Ancient Man in North America</em>, 4th ed., Popular Series No. 4 (Denver: Denver Museum of Natural History, 1957).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 22 Jun 2016 20:59:07 +0000 yongli 1475 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Plains Woodland http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/plains-woodland <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Plains Woodland</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1627--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1627.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/plains-woodland-pot"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Plains-Woodland-Culture-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=faVRbayd" width="1000" height="1049" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/plains-woodland-pot" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Plains Woodland pot</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Nearly complete Plains Woodland pot from Franktown Cave.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1629--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1629.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/plains-woodland-artifacts"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Plains-Woodland-Culture-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=R7rMW719" width="1000" height="773" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/plains-woodland-artifacts" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Plains Woodland artifacts</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Arrowheads, stone tools and part of a pot from the Rainbow Creek site, Douglas County.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-02-25T14:13:07-07:00" title="Thursday, February 25, 2016 - 14:13" class="datetime">Thu, 02/25/2016 - 14:13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/plains-woodland" data-a2a-title="Plains Woodland"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fplains-woodland&amp;title=Plains%20Woodland"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Plains Woodland period covers approximately a thousand years of Colorado prehistory across a large portion of the state. Plains Woodland describes the groups of people occupying much of the western plains from present-day Nebraska and Kansas, west of the Missouri River, to the eastern plains of Colorado in the period of approximately AD 150 to AD 1150. In Colorado, most of the sites recorded are in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> drainage, along the Hogback and foothills of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>, and along the Palmer Divide.</p> <p>In the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> Basin in southeastern Colorado and northeastern New Mexico, several sites assigned to the <strong>Developmental period</strong> have been called Plains Woodland sites by some researchers. These sites date to the same period as those in northeastern Colorado and have similar artifacts and features, though they also show influences from other cultures in the region.</p> <p>Why do some archaeologists use “Plains Woodland” while others prefer “Developmental period”? In northeastern Colorado “Plains Woodland” has been used for many decades. The term came into use because archaeologists identified similarities in the material culture of these sites and those of Woodland sites to the east. More recently other archaeologists, especially those studying sites in southeastern Colorado, have disputed the use of “Plains Woodland,” arguing that the term is used too broadly over too large a geographical area and places too much emphasis on a connection to cultural groups considerably further east.</p> <p>Although many archaeologists feel the term is no longer useful, the name “Plains Woodland” is still commonly used in northeastern Colorado and refers to the fact that the technology seen during this period, notably in ceramics, shows similar traits to that of the Woodland culture to the east.</p> <p>Regardless of its name, new technologies such as the introduction of pottery and the bow-and-arrow differentiate this period from the preceding <a href="/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic</strong></a>. Archaeological evidence from a number of the sites occupied during the Plains Woodland period suggests that people lived in small groups in structures ranging from simple lean-tos to shallow pithouses, the floors and lower walls of which were sometimes lined with slabs of rock. Archaeologists have found post holes in these pithouses, which suggest the superstructure would have consisted of poles most likely covered in skins and branches. These homes also contained storage pits and hearths for cooking.</p> <p>People subsisted primarily by hunting and gathering. Hunters used spears and, as the period progressed, the bow and arrow, as is shown by the increased use of smaller projectile points. Game included deer, bison, and elk, depending on seasonal availability. Smaller animals such as rabbits and prairie dogs were also trapped for food.</p> <p>Evidence at archaeological sites suggests that people in this period gathered many plant species and had the ground stone milling tools needed to process them. In addition to wild plants, maize has been found at some sites. It is not clear if the maize was cultivated at camps, but it is possible that some Plains Woodlands groups practiced limited horticulture.</p> <p>Pottery is a new technology during this period in Colorado. Although only very few complete or nearly complete pots have been found, they generally have wide mouths and cone-shaped bases. The pots were built using the paddle and anvil technique in which pots formed with slabs or pieces of clay were beaten with a paddle on one side of the pot wall while a stone was held on the other side. This was done prior to firing to further shape the pot. Plains Woodlands pots were often shaped with cord-wrapped paddles, which left visible cord impressions on the outside of the pots.</p> <p>Animals were not just hunted for food. Plains Woodlands groups used skins and sinew to produce clothing and moccasins, an example of which was found at the <strong><a href="/article/franktown-cave">Franktown Cave</a>,</strong> a large rockshelter site along the Palmer Divide. They may have also woven sandals and baskets from yucca.</p> <p>Burials during this period vary in nature. In some cases individuals are found buried in pits, or crevices in cliffs. They are generally in a flexed position, with legs bent up toward the chest. In some cases groups of individuals are buried at the same location. There are also examples of secondary burials, where one or more individuals were reburied. Archaeologists in Kansas and Nebraska have excavated some ossuaries, or pits containing the often disarticulated remains of a number of individuals. Burials during the Plains Woodland period can contain grave goods. These may consist of tools the individuals used during their lives, freshwater shell pendants, shell beads and pendants from Pacific Coast sources, or ocher.</p> <p>Some of the most important sites in Colorado that date to the Plains Woodland period include the <strong>Franktown Cave</strong>, <a href="/article/magic-mountain-archaeological-site"><strong>Magic Mountain</strong></a>, and Bradford House II and III sites.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/rothwell-sarah" hreflang="und">Rothwell, Sarah</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-archaeology" hreflang="en">prehistoric archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-native-americans" hreflang="en">prehistoric Native Americans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/formative-period" hreflang="en">Formative Period</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/plains-indians" hreflang="en">Plains Indians</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-farming" hreflang="en">Prehistoric farming</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/early-ceramic-period" hreflang="en">Early Ceramic period</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/developmental-period" hreflang="en">Developmental period</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>John R. Bozell, “Plains Woodland Complexes of Western Kansas and Adjacent Portions of Nebraska and Colorado,” in <em>Kansas Archaeology</em>, ed. Robert J. Hoard and William E. Banks (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p> <p>Kevin Gilmore, “Late Prehistoric Stage (A.D. 150–1540),” in <em>Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Platte River Basin</em>, ed. Kevin Gilmore et al. (Denver: Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, 1999).</p> <p>Kevin Gilmore, “<a href="https://portfolio.du.edu/downloadItem/150209">National Register Nomination Form, Franktown Cave (5DA272), Douglas County, Colorado</a>” (Denver: Archaeological Research Institute, University of Denver, 2005). &nbsp;</p> <p>Ann Mary Johnson and Alfred E. Johnson, “The Plains Woodland,” in <em>Archaeology on the Great Plains</em>, ed. W. Raymond Wood (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p> <p>Stephen Kalasz, Mark Mitchell, and Christian J. Zier, “Late Prehistoric Stage,” in <em>Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Arkansas River Basin</em>, ed. Christian J. Zier and Stephen M. Kalasz (Denver: Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, 1999).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>E. Steve Cassells, “The Post-Archaic of Eastern Colorado,” in <em>The Archaeology of Colorado</em>, rev. ed. (Boulder: Johnson Books, 1997).</p> <p>Waldo R. Wedel, “The Plains Woodland Hunters and Gatherers,” in <em>Central Plains Prehistory: Holocene Environments and Culture Change in the Republican River Basin</em> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 25 Feb 2016 21:13:07 +0000 yongli 1137 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org