%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Julie Penrose http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/julie-penrose <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Julie Penrose</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-08-21T12:35:55-06:00" title="Friday, August 21, 2015 - 12:35" class="datetime">Fri, 08/21/2015 - 12:35</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/julie-penrose" data-a2a-title="Julie Penrose"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fjulie-penrose&amp;title=Julie%20Penrose"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Julie Villiers Lewis McMillan Penrose (1870–1956) was one of the primary benefactors of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> institutions in the interwar years. Her husband, multimillionaire <a href="/article/spencer-penrose"><strong>Spencer (“Speck”) Penrose</strong></a>, profited from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a> gold and Utah copper in the early twentieth century. He used his wealth to fund the <a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a> Highway, the rebuilt <a href="/article/manitou-and-pikes-peak-cog-railway"><strong>cog railway,</strong></a> the <a href="/article/broadmoor"><strong>Broadmoor Hotel</strong></a>, and the <a href="/article/cheyenne-mountain"><strong>Cheyenne Mountain</strong></a> Zoo, among other important sites in Colorado Springs. But were it not for his illustrious and committed wife, there is some doubt whether the Penrose fortune would have gone to the many philanthropic causes that it did – most conspicuously, Julie’s donations to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs-fine-arts-center"><strong>Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center</strong></a> and <strong>Penrose Memorial Hospital</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Born in 1870, Julie grew up in Detroit under the loving eye of her father, Governor Alexander Lewis. She was raised in luxury and able to travel extensively. In 1890 she married Jim McMillan, but he contracted <a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a> ten years after their marriage and they moved to Colorado Springs in an attempt to cure him. He passed away soon afterward.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1901 Julie met Spencer at a clam bake. A declared bachelor like his brothers, Speck barely noticed Julie. But she courted him with immense verve. She sent servants to do his laundry and invited him over for breakfasts. When he tried to escape to Europe for a respite from her constant attention, she met him on the ship and followed him there. Months later he asked his critical father for permission to marry Julie, and in lieu of a formal proposal, he tossed his father’s approving response in her lap.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>They were married in London on April 26, 1906, and moved back to Colorado Springs. After honeymooning for several years in Europe, Egypt, India, and Siam, the couple was determined to build a hotel of the same majesty as those they had stayed in abroad. This wish became the Broadmoor Hotel.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Of their many enterprises, the Broadmoor was the grandest and closest to their hearts. Julie was responsible for the hotel’s interiors. She picked out the furniture, art, china, and carpets. After the hotel was completed in 1918, she brought orchestras to the ballroom and the finest fashion to its store. She encouraged a small Catholic chapel to be built in her granddaughter’s name and went there to pray for her daughter, who was living in Belgium during World War I.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Speck was not very interested in religion or philanthropy. He thought participating in the economy and creating jobs was far more worthwhile. But he loved his wife, and together they contributed their time and money to many schools like the Fountain Valley School for boys, St. Mary’s High School, and other institutions in Colorado Springs. Independently, Julie founded the Broadmoor Art Academy in their old home. It grew in prestige and popularity to become the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center. She also sponsored the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city-opera-house"><strong>Central City Opera House</strong></a> and the Carriage House Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When Speck died in 1939, Julie took over many of his responsibilities. She became vice president of the Broadmoor Hotel and president of El Pomar Investment Company and the charitable foundation Speck created with most of his fortune, the <strong>El Pomar Foundation</strong>. She wrote a large check from her personal estate for both Penrose Memorial Hospital and the El Pomar Foundation and continued to watch over the Broadmoor from the sixth floor.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Queen Julie” died on January 23, 1956. After fifteen years of dressing in black to mourn the passing of her husband, she was buried next to him.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/hunt-elizabeth" hreflang="und">Hunt, Elizabeth</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/echo-park-dam" hreflang="en">echo park dam</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/echo-park" hreflang="en">echo park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/echo-park-colorado" hreflang="en">echo park colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dinosaur-national-monument-dam" hreflang="en">dinosaur national monument dam</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-conservation-history" hreflang="en">colorado conservation history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-conservation" hreflang="en">colorado conservation</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Elena Bertozzi, <em>Broadmoor Memories: The History of the Broadmoor</em> (Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories, 1993).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Helen M. Geiger, Charles Leaming Tutt, Spencer Penrose, Julie Penrose, Vernon Howe Bailey, and the Broadmoor, <em>The Broadmoor Story</em> (n.p.: Colorado Springs, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Cathleen M. Norman, <em>A Pikes Peak Partnership: The Penroses and the Tutts</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Marshall Sprague, <em>Newport in the Rockies: The Life and Good Times of Colorado Springs: Revised for the 1990s</em>, 4th ed. (Athens: Swallow/Ohio University Press, 1987).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>El Pomar Foundation, “<a href="https://www.elpomar.org/about-us/our-history/">Julie Penrose (1870–956)</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Linda Poznanovic, “<a href="https://wmmi.org/julie-penrose">Julie Penrose – a Great Friend of Colorado Springs</a>,” Western Museum of Mining and Industry.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2364990522/">"Spencer &amp; Julie Penrose,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, April 4, 2013.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Julie Villiers Lewis McMillan Penrose (1870–1956) was an important contributor to business and culture in Colorado Springs. Her husband, multimillionaire <a href="/article/spencer-penrose"><strong>Spencer (“Speck”) Penrose</strong></a>, made a fortune from <strong>Cripple Creek</strong> gold and Utah copper in the early 1900s. He used his money to pay for the Pikes Peak Highway, the cog railway, the <a href="/article/broadmoor"><strong>Broadmoor Hotel</strong></a>, the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, and other important sites in Colorado Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Born in 1870, Julie grew up in Detroit as the daughter of Governor Alexander Lewis. She was raised in luxury and able to travel widely. In 1890 she married Jim McMillan. He caught tuberculosis ten years after their marriage, so they moved to Colorado Springs to try to cure him. He passed away soon after they arrived.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1901 Julie met Spencer Penrose at a clam bake. They were married in London on April 26, 1906, and honeymooned for several years in Europe, Egypt, India, and Siam. When the couple returned to Colorado Springs, they wanted to build a hotel of the same beauty as those they had stayed in abroad. This wish became the Broadmoor Hotel.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Of their many businesses, the Broadmoor was the grandest and closest to their hearts. Julie was responsible for the hotel’s interiors. The hotel was completed in 1918.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Penroses contributed their time and money to schools like the Fountain Valley School for boys, St. Mary’s High School, and other institutions in Colorado Springs. Julie founded the Broadmoor Art Academy in their old home and it grew to become the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center. She also sponsored the Central City Opera House and the Carriage House Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When Speck died in 1939, Julie took over many of his responsibilities. She became vice president of the Broadmoor Hotel and president of El Pomar Investment Company. She also headed the couple’s charity group, the <strong>El Pomar Foundation</strong>. She wrote a large check from her personal funds for both Penrose Memorial Hospital and the El Pomar Foundation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Queen Julie,” as she was known, died on January 23, 1956. After fifteen years of dressing in black to mourn the passing of her husband, she was buried next to him.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Julie Villiers Lewis McMillan Penrose (1870–1956) was an important contributor to the economy and culture of Colorado Springs in the twentieth century. Her husband, multimillionaire <a href="/article/spencer-penrose"><strong>Spencer (“Speck”) Penrose</strong></a>, profited from <strong>Cripple Creek</strong> gold and Utah copper in the early twentieth century. He used his wealth to fund the Pikes Peak Highway, the rebuilt cog railway, the <a href="/article/broadmoor"><strong>Broadmoor Hotel</strong></a>, the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, and other important sites in Colorado Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Born in 1870, Julie grew up as the daughter of Governor Alexander Lewis. She was raised in luxury and able to travel widely. In 1890 she married Jim McMillan, but he contracted tuberculosis ten years after their marriage. They moved to Colorado Springs to cure him. He passed away soon afterward.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Spencer Penrose and Julie met in 1901 at a clam bake. They were married in London on April 26, 1906, and honeymooned for several years in Europe, Egypt, India, and Siam. The couple returned to Colorado Springs determined to build a hotel of the same majesty as those they had stayed in abroad. This wish became the Broadmoor Hotel.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Of their many businesses, the Broadmoor was the grandest and closest to their hearts. Julie was responsible for the hotel’s interiors. She picked out the furniture, art, china, and carpets. After the hotel was completed in 1918, she brought orchestras to the ballroom and the finest fashion to its store.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Penroses contributed their time and money to schools like the Fountain Valley School for boys, St. Mary’s High School, and other institutions in Colorado Springs. Julie founded the Broadmoor Art Academy in their old home and it grew to become the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center. She also sponsored the Central City Opera House and the Carriage House Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When Speck died in 1939, Julie took over many of his responsibilities. She became vice president of the Broadmoor Hotel and president of El Pomar Investment Company. She also headed the <strong>El Pomar Foundation</strong>, the couple’s charity organization. She wrote a large check from her personal estate for both Penrose Memorial Hospital and the El Pomar Foundation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Queen Julie,” as she was known, died on January 23, 1956. After fifteen years of dressing in black to mourn the passing of her husband, she was buried next to him.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Julie Villiers Lewis McMillan Penrose (1870–1956) was a major contributor to the economy and culture of Colorado Springs in the twentieth century. Her husband, multimillionaire <a href="/article/spencer-penrose"><strong>Spencer (“Speck”) Penrose</strong></a>, profited from <strong>Cripple Creek</strong> gold and Utah copper in the early twentieth century. He used his wealth to fund the Pikes Peak Highway, the rebuilt cog railway, the <a href="/article/broadmoor"><strong>Broadmoor Hotel</strong></a>, and the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, among other important sites in Colorado Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Born in 1870, Julie grew up in Detroit under the loving eye of her father, Governor Alexander Lewis. She was raised in luxury and able to travel extensively. In 1890 she married Jim McMillan, but he contracted tuberculosis ten years after their marriage. They moved to Colorado Springs to cure him. He passed away soon afterward.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Penrose and Julie met in 1901 at a clam bake. They were married in London on April 26, 1906, and honeymooned for several years in Europe, Egypt, India, and Siam. After their return to Colorado Springs, the couple was determined to build a hotel of the same majesty as those they had stayed in abroad. This wish became the Broadmoor Hotel.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Of their many businesses, the Broadmoor was the grandest and closest to their hearts. Julie was responsible for the hotel’s interiors. She picked out the furniture, art, china, and carpets. After the hotel was completed in 1918, she brought orchestras to the ballroom and the finest fashion to its store.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Penroses contributed their time and money to schools such as the Fountain Valley School for boys, St. Mary’s High School, and other institutions in Colorado Springs. Independently, Julie founded the Broadmoor Art Academy in their old home. It grew in prestige and popularity to become the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center. She also sponsored the Central City Opera House and the Carriage House Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When Speck died in 1939, Julie took over many of his responsibilities. She became vice president of the Broadmoor Hotel and president of El Pomar Investment Company. She also ran the the <strong>El Pomar Foundation</strong>, the charitable foundation Speck created with most of his fortune. She wrote a large check from her personal estate for both Penrose Memorial Hospital and the El Pomar Foundation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Queen Julie” died on January 23, 1956. After fifteen years of dressing in black to mourn the passing of her husband, she was buried next to him.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 21 Aug 2015 18:35:55 +0000 yongli 587 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Echo Park Dam Controversy http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/echo-park-dam-controversy <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Echo Park Dam Controversy</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--563--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--563.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/anti-dam-brochure-1955"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/WhyEchoParkDamMustBeStopped%5B1%5D_0_0.jpg?itok=aeonv9wG" width="353" height="571" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/anti-dam-brochure-1955" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Anti-Dam Brochure, 1955</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>This brochure was published by the Council of Conservationists, one of the conservationist groups that united in the mid-1950s to halt the development of a proposed dam at Echo Park inside Dinosaur National Monument. In addition to advocating for preservation of the park's natural beauty, the brochure emphasizes the amount of money the dam would cost taxpayers and calls for readers to write members of Congress asking them to oppose the dam.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-08-20T13:18:31-06:00" title="Thursday, August 20, 2015 - 13:18" class="datetime">Thu, 08/20/2015 - 13:18</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/echo-park-dam-controversy" data-a2a-title="Echo Park Dam Controversy"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fecho-park-dam-controversy&amp;title=Echo%20Park%20Dam%20Controversy"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The controversy over the proposed Echo Park dam in the mid-1950s was a crucial episode in the conservation history of Colorado and the West and proved to be a milestone in American environmental history. Following years of debate, the US Congress decided not to authorize the dam, signifying the growing public interest in national parks and monuments and in the protection of wild places.</p> <h2>Background</h2> <p>Echo Park is a magnificent scenic canyon flanked by enormous sandstone cliffs within the heart of <a href="/article/dinosaur-national-monument"><strong>Dinosaur National Monument</strong></a>, which spans the boundary between Colorado and Utah. It sits at the confluence of the southward-flowing Green River and the westward-flowing <a href="/article/yampa-river"><strong>Yampa River</strong></a>. The national monument, established by President Woodrow Wilson in 1915 to protect a cliff of dinosaur fossils, was expanded by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1938 to encompass the twisting river canyons and Echo Park at their center.</p> <p>In the years after <strong>World War II</strong>, a period of economic growth in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Wyoming, the <a href="/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a> issued a blueprint for several large dams along the upper <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> and its tributaries, including the Green and <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison</strong></a> Rivers. Among the proposed dam sites were Flaming Gorge, Glen Canyon, and Echo Park. The package of dams had great appeal to residents of the four upper Colorado River basin states, who envisioned hydroelectric power for industry, businesses, and homes, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> water, reservoirs for boating and fishing, and, above all, storage of the upper basin’s legally allotted share of the Colorado River as determined by the Colorado River Compacts of 1922 and 1948. Storing upper basin water would hold it for future use and secure it from the rapidly growing thirst of Nevada, Arizona, and California.</p> <p>In 1949, following the bureau’s announcement of the upper Colorado Basin Storage Project (CRSP), National Park Service director Newton Drury began questioning the proposed Echo Park dam within the Department of the Interior in Washington, DC. Drury resented the fact that bureau surveyors and geologists could gain access to the dam site without gaining clearance from the Park Service, and he believed the proposed dam and reservoir would massively alter the natural scene within the national monument.</p> <p>In April 1950, Secretary of the Interior Oscar Chapman convened a hearing on the proposed dam at the Department of the Interior, at which conservationists, western lawmakers, and federal agency officials testified. Two months later Chapman announced his approval of the dam, claiming that in prior years the Park Service and the Bureau of Reclamation had agreed to the project through interagency memorandums. Chapman also maintained that the predicted low evaporative rate of the reservoir behind Echo Park dam made the dam site superior to any alternate site.</p> <h2>Defenders of Dinosaur National Monument</h2> <p>Conservationists across the country soon began to campaign against the dam. In July 1950, Bernard DeVoto, <em>Harper’s Magazine</em> columnist, conservation writer, and historian of the American West, helped launch this effort with a sharply worded critique of the Bureau of Reclamation and the Army Corps of Engineers, which had its own proposals for dams near or in other national parks. DeVoto’s essay, “Shall We Let Them Ruin Our National Parks?” was published in a 1950 issue of the <em>Saturday Evening Post </em>and did not mince words. He warned that, should the dam be built in Dinosaur National Monument, Echo Park’s rock formations would be submerged and its scenic value destroyed.</p> <p>Over the next two years other critics made their voices heard, including General Ulysses S. Grant III, a retired officer of the Army Corps of Engineers. Grant denounced the Bureau of Reclamation’s blueprint for the upper Colorado Basin as overly costly and charged the bureau with ignoring excellent dam sites outside Dinosaur National Monument. His critique persuaded Secretary Chapman to put the project on hold in late 1952, effectively leaving the decision on the dam in the hands of the next administration. In late 1953, President Dwight Eisenhower’s secretary of the interior, Douglas MacKay, announced his approval of the Echo Park dam, repeating Chapman’s earlier view that the site was advantageous because its location in a narrow canyon would minimize evaporation.</p> <p>By this point, a national coalition of conservation organizations had joined forces to oppose the Echo Park dam. The Wilderness Society, National Parks Association, Sierra Club, Audubon Society, and Izaak Walton League stood at the forefront of the opposition, with dozens of smaller groups joining them. Conservationists claimed that construction of the dam would violate the <strong>National Park Service Act of 1916</strong>, which mandated that the parks and monuments be kept unimpaired for future generations. They argued that approval of the dam would make it easier to propose dams within other national parks and monuments.</p> <h2>The Echo Park Battle Crests</h2> <p>Conservationists faced a daunting challenge in appealing to the public for support and in persuading Congress to remove the Echo Park dam from the CRSP. Confusion arose over the dam’s effects on the dinosaur fossils; although the cliff of fossil bones was far removed from the dam site and not imperiled, the name of the preserve suggested otherwise. But when conservationists pointed out that the bones were not in danger, their explanation unwittingly implied that the dam posed no harm. In addition, Dinosaur National Monument was a remote, little-known part of the national park system, and since so few people had visited the preserve, many wondered why it was deemed valuable. Moreover, the canyons and swift-moving rivers in the monument were all but inaccessible except by boat. The fledgling river-running industry had little influence at the time and found it difficult to counter the assertion from proponents of the dam that running the rapids was dangerous.</p> <p>To overcome these obstacles, conservationists publicized the remote national monument with feature stories and pictures in <em>Living Wilderness</em>, <em>Sierra Club Bulletin</em>, and <em>National Parks Magazine</em>. They also helped arrange for coverage of the controversy by the <em>Los Angeles Times</em>, <em>New York Times</em>, and other news outlets. David Brower, executive director of the Sierra Club, made two films about Dinosaur and persuaded Howard Zahniser of the Wilderness Society to screen one of them frequently in the halls of Congress. Brower also arranged for Sierra Club float trips through the monument in 1953 and 1954 to demonstrate that river running was safe. He enlisted Wallace Stegner, novelist and biographer of <strong>John Wesley Powell</strong> (who named Echo Park on his first river trip down the Green River in 1869), to edit a book of essays, <em>This Is Dinosaur</em>, published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1955, just as the controversy peaked.</p> <p>Brower also challenged the bureau engineers’ argument that the dam and reservoir in the high and narrow Whirlpool Canyon would minimize evaporation. At a congressional hearing in early 1954, Brower charged that the engineers had neglected to subtract one key figure while calculating evaporation. Three months later the bureau admitted the error, boosting the conservationists’ case. Conservationists made allies with others opposed to the entire CRSP, including California lawmakers as well as southern and midwestern states wary of the agricultural surpluses a large western water project would create.</p> <p>In late 1955, upper basin lawmakers in Denver reluctantly agreed to remove the Echo Park dam from the CRSP. In April 1956, President Eisenhower signed the legislation. The CRSP legislation authorized dams at Flaming Gorge and Glen Canyon, along with a provision stating that no dam or reservoir could be located within any national park or monument.</p> <p>Conservationists celebrated the end of their six-year campaign to block the Echo Park dam. In their minds, rejection of the project by Congress demonstrated Americans’ growing devotion to maintain the sanctity of parks and wild areas throughout the United States. Soon after the controversy ended, Howard Zahniser and the Wilderness Society launched a campaign to establish a national wilderness preservation system, capitalizing on the confidence and muscle of the coalition that blocked the Echo Park dam. The controversy over Echo Park dam proved a milestone in US environmental history, revealing the gathering strength of the wilderness movement in the postwar era.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/mark-harvey" hreflang="und">Mark Harvey</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/echo-park-dam" hreflang="en">echo park dam</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/echo-park" hreflang="en">echo park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/echo-park-colorado" hreflang="en">echo park colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dinosaur-national-monument-dam" hreflang="en">dinosaur national monument dam</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-conservation-history" hreflang="en">colorado conservation history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-conservation" hreflang="en">colorado conservation</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Mark W.T. Harvey, <em>A Symbol of Wilderness: Echo Park and the American Conservation Movement</em> (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000).</p> <p>Mark W.T. Harvey, "Battle for Dinosaur: Echo Park Dam and the Birth of the Modern Wilderness Movement," <em>Montana: The Magazine of Western History</em> 45 (Winter 1995).</p> <p>Mark W.T. Harvey, "Echo Park, Glen Canyon, and the Postwar Wilderness Movement," <em>Pacific Historical Review</em> 60 (February 1991).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Roderick Nash, <em>Wilderness and the American Mind,</em> 5th ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014).</p> <p>James Lawrence Powell, <em>Dead Pool: Lake Powell, Global Warming, and the Future of Water in the West </em>(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008).</p> <p>Marc Reisner, <em>Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water,</em> rev. ed. (New York: Viking Penguin, 1993).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 20 Aug 2015 19:18:31 +0000 yongli 562 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org