%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Crestone http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/crestone <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Crestone</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--567--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--567.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/creative-trade-gift-shop-crestone-colorado"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/CreativeTrade%5B1%5D_0_0.jpg?itok=KzdlA2ft" width="1000" height="456" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/creative-trade-gift-shop-crestone-colorado" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Creative Trade Gift Shop in Crestone, Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Founded in the late nineteenth century as a mining town, Crestone experienced a rebirth in the twentieth century as a center of religious culture. With its assorted offerings of prayer flags and religious-themed art and jewelry, the Creative Trade gift shop reflects the modern soul of Crestone.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-08-20T14:38:06-06:00" title="Thursday, August 20, 2015 - 14:38" class="datetime">Thu, 08/20/2015 - 14:38</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/crestone" data-a2a-title="Crestone"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcrestone&amp;title=Crestone"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Perhaps no town in the western United States has taken a more unexpected turn than Crestone, Colorado – the onetime mining and ranching center has become an international hub for Buddhist, Hindu, New Age, and other spiritual practices. Located at the base of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains on the eastern edge of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>, the Crestone area is part of a semiarid alpine valley ecosystem and is known for the dramatic beauty of its landscape.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The town of Crestone is very small, counting just over 100 residents at the time of the 2010 census. However, together with Baca Grande, a large residential area extending south and southwest of the town, the broader Crestone community has a population of over 1,000, making it one of the largest population and economic centers in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/saguache-county"><strong>Saguache County</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The town of Crestone was built just north of the Luis Maria Baca Grant no. 4, a 100,000-acre parcel of land granted by the US government to the descendants of the sixteenth-century Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca. The grant was part of the federal government’s effort to honor land grants given by the Crown of Spain when it controlled territory in what is now the southwestern United States and Florida.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Crestone’s first incarnation was as a service and supply center for miners. Gold strikes brought significant numbers of miners to the area in 1879, and the town soon featured the kinds of service institutions that popped up wherever miners congregated in the West: food and hardware stores, banks, a newspaper, and a brothel. Crestone reached a peak population of 2,000 following the arrival of a railroad spur in 1901, but the mines began to tail off within the decade, starting a slow decline that would continue until the 1970s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Far from the major urban centers of Colorado and New Mexico and lacking a ski resort, Crestone might easily have shrunk into oblivion. That possibility is evident by the nearby ghost towns of Duncan and Liberty. Crestone’s revival as an internationally known center for spiritual practice highlights the diverse ways Colorado’s former mining communities have reinvented themselves.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Development as a Spiritual Center</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1971 the Arizona-Colorado Land and Cattle Company (AZLCC) initiated a plan to develop part of the Baca land grant as a large residential subdivision known as the Baca Grande. The company built roads and installed utilities across a large swath of land at the base of the mountains, attracting some new residents to the area. It was not until Maurice Strong, a Canadian financier who owned a controlling interest in AZLCC, and his wife, Hanne Marstrand Strong, began to give land grants to religious organizations that the town developed its current character.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Under the auspices of the Manitou Foundation, the Strongs gave nine land grants to religious organizations ranging from a Carmelite Catholic monastery to Shinji Shumeikai, a Japanese New Religion. Five of the initial nine grantees were Buddhist communities. As these centers attracted practitioners to the Crestone area, additional religious groups began to establish themselves there. Today, Crestone features more than two dozen religious centers, including one of the largest and most diverse groupings of Eastern and New Age spiritual communities in the world.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Environmental Controversies</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Crestone and the Baca community have also been the site of legal battles over <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> and fossil fuel development since the 1980s. Plans to pump water from the area’s enormous underground aquifer to Front Range cities were defeated in a Colorado Supreme Court case in 1991 and were denied by the state legislature in 1998. More recently, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley-ecosystem-council"><strong>San Luis Valley Ecosystem Council</strong></a> and other environmental groups have challenged the plans for oil and gas exploration in the Baca National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge and nearby <strong>Great Sand Dunes National Park</strong> were authorized by Congress in 2000, but mineral rights were not protected in the arrangement.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/zepelin-matt" hreflang="und">Zepelin, Matt</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/crestone" hreflang="en">crestone</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/crestone-history" hreflang="en">crestone history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/crestone-colorado" hreflang="en">crestone colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/baca-grande" hreflang="en">baca grande</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Mary Abdoo, “<a href="https://bacagrande.org/page/14064~120603/Baca-Grande-History">Baca Grande History</a>,” Crestone: Baca Grande Property Owners Association.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Finn-Olaf Jones, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/travel/escapes/11crestone.html?pagewanted=all&amp;amp;_r=1&amp;amp;">For Many a Follower, Sacred Ground in Colorado</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, January 8, 2011.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James P. McCalpin, <em>Crestone: Gateway to the Higher Realms</em> (Crestone, CO: Crestone Science Center, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Olibama López Tushar, <em>The People of “El Valle”: A History of the Spanish Colonials in the San Luis Valley</em> (Denver: Tushar, 1975).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://www.crestoneeagle.com/"><em>Crestone Eagle</em></a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.manitou.org/">Manitou Foundation and Institute</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://salutsunderland.com/">Town of Crestone</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 20 Aug 2015 20:38:06 +0000 yongli 566 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org