%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Patricia (Pat) Schroeder http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/patricia-pat-schroeder <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Patricia (Pat) Schroeder</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-12-01T15:10:37-07:00" title="Wednesday, December 1, 2021 - 15:10" class="datetime">Wed, 12/01/2021 - 15:10</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/patricia-pat-schroeder" data-a2a-title="Patricia (Pat) Schroeder"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fpatricia-pat-schroeder&amp;title=Patricia%20%28Pat%29%20Schroeder"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Patricia (Pat) Scott Schroeder (1940–) represented Colorado’s First <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-congressional-districts"><strong>Congressional District</strong></a>—the city of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>—in the US House of Representatives from 1973 to 1997. The first female US Representative elected in Colorado, she championed liberal issues, including opposing the Vietnam War and advocating for women’s rights and reforms affecting families. A Democrat and an early feminist, she was known for her razor-sharp wit and political barbs. She spent her twenty-four years in Congress battling Republicans and the old boys’ network of political favors.</p> <h2>Early Years</h2> <p>Patricia Scott was born on July 30, 1940, in Portland, Oregon. Her father, Lee Scott, served in the Army Air Corps, and the family moved often. Her brother, Mike, was born in 1943. The family eventually settled in Des Moines, Iowa, where her father started an aviation insurance company and her mother, Bernice Scott, worked as a first-grade teacher. Pat was a gifted student and graduated from Roosevelt High School in 1958.</p> <p>Pat’s parents did not raise her with the stereotypical 1950s vision that a girl’s role in life was as a helpmate, wife, and mother. Instead, they encouraged her independence, valued her opinions, and nurtured her diverse interests. Her father taught her how to rebuild cars and planes, as well as how to remodel their historic house. Pat became involved in Girl Scouts, especially excelling at outdoor activities. At age sixteen, she earned her pilot’s license.</p> <p>Her parents were Democrats who supported liberal causes and candidates. Politics and current events were the subjects of dinner-table conversations. Her role models were Amelia Earhart, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Margaret Sanger, whom she referred to as “doers” who broke new ground and challenged the status quo.</p> <h2>College and Law School</h2> <p>After high school, Patricia Scott enrolled at the University of Minnesota, working as a pilot to help pay tuition. At that time, women were discouraged from pursuing degrees in any fields besides teaching and nursing. Scott felt out of place and excluded because of her ambition for a career instead of the customary “M.R.S.” degree, that is, getting married and raising a family.</p> <p>During college, she became involved in liberal political activism. Serving on the student senate, she was inspired by Minnesota senator Hubert Humphrey’s commitment to racial and economic justice and Allard Lowenstein’s antiapartheid movement. She graduated at the top of her class in three years, with a major in history and minors in philosophy and political science.</p> <p>Scott was accepted to Harvard Law School as one of nineteen women in a class of 550. Facing blatant sexism and a brutally competitive environment, the female classmates—including Elizabeth Dole and Janet Reno—formed deep, enduring bonds with each other.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p> <p>Scott met Jim Schroeder, a fellow Harvard Law student, at a party, and they were married before the start of their second year. He admired and encouraged her independent and ambitious personality.</p> <h2>Colorado and Congress</h2> <p>After graduation, the couple moved to Colorado. Jim was offered jobs at top law firms in Colorado, while Pat had trouble finding a job. Law firms were reluctant to hire female lawyers, believing they were less capable and would leave the job when they started a family. Pat took a job at the Denver office of the federal National Labor Relations Board, taught at Colorado colleges, and did legal volunteer work for Planned Parenthood.</p> <p>In 1966 the Schroeders had their first child, Scott, followed in 1970 by their second child, Jamie Christine. There was no maternity leave for women, so Schroeder quit her job to take care of their children.</p> <p>Jim Schroeder ran for a seat in the <strong>state legislature</strong> in 1970. He lost but remained involved in Colorado politics. In 1971, when a committee was looking for a candidate to run in the First Congressional District, which had a popular Republican incumbent, someone suggested his wife. Pat Schroeder decided to run, with Jim acting as her campaign manager. Campaigning on an anti–Vietnam War platform, she also focused on children, the elderly, housing, and the environment. From an office in their basement, the campaign created thought-provoking posters and planned celebrity fundraisers that included Gloria Steinem and Shirley MacLaine. Schroeder canvassed Denver neighborhoods to meet voters personally. When the 1972 election returns came in, Schroeder had won 52 percent of the vote.</p> <h2>Inside the Beltway</h2> <p>Schroeder was thirty-two years old and the mother of two small children when the family moved to Washington, DC, for Schroeder&nbsp;to serve in Congress. As one of the youngest women ever elected to Congress, she received considerable attention from the media, her congressional colleagues, and the public. She acknowledged she was juggling two jobs—working woman and mother—bringing a diaper bag to Congress and keeping crayons in her office. She lived her conviction that women across the country could do both jobs well.</p> <h2>Legislating for Women</h2> <p>When Schroeder entered Congress in 1973, she was one of only fourteen women in the House. At the time, women earned 40 percent less than men, could not get a credit card in their own name, had limited access to birth control, could be fired for being pregnant, and made up a disproportionate share of people living in poverty. The women’s rights movement was making demands for the Equal Rights Amendment, federal assistance for child care, an end to gender discrimination at work, and freedom of choice concerning abortion. Schroeder was determined to make the government an ally of women and children.</p> <p>In 1977 Schroeder became a founding member of the Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues, chairing it for ten years. Schroeder focused her energy on women’s rights and reforms affecting the family, including women’s health care, childcare, maternity leave, family planning, and gender equity in the workplace. In 1993 the Family and Medical Leave Act culminated years of work in this area. Colorado ratified the Equal Rights Amendment under her leadership, though the amendment failed to garner enough states to become part of the Constitution.</p> <p>In 1987 Schroeder briefly sought the Democratic nomination for president. Realizing that she would not be able to get enough delegates for the nomination, Schroeder resigned from the race in an emotional press conference. She teared up during the announcement, causing hostile backlash from feminists and conservatives alike.</p> <h2>House Armed Services Committee</h2> <p>Schroeder entered Congress at a time when the Vietnam War was dividing the nation. During her first term, she became the first woman to serve on the House Armed Services Committee<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-11-16T18:47">,</ins> to the dismay of entrenched committee members. She advocated for the rights of women in the military and crusaded against excessive military spending. The Military Family Leave Act, which Schroeder sponsored, improved benefits and living conditions for military personnel and their families. She brought attention to sexual harassment in the military and advocated for women to serve on combat missions.</p> <h2>Wit</h2> <p>Schroeder spent twelve terms in Congress and was known for her quick, biting wit and her clever one-liners that cut to the heart of an issue. Most famously, she dubbed Ronald Re<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-11-16T18:47">a</ins>gan the “Teflon President” for retaining his popularity in spite of high-profile scandals in his administration. None of the dirt stuck to him. When asked about her ability to balance her political work with motherhood, she replied, “I have a brain and a uterus, and they both work.” She joked that if the Pentagon officials were women<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-11-16T18:48">,</ins> they would always be pregnant because they never said no.</p> <p>Schroeder was aggressive in showing her opposition to the status quo, organizing press conferences, interviews, and protests to publicize her positions. Despite her no-nonsense approach to issues, she enjoyed the spotlight and embraced a certain amount of “quirkiness,” including dressing in costumes for holidays and signing her name with a smiley&nbsp;face.</p> <h2>Later Life</h2> <p>Schroeder did not seek reelection in 1996 and left the House of Representatives the following year. During her tenure in Congress, she opened doors for women in political office and left a legacy of legislation that valued women and families. She was succeeded by Democrat <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/diana-degette"><strong>Diana DeGette</strong></a>.</p> <p>From 1997 to 2007, Schroeder worked as president and CEO of the Association of American Publishers. She advocated for stronger copyright laws and making materials more accessible to people with disabilities. She has also written two books of her own: <em>Champion of the Great American Family</em> (1989) and <em>24 Years of House Work . . .&nbsp;and the Place Is Still a Mess</em> (1998).</p> <p>Schroeder was inducted into the Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame in 1985 and the National Women’s Hall of Fame in 1995. She and her husband retired and relocated to Celebration, Florida, where she remains active in local and national politics.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/duncan-elizabeth" hreflang="und">Duncan, Elizabeth</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pat-schroeder" hreflang="en">Pat Schroeder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/politicians" hreflang="en">politicians</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">colorado women&#039;s history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-congresspeople" hreflang="en">colorado congresspeople</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-congress" hreflang="en">us congress</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Joan A. Lowy, <em>Pat Schroeder: A Woman of the House </em>(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003).</p> <p>Pat Schroeder, <em>Champion of the Great American Family: A Personal and Political Book</em> (New York: Random House, 1989).</p> <p>Jeanne Varnell,&nbsp;<em>Women of Consequence: The Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame</em>&nbsp;(Boulder: Johnson Books, 1999).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Karen Foerstel and Herbert N. Foerstel, <em>Climbing the Hill: Gender Conflict in Congress</em> (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 01 Dec 2021 22:10:37 +0000 yongli 3643 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org State Industrial School for Girls http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/state-industrial-school-girls <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">State Industrial School for Girls</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-10-11T17:32:38-06:00" title="Monday, October 11, 2021 - 17:32" class="datetime">Mon, 10/11/2021 - 17:32</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/state-industrial-school-girls" data-a2a-title="State Industrial School for Girls"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fstate-industrial-school-girls&amp;title=State%20Industrial%20School%20for%20Girls"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Established by the <strong>Colorado legislature</strong> in 1887, the State Industrial School for Girls was a combined reform school, foster care, and prison that trained young, marginalized women to be domestic servants. Late nineteenth-century industrialization had prompted both urban poverty and anxiety about changing gender roles, leading white, upper-class Protestant women to establish industrial schools to house impoverished and vagrant girls, beginning one of Colorado’s earliest social welfare programs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The choice to institutionalize troubled youths determined the path of Colorado’s juvenile justice system and served as the prototype for modern programs. Today the State Industrial School for Girls is called the Mount View Youth Services Center, a coeducational residential detention facility and secondary education program in <strong>Lakewood</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins and Early Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Before the twentieth century, religious charities typically provided poor relief to the disabled, elderly, and orphaned. Impoverished children were seen primarily as a source of cheap labor. In the nineteenth century, a coalition of upper-class women, philanthropists, and religious leaders began campaigning for the rights of children, establishing the social work profession. As a dedicated class of social reformers pushed for poor relief to become a state responsibility, government entities started to account for the lives of children.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Colorado concerns about impoverished, vagrant children grew in the 1870s, when <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s population expanded rapidly with an influx of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/early-immigration-denver-1850%E2%80%931920"><strong>immigrants</strong></a> and male transients attracted by mining and agricultural opportunities. In 1881 the Colorado legislature established the State Industrial School for Boys near <strong>Lookout Mountain</strong> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden"><strong>Golden</strong></a>. As an afterthought, the act included a clause dictating that “girls shall be received and cared for by . . . the state industrial school, as boys are received and cared for.” Yet for six years the state failed to organize a female institution, creating confusion within the court system and angering female leadership. On April 4, 1887, the legislature passed a separate act establishing the State Home and Industrial School for Girls (usually shortened to the State Industrial School for Girls), but even then, it did not allocate funding or choose a location. Instead, Governor <strong>Alva Adams</strong> contracted with the House of the Good Shepherd in Denver, a Catholic organization run by the Benedictine Sisters, to house convicted girls. His action went against Colorado’s Constitution, which forbade public funding for sectarian or religious institutions, but the state and the court system seemed happy to use the House of the Good Shepherd’s free services for a decade.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1895 the state finally set up the State Industrial School for Girls. Governor <strong>Albert McIntire</strong> opened the school at Denver’s St. Cloud Hotel. He appointed Representative <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/frances-klock"><strong>Frances Klock</strong></a>, one of Colorado’s first female lawmakers, as president, and former police matron <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sadie-likens"><strong>Sadie Likens</strong></a> as superintendent. The state relocated forty girls from Good Shepherd and county jails into the renovated hotel. Soon after, the State Board of Charities and Corrections (SBCC) moved the school to a larger property in Aurora. The institution’s precarious situation worsened as its leader, Klock, curiously sabotaged funding: as president of the Colorado women’s branch of the American Protective Association, an anti-Catholic organization, Klock voted down her own 1895 bill for school funding because part of the money was intended to reimburse the Benedictine Sisters.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In its early years, the institution did not keep the girls safe. Part of the problem was financial; fueled by antisuffrage hostility, the legislature blatantly favored the boys’ industrial school. Colorado law required counties to pay for the upkeep of incarcerated children, but while the boys’ industrial school received one dollar per ward per day, the girls’ industrial school received only fifty cents per ward per <em>month</em>. Some counties refused to pay even that much, causing significant debt as well as a coal shortage in 1898. That same year, the SBCC investigated the institution for incidents of abuse, finding that staff regularly handcuffed disobedient girls to the walls. After the board resigned, Governor Alva Adams appointed a new superintendent and named more men to the board.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1899 the state finally appropriated $25,000 to purchase land and construct a permanent building for the girls’ industrial school. In April 1900, the institution relocated to a forty-acre farm east of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/morrison"><strong>Morrison</strong></a>. Sixty girls moved into a twelve-bedroom farmhouse on the property.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite the favorable relocation, the state continued to refuse funding. The debt-ridden institution struggled to pay employees and provide basic necessities for the girls; this resulted in poor working and living conditions, which led to escapes and uprisings. The press ridiculed the institution’s mismanagement without acknowledging the funding problems. This public humiliation lasted until 1906, when the state hired an experienced professional from New York named Marion B. Rudgers as superintendent; she promptly forced the legislature to start appropriating funds and outlawed corporal punishment.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Reasons for Commitment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Parents, reformers, and the court system all viewed the industrial school as a method to prevent female immorality. Records show fornication, adultery, and cohabitation as frequent reasons for commitment. Law enforcement could arrest any young woman found wandering public places without approval or at improper hours. After arrest, a court would determine if she lived in “habits of vice and immorality.” These “habits” weren’t defined; the main common denominator was that the girls were impoverished products of industrialization, urbanization, or immigration. Any girl between the ages of six and eighteen living in such conditions could be committed to the industrial school for moral, social, and industrial training. Her sentence would last between nine months and three years, and it could not go beyond her twenty-first birthday.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In practice, courts committed young women for myriad reasons other than juvenile delinquency. Beginning in 1917, married women under the age of twenty-one could be committed for disobeying their husband or husband’s family. In addition, courts sentenced many girls for incorrigibility, defined as any behavior that rebelled against social norms (such as running away from home, socializing at dance halls, and cross-dressing). However, incorrigibility carried a deeper cultural meaning. Society viewed it as a moral affliction, and the supposedly incorrigible girls at the industrial school were often called savages and compared to witches, suggesting that they needed to be controlled, managed, and subdued.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nevertheless, family members and not law enforcement most frequently committed their daughters. The death of a parent, particularly the mother, often led to commitment. Additionally, courts superseded parental rights in cases of abuse. In this situation, the legal doctrine of parens patriae dictated that the state, acting as the ultimate guardian of citizens’ interests, could intervene on behalf of youths headed toward delinquency. Similarly, a girl could commit herself if desired. The government’s new ability to intervene in private family affairs angered some but gave others, mainly wives and daughters, a welcome legal mechanism to override male heads of household.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Life at the School</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The State Industrial School near Morrison was a collection of residential buildings centered around a farm. Each residential cottage housed thirty girls and one housemother. On the farm, the girls grew vegetables; maintained an apple orchard; and kept hens for eggs, hogs for pork, and a dairy cow. In 1919 the institution produced forty barrels of apple cider vinegar and several hundred pounds of apple butter and jelly. Superintendent Elizabeth Purcell believed that creating a family atmosphere focused on education would improve the girls’ moral character more effectively than punishment.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The girls received three hours of formal schooling per day as well as three months of training in housework, needlework, cooking, laundry, and basket weaving. In addition to schooling, the institution enforced a Protestant religious practice. Wards performed devotionals twice per day, attended Sunday school and sermons, and were paroled to a Christian family as a domestic servant for one year, a program intended to model virtuous womanhood as well as provide cheap labor to wealthy Denver families.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Eugenics</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The rise of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eugenics-colorado"><strong>eugenics movement</strong></a> in the early twentieth century affected the classification and treatment of supposedly “dependent, delinquent, and defective children.” The pseudoscientific field of eugenics preached that “feebleminded” children degraded the nation’s genetic purity by inheriting and passing on negative genetic traits such as sexual promiscuity and criminality. In an attempt to classify and control nature, eugenicist social workers at the industrial school administered diagnostic tests and physical examinations. By the 1920s, they were extensively documenting each girl’s “racial identity” because multiracial children were considered genetically inferior. In the 1930s, the industrial school began administering IQ tests to rank the girls’ mental abilities. For decades, leadership attempted to remove “feebleminded” girls from the institution because they were seen as incurable. In 1918 Superintendent Elizabeth Purcell wrote to Governor <strong>Julius Gunter</strong> complaining that the “feeble-minded, immoral girl is a menace to society.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Postwar Legal and Social Changes</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the period of economic prosperity and population growth after <strong>World War II</strong>, lawmakers expanded <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a> social policies and made significant investments in childhood education and health. Following a nationwide trend, in 1945 the Colorado legislature appointed a special commission to modernize all state laws governing children. The resulting <strong>Colorado Children’s Code</strong> remains the basis for the state’s laws on juvenile justice, adoption, custody, and welfare.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As part of that modernization, in 1949 the commission recommended overturning a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>territorial-era</strong></a> indenture law, dictating that “any indigent child must earn the full cost of their upbringing with labor.” A child would be indentured to a master in exchange for board, lodging, clothing, three months of annual schooling, and vocational training. These articles of indenture were a precedent for the industrial school’s parole system, which was replaced by other forms of childcare such as foster placement, adoption, and institutionalization.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Postwar legal changes reflected evolving ideas about youth as the emerging concept of the teenager—a special stage of life between childhood and adulthood—permeated American society. At the State Industrial School, <strong>Betty Portner</strong>, who served as superintendent from 1949 to 1972, implemented policies affording the girls more freedom and distanced the institution from its penal legacy. Girls could now leave campus and wear their own dresses instead of a uniform. Portner claimed the girls needed strong parental guidance and emphasized their ability to rejoin society after release. For example, she started a Big Sister program allowing girls to shadow <strong>University of Colorado</strong> sororities. In 1961 the legislature changed the school’s name to Mount View School for Girls to remove the stigma of juvenile delinquency.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Deinstitutionalization</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Organizational changes to Colorado’s juvenile justice system in the late 1960s and 1970s made the school almost unrecognizable. The deinstitutionalization movement helped reduce youth incarceration and instead fostered preventative, community-based, and mental-health-oriented programs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Superintendent Portner fought against the new statewide decentralization initiative. Moreover, Portner argued for a traditional model of reinforcing proper feminine behavior, which became an increasingly unpopular opinion in a more liberal society influenced by the women’s rights and sexual liberation movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Lawmakers abandoned the traditional industrial-school model in favor of treatments based in behavioral therapy. After much bureaucratic infighting, Portner announced her retirement in 1971.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1972 the Colorado Department of Youth Services established the Closed Adolescent Treatment Center (CATC) at Mount View. CATC functioned as a coed, eighteen-bed, high-security corrections and mental health program. Youths aged twelve to eighteen who were determined to be chronic runaways with assaultive, destructive, or self-destructive tendencies qualified for admittance. Medication also became available as an option to control behavior, in particular hyperactivity—that is, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)—which was first listed in the <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</em> in 1968.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The state also established the Youth Services Receiving Center, a diagnostic and evaluation center, at Mount View. After evaluation, the state sentenced less-mature youths—both boys and girls—to Mount View, where they could live in either the girls’ cottage, two boys’ cottages, or one coed cottage. In 1976 the state officially dropped Mount View’s single-sex requirement, as Colorado lawmakers now believed girls deserved the same counseling, guidance, and career exploration as boys.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Tough on Crime</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1980s, American society condemned juvenile delinquency with incredible force. Media outlets bludgeoned middle-class readers with crime stories. Tough-on-crime policies and cultural fears of youth offenders combined in a frenzy of adolescent imprisonment that peaked during the 1990s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Denver, a moral panic rose in the summer of 1993, dubbed the “Summer of Violence,” after a highly publicized incident where a stray bullet hit a ten-month-old boy at the <strong>Denver Zoo</strong>’s polar bear exhibit. Researchers later found that the summer of 1993 was statistically less violent than previous summers. Nevertheless, lawmakers at the time felt they had to act. In a ten-day special session called by Governor <strong>Roy Romer</strong>, the state legislature passed eleven new crime laws. One renamed the Department of Youth Services as the Department of Youth Corrections, signaling the shift away from the prevention model of the 1970s. New laws disregarded juvenile confidentiality agreements, instituted mandatory sentencing, and expanded juvenile transfer laws, which moved children to criminal court to be tried and sentenced as adults.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today Mount View Youth Services Center is a coed secondary school with a long-term treatment program. The twenty-two-acre facility accepts detained youths ages ten to twenty, including those with mental health diagnoses. The Mount View Detained School—part of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jefferson-county"><strong>Jefferson County</strong></a> Public Schools—graduates students with a high school diploma or GED. However, Colorado is trying to reduce its juvenile prison population. In May 2019, Governor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jared-polis"><strong>Jared Polis</strong></a> signed the Juvenile Justice Reform Act, which attempts to divert youths away from the juvenile justice system by limiting presentence incarceration and reevaluating supervised probation standards.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>More than a century of experimentation at the industrial school has shown the failures and successes of the juvenile justice system. Swinging back and forth like a pendulum, at times Colorado lawmakers insulated juveniles from the adult criminal system by granting them leniency and favoring rehabilitation, believing children to have underdeveloped decision-making abilities. In other decades, public opinion shifted to see adolescents as just as liable as adult criminals, resulting in punitive laws that caused long-term consequences for detained youths. Since the 1890s, the State Industrial School for Girls has provided an avenue for upper-class white women to join the governmental sphere and dictate proper gendered behavior, sometimes to the detriment of the disadvantaged young women put in their care. </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/whitmore-michala" hreflang="und">Whitmore, Michala</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/state-home-and-industrial-school-girls" hreflang="en">State Home and Industrial School for Girls</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/frances-klock" hreflang="en">Frances Klock</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/marion-rudgers" hreflang="en">Marion Rudgers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eugenics" hreflang="en">eugenics</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/betty-portner" hreflang="en">Betty Portner</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mount-view-youth-services-center" hreflang="en">Mount View Youth Services Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">colorado women&#039;s history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Len Ackland, “‘The Worst 18 in Colorado’ Receive Hope,” <em>Rocky Mountain Journal</em>, November 7, 1973.</p> <p>“An Act to Establish a State Industrial School and for the Maintenance and Government of the Same,” Colorado House Bill 30, 3rd General Assembly, 1st sess. (January 5, 1881).</p> <p>“An Act Establishing the State Home and Industrial School for Girls,” Colorado House Bill 261, 6th General Assembly, 1st sess. (January 5, 1887).</p> <p>Jacqueline Antonovich, “The Gender Frontier: Female Juvenile Delinquency in Progressive-Era Colorado—Participation and Resistance Within Government Institutions” (MA thesis, University of Wyoming, 2011).</p> <p>“Bad Girls Are Good,” <em>Denver Times</em>, September 8, 1898.</p> <p>Board of Control, <em>Biennial Report of the Colorado State Industrial School for Girls at Morrison, Colorado, For the Two Years Ending November 30, 1918</em> (Denver, 1918).</p> <p>Board of Control, <em>Biennial Report of the Colorado State Industrial School for Girls at Morrison, Colorado, For the Two Years Ending November 30, 1920</em> (Denver, 1920).</p> <p>Board of Control, <em>Biennial Report of the Colorado State Industrial School for Girls at Mt. Morrison, Colorado, For the Two Years Ending November 30, 1922</em> (Denver, 1922).</p> <p>Board of Control, <em>Biennial Report of the Colorado State Industrial School for Girls at Mt. Morrison, Colorado, For the Period Ending June 30, 1937</em> (Denver, 1937).</p> <p>“Boulder County Must Pay,” <em>Montezuma Journal</em>, January 4, 1898.</p> <p>Garry DeBellevue, “‘Her Girls’ Finding a New Way of Life,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, August 6, 1961.</p> <p>Jason Fletcher and Barbara Wolfe, “Long-Term Consequences of Childhood ADHD on Criminal Activities,” <em>Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics</em> 12, no. 3 (September 2009).</p> <p>“For Incorrigible Girls,” <em>Salida Mail</em>, September 17, 1895.</p> <p>Natasha Gardner, “<a href="https://www.5280.com/direct-fail/">Direct Fail</a>,” <em>5280</em>, December 2011.</p> <p>“<a href="https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb17-1329">HB17-1329: Reform Division of Youth Corrections</a>,” Colorado General Assembly, last modified June 6, 2017.</p> <p>Alex Hernandez, “<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/news/denver/homeless-denver">Homeless in Denver</a>,” Denver Public Library, last modified March 11, 2021.</p> <p>Marilyn Irvin Holt, “Children as Topic No.1: White House Conferences Focused on Youths and Societal Changes in Postwar America,” <em>Prologue Magazine</em> 42, no. 2 (Summer 2010).</p> <p>“Industrial School,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, October 1, 1895.</p> <p>“The Industrial School,” <em>Pueblo Daily Chieftain</em>, February 7, 1898.</p> <p>“Industrial School Board,” <em>Silver Lance</em> (Gunnison, CO), March 4, 1898.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RS22070.html#fn13">Juvenile Justice: Overview of Legislative History and Funding Trends</a>,” Congressional Research Services, last modified January 25, 2007.</p> <p>Harold V. Knight, “Names Changed to Remove Stigma,” <em>Estes Park Trail</em>, February 17, 1961.</p> <p>Carol McMurrough, “Harsh Charges on Handling Juvenile Correction Cases,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, April 10, 1973.</p> <p>Carol McMurrough, “Youth Center Multifaceted,” <em>The Denver Post,</em> August 2, 1972.</p> <p>“More Trouble at the School,” <em>Denver Times</em>, May 4, 1903.</p> <p>“<a href="https://cdhs.colorado.gov/our-services/youth-services/residential-youth-centers/the-campus-at-mount-view">Mount View Youth Services</a>,” Colorado Department of Human Services, last modified 2021.</p> <p>Becky Nothnagel, “Juvenile Crime is Not New to Broomfield Kids,” <em>Broomfield Enterprise</em>, April 1, 1982.</p> <p>Tim O’Neil, “State Committee Examines Lkt. [Lookout] School Budget,” <em>Golden Daily Transcript</em>, October 29, 1973.</p> <p>W. H. Slingerland,<em> Child Welfare Work in Colorado: A Study of Public and Private Agencies and Institutions and Conditions of Services, in the Care of Dependent, Delinquent and Defective Children </em>(Boulder: University of Colorado, 1920).</p> <p>Jerome C. Smiley, ed., <em>History of Denver </em>(Denver: Times-Sun Publishing, 1901).</p> <p>SOS Project, <em>Girls, Status Offenses and the Need for a Less Punitive and More Empowering Approach</em> (Washington, DC: Coalition for Juvenile Justice, 2013.)</p> <p>State of Colorado, <em>Report on the Work of the Children’s Code Commission of the State of Colorado</em>, 36th General Assembly (January 10, 1949).</p> <p>Paul H. Stuart, “<a href="https://oxfordre.com/socialwork/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.001.0001/acrefore-9780199975839-e-623#:~:text=The%20social%20work%20profession%20originated,during%20the%20late%2019th%20century.&amp;text=In%20the%201960s%2C%20social%20workers%20again%20confronted%20the%20problem%20of%20poverty.">Social Work Profession: History</a>,” <em>Encyclopedia of Social Work</em>, last modified March 26, 2019.</p> <p>Glenn Troelstrup, “Gender Barriers Fall at Colo. Juvenile Institutions,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, June 20, 1976.</p> <p>Zoe Von Ende, “Convincing Stubbornness,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, January 24, 1965.</p> <p>Sheridan Watson, “<a href="https://csgjusticecenter.org/2019/05/31/colorado-passes-juvenile-justice-reform-bill/">Colorado Passes Juvenile Justice Reform Bill</a>,” Council of State Governments Justice Center, May 31, 2019.</p> <p>“Where to Go,” <em>Denver Times</em>, March 5, 1899.</p> <p>Andrew L. Yarrow, <em>History of U.S Children’s Policy, 1900–Present</em> (Washington, DC: First Focus on Children, 2009).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><em>Caught</em>, season 1, episode 8, “<a href="https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/caught/episodes/caught-podcast-i-want-someone-to-love-me-even-for-a-second">I Want Someone to Love Me Even for a Second</a>,” WNYC, March 27, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John E. Hansan, “<a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/recollections/social-welfare-history/">What Is Social Welfare History</a>?” VCU Social Welfare History Project, last modified 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.aecf.org/work/juvenile-justice">Juvenile Justice</a>,” Annie E. Casey Foundation, last modified 2021.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 11 Oct 2021 23:32:38 +0000 yongli 3617 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Alice Hale Hill http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/alice-hale-hill <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Alice Hale Hill</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-02-16T12:59:34-07:00" title="Tuesday, February 16, 2021 - 12:59" class="datetime">Tue, 02/16/2021 - 12:59</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/alice-hale-hill" data-a2a-title="Alice Hale Hill"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Falice-hale-hill&amp;title=Alice%20Hale%20Hill"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Alice Hale Hill (1840–1908) was a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> philanthropist who helped lead institutions such as the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) and the Denver Free Kindergarten Association. Wife of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nathaniel-p-hill"><strong>Nathaniel P. Hill</strong></a>, a <strong>smelting</strong> entrepreneur and US senator, she created the first free kindergarten system in the state, helping to improve early education for all children regardless of family circumstances. She also helped lead the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>women’s suffrage movement</strong></a> that resulted in female enfranchisement in 1893 in Colorado.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Alice Hale was born on January 19, 1840, in Providence, Rhode Island, the oldest of Isaac Hale and Harriet Johnson Hale’s seven children. Little is known about her early life, but her family was locally prominent as descendants of Nathan Hale, a Revolutionary War hero. Her father, Isaac, was a watchmaker and jeweler by trade, and both parents were influential forces in the community and in the Baptist Church. Politically progressive, they actively supported female preachers and were outspoken abolitionists. Harriet Hale served as recording secretary for the Providence Female Anti-Slavery Society in the 1840s.</p> <h2>Looking West</h2> <p>On July 26, 1860, Alice Hale married Nathaniel P. Hill, a young chemistry professor at Brown University. They probably met at a church or social event in Providence. In 1862 they had a son, <strong>Crawford</strong>, and in 1864 a daughter, Isabel, before moving west to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> in 1867. There, Nathaniel Hill established the territory’s first successful smelter in the mining town of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Black Hawk</strong></a>, where the couple’s third child, Gertrude, was born in 1869. Two years later, Hill was elected mayor, and Alice Hill served as first lady of Black Hawk, becoming well known in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gilpin-county"><strong>Gilpin County</strong></a> for her kindness and hospitality.</p> <p>In 1879 Nathaniel Hill relocated his business and family from Black Hawk to Denver, where he and Alice quickly became arbiters of Denver’s elite social scene. At Fourteenth and Welton Streets, in the city’s first upper-crust neighborhood, the Hills built a mansion in the style of a French chateau, with three stories and twenty rooms. Their wealthy neighbors included the families of former governor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>, <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> publisher <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William Byers</strong></a>, and cattle king <strong>John Wesley Iliff</strong>. When Nathaniel served in the US Senate from 1879 to 1885, Alice maintained homes in Washington and Colorado, making both centers of hospitality and entertainment.</p> <h2>Philanthropic Work&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</h2> <p>In the 1880s, Alice Hill became involved with the woman’s club movement and various philanthropic organizations in Denver. Around 1880 she became an active member of the <strong>Ladies’ Relief Society</strong>, the state’s oldest charitable institution, which focused on providing care, shelter, and food for the needy. Hill eventually served as the group’s vice-president.</p> <p>In 1889 Hill began serving as the vice-regent of Colorado for the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, a group devoted to preserving George Washington’s Virginia plantation. She held the position until her death.</p> <p>Hill also helped establish the Denver Free Kindergarten Association, whose first meeting was held at her home on October 23, 1889. The organization provided free education to children ages 2.5 to 6 from working-class families who could not afford childcare or private instruction. Hill served as the organization’s president for nine years before it was absorbed into the Colorado public school system.</p> <p>In 1893, with women’s suffrage on the ballot in Colorado, Hill set her sights on propelling female enfranchisement. She helped circulate petitions throughout the state and was one of 100 women who established the City League of Denver, an organization that worked with the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/non-partisan-equal-suffrage-association"><strong>Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association of Colorado</strong></a> to garner support at the local level. She served as treasurer for the equal suffrage association’s Arapahoe branch and became a charter member of the <strong>Woman’s Club of Denver</strong>, which hosted suffrage events. Hill also passed her passion for female enfranchisement to her children; her daughter, Isabel, helped found the Young Women’s League in support of suffrage. The efforts of Hill and others like her resulted in success, as Colorado women’s suffrage was passed by popular referendum in November.</p> <p>In 1899 Hill was appointed to the State Board of Charities by Governor <strong>Alva Adams</strong>. Around that time, she also served for eight years as president of the Denver YWCA, an organization that started as the Woman’s Home Club in 1887. During her tenure as the YWCA’s leader, Hill raised or donated most of the funds needed to build and furnish a headquarters and clubhouse.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>&nbsp;Alice Hale Hill passed away on July 19, 1908. Her obituary in <strong><em>The</em></strong> <strong><em>Denver Post</em></strong> named her one of Denver’s most philanthropic women. Thanks to Hill’s efforts, Denver’s free kindergarten was adopted into the statewide public school system. Her passion for female enfranchisement contributed to the passage of women’s suffrage in Colorado. Her enhanced social position and elevated platform allowed her to push forward her progressive views to enrich the lives of all Coloradans for generations to come.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/carr-shelby" hreflang="und">Carr, Shelby</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alice-hill" hreflang="en">Alice Hill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nathaniel-hill" hreflang="en">Nathaniel Hill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-hawk" hreflang="en">Black Hawk</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/smelting" hreflang="en">smelting</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">colorado women&#039;s history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage-colorado" hreflang="en">women&#039;s suffrage colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-free-kindergarten-association" hreflang="en">Denver Free Kindergarten Association</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ywca" hreflang="en">YWCA</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/city-league-denver" hreflang="en">City League of Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womans-club-denver" hreflang="en">Woman&#039;s Club of Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ladies-relief-society" hreflang="en">Ladies&#039; Relief Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/crawford-hill" hreflang="en">Crawford Hill</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“Alice Hale Hill,” manuscript, Marilyn Griggs Riley Papers, Box 2, FF32, Western History</p> <p>Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library.</p> <p>Ellen Fisher, “Alice Hale Hill Collection Forward,” Collection 308, Stephen H. Hart Library and Research Center, History Colorado Center, Denver.</p> <p>Scott M. Gibson, <em>A. J. Gordon: American Premillennialist</em> (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2001).</p> <p>Ida Husted Harper and Anthony, Susan B. Anthony, eds., <em>History of Woman Suffrage, </em>vol 4. (Rochester, NY: Susan B. Anthony, 1902).</p> <p>“Mrs. N. P. Hill Is Dead After Long Distinguished Life,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, July 20, 1908.</p> <p>James Alexander Semple, “Mrs. N. P. Hill,” in <em>Representative Women of Colorado</em>, 2nd ed. (Denver: Williamson-Haffner Company, 1914).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Gail M. Beaton, <em>Colorado Women: A History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2012).</p> <p>David N. Wetzel, ed., <em>Women’s Clubs of Denver,</em> Essays in Colorado History, no. 13 (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1993).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 16 Feb 2021 19:59:34 +0000 yongli 3535 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Albina Washburn http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/albina-washburn <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Albina Washburn</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-10-14T13:42:43-06:00" title="Wednesday, October 14, 2020 - 13:42" class="datetime">Wed, 10/14/2020 - 13:42</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/albina-washburn" data-a2a-title="Albina Washburn"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Falbina-washburn&amp;title=Albina%20Washburn"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Albina Washburn (1837–1921) was an important early resident of what is now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/downtown-loveland-historic-district"><strong>Loveland</strong></a> and later an influential proponent of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>women’s suffrage</strong></a> and temperance across Colorado. In 1876 she advocated for women’s suffrage at the state constitutional convention, and in 1880 she cofounded the Colorado branch of the <strong>Women’s Christian Temperance Union</strong>. In addition to her roles in the suffrage campaign and the founding of Loveland, today Washburn is also remembered for the American flag she made soon after her arrival in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>, which is displayed in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> on special occasions.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Relatively little is known about Albina Washburn’s early life. Born Albina Holcomb in Illinois in 1837, she married John E. Washburn in Chicago in 1853. In 1855 they had a daughter, Winona. Five years later, the Washburn family left Freeport, Illinois, to farm in Colorado. Arriving in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> in May 1860, they moved north to St. Louis (now <strong>Loveland</strong>) by 1862. By 1864 John Washburn had been appointed a county judge by Territorial Governor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building Up St. Louis (Loveland)</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After arriving in St. Louis, Albina and John Washburn set up the town’s first post office with him as the postmaster and her as his assistant. In 1864 Albina started the town’s first school in a log cabin. She taught ten students for ten dollars a month. She continued to make her mark in the community by making an American flag to fly on July 4, 1864—the first time an American flag was flown in Larimer County. Her flag continues to be flown today on special occasions in Fort Collins.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Working for Women’s Suffrage</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1870s, Washburn decided that she wanted to play a larger role in politics. In 1875 she wrote a letter to <em>Woman’s Journal</em> explaining that she had successfully voted twice in school elections in Colorado. In 1874 she had provided documentation showing that she had paid a tax in her own name and owned ponies, making her eligible to vote in a school board election. The election official did not know how to react and let her cast her vote. She met some resistance when attempting to vote again in a school election the next year but was able to convince the official that she had the right to vote because she was a citizen, based on the dictionary definition of the term.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In January 1876, Washburn and four other well-known suffragists—<strong>Alida Avery</strong>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/margaret-w-campbell"><strong>Margaret W. Campbell</strong></a>, <strong>Ione Hanna</strong>, and <strong>Mary Shields</strong>—spoke at the state constitutional convention in Denver to advocate for including women’s suffrage in the final document. Women did not attain full voting rights in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-constitution"><strong>Colorado Constitution</strong></a>, but suffragists formed the Colorado Woman Suffrage Association to try to maintain their momentum. Washburn and suffragists from across the country campaigned for a Colorado women’s suffrage referendum in 1877, but the measure was defeated.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Washburn was starting to push for women’s suffrage at the national level as well. As a member of the Grange, a national advocacy group for farmers, she pressed the organization to support women’s right to vote. At the National Grange Convention in Chicago in 1877, she promoted a resolution in favor of women’s suffrage. The Grange agreed with the idea of women being considered equals but postponed any discussion of suffrage. Washburn registered her frustration in a fiery minority report that played on the Grange’s antimonopoly politics: “If any of my brothers know of a more extensive monopoly than the monopoly of the elective franchise by the men of this country, I do not.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1880 Washburn and fellow suffragist Mary Shields founded the Colorado branch of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union. The organization focused primarily on reducing male alcohol consumption, but many members were also suffragists who used it as a platform to push for women’s rights.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Washburn’s husband was also politically active. He supported his wife and other suffragists by running for office as a member of the Greenback Party, which fully supported women’s right to vote. He did not win any elections. John E. Washburn passed away in 1887.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Washburn continued to campaign for women’s suffrage in Colorado. Throughout her years of activism, she reported regularly on meetings and events for local publications such as the <em>Denver Labor Enquirer</em> as well as national groups such as the Grange and the American Woman Suffrage Association. A hardworking supporter who could rally people with her words in person and in print, she was a sought-after speaker who impressed audiences with her dedication to making her communities and Colorado a more equal place to live and work. At the Colorado <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/populism-colorado"><strong>People’s Party</strong></a> convention in July 1892, she read a resolution calling for the equality for all citizens regardless of sex, which the party adopted. A year later, under Populist Governor <strong>Davis Waite</strong>, Coloradans approved a referendum for women’s suffrage.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Washburn died on March 5, 1921, and was buried at Lakeside Cemetery in Loveland. She is remembered for her early work with her husband to develop the town of Loveland and her efforts on behalf of women’s suffrage, especially her boldness in voting before women had the legal right to do so. She is also admired for her tireless work reporting on the movement, which helped share information among suffragists and build a broad constituency for change.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/huntley-crystal" hreflang="und">Huntley, Crystal</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/albina-washburn" hreflang="en">Albina Washburn</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-louis" hreflang="en">St. Louis</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland" hreflang="en">loveland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">colorado women&#039;s history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s Suffrage</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage-colorado" hreflang="en">women&#039;s suffrage colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-christian-temperance-union-0" hreflang="en">women&#039;s christian temperance union</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wctu" hreflang="en">wctu</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.nationalgrange.org/about-us/">About Us</a>,” National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/41085659/albina-louise-washburn">Albina Louise Washburn</a>,” Find a Grave, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://fchc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/sc/id/563/rec/2">Albina Washburn and Winona Washburn Taylor Collection</a>,” Fort Collins Museum Local History Archive Inventory Form, Fort Collins History Connection, inventoried August 2008.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://fortcollinshistoricalsociety.org/2017/06/28/2017-6-28-a-z-fort-collins-firsts/">A–Z Fort Collins Firsts</a>,” Fort Collins Historical Society, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://sparedshared15.wordpress.com/2018/02/08/1866-john-eric-washburn-to-albina-holcomb-washburn/">John Eric Washburn to Albina (Holcomb) Washburn, June 16 and June 24, 1866</a>, transcribed at Spared &amp; Shared 15: Saving History One Letter at a Time.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://archives.colostate.edu/">Guide to the Papers of the Washburn-Taylor Family</a>, Colorado State University Archives and Special Collections, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://archives.colostate.edu/">Guide to the Records of the Colorado State Grange</a>,” Colorado Agricultural Archive, Colorado State University, 2005.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://fortcollinshistoricalsociety.org/2017/06/20/2017-6-20-january-in-early-fort-collins/">January in Early Ft. Collins</a>,” Fort Collins Historical Society, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kenneth Jessen, “<a href="https://www.reporterherald.com/2015/09/03/cliff-cottage-still-standing/">Cliff Cottage Still Standing</a>,” Loveland Reporter Herald, September 3, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Suzanne M. Marilley, <em>Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States, 1820–1920</em> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Corrine M. McConnaughy, <em>The Woman Suffrage Movement in America: A Reassessment</em> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cheryl Miller, “<a href="https://sites.google.com/site/fchistoricalsociety/chronologyofearlywomeninfortcollins">Chronology of Early Women in Fort Collins</a>,” Fort Collins Historical Society, April 19, 2004.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Museum of Boulder, “<a href="https://blog.elevationscu.com/womens-suffrage-colorado/">Women’s Suffrage in Colorado</a>,” Elevations Credit Union blog, November 6, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Albina L. Washburn, “<a href="https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1000684125">Annual Meeting, American Woman Suffrage Association: Colorado Report (1876)</a>,” in <em>Why Did Colorado Suffragists Fail to Win the Right to Vote in 1877, but Succeed in 1893?</em>, by Jennifer Frost et al. (Greeley: University of Northern Colorado, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Albina L. Washburn, “<a href="https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1000674733">Colorado Suffrage Items (1892)</a>,” in <em>Why Did Colorado Suffragists Fail to Win the Right to Vote in 1877, but Succeed in 1893?</em>, by Jennifer Frost et al. (Greeley: University of Northern Colorado, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Albina L. Washburn, “<a href="https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1000687376">Minority Report of Committee on Woman Suffrage (1877)</a>,” in <em>Why Did Colorado Suffragists Fail to Win the Right to Vote in 1877, but Succeed in 1893?</em>, by Jennifer Frost et al. (Greeley: University of Northern Colorado, 2002).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Gail M. Beaton, <em>Colorado Women: A History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joseph G. Brown, <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbnawsa.n1331/?st=gallery"><em>The History of Equal Suffrage in Colorado, 1868–1898</em></a> (Denver: News Job Printing, 1898).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 14 Oct 2020 19:42:43 +0000 yongli 3431 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Clara Cressingham http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clara-cressingham <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Clara Cressingham</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-10-14T13:33:15-06:00" title="Wednesday, October 14, 2020 - 13:33" class="datetime">Wed, 10/14/2020 - 13:33</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clara-cressingham" data-a2a-title="Clara Cressingham"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fclara-cressingham&amp;title=Clara%20Cressingham"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Clara Cressingham (1863–1906) served in the <strong>Colorado House of Representatives</strong> in 1895, making her one of the first female legislators in the United States, along with <strong>Frances Klock</strong> and <strong>Carrie Clyde Holly</strong>. In office, she became the first woman to serve in a leadership role (as secretary of the Republican House Caucus) as well as the first woman to get a bill through the legislature, though her proposal to support the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sugar-beet-industry">sugar beet industry</a></strong> was vetoed. Aside from her brief political career, relatively little is known about the rest of her life.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Clara Howard was born on October 6, 1863, in Brooklyn, New York. She was the oldest daughter of Adelia and Seth Howard. As a child, she showed a talent for singing and public speaking. Any plans she may have had to go into those professions changed when her father suffered financial losses. In 1880 she was working as a dressmaker and her father as a carpenter. Sometime in the early 1880s—most sources say 1883—she married William Harry Cressingham, who had been in the navy. The couple had two sons, Richard and Milburn.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Colorado Politics</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Cressinghams moved to Colorado in 1890 because of William’s health. He had acquired unspecified health problems during a previous trip to China and Japan. Once in <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver">Denver</a></strong>, he worked as a newspaper typesetter and wrote articles for journals, while Clara worked diligently to improve schools. Her involvement in school board elections, in which Colorado women could vote, may have led to a greater engagement with politics and the issue of women’s <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement">suffrage</a></strong>, though it is unknown whether she campaigned for the 1893 referendum that gave Colorado women full voting rights.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1894, the first year women in Colorado were eligible to vote, Cressingham helped register women to exercise their new right. She also took charge of a group fighting against factions in a school election, leading a charge for decency and fairness that earned recognition from the other women involved. She gained a reputation as a public speaker and was elected to the Colorado House of Representatives that fall as a Republican from <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arapahoe-county">Arapahoe County</a></strong> (which then still included Denver). When the legislature met in early 1895, she joined fellow Republicans Frances Klock and Carrie Clyde Holly as the first three female legislators in the United States.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <em>Chautauquan</em> described Cressingham, Klock, and Holly as “level-headed, self-possessed . . . and well versed in the business of politics.” They were committed Republicans, nearly always voting with their party. Cressingham, the youngest of the three at thirty-one years old, became the first woman to hold a legislative leadership position when she was elected secretary of the Republican House Caucus. She also proposed four bills dealing with education, labor, and agriculture. Her bill to support the sugar beet industry by paying growers a small bounty per ton became the first act introduced by a woman to pass both houses of the legislature, but it was vetoed by Governor <strong>Albert McIntire</strong> and did not become law.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Like Klock and Holly, Cressingham served only one term. She passed away in 1906, at age forty-three, of rheumatic heart disease. Her time in office, including her leadership and her lawmaking, made her an inspiration and example to other politically inclined women in Colorado and across the country.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/hogg-laura" hreflang="und">Hogg, Laura</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/clara-cressingham" hreflang="en">Clara Cressingham</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">colorado women&#039;s history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s Suffrage</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Joseph G. Brown, <em><a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433075974794&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=9">The History of Equal Suffrage in Colorado 1868–1898</a> </em>(Denver: News Job Printing, 1898).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=ADT18951208.2.26&amp;srpos=17&amp;e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-clara+cressingham-------0--">The Citizen Women</a>,” <em>Aspen Daily</em> <em>Times</em>, December 8, 1895.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=CFT18950127-01.2.30&amp;e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-+Cressingham+bill-------0--">House at Work</a>,” <em>Pueblo Chieftain</em>, January 27, 1895.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://lawcollections.colorado.edu/colorado-house-and-senate-journals/islandora/object/journals%3A127913#page/1/mode/2up"><em><u>House Journal of the General Assembly of the State of Colorado, Tenth Session</u></em></a><u> (Denver: Smith-Brooks Printing, 1895).</u></p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=AVE18950509-01.2.19&amp;srpos=27&amp;e=-------en-20--21--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-Cressingham+-------0--">Is McIntire a Democrat?</a>” <em>Avalanche Echo</em> (Glenwood Springs, CO), May 9, 1895.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Mrs. Cressingham a Decided Blonde,” <em>St. Paul Daily Globe</em>, January 21, 1895.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>MyHeritage Library Edition, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Petticoated Law-Makers: A Novel Phase of Americanism Now Rampant in Colorado.” <em>Washington Times</em>, January 6, 1895.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Census Records, 1880–1910.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=TSS19060707.2.3&amp;srpos=1&amp;e=--1900---1910--en-20--1--txt-txIN-Cressingham-------0--">A Useful Life Ended</a>,” <em>Silverton Standard</em>, July 7, 1906.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1895-04-14/ed-1/seq-29/">Women as Lawmakers</a>,” <em>New York Sun</em>, April 14, 1895.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Women in Politics. Experiment to Be Tried in Colorado,” <em>Caldwell Tribune</em>, December 29, 1894.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Women Who Hold Office,” <em>Topeka State Journal</em>, November 28, 1894.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Gail M. Beaton, <em>Colorado Women: A History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.ncsl.org/womens-legislative-network/first-women-to-serve-in-state-and-territorial-legislatures">First Women to Serve in State and Territorial Legislatures</a>,” National Conference of State Legislatures, March 6, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.womenshistory.org/">National Women’s History Museum</a>.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 14 Oct 2020 19:33:15 +0000 yongli 3429 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Frances Klock http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/frances-klock <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Frances Klock</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-09-14T16:41:07-06:00" title="Monday, September 14, 2020 - 16:41" class="datetime">Mon, 09/14/2020 - 16:41</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/frances-klock" data-a2a-title="Frances Klock"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffrances-klock&amp;title=Frances%20Klock"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Frances S. Klock (1844–1908) was one of the first three women—along with <strong>Clara Cressingham</strong> and <strong>Carrie Clyde Holly</strong>—to serve as a state legislator in the United States. The three ran for office in 1894, one year after <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>women in Colorado achieved the right to vote</strong></a>. In addition to serving as a member of the State House of Representatives in 1895, Klock also served in the Woman’s Relief Corps and the Ladies auxiliary of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR). She was also an officer in the Colorado branch of the women’s auxiliary to the American Protective Association (APA).</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Frances S. Krake was born in North Lee, Massachusetts, on January 1, 1844. In 1858 her father, Nelson Krake, was elected as a town constable. When she was fifteen years old, her family moved to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Around the time of the move, she married John I. Klock, who was about seven years her senior. John and Frances lived with her family in 1860. The following year, the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a> broke out and the three men of the house—her father, brother, and husband—all enlisted for the Union. Only John Klock survived, and he was seriously injured.</p> <p>Frances and John moved to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> sometime in 1871, while Colorado was still a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>territory</strong></a>. Frances’s mother, Lucinda Krake, lived with them until her death in 1888.</p> <h2>Grand Army of the Republic</h2> <p>After the Civil War, Klock worked for the Woman’s Relief Corps of the GAR. The main purpose of the Woman’s Relief Corps was to look after the well-being of Union veterans. In January 1886, at a GAR convention in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>, Klock presided over the installation of Woman’s Relief Corps officers and was selected as an alternate delegate to the group’s national convention. Her long-term dedication to taking care of Civil War veterans and to helping the organization may have played a role in her election to office. According to at least one newspaper article, “She received a heavy soldier vote.”</p> <h2>Legislature</h2> <p>Unlike Cressingham and Holly, who were active suffragists, Klock was apparently not active in the women’s suffrage movement before Colorado women achieved the vote in 1893. Nevertheless, in 1894 she campaigned and won election as a state representative from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arapahoe-county"><strong>Arapahoe County</strong></a>, which then included Denver.</p> <p>In the legislature, Klock took a leadership role by chairing the Committee on Indian and Military Affairs, where she continued to support the goals of the GAR. She proposed that Colorado accept land ceded to the state by the US Congress to maintain a soldiers’ and sailors’ home at <strong>Fort Lyon</strong> near <strong>Las Animas</strong>. She also proposed a bill to pay off a debt to the National Guard. Neither bill passed, but her activities in the legislature show her ongoing interest in military and veteran affairs.</p> <p>Klock’s other main activity in the state legislature involved the State Home and Industrial School for Girls. In 1887 the <strong>Colorado General Assembly</strong> passed a law creating the institution, which was intended as a reformatory school where girls who routinely got into trouble would be educated. Despite establishing the home, the state did not allocate funds for its operation. Instead, Governor <strong>Alva Adams</strong> contracted with a convent of Benedictine (Catholic) Sisters to run the reformatory in the House of the Good Shepherd, a local branch of a worldwide Catholic institution dedicated to the reform of delinquent girls and young women.</p> <p>By 1895 the State Home still had no state funding. Klock introduced a bill to remedy that situation. Meanwhile, the Benedictine Sisters who ran the reformatory also had not been paid for their work, and the State House voted down a bill to reimburse them because of strong anti-Catholic sentiment. To compensate for the House’s refusal to pay the Benedictine Sisters, the State Senate amended Klock’s funding bill to not only fund the State Home in the future but also reimburse the Sisters for their costs.</p> <p>The amendment created a conflict of interest for Klock. At the time, she served as president of the Colorado women’s branch of the powerful American Protective Association, a staunchly anti-Catholic group that tried to keep Catholics out of civil activities. Klock left no records beyond her actions to illuminate her own thinking on the subject. Deciding she could not violate the APA’s tenets, Klock voted against the Senate amendment to her own funding bill, which ultimately failed.</p> <p>After serving a single term in the legislature, Klock did not run for reelection.</p> <h2>State Home and Industrial School for Girls in Practice</h2> <p>Despite her legislative failure, Klock was instrumental in the creation of a State Home and Industrial School for Girls to replace the one housed by the Benedictine Sisters. On June 20, 1895, after the end of the legislative session, Governor Albert McIntire appointed Klock to the home’s board, where she served as its president. Because the state still made no appropriation, each county contributed some money and Klock sought private funding for the institution. She was successful enough that it opened on September 16, 1895.</p> <p>Within a few years, however, the State Home was rocked by scandal, which caused Governor Adams to ask Klock and the remainder of the board to resign in 1898. The scandal involved accusations of mistreatment of the girls, including locking them in dark basement rooms and spraying them with cold water. Contemporary newspapers reveal contradictory opinions coming from all directions about how to reform the home. Some people demanded greater strictness and others greater compassion. These contradictory recommendations for reforming the home show the difficulty that the home’s leadership faced. After the board was ousted, troubles continued and some of the girls ended up in jail.</p> <p>Klock continued to apply her organizational and oratorical skills to the American Protective Association and the Grand Army of the Republic. In 1896, at the same time she served as president of the State Home and Industrial School for Girls, she was also an officer for the Ladies auxiliary of the GAR and was reelected president of the Colorado Woman’s APA. At the same time, she was elected supreme vice-president of the national organization of the Woman’s APA. In 1903–4 she served as president of the Ladies of the GAR’s Colorado Department, and later she continued to assist the leadership of the GAR’s Ladies auxiliary in the state.&nbsp;</p> <h2>Death</h2> <p>On October 5, 1908, Klock died after a long, unspecified illness. She was buried in the family tomb in Denver’s <strong>Riverside Cemetery</strong>.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Klock’s election to office and her activity in the Colorado State Legislature, along with that of Carrie Clyde Holly and Clara Cressingham, were reported in papers across the country. We take women’s ability to legislate for granted now, but in Klock’s day it was revelatory, helping to open the doors for future generations of women to serve in local, state, and federal government. Yet Klock’s leadership of the anti-Catholic APA serves as a reminder that women who worked to exercise their own rights did not necessarily believe in equality for all and sometimes proved willing to restrict the rights of others based on religion or race.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/gaughan-judy-e" hreflang="und">Gaughan, Judy E. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/frances-klock" hreflang="en">Frances Klock</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s Suffrage</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">colorado women&#039;s history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage-colorado" hreflang="en">women&#039;s suffrage colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-army-republic" hreflang="en">Grand Army of the Republic</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/american-protective-association" hreflang="en">American Protective Association</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/state-home-and-industrial-school-girls" hreflang="en">State Home and Industrial School for Girls</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><em>Aspen Daily Times</em>, October 7, 1908.</p> <p><em>Aspen Democrat</em>, November 6, 1903.</p> <p><em>Aspen Tribune</em>, December 17, 1895; October 10, 1896.</p> <p><em>Berkshire County Eagle&nbsp;</em>(Lee, MA), April 9, 1858.</p> <p><em>Brooklyn Citizen</em> (Brooklyn, NY), October 9, 1896.</p> <p><em>Boulder Daily Camera</em>, June 20, 1895.</p> <p><em>Castle Rock Journal</em>, February 4, 1898.</p> <p><em>Columbus Enquirer</em> (Columbus, OH), December 2, 1894.</p> <p><em>Colorado Daily Chieftain</em> (Pueblo), January 26, 1886; January 28, 1886; January 3, 1896.</p> <p><em>Colorado Transcript</em> (Golden), March 23, 1905.</p> <p><em>Daily Sentinel</em> (Grand Junction), March 18, 1897.</p> <p><em>Delta Independent</em>, April 29, 1896.</p> <p>Pam Epstein, “<a href="http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/apa.html">The American Protective Association</a>,” <em>1896</em>, Vassar College.</p> <p><em>Harrisburg Daily Independent</em> (Harrisburg, PA), October 11, 1894.</p> <p><em>Herald Democrat</em> (Leadville), May 18, 1896.</p> <p><a href="https://lawcollections.colorado.edu/colorado-house-and-senate-journals/islandora/object/journals%3A127913#page/1/mode/2up"><em>House Journal of the General Assembly of the State of Colorado, Sixth Session</em></a> (Denver: Smith-Brooks Printing, 1887).</p> <p><a href="https://lawcollections.colorado.edu/colorado-house-and-senate-journals/islandora/object/journals%3A127913#page/1/mode/2up"><em>House Journal of the General Assembly of the State of Colorado, Tenth Session</em></a> (Denver: Smith-Brooks Printing, 1895).</p> <p><em>Indiana Tribune</em> (Indianapolis), March 24, 1895.</p> <p><em>Leadville Daily/Evening Chronicle</em>, May 15, 1896.</p> <p><em>New Era </em>(Walden), October 22, 1908.</p> <p><em>Saint Paul (MN) Globe</em>, January 21, 1895.</p> <p><em>Salida Mail</em>, September 17, 1895.</p> <p>Kristine Schmucker, “<a href="https://hchm.org/tag/womens-relief-corp-wrc/">Women’s Relief Corp</a>,” Harvey County Historical Museum, November 13, 2015.</p> <p><a href="https://lawcollections.colorado.edu/colorado-house-and-senate-journals/islandora/object/journals%3A129437#page/1/mode/2up"><em>Senate Journal of the General Assembly of the State of Colorado, Tenth Session</em></a> (Denver: Smith-Brooks Printing, 1895).</p> <p>J. S. Young, <a href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=rVM6AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PR1"><em>The Government of the People of the State of Colorado</em></a> (Philadelphia: Eldredge and Brother, 1900).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Marcia Tremmel Goldstein, <em>“Meet Me at the Ballot Box”: Women’s Innovations in Party and Electoral Politics in Post-suffrage Colorado, 1893–1898</em> (PhD diss., University of Colorado–Boulder, 2007).</p> <p>“<a href="https://suvcw.org/LGAR/History.html">History</a>,” Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic.</p> <p><a href="https://womansreliefcorps.org/">National Woman’s Relief Corps</a></p> <p>“<a href="http://www.strongsisters.org/women-who-served-in-the-colorado-house-of-representatives/">Women Who Served in the Colorado House of Representatives</a>,” Strong Sisters: Elected Women in Colorado.</p> <p>Cassandra L. Yacovazzi, <em>Escaped Nuns: True Womanhood and the Campaign Against Convents in Antebellum America</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Frances S. Klock (1844–1908) was one of the first three women—along with Clara Cressingham and Carrie Clyde Holly—to serve as a state legislator in the United States. The three ran for office in 1894. That was one year after women in Colorado achieved the right to vote. Klock also served in the Woman’s Relief Corps and the Ladies auxiliary of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR). She was an officer in the Colorado branch of the women’s auxiliary to the American Protective Association (APA).</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Frances S. Krake was born in North Lee, Massachusetts, on January 1, 1844. When she was fifteen years old, her family moved to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Around the time of the move, she married John I. Klock. He was about seven years older. John and Frances lived with her family in 1860. The following year, the Civil War broke out.&nbsp; Her father, brother, and husband all enlisted for the Union. Only John Klock survived. He was seriously injured.</p> <p>Frances and John moved to Denver in 1871, while Colorado was a territory. Frances’s mother lived with them until her death in 1888.</p> <h2>Grand Army of the Republic</h2> <p>After the Civil War, Klock worked for the Woman’s Relief Corps of the GAR. The purpose of the Woman’s Relief Corps was to look after Union veterans. Her dedication to taking care of Civil War veterans may have played a role in her election. According to at least one newspaper article, “She received a heavy soldier vote.”</p> <h2>Legislature</h2> <p>Klock was not active in the women’s suffrage movement before Colorado women achieved the vote in 1893. In 1894, she campaigned and won election as a state representative from Arapahoe County. At the time, that included Denver.</p> <p>In the legislature, Klock took a leadership role. She chaired the Committee on Indian and Military Affairs. She continued to support the goals of the GAR. She proposed that Colorado accept land offered to the state by the US Congress to maintain a soldiers’ and sailors’ home at Fort Lyon. She also proposed a bill to pay off a debt to the National Guard. Neither bill passed. However, her activities showed her ongoing interest in veteran affairs.</p> <p>Klock’s other main activity in the state legislature involved the State Home and Industrial School for Girls. In 1887 the Colorado General Assembly passed a law creating the home. It was a place where troubled girls would be educated. However, the state did not provide funds for its operation. Governor Alva Adams contracted with a convent of Benedictine (Catholic) Sisters to run the school. The home was located in the House of the Good Shepherd, a local branch of a worldwide Catholic institution dedicated to the reform of girls and young women.</p> <p>By 1895 the State Home still had no state funding. Klock introduced a bill to change the situation. Meanwhile, the Benedictine Sisters who ran the school had not been paid for their work. The State House voted down a bill to pay them because of strong anti-Catholic sentiment. To make up for the House’s refusal to pay the Benedictine Sisters, the State Senate amended Klock’s funding bill. The amendment would fund the State Home in the future and reimburse the Sisters for their costs.</p> <p>The amendment created a conflict of interest for Klock. At the time, she served as president of the Colorado women’s branch of the American Protective Association. The association was an anti-Catholic group. They tried to keep Catholics out of civil activities. Klock decided she could not violate the APA’s tenets. She voted against the Senate amendment to her own funding bill. The bill failed.</p> <p>Klock served a single term in the legislature. She did not run for reelection.</p> <h2>State Home and Industrial School for Girls in Practice</h2> <p>Klock helped create a State Home and Industrial School for Girls to replace the one housed by the Benedictine Sisters. Governor Albert McIntire appointed Klock to the home’s board. She served as its president. Because the state still did not provide funding, each county contributed some money. Klock also sought private funding for the home. She was successful. The home opened on September 16, 1895.</p> <p>Within a few years, the State Home was rocked by scandal. There were accusations the girls were mistreated. Governor Adams asked Klock and the board to resign in 1898. After the board was ousted, troubles continued. Some of the girls ended up in jail.</p> <p>Klock continued her work with the American Protective Association and the Grand Army of the Republic. Klock was reelected president of the Colorado Woman’s APA. In 1903–4 she served as president of the Ladies of the GAR’s Colorado Department.</p> <h2>Death</h2> <p>On October 5, 1908, Klock died after a long illness. She was buried in the family tomb in Denver’s Riverside Cemetery.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Klock’s election was reported in papers across the country. Her leadership of the anti-Catholic APA serves as a reminder that women did not necessarily believe in equality for all. Some women were willing to restrict the rights of others.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Frances S. Klock (1844–1908) was one of the first three women—along with Clara Cressingham and Carrie Clyde Holly—to serve as a state legislator in the United States. The three ran for office in 1894. That was one year after women in Colorado achieved the right to vote. Klock also served in the Woman’s Relief Corps and the Ladies auxiliary of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR). She was an officer in the Colorado branch of the women’s auxiliary to the American Protective Association (APA).</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Frances S. Krake was born in North Lee, Massachusetts, on January 1, 1844. In 1858 her father, Nelson Krake, was elected as a town constable. When she was fifteen years old, her family moved to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Around the time of the move, she married John I. Klock. He was about seven years older. John and Frances lived with her family in 1860. The following year, the Civil War broke out.&nbsp; Her father, brother, and husband all enlisted for the Union. Only John Klock survived. He was seriously injured.</p> <p>Frances and John moved to Denver in 1871, while Colorado was a territory. Frances’s mother, Lucinda Krake, lived with them until her death in 1888.</p> <h2>Grand Army of the Republic</h2> <p>After the Civil War, Klock worked for the Woman’s Relief Corps of the GAR. The main purpose of the Woman’s Relief Corps was to look after the well-being of Union veterans. In January 1886, she was selected as an alternate delegate to the group’s national convention. Her long-term dedication to taking care of Civil War veterans may have played a role in her election to office. According to at least one newspaper article, “She received a heavy soldier vote.”</p> <h2>Legislature</h2> <p>Klock was not active in the women’s suffrage movement before Colorado women achieved the vote in 1893. In 1894, she campaigned and won election as a state representative from Arapahoe County. At the time, that included Denver.</p> <p>In the legislature, Klock took a leadership role. She chaired the Committee on Indian and Military Affairs. She continued to support the goals of the GAR. She proposed that Colorado accept land ceded to the state by the US Congress to maintain a soldiers’ and sailors’ home at Fort Lyon. She also proposed a bill to pay off a debt to the National Guard. Neither bill passed. However, her activities in the legislature showed her ongoing interest in veteran affairs.</p> <p>Klock’s other main activity in the state legislature involved the State Home and Industrial School for Girls. In 1887 the Colorado General Assembly passed a law creating the institution. It was intended as a school where girls who got into trouble would be educated. However, the state did not provide funds for its operation. Governor Alva Adams contracted with a convent of Benedictine (Catholic) Sisters to run the school. It was located in the House of the Good Shepherd, a local branch of a worldwide Catholic institution dedicated to the reform of girls and young women.</p> <p>By 1895 the State Home still had no state funding. Klock introduced a bill to change that situation. Meanwhile, the Benedictine Sisters who ran the school had not been paid for their work. The State House voted down a bill to reimburse them because of strong anti-Catholic sentiment. To compensate for the House’s refusal to pay the Benedictine Sisters, the State Senate amended Klock’s funding bill. The amendment would not only fund the State Home in the future but also reimburse the Sisters for their costs.</p> <p>The amendment created a conflict of interest for Klock. At the time, she served as president of the Colorado women’s branch of the powerful American Protective Association. The association was a staunchly anti-Catholic group. They tried to keep Catholics out of civil activities. Deciding she could not violate the APA’s tenets, Klock voted against the Senate amendment to her own funding bill. It ultimately failed.</p> <p>After serving a single term in the legislature, Klock did not run for reelection.</p> <h2>State Home and Industrial School for Girls in Practice</h2> <p>Klock was instrumental in the creation of a State Home and Industrial School for Girls to replace the one housed by the Benedictine Sisters. On June 20, 1895, after the end of the legislative session, Governor Albert McIntire appointed Klock to the home’s board. She served as its president. Because the state still made no appropriation, each county contributed some money. Klock also sought private funding for the institution. She was successful. The home opened on September 16, 1895.</p> <p>Within a few years, however, the State Home was rocked by scandal. Governor Adams asked Klock and the remainder of the board to resign in 1898. The scandal involved accusations of mistreatment of the girls. There were differing opinions about how to reform the home. Some people demanded greater strictness and others greater compassion. These contradictory recommendations show the difficulty that the home’s leadership faced. After the board was ousted, troubles continued. Some of the girls ended up in jail.</p> <p>Klock continued to apply her skills to the American Protective Association and the Grand Army of the Republic. In 1896, she was also an officer for the Ladies auxiliary of the GAR. Klock was reelected president of the Colorado Woman’s APA. She was also serving as elected supreme vice-president of the national organization of the Woman’s APA. In 1903–4 she served as president of the Ladies of the GAR’s Colorado Department. Later, she continued to assist the leadership of the GAR’s Ladies auxiliary in the state.</p> <h2>Death</h2> <p>On October 5, 1908, Klock died after a long, unspecified illness. She was buried in the family tomb in Denver’s Riverside Cemetery.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Klock’s election and her activity in the Colorado State Legislature was reported in papers across the country. Yet Klock’s leadership of the anti-Catholic APA serves as a reminder that women did not necessarily believe in equality for all. They sometimes proved willing to restrict the rights of others based on religion or race.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Frances S. Klock (1844–1908) was one of the first three women—along with Clara Cressingham and Carrie Clyde Holly—to serve as a state legislator in the United States. The three ran for office in 1894. That was one year after women in Colorado achieved the right to vote. Klock also served in the Woman’s Relief Corps and the Ladies auxiliary of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR). She was also an officer in the Colorado branch of the women’s auxiliary to the American Protective Association (APA).</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Frances S. Krake was born in North Lee, Massachusetts, on January 1, 1844. In 1858 her father, Nelson Krake, was elected as a town constable. When she was fifteen years old, her family moved to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Around the time of the move, she married John I. Klock, who was about seven years older. John and Frances lived with her family in 1860. The following year, the Civil War broke out.&nbsp; Her father, brother, and husband all enlisted for the Union. Only John Klock survived. He was seriously injured.</p> <p>Frances and John moved to Denver sometime in 1871, while Colorado was still a territory. Frances’s mother, Lucinda Krake, lived with them until her death in 1888.</p> <h2>Grand Army of the Republic</h2> <p>After the Civil War, Klock worked for the Woman’s Relief Corps of the GAR. The main purpose of the Woman’s Relief Corps was to look after the well-being of Union veterans. In January 1886, at a GAR convention in Pueblo, Klock presided over the installation of Woman’s Relief Corps officers. She was selected as an alternate delegate to the group’s national convention. Her long-term dedication to taking care of Civil War veterans and to helping the organization may have played a role in her election to office. According to at least one newspaper article, “She received a heavy soldier vote.”</p> <h2>Legislature</h2> <p>Unlike Cressingham and Holly, who were active suffragists, Klock was not active in the women’s suffrage movement before Colorado women achieved the vote in 1893. In 1894 she campaigned and won election as a state representative from Arapahoe County. At the time, this included Denver.</p> <p>In the legislature, Klock took a leadership role. She chaired the Committee on Indian and Military Affairs, where she continued to support the goals of the GAR. She proposed that Colorado accept land ceded to the state by the US Congress to maintain a soldiers’ and sailors’ home at Fort Lyon near Las Animas. She also proposed a bill to pay off a debt to the National Guard. Neither bill passed. However, her activities in the legislature show her ongoing interest in military and veteran affairs.</p> <p>Klock’s other main activity in the state legislature involved the State Home and Industrial School for Girls. In 1887 the Colorado General Assembly passed a law creating the institution, which was intended as a reformatory school where girls who routinely got into trouble would be educated. Despite establishing the home, the state did not allocate funds for its operation. Instead, Governor Alva Adams contracted with a convent of Benedictine (Catholic) Sisters to run the reformatory in the House of the Good Shepherd, a local branch of a worldwide Catholic institution dedicated to the reform of delinquent girls and young women.</p> <p>By 1895 the State Home still had no state funding. Klock introduced a bill to remedy that situation. Meanwhile, the Benedictine Sisters who ran the reformatory also had not been paid for their work, and the State House voted down a bill to reimburse them because of strong anti-Catholic sentiment. To compensate for the House’s refusal to pay the Benedictine Sisters, the State Senate amended Klock’s funding bill to not only fund the State Home in the future but also reimburse the Sisters for their costs.</p> <p>The amendment created a conflict of interest for Klock. At the time, she served as president of the Colorado women’s branch of the powerful American Protective Association, a staunchly anti-Catholic group that tried to keep Catholics out of civil activities. Klock left no records beyond her actions to illuminate her own thinking on the subject. Deciding she could not violate the APA’s tenets, Klock voted against the Senate amendment to her own funding bill, which ultimately failed.</p> <p>After serving a single term in the legislature, Klock did not run for reelection.</p> <h2>State Home and Industrial School for Girls in Practice</h2> <p>Despite her legislative failure, Klock was instrumental in the creation of a State Home and Industrial School for Girls to replace the one housed by the Benedictine Sisters. On June 20, 1895, after the end of the legislative session, Governor Albert McIntire appointed Klock to the home’s board, where she served as its president. Because the state still made no appropriation, each county contributed some money and Klock sought private funding for the institution. She was successful enough that it opened on September 16, 1895.</p> <p>Within a few years, however, the State Home was rocked by scandal, which caused Governor Adams to ask Klock and the remainder of the board to resign in 1898. The scandal involved accusations of mistreatment of the girls, including locking them in dark basement rooms and spraying them with cold water. Contemporary newspapers reveal contradictory opinions coming from all directions about how to reform the home. Some people demanded greater strictness and others greater compassion. These contradictory recommendations for reforming the home show the difficulty that the home’s leadership faced. After the board was ousted, troubles continued and some of the girls ended up in jail.</p> <p>Klock continued to apply her organizational and oratorical skills to the American Protective Association and the Grand Army of the Republic. In 1896, at the same time she served as president of the State Home and Industrial School for Girls, she was also an officer for the Ladies auxiliary of the GAR and was reelected president of the Colorado Woman’s APA. At the same time, she was elected supreme vice-president of the national organization of the Woman’s APA. In 1903–4 she served as president of the Ladies of the GAR’s Colorado Department, and later she continued to assist the leadership of the GAR’s Ladies auxiliary in the state.</p> <h2>Death</h2> <p>On October 5, 1908, Klock died after a long, unspecified illness. She was buried in the family tomb in Denver’s Riverside Cemetery.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Klock’s election to office and her activity in the Colorado State Legislature, along with that of Carrie Clyde Holly and Clara Cressingham, were reported in papers across the country. We take women’s ability to legislate for granted now, but in Klock’s day it was revelatory, helping to open the doors for future generations of women to serve in local, state, and federal government. Yet Klock’s leadership of the anti-Catholic APA serves as a reminder that women who worked to exercise their own rights did not necessarily believe in equality for all and sometimes proved willing to restrict the rights of others based on religion or race.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Sep 2020 22:41:07 +0000 yongli 3420 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Legislative Sessions and Women’s Suffrage (1861–93) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/legislative-sessions-and-womens-suffrage-1861-93 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Legislative Sessions and Women’s Suffrage (1861–93) </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-09-14T14:44:02-06:00" title="Monday, September 14, 2020 - 14:44" class="datetime">Mon, 09/14/2020 - 14:44</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/legislative-sessions-and-womens-suffrage-1861-93" data-a2a-title="Legislative Sessions and Women’s Suffrage (1861–93) "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flegislative-sessions-and-womens-suffrage-1861-93&amp;title=Legislative%20Sessions%20and%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Suffrage%20%281861%E2%80%9393%29%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>In 1893 Colorado became the first state to enact <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>women’s suffrage</strong></a> by popular referendum, when a majority of male voters approved an amendment to the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-constitution"><strong>Colorado Constitution</strong></a>. The passage of women’s suffrage built on decades of earlier work in the <strong>Colorado Territorial Legislature</strong> (1861–76) and state <strong>General Assembly</strong> (after 1876). The legislative activity provided two conditions that made suffrage possible in 1893: the state constitution explicitly allowed for future referenda on women’s suffrage, and the repeated attempts to pass women’s suffrage in the legislature over more than two decades made its eventual passage possible.</p> <h2>1870: Territorial Legislature</h2> <p>The Colorado Territorial Legislature first considered the question of women’s suffrage in 1870. On January 5, territorial governor <strong>Edward McCook</strong> recommended the territorial legislature take up the issue, a year after Wyoming Territory enacted women’s suffrage. Each chamber of the legislature—the House and the Council—then referred women’s suffrage to a special committee.</p> <p>In the Council, the special committee voted against women’s suffrage, but Amos Steck (<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arapahoe-county"><strong>Arapahoe</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/douglas-county"><strong>Douglas</strong></a> Counties) and J. W. Nesmith (<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gilpin-county"><strong>Gilpin County</strong>)</a> presented a minority report in favor of women’s suffrage. An attempt to invite women to hear Steck speak on the issue was voted down. Despite Steck’s support, no bill was proposed in the Council.</p> <p>In the House, Allison H. DeFrance (<a href="/article/jefferson-county"><strong>Jefferson</strong></a><a href="/article/jefferson-county"><strong> County</strong></a>) proposed a suffrage bill, and he also spoke at length in favor of women’s right to vote. People were invited to speak on the subject, including Council president George A. Hinsdale in opposition and Willard Teller and Thomas J. Campbell in support, as well as any members of the public—including women. In its final form, DeFrance’s bill would have put suffrage to a popular referendum with women included among the voters. The bill was indefinitely postponed. Neither chamber held a vote directly on the question of women’s suffrage.</p> <h2>1875–76: Colorado Constitutional Convention</h2> <p>The most important legislative session in Colorado women’s struggle for suffrage was the state constitutional convention in 1875–76. The convention did not put women’s suffrage into the constitution, but it paved the way for the passage of women’s suffrage by referendum in 1893.</p> <p>Women’s suffrage organizations across the state and the country wrote to the convention in support of their cause. Suffragists both watched the proceedings and presented their arguments formally in the chambers.</p> <p>The Committee on Rights and Suffrage in Elections decided against allowing women to vote, and their recommendation was accepted by the convention. However, committee members <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/agapito-vigil"><strong>Agapito Vigil</strong></a> (R-<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/huerfano-county"><strong>Huerfano</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/las-animas-county"><strong>Las Animas</strong></a> Counties) and <strong>Henry P. Bromwell</strong> (R-<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>) presented a lengthy minority report in support of women’s suffrage. Their report proposed that instead of full suffrage, women might be granted the right to vote in school elections, a concession that the convention granted. In a final effort, Abram Young (R-Jefferson County) hoped to advance the cause of women’s suffrage by moving to strike “male” from the phrase giving suffrage to “every male person.” His proposal failed, 42–8.</p> <p>Nevertheless, in addition to school board suffrage, three crucial measures relating to women’s right to vote were included in the constitution. First, the General Assembly was required to submit a referendum on the question of women’s suffrage to the voters in 1877. Second, if that measure failed, the General Assembly might at any time after 1877 extend the right of suffrage to women by resubmitting the question to (male) voters. In either case, the question would be decided by a simple majority.</p> <p>Although it appears innocuous, the simple-majority requirement was vital because it made it far easier to amend the constitution in favor of women’s suffrage than to amend it for anything else. Other amendments required decisions by a two-thirds vote of two different General Assemblies and two different popular votes and the creation of another constitutional convention. Women’s suffrage required only that the assembly send the question to the “qualified electors” and that a bare majority of those voters approve.</p> <h2>1877: The First Popular Referendum</h2> <p>Two women’s suffrage bills were proposed in 1877. Representative Charles Kittredge’s House bill defied the constitution by requiring Colorado voters to approve the referendum by a two-thirds majority. In contrast, Senator Silas Haynes (<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a>) wrote a bill in accordance with the constitution: women would be provided the right of suffrage if the referendum received a simple majority. Haynes’s bill became law and the question of women’s suffrage was placed on the ballot. However, the popular vote failed by a margin of more than 2 to 1.</p> <h2>1879: The Second State General Assembly</h2> <p>In 1879 Senator Edward O. Wolcott (R-Gilpin) introduced a women’s suffrage bill. It passed in the senate by a vote of 14–12 and was sent to the House. There Lucas Brandt (R-<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>) presented two petitions in favor of women’s suffrage, one from the “citizens of Colorado” and one from the “State grange patrons of husbandry.” After a great deal of discussion on the House floor, that chamber voted 24–17 to table the bill indefinitely, effectively killing it.</p> <h2>1881: A Close Call in the House</h2> <p>In 1881 Representative Jared L. Brush proposed a women’s suffrage bill in the House. Henry Bromwell, still active in the suffrage movement, and Mrs. L. F. Stevens of Wyoming were invited to speak to the General Assembly on suffrage. <strong>Alida C. Avery</strong> presided over their presentation. Many votes were taken on the bill with inconclusive results, but in the decisive final vote, the bill lost 24–23. No action was taken in the senate with regard to women’s suffrage.</p> <h2>1891: Legislative Rules</h2> <p>A decade passed before the General Assembly took its next action on women’s suffrage. In February 1891, suffrage proponents persuaded legislators to support women’s suffrage. Committees were created in both House and Senate in early February. A few weeks later, these committees met jointly to listen to arguments in favor of suffrage, but they told the suffragists that it was too late to submit a bill for that session. No bill was introduced in either chamber.</p> <h2>1893: Equal Suffrage Passes</h2> <p>In 1893 legislators proposed five bills on the subject of women’s suffrage: two in the senate and three in the House. In his address to the General Assembly, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/populism-colorado"><strong>Populist</strong></a> Governor <strong>Davis Waite</strong> had suggested that the assembly consider the subject of municipal suffrage (allowing women to vote in city elections), and Senator David Boyd (P-Weld) proposed such a bill while Senator Hamilton Armstrong (P-Arapahoe) proposed a bill for full suffrage. Of the three bills in the House, Representative Heath’s (P-<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/montrose-county"><strong>Montrose County</strong></a>) House Bill No. 118 prevailed despite a lengthy legislative process that included substantial amendments, multiple procedural hoops, and a negative recommendation from the committee on elections and appointments. Petitions in favor of women’s suffrage came in from citizens of <strong>Rocky Ford</strong> and the Trade Assembly of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/aspen"><strong>Aspen</strong></a>.</p> <p>In accordance with the state constitution, Heath’s law put the question of women’s suffrage to (male) voters in Colorado. On November 7, 1893, the majority of voters cast their ballots in favor of women’s suffrage. Colorado women finally attained the right to vote on December 2, after the official counting of the ballots was confirmed and the governor proclaimed women’s suffrage in the state.</p> <h2>1919: National Women’s Suffrage</h2> <p>On the first day of the General Assembly in 1919, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/non-partisan-equal-suffrage-association"><strong>Colorado Equal Suffrage Association</strong></a> invited all legislators and their families to attend a reception. In the House, Representative <strong>Mabel Ruth Baker</strong> (R-Denver) proposed House Joint Resolution No. 2, which encouraged the US Senate to pass the constitutional amendment on women’s suffrage. In the State Senate, <strong>Agnes L. Riddle</strong> (R-Denver), the second female senator in Colorado, served as a coauthor. By this time, sixteen women had served or were serving in the Colorado House of Representatives.</p> <p>On June 4, 1919, the US Senate followed the US House of Representatives in voting to amend the US Constitution to ensure that the right to vote would “not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.”</p> <p>The amendment required ratification by thirty-six states to take effect. In December 1919, Colorado governor <strong>Oliver Shoup</strong> called an extraordinary session of the General Assembly to ratify the amendment (among other business). Representatives <strong>May T. Bigelow</strong> (R-Denver) and Mabel Ruth Baker proposed the resolution in the House, while Senator Riddle proposed one in the Senate. (At the time, Colorado was one of only two states that had women serving in both chambers of the legislature.) Both houses voted unanimously in favor of the amendment, making Colorado the twenty-second state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment. On August 26, 1920, the nation caught up to Colorado and the Nineteenth Amendment became the law of the land.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/gaughan-judy-e" hreflang="und">Gaughan, Judy E. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/first-general-assembly" hreflang="en">First General Assembly</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-general-assembly" hreflang="en">Colorado General Assembly</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-legislature" hreflang="en">Colorado Legislature</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">colorado women&#039;s history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s Suffrage</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage-colorado" hreflang="en">women&#039;s suffrage colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Joseph G. Brown, <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbnawsa.n1331/?st=gallery"><em>The History of Equal Suffrage in Colorado, 1868–1898</em></a> (Denver: News Job Printing, 1898).</p> <p><em>Boulder Daily Camera</em>, February 2 and March 8, 1893.</p> <p><em>Colorado Daily Chieftain</em>, January 5, 1893.</p> <p><em>Colorado Springs Gazette</em>, February 17 and September 15, 1877.</p> <p><em>Colorado Weekly Chieftain</em>, October 7, 1869; January 2, 1879.</p> <p><a href="https://lawcollections.colorado.edu/colorado-house-and-senate-journals/">Colorado Territorial Council and State House and Senate Journals</a>, 1861–1893, 1919.</p> <p><em>Denver Daily Times</em>, January 17, 1877.</p> <p><em>Denver Daily Tribune</em>, January 7 and 17, 1877.</p> <p><em>Leadville Herald Democrat</em>, March 11, 1919.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.nps.gov/subjects/womenshistory/womens-suffrage-timeline.htm">State-by-State Race to Ratification of the 19th Amendment</a>,” National Park Service, updated June 2, 2020.</p> <p>“<a href="http://www.strongsisters.org/women-who-served-in-the-colorado-house-of-representatives/">Women Who Served in the Colorado House of Representatives</a>,” Strong Sisters: Elected Women in Colorado, n.d.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>“<a href="https://www.nps.gov/subjects/womenshistory/19th-amendment-by-state.htm">19th Amendment by State</a>,” National Park Service, updated July 8, 2019.</p> <p>Jerry Kopel, “<a href="http://www.jerrykopel.com/d/women.htm">Suffrage for Women in Colorado: 1870 Attempt</a>,” <em>Colorado Statesman</em>, October 6, 1995.</p> <p>Rebecca J. Mead, <em>How the Vote Was Won: Woman Suffrage in the Western United States, 1868–1914</em> (New York: NYU Press, 2004).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Sep 2020 20:44:02 +0000 yongli 3412 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Carrie Clyde Holly http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/carrie-clyde-holly <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Carrie Clyde Holly</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-09-14T14:37:13-06:00" title="Monday, September 14, 2020 - 14:37" class="datetime">Mon, 09/14/2020 - 14:37</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/carrie-clyde-holly" data-a2a-title="Carrie Clyde Holly"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcarrie-clyde-holly&amp;title=Carrie%20Clyde%20Holly"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Carrie Clyde Holly (1856–1943) of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-county"><strong>Pueblo County</strong></a> was elected to the state <strong>House of Representatives</strong> in 1894, making her one of the first three female legislators in the United States. In 1895 Holly became the first woman to get a bill she drafted made into law, the so-called Holly Law, which raised the age of consent for sex outside of marriage. She served only one term in the state legislature but remained politically active for decades as a lawyer, school board member, and campaigner for women’s rights.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Life before Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Carrie Clyde Holt was born in New York City in July 1856, the oldest child of William W. Holt and Maria Fanning Holt. She and her six younger siblings grew up in Stamford, Connecticut. Her father, a lawyer, was a descendant of Revolutionary War hero Samuel Clyde. Around 1881, Carrie married Charles Frederick Holly, a lawyer in New York, who had previously served as a Colorado territorial legislator in 1861–62 and as a Colorado state Supreme Court justice in 1876. Carrie Clyde Holly gave birth to her two daughters, Emily and Helen, while she still lived on the East Coast in the 1880s. She also did some work with Lillie Devereaux Blake, president of the New York State Woman Suffrage Association.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pueblo County</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>At the end of the 1880s, the Holly family moved to Colorado, where they settled on a farm in Vineland, Pueblo County. Charles worked as a lawyer while Holly raised their daughters, studied law, wrote poetry for the local newspaper, and served as president of the Pueblo School Board. Although women did not have full suffrage when Holly first moved to Colorado, they could vote in school board elections and serve as school board officers. Colorado women <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>achieved full suffrage</strong></a> in 1893.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Campaign of 1894</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Women in Colorado quickly took advantage of their new rights. One year after achieving the right to vote, Holly and other women joined the fray and campaigned for public office. On September 6, at the Pueblo County Republican Party convention, Holly was nominated for a seat in the state House of Representatives. When she went onstage to accept the nomination, “the convention went fairly wild.” She ran on the Republican ticket and gave speeches about the importance of free silver coinage and raising the age of consent for sex outside of marriage, both of which made it onto the state’s Republican Party platform. (Unlike the national Republican Party, Colorado Republicans supported restoring silver, which was heavily mined in the state, to serve with gold as the standard for currency in the United States.) She also spoke of the challenges of being a woman on the campaign trail and the importance of women voting for Republicans.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>House of Representatives, 1895</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1895 Holly arrived in the Colorado House of Representatives with an extensive legislative agenda. She proposed a total of fourteen bills. Three were morality bills designed to punish activities such as seduction; three dealt with education; three concerned women’s rights within the family; one was about advancing cases to the <strong>Colorado Supreme Court</strong>; and one would have imposed an educational qualification on voters. Notably, her bill for equal rights in Colorado came thirty-eight years before the Equal Rights Amendment was introduced in the US Congress. She also drafted a House Joint Resolution congratulating New York and California on having the opportunity to vote for women’s suffrage in 1895; it passed the House but was buried in committee by the all-male Senate.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Of the fourteen bills Holly introduced, one became a law. The “Holly Bill,” as it became known, proposed to protect girls and young women by changing the age at which a woman could legally consent to sex outside of marriage from sixteen to twenty-one. If a man had sex with a younger woman or girl, he could be charged with rape.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On January 23, 1895, Holly spoke on the state House floor in favor of her bill, the first time ever in US history that a woman had argued in a legislative session on behalf of her own bill. The significance of Holly’s speech was recognized at the time, especially by women. According to the <strong><em>Pueblo Chieftain</em></strong>, “Women were everywhere. They packed the space railed off for them. They made an almost solid line around the three sides of the House on which extend the galleries set apart for men. They occupied chairs beside the members or sat in the aisles. They even knelt on the floor near Mrs. Klock, Mrs. Cressingham and Mrs. Holly.” When Holly and her supporters spoke, cheers and applause erupted; when opponents spoke, they were booed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After much debate in the House and many shenanigans in the Senate (including a profane version of the bill proposed by the Senate judiciary committee that caused Holly and the other women present to leave the Senate chamber in disgust), Holly’s bill passed with the age of consent set at eighteen. When Governor <strong>Albert McIntire</strong> had some last-minute doubts about signing the legislation, Holly wrote to him from her sickbed and convinced him to change his mind.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>After the General Assembly</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Holly did not run for reelection to the House of Representatives, but her interest in laws and government continued. In 1895 she wrote an article for a national magazine describing how she passed her age-of-consent law, and she continued to write on political topics locally. On December 8, 1896, five years after women were first allowed to be attorneys in Colorado, she was admitted to the bar to practice law. She practiced both civil and criminal law. She also continued to serve on the local school board during and after her year in state office.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Holly maintained her pro-silver position, which placed her in the minority of the Republican Party. After the demise of the party’s pro-silver faction in the late 1890s, she explored other political parties. In October 1901, the Pueblo County Democratic Party nominated her for superintendent of the school board, an election she lost, and in 1912 she was a precinct captain for the Progressive Party. She also served on an ethics commission for municipal government reform in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Holly’s efforts on behalf of women’s rights continued. She argued in favor of placing women on juries, and she went to Kansas in 1912 to campaign for women’s suffrage there.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Family Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When Holly served in the House of Representatives, she sometimes had her husband and daughters (ages eleven and seven) at work with her. On September 7, 1901, Holly’s husband, Charles, died. On March 1, 1902, she married Peter T. Dotson. She divorced him after seven years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1919 Holly moved to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> to live with her daughters, Emily (divorced) and Helen (widowed). Shortly afterward, the three moved to the Pacific Northwest, where they spent the rest of their lives.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Death</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On July 13, 1943, at the age of eighty-seven, Carrie Clyde Holly died of coronary thrombosis in Cowlitz County, Washington, and was cremated.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Many of Holly’s contemporaries saw the enactment of the Holly Law as a victory for women. Not only did the law protect potentially vulnerable young women, but Holly’s authorship also proved that women could be competent legislators. National suffragists used Holly’s legislative success to show that women could engage in political leadership and that they could bring high morals to government. Her example helped further the social revolution of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that resulted in the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote across the United States.  The immediate impact of Holly’s labors was recognized nationwide, but today her efforts tend to be subsumed under a massive wave of suffrage-era firsts for women, and her legacy is not well known, even in Pueblo County. </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/gaughan-judy-e" hreflang="und">Gaughan, Judy E. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/carrie-clyde-holly" hreflang="en">Carrie Clyde Holly</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s Suffrage</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage-colorado" hreflang="en">women&#039;s suffrage colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/holly-law" hreflang="en">Holly Law</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">colorado women&#039;s history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><a href="https://archive.org/details/coloradoan1908univ/page/2/mode/2up"><em>1908 Coloradoan</em></a>, the (Boulder: University of Colorado, 1907).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.ancestry.com/">Ancestry.com</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Marriage to and divorce From Peter Dotson</p>&#13; &#13; <p>New York, Episcopal Diocese of New York Church Records, 1767–1970</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Census: 1860, 1870, 1890, 1900, 1920, 1930, 1940</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Sons of the American Revolution Membership Applications, 1889–197</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado State Archives, Denver, CO.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Family Search Library, Oakland, CA.  </p>&#13; &#13; <p>Family Search Library, Salt Lake City, UT.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas William Herringshaw, ed., <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QNdOAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><em>Herringshaw's Encyclopedia of American Biography of the Nineteenth Century</em></a> (Chicago, American Publishers Association, 1901).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carrie Clyde Holly, “<a href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=8T9BAAAAYAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;pg=GBS.PA3">‘Age of Consent’ in Colorado</a>,” <em>Arena</em> 70 (September 1895).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://lawcollections.colorado.edu/colorado-house-and-senate-journals/islandora/object/journals%3A127913#page/1/mode/2up"><em>House Journal of the General Assembly of the State of Colorado, Tenth Session</em></a> (Denver: Smith-Brooks Printing, 1895).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Indicator</em> (Pueblo, CO), October 5, November 2, 1901; February 10, September 14, 1912.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kansas State Archives, Topeka, KS.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/PROCEEDINGS%20OF%20THE%20CONSTITUTIONAL%20CONVENTION_0.pdf"><em>Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention Held in Denver, December 20, 1875</em></a> (Denver: Smith-Brooks Press, 1907).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Pueblo Chieftain,</em> August 25, 1881; May 25, 1890; September 7, September 13, 1894; January 17, January 20, May 19, 1895; May 6, December 30, 1896.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pueblo County Historical Society, Pueblo, CO.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://lawcollections.colorado.edu/colorado-house-and-senate-journals/islandora/object/journals%3A129437#page/1/mode/2up"><em>Senate Journal of the General Assembly of the State of Colorado, Tenth Session</em></a> (Denver: Smith-Brooks Printing, 1895).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890),” <em>Gale Encyclopedia of US Economic History</em>, 2nd ed<em>.</em> (2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Troy (AL) Messenger</em>, January 9, 1895.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Women as Public Officers,” <em>Woman’s Journal</em>, January 29, 1898.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Gail M. Beaton, <em>Colorado Women: A History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Shoshanna Ehrlich, <em>Regulating Desire: From Virtuous Maiden to the Purity Princess </em>(Albany: State University of New York Press, 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elmer Ellis, “<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1898561">The Silver Republicans in the Election of 1896</a>,” <em>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</em>, 18, no. 4 (March 1932).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carrie Clyde Holly, <em>The Lawyer and the Tramp</em> (Portland, OR: Oregon Humane Society, 1955).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mary Odem, <em>Delinquent Daughters: Policing and Protecting Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885–1920</em> (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Doris Weatherford,<em> Women in American Politics: History and Milestones</em> (New York: CQ Press, 2012).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Carrie Clyde Holly (1856–1943) of Pueblo County was elected to the state House of Representatives in 1894. She was one of the first three female legislators in the United States. In 1895 Holly became the first woman to get a bill she drafted made into law. She served only one term in the state legislature. Holly remained politically active for decades. She continued her career as a lawyer and school board member.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Life before Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Carrie Clyde Holt was born in New York City in July 1856. She was the oldest child of William W. Holt and Maria Fanning Holt. She grew up in Stamford, Connecticut. Her father was a lawyer. Around 1881, Carrie married Charles Frederick Holly. Charles was a lawyer in New York. Carrie Clyde Holly gave birth to two daughters in the 1880s.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pueblo County</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>At the end of the 1880s, the Holly family moved to Colorado. They settled on a farm in Vineland, Pueblo County. Charles worked as a lawyer. Holly raised their daughters, studied law, and served as president of the Pueblo School Board. Women did not have full suffrage when Holly first moved to Colorado. However, women could vote in school board elections and serve as school board officers. Colorado women achieved full suffrage in 1893.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Campaign of 1894</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Women in Colorado took advantage of their new rights. One year after achieving the right to vote, Holly and other women ran for public office. At the Pueblo County Republican Party convention, Holly was nominated for a seat in the state House of Representatives. She ran on the Republican ticket. Holly gave speeches about the importance of free silver coinage. (Colorado Republicans supported restoring silver, which was heavily mined in the state, to serve with gold as the standard for currency in the United States.)</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>House of Representatives, 1895</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1895 Holly arrived in the Colorado House of Representatives. She had an extensive legislative agenda. She proposed a total of fourteen bills. Three were morality bills. Three of the bills dealt with education. Another three concerned women’s rights within the family. One bill was about advancing cases to the Colorado Supreme Court.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Of the fourteen bills Holly introduced, one became a law. The “Holly Bill” proposed to protect girls and young women.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On January 23, 1895, Holly spoke on the state House floor in favor of her bill. It was the first time in US history that a woman had argued in a legislative session on behalf of her own bill. The significance of Holly’s speech was recognized at the time, especially by women. According to the Pueblo Chieftain, “Women were everywhere. They packed the space railed off for them. They made an almost solid line around the three sides of the House on which extend the galleries set apart for men. They occupied chairs beside the members or sat in the aisles. They even knelt on the floor near Mrs. Klock, Mrs. Cressingham and Mrs. Holly.” When Holly and her supporters spoke, there was cheers and applause. When opponents spoke, they were booed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After much debate, Holly’s bill passed. However, Governor Albert McIntire had some last-minute doubts about signing the legislation.  Holly convinced him to change his mind.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>After the General Assembly</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Holly did not run for reelection. However, her interest in laws and government continued. In 1895, she wrote an article for a national magazine describing how she passed her law. She also continued to write on political topics. On December 8, 1896, she was admitted to the bar to practice law. She practiced both civil and criminal law. She also continued to serve on the local school board.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Holly maintained her pro-silver position. This placed her in the minority of the Republican Party. After the end of the party’s pro-silver faction in the late 1890s, she explored other political parties. In October 1901, the Pueblo County Democratic Party nominated her for superintendent of the school board. She lost the election. In 1912, she was a precinct captain for the Progressive Party.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Holly’s efforts on behalf of women’s rights continued. She argued in favor of placing women on juries. She went to Kansas in 1912 to campaign for women’s suffrage there.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Family Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On September 7, 1901, Holly’s husband, Charles, died. On March 1, 1902, she married Peter T. Dotson. She divorced him after seven years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1919 Holly moved to Colorado Springs to live with her daughters. The three moved to the Pacific Northwest. They spent the rest of their lives there.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Death</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On July 13, 1943, at the age of eighty-seven, Carrie Clyde Holly died. She was cremated.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Many of Holly’s peers saw the enactment of the Holly Law as a victory for women. National suffragists used her success to show that women could engage in political leadership. Holly's example helped with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. The amendment gave women the right to vote across the United States.  The immediate impact of Holly’s work was recognized nationwide. Today her legacy is not well known, even in Pueblo County.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Carrie Clyde Holly (1856–1943) of Pueblo County was elected to the state House of Representatives in 1894. She was one of the first three female legislators in the United States. In 1895 Holly became the first woman to get a bill she drafted made into law. The so-called Holly Law raised the age of consent for sex outside of marriage. She served only one term in the state legislature. Holly remained politically active for decades as a lawyer, school board member, and campaigner for women’s rights.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Life before Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Carrie Clyde Holt was born in New York City in July 1856. She was the oldest child of William W. Holt and Maria Fanning Holt. She and her six younger siblings grew up in Stamford, Connecticut. Her father was a lawyer. William was also a descendant of Revolutionary War hero Samuel Clyde. Around 1881, Carrie married Charles Frederick Holly. Charles was a lawyer in New York. He had served as a Colorado territorial legislator and as a Colorado state Supreme Court justice in 1876. Carrie Clyde Holly gave birth to two daughters, Emily and Helen, while she still lived on the East Coast in the 1880s. She also did some work with Lillie Devereaux Blake, president of the New York State Woman Suffrage Association.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pueblo County</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>At the end of the 1880s, the Holly family moved to Colorado. They settled on a farm in Vineland, Pueblo County. Charles worked as a lawyer while Holly raised their daughters, studied law, wrote poetry for the local newspaper, and served as president of the Pueblo School Board. Women did not have full suffrage when Holly first moved to Colorado. However, women could vote in school board elections and serve as school board officers. Colorado women achieved full suffrage in 1893.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Campaign of 1894</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Women in Colorado took advantage of their new rights. One year after achieving the right to vote, Holly and other women campaigned for public office. On September 6, at the Pueblo County Republican Party convention, Holly was nominated for a seat in the state House of Representatives. When she went onstage to accept the nomination, “the convention went fairly wild.” She ran on the Republican ticket. Holly gave speeches about the importance of free silver coinage and raising the age of consent for sex outside of marriage. (Unlike the national Republican Party, Colorado Republicans supported restoring silver, which was heavily mined in the state, to serve with gold as the standard for currency in the United States.) She also spoke of the challenges of being a woman on the campaign trail and the importance of women voting for Republicans.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>House of Representatives, 1895</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1895 Holly arrived in the Colorado House of Representatives with an extensive legislative agenda. She proposed a total of fourteen bills. Three were morality bills designed to punish activities such as seduction. Three of the bills dealt with education. Another three concerned women’s rights within the family. One bill was about advancing cases to the Colorado Supreme Court. Another bill would have imposed an educational qualification on voters. She also drafted a House Joint Resolution congratulating New York and California on having the opportunity to vote for women’s suffrage in 1895. The resolution passed the House but was buried in committee by the all-male Senate.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Of the fourteen bills Holly introduced, one became a law. The “Holly Bill,” as it became known, proposed to protect girls and young women by changing the age at which a woman could legally consent to sex outside of marriage from sixteen to twenty-one. If a man had sex with a younger woman or girl, he could be charged with rape.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On January 23, 1895, Holly spoke on the state House floor in favor of her bill. It was the first time ever in US history that a woman had argued in a legislative session on behalf of her own bill. The significance of Holly’s speech was recognized at the time, especially by women. According to the Pueblo Chieftain, “Women were everywhere. They packed the space railed off for them. They made an almost solid line around the three sides of the House on which extend the galleries set apart for men. They occupied chairs beside the members or sat in the aisles. They even knelt on the floor near Mrs. Klock, Mrs. Cressingham and Mrs. Holly.” When Holly and her supporters spoke, cheers and applause erupted. When opponents spoke, they were booed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After much debate in the House and Senate, Holly’s bill passed with the age of consent set at eighteen. However, Governor Albert McIntire had some last-minute doubts about signing the legislation.  Holly wrote to him from her sickbed and convinced him to change his mind.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>After the General Assembly</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Holly did not run for reelection to the House of Representatives. However, her interest in laws and government continued. In 1895, she wrote an article for a national magazine describing how she passed her age-of-consent law. She also continued to write on political topics locally. On December 8, 1896, five years after women were first allowed to be attorneys in Colorado, she was admitted to the bar to practice law. She practiced both civil and criminal law. She also continued to serve on the local school board during and after her year in state office.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Holly maintained her pro-silver position. This placed her in the minority of the Republican Party. After the demise of the party’s pro-silver faction in the late 1890s, she explored other political parties. In October 1901, the Pueblo County Democratic Party nominated her for superintendent of the school board. She lost the election. In 1912, she was a precinct captain for the Progressive Party. She also served on an ethics commission for municipal government reform in Pueblo.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Holly’s efforts on behalf of women’s rights continued. She argued in favor of placing women on juries. She went to Kansas in 1912 to campaign for women’s suffrage there.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Family Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On September 7, 1901, Holly’s husband, Charles, died. On March 1, 1902, she married Peter T. Dotson. She divorced him after seven years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1919 Holly moved to Colorado Springs to live with her daughters. Shortly afterward, the three moved to the Pacific Northwest, where they spent the rest of their lives.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Death</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On July 13, 1943, at the age of eighty-seven, Carrie Clyde Holly died in Cowlitz County, Washington. She was cremated.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Many of Holly’s peers saw the enactment of the Holly Law as a victory for women. The law protected vulnerable young women. Holly’s authorship proved that women could be competent legislators. National suffragists used Holly’s success to show that women could engage in political leadership. Her example helped further the social revolution of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The change in attitude resulted in the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment giving women the right to vote across the United States.  The immediate impact of Holly’s work was recognized nationwide. Today her legacy is not well known, even in Pueblo County.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Carrie Clyde Holly (1856–1943) of Pueblo County was elected to the state House of Representatives in 1894. She was one of the first three female legislators in the United States. In 1895 Holly became the first woman to get a bill she drafted made into law, the so-called Holly Law, which raised the age of consent for sex outside of marriage. She served only one term in the state legislature but remained politically active for decades as a lawyer, school board member, and campaigner for women’s rights.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Life before Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Carrie Clyde Holt was born in New York City in July 1856, the oldest child of William W. Holt and Maria Fanning Holt. She and her six younger siblings grew up in Stamford, Connecticut. Her father, a lawyer, was a descendant of Revolutionary War hero Samuel Clyde. Around 1881, Carrie married Charles Frederick Holly, a lawyer in New York, who had previously served as a Colorado territorial legislator in 1861–62 and as a Colorado state Supreme Court justice in 1876. Carrie Clyde Holly gave birth to her two daughters, Emily and Helen, while she still lived on the East Coast in the 1880s. She also did some work with Lillie Devereaux Blake, president of the New York State Woman Suffrage Association.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pueblo County</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>At the end of the 1880s, the Holly family moved to Colorado, where they settled on a farm in Vineland, Pueblo County. Charles worked as a lawyer while Holly raised their daughters, studied law, wrote poetry for the local newspaper, and served as president of the Pueblo School Board. Although women did not have full suffrage when Holly first moved to Colorado, they could vote in school board elections and serve as school board officers. Colorado women achieved full suffrage in 1893.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Campaign of 1894</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Women in Colorado quickly took advantage of their new rights. One year after achieving the right to vote, Holly and other women joined the fray and campaigned for public office. On September 6, at the Pueblo County Republican Party convention, Holly was nominated for a seat in the state House of Representatives. When she went onstage to accept the nomination, “the convention went fairly wild.” She ran on the Republican ticket and gave speeches about the importance of free silver coinage and raising the age of consent for sex outside of marriage, both of which made it onto the state’s Republican Party platform. (Unlike the national Republican Party, Colorado Republicans supported restoring silver, which was heavily mined in the state, to serve with gold as the standard for currency in the United States.) She also spoke of the challenges of being a woman on the campaign trail and the importance of women voting for Republicans.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>House of Representatives, 1895</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1895 Holly arrived in the Colorado House of Representatives with an extensive legislative agenda. She proposed a total of fourteen bills. Three were morality bills designed to punish activities such as seduction; three dealt with education; three concerned women’s rights within the family; one was about advancing cases to the Colorado Supreme Court; and one would have imposed an educational qualification on voters. Notably, her bill for equal rights in Colorado came thirty-eight years before the Equal Rights Amendment was introduced in the US Congress. She also drafted a House Joint Resolution congratulating New York and California on having the opportunity to vote for women’s suffrage in 1895; it passed the House but was buried in committee by the all-male Senate.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Of the fourteen bills Holly introduced, one became a law. The “Holly Bill,” as it became known, proposed to protect girls and young women by changing the age at which a woman could legally consent to sex outside of marriage from sixteen to twenty-one. If a man had sex with a younger woman or girl, he could be charged with rape.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On January 23, 1895, Holly spoke on the state House floor in favor of her bill, the first time ever in US history that a woman had argued in a legislative session on behalf of her own bill. The significance of Holly’s speech was recognized at the time, especially by women. According to the Pueblo Chieftain, “Women were everywhere. They packed the space railed off for them. They made an almost solid line around the three sides of the House on which extend the galleries set apart for men. They occupied chairs beside the members or sat in the aisles. They even knelt on the floor near Mrs. Klock, Mrs. Cressingham and Mrs. Holly.” When Holly and her supporters spoke, cheers and applause erupted; when opponents spoke, they were booed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After much debate in the House and many shenanigans in the Senate (including a profane version of the bill proposed by the Senate judiciary committee that caused Holly and the other women present to leave the Senate chamber in disgust), Holly’s bill passed with the age of consent set at eighteen. When Governor Albert McIntire had some last-minute doubts about signing the legislation, Holly wrote to him from her sickbed and convinced him to change his mind.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>After the General Assembly</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Holly did not run for reelection to the House of Representatives, but her interest in laws and government continued. In 1895 she wrote an article for a national magazine describing how she passed her age-of-consent law, and she continued to write on political topics locally. On December 8, 1896, five years after women were first allowed to be attorneys in Colorado, she was admitted to the bar to practice law. She practiced both civil and criminal law. She also continued to serve on the local school board during and after her year in state office.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Holly maintained her pro-silver position, which placed her in the minority of the Republican Party. After the demise of the party’s pro-silver faction in the late 1890s, she explored other political parties. In October 1901, the Pueblo County Democratic Party nominated her for superintendent of the school board, an election she lost, and in 1912 she was a precinct captain for the Progressive Party. She also served on an ethics commission for municipal government reform in Pueblo.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Holly’s efforts on behalf of women’s rights continued. She argued in favor of placing women on juries, and she went to Kansas in 1912 to campaign for women’s suffrage there.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Family Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When Holly served in the House of Representatives, she sometimes had her husband and daughters (ages eleven and seven) at work with her. On September 7, 1901, Holly’s husband, Charles, died. On March 1, 1902, she married Peter T. Dotson. She divorced him after seven years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1919 Holly moved to Colorado Springs to live with her daughters, Emily (divorced) and Helen (widowed). Shortly afterward, the three moved to the Pacific Northwest, where they spent the rest of their lives.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Death</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On July 13, 1943, at the age of eighty-seven, Carrie Clyde Holly died of coronary thrombosis in Cowlitz County, Washington, and was cremated.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Many of Holly’s contemporaries saw the enactment of the Holly Law as a victory for women. Not only did the law protect potentially vulnerable young women, but Holly’s authorship also proved that women could be competent legislators. National suffragists used Holly’s legislative success to show that women could engage in political leadership and that they could bring high morals to government. Her example helped further the social revolution of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that resulted in the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote across the United States.  The immediate impact of Holly’s labors was recognized nationwide, but today her efforts tend to be subsumed under a massive wave of suffrage-era firsts for women, and her legacy is not well known, even in Pueblo County.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Sep 2020 20:37:13 +0000 yongli 3410 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Farmers State Bank of Cope http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/farmers-state-bank-cope <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Farmers State Bank of Cope</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-07-06T16:49:05-06:00" title="Monday, July 6, 2020 - 16:49" class="datetime">Mon, 07/06/2020 - 16:49</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/farmers-state-bank-cope" data-a2a-title="Farmers State Bank of Cope"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffarmers-state-bank-cope&amp;title=Farmers%20State%20Bank%20of%20Cope"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Farmers State Bank of Cope (<a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/washington-county"><strong>Washington County</strong></a>) opened in 1918 at the southwest corner of Main Street and Washington Avenue. The first and only bank that ever operated in Cope, Farmers State Bank was founded and led largely by local women until the <strong>Great Depression</strong> and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong></a> forced its closure in 1934. The bank’s poured-concrete building then housed a liquor store and pharmacy before becoming the headquarters of Things to Come Mission from 1962 to 1990. It is now owned by the Cope Community Church.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Banking in Cope</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Established in the late 1880s, Cope was named for early settler Jonathan Cope and took shape as <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteaders</strong></a> began to populate Colorado’s northeastern plains. By the 1910s, despite the dry climate and lack of a railroad, Cope developed into a town of about 100 people, with a post office, school, church, blacksmith, barber, doctor, dentist, and general store. At the time, however, the town had no bank, the closest one being forty miles north in <strong>Yuma</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to its bank, Yuma was also home to the Charles B. Marvin Investment Company. Charles Marvin focused on land investments, which were booming in the late 1910s because Colorado’s northeastern plains had benefited from a string of wet years and high agricultural demand driven by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>. By early 1917, three Marvin employees—Nellie Fastenau, Carrie Ingersoll, and William Foran—had joined with Murray Edward Gilderbloom to start the Colorado Farm Lands Company, which bought, sold, and managed agricultural land. In February 1917, those four filed paperwork with the Colorado State Bank Commission to establish Farmers State Bank of Cope, which would lend money to farmers to buy land and provide a place for Cope residents to deposit their cash.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Construction on the Farmers State Bank building started in 1917, with most of the work done by local men. Murray Gilderbloom was trained as a civil engineer and might have helped design the poured-concrete building, which was the only poured-concrete commercial building in town. The use of poured concrete rather than the typical materials of sod or wood lent the bank an aura of stability.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Unlike most of the town’s other buildings, the bank’s exterior had sidewalks on both street-facing sides and a corner entrance opening onto the intersection of Main Street and Washington Avenue. Large windows on the north and east sides let in plenty of light and gave the teller a chance to recognize customers before they came in. Inside, the one-story bank had four main rooms and a large central vault.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Customers using the corner entrance stepped into the large front lobby, which featured an oak floor, marble baseboards, and a teller counter. Behind the teller counter stood the bank’s large Herring-Hall-Mervin vault. The vault was flanked by two small rooms: an office or storage room to the south and a coat room to the north. Another large room, roughly the size of the lobby, occupied the rear of the building. The large rear room had access to the vault and probably served as the meeting room and bank president’s office. Stairs in the southwest corner led to a concrete basement for coal storage. Originally the building had no indoor plumbing; bank workers and customers would have had to use the outhouses behind Cope Community Church next door.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Farmers State Bank received its charter on April 10, 1918, and opened its doors a month later. The bank started with $10,000 in capital, nearly all of it coming from Fastenau, Foran, Gilderbloom, Ingersoll, and their close relatives. Fastenau served as president, Gilderbloom as cashier, and Allie Campbell as assistant cashier. Within two months, the bank had received more than $23,000 in deposits and made more than $15,000 in loans; after six months, it had more than $32,000 in deposits and more than $47,000 in loans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to being the only bank ever to operate in Cope, Farmers State Bank was also noteworthy for its predominantly female leadership. At a time when women rarely held positions of power in financial institutions, Farmers State Bank counted seven women among its original twelve investors, hired women as cashiers, and—most important—boasted a female president. President Nellie Fastenau quickly started using her initials instead of her first name in all filings and reports—probably to avoid alienating people who might be uncomfortable with a female bank president—but she remained the bank’s leader throughout its life.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>After the Bank</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early 1930s, northeastern Colorado’s promising agricultural conditions and prosperous land market collapsed as the area was hit by the Dust Bowl, the Great Depression, and a devastating grasshopper infestation. Faced with those disasters, Farmers State Bank of Cope could not survive. On March 31, 1934, the bank’s stockholders voted to dissolve the institution. Depositors were paid in full before the bank officially closed in July. At the time, the nearest bank for Cope residents lay nineteen miles southeast, in Kirk.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Farmers State Bank closed, Nellie Fastenau and Carrie Ingersoll still owned the bank building. They soon opened a liquor store and pharmacy there, taking advantage of the recent repeal of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/prohibition"><strong>prohibition</strong></a>. The liquor store and pharmacy remained in operation until about 1940, which was the last time the bank building housed a commercial business.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1950 Fastenau briefly lived in the bank building between selling her house and moving in with her younger sister in Colorado Springs. Five years later, she sold the bank building to R. F. Heady, who then sold the building in 1956 to the Pioneer Construction Company of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>. The company used the building as an office while constructing US 36 through the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1962 the bank building was acquired by Cope Community Church pastor Eldred Sidebottom and his Things to Come Mission. Things to Come used the building as the headquarters of its international missionary work for the next twenty-eight years. At the end of 1990, Things to Come moved its headquarters to Indianapolis to make it more nationwide. The organization sold the bank building to Sidebottom, who remained in Cope. In 2005 Sidebottom sold the bank building to the Cope Community Church, and in 2017 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cope" hreflang="en">Cope</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-banks" hreflang="en">historic banks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">colorado women&#039;s history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-history" hreflang="en">women&#039;s history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/things-come-mission" hreflang="en">Things to Come Mission</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cope-community-church" hreflang="en">Cope Community Church</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Patricia Covert, “Farmers State Bank of Cope,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (September 25, 2016).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Washington County Museum Association, <em>The Pioneer Book of Washington County, Colorado</em> (Denver: Big Mountain Press, 1959).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 06 Jul 2020 22:49:05 +0000 yongli 3366 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Eliza Pickrell Routt http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eliza-pickrell-routt <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Eliza Pickrell Routt</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3154--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3154.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/eliza-pickrell-routt"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Eliza%20Pickrell%20Routt%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=mFCCctJs" width="475" height="452" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/eliza-pickrell-routt" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Eliza Pickrell Routt</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Eliza Pickrell Routt was the first First Lady of the state of Colorado, using her position as wife of Governor John Routt to push for women's suffrage, higher education for women, and other causes that expanded women's opportunities.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 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<time datetime="2020-01-15T16:09:22-07:00" title="Wednesday, January 15, 2020 - 16:09" class="datetime">Wed, 01/15/2020 - 16:09</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eliza-pickrell-routt" data-a2a-title="Eliza Pickrell Routt"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Feliza-pickrell-routt&amp;title=Eliza%20Pickrell%20Routt"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Eliza Pickrell Routt (1839–1907) was the first First Lady of the territory and later state of Colorado in 1875–79 and 1891–93. A strong supporter of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>women’s suffrage</strong></a>, she used her position as wife of Governor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-l-routt"><strong>John Long Routt</strong></a> to advocate for expanded voting rights. When Colorado became the second state to grant suffrage to women in 1893, she was the first woman registered to vote. Her belief in women’s equality also led her to push for higher education for women and support causes that advanced opportunities for women in Colorado.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Eliza Franklin Pickrell was born in 1839 in the small town of Mechanicsburg, Illinois, which her family had founded. Her parents died before she was four years old, so she was raised by her maternal grandparents and their nine children near Springfield. Eliza’s grandfather, William Elkin, was an Illinois state senator who knew and worked with Abraham Lincoln. Eliza’s grandmother, Elizabeth Elkin, provided her with a cultivated Victorian upbringing that included literature, arts, and European travel. The family’s interest in politics and its emphasis on education prepared Eliza for the public life she would later lead in Colorado.</p> <p>Little else is known about Eliza Pickrell’s life before her marriage, at the age of thirty-five, to John Routt, a widower with five children. Originally from Illinois, John Routt was living and working in Washington, DC, at the time as the second assistant postmaster general of the United States. The couple were introduced by a mutual friend when John was back in Illinois on a visit. They courted through letters before marrying in 1874. After the wedding, Eliza Pickrell Routt joined her husband’s family in Washington, DC.</p> <h2>First Lady of Colorado</h2> <p>John Routt benefited from the friendship and patronage of President Ulysses S. Grant, under whom he had served in the Civil War. In 1875 President Grant appointed him territorial governor of Colorado. When the Routts arrived in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> later that year, Eliza Routt took her place as the First Lady of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>.</p> <p>Although the Routts were outsiders to Colorado, they quickly won the confidence and affection of the people. John Routt was an effective leader who shepherded the territory to statehood in 1876. He was then elected as the first governor of the new state of Colorado, making Eliza Routt the state’s first First Lady.</p> <h2>Life in Colorado</h2> <p>As Colorado’s First Lady, Eliza Routt was expected to supervise her household, become involved in the community, entertain official visitors, and set an example for women of the state. In fulfilling that role, she channeled her energy into many causes and public service works. She and John joined Central Christian Church, where they served as active members for the rest of their lives. She helped establish the Woman’s Home Club, which later became the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), providing housing for young women working in Denver. She also served on the board of directors of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-orphans%E2%80%99-home"><strong>Denver Orphans’ Home</strong></a> and worked with the Ladies Relief Society, which helped needy families and maintained a home for elderly women.</p> <p>At the end of John Routt’s term as governor of Colorado, he left politics to mine for silver in <strong>Leadville</strong>. When his Morning Glory Mine struck a rich vein of silver in 1879, the Routt family became wealthy overnight. They bought a grand mansion with beautiful gardens in Denver, where they hosted political and society events. Meanwhile, in 1880, at the age of forty-one, Eliza Routt gave birth to the couple’s only child, a daughter named Lila.</p> <h2>Women’s Suffrage</h2> <p>Eliza Routt is best known for her work on behalf of women’s suffrage. Colorado’s original <strong>state constitution</strong>, adopted in 1876, allowed women to vote in school district elections. Wider suffrage rights for women were left up to a <strong>referendum </strong>of the state’s male voters in 1877. Before the election, Eliza worked with her husband, an outspoken supporter of women’s suffrage, to bring national suffrage leader <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/susan-b-anthony"><strong>Susan B. Anthony</strong></a> to Colorado. Anthony and Governor Routt <strong>campaigned together</strong> across the state. Despite their activities and Eliza Routt’s efforts, suffrage for women was defeated by a margin of two to one.</p> <p>Eliza Routt, her husband, and their fellow activists did not give up. They worked together over the next sixteen years to achieve suffrage for women. The culmination of their fight came in the early 1890s, after John Routt was elected once again as governor of Colorado, serving from 1891 to 1893. During his term, he continued to advocate for women’s suffrage. Soon after he left office, his efforts helped bring the question once again before the state’s male voters. In the run-up to the November 1893 contest, Eliza Routt was elected president of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/non-partisan-equal-suffrage-association"><strong>Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association</strong></a>’s Denver branch, which helped organize the prosuffrage campaign.</p> <p>When Election Day arrived, prosuffragists won about 55 percent of the vote. Colorado became the second state to grant women suffrage and the first state in which suffrage was voted in by a referendum of the male voters (the territories of Wyoming and Utah granted suffrage in 1869; suffrage for women was then written into Wyoming’s constitution when it became a new state in 1890). Eliza Routt became the first woman registered to vote in Colorado. An article in the <em>Denver Times</em> noted, “It is eminently fitting that the wife of the first governor of the state, and a lady who has been so intimately connected with all that is best in Denver since the foundation of the state, should be the first woman in Colorado to become a fully qualified elector.”</p> <h2>Higher Education for Women</h2> <p>After women gained the vote, they began to seek political offices and appointments, through which they could influence the state’s development. Eliza Routt took advantage of these new opportunities to press for the expansion of women’s educational opportunities. The cause was not a new one for her; in 1888 she served on the first board of trustees of the newly formed <strong>Colorado Women’s College</strong>. &nbsp;</p> <p>Routt’s ability to influence state educational policy increased after the success of the suffrage campaign. In 1895 she became the first woman appointed to the State Board of Agriculture at Colorado Agricultural College in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> (now Colorado State University). In that role, she advocated for young women to attend Colorado Agricultural College and served as chair of the committee to create a department of domestic economy.</p> <p>Under Routt’s leadership, the college established the new department, hired <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/theodosia-ammons"><strong>Theodosia Ammons</strong></a> as its head, developed a domestic training curriculum, and renovated a building for the Hall of Household Arts. Later, Routt helped secure the gift that resulted in the construction of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/guggenheim-hall"><strong>Guggenheim Hall</strong></a> as a new home for the department. At a time when women had few options in higher education, these reforms provided them with an important foothold.</p> <h2>Later Years and Legacy</h2> <p>John and Eliza Routt continued to be involved in Denver social and political life until they moved to Paris in 1900 for health reasons. After staying in Europe for two years, they returned to Colorado, living at the <strong>Metropole Hotel</strong> in downtown Denver. On March 22, 1907, Eliza died of complications from liver disease and diabetes.</p> <p>Eliza Routt’s work on behalf of women’s suffrage and higher education continue to be recognized across Colorado. Because of Routt’s dedication to voting equality, the Colorado secretary of state’s office created the Eliza Pickrell Routt Award, which goes to those Colorado high schools where 85 percent of eligible seniors are registered to vote. At Colorado State, where she focused her efforts to expand higher education for women, she is the namesake of Routt Hall, while Guggenheim Hall, the former home of the department of domestic economy, has a stained-glass window in her honor. In 2008 Routt was inducted into the <strong>Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame</strong>.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/duncan-elizabeth" hreflang="und">Duncan, Elizabeth</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eliza-pickrell-routt" hreflang="en">Eliza Pickrell Routt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-routt" hreflang="en">John Routt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">colorado women&#039;s history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-non-partisan-equal-suffrage-association" hreflang="en">Colorado Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s Suffrage</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Helen Cannon, <a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2018/ColoradoMagazine_v40n1_January1963.pdf">“First Ladies of Colorado—Eliza Pickrell Routt,”</a> <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 40, no. 1 (Winter 1963).</p> <p>Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame, <a href="https://www.cogreatwomen.org/project/eliza-pickrell-routt/">“Eliza Routt,”</a> n.d.</p> <p>Joyce Lohse, <em>First Governor, First Lady: John and Eliza Routt of Colorado</em> (Palmer Lake, CO: Filter Press, 2002).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Gail M. Beaton, <em>Colorado Women: A History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2012).</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard, “‘Bristling for Their Rights’: Colorado’s Women and the Mandate of 1893,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> (Spring 1993).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Eliza Pickrell Routt (1839–1907) was the first First Lady of Colorado. As the governor’s wife she fought for voting rights and higher education for women.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Eliza Franklin Pickrell was born in 1839 in a town in Illinois. Eliza married John Routt in 1874.</p> <h2>First Lady of Colorado</h2> <p>John Routt was elected as the first governor of the new state of Colorado. Eliza Routt was the state’s first First Lady.</p> <h2>Life in Colorado</h2> <p>Eliza Routt helped create the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA).</p> <p>In 1880 Eliza Routt gave birth to the couple’s only child, a daughter named Lila.</p> <h2>Women’s Suffrage</h2> <p>Eliza worked with her husband to bring&nbsp;<strong>Susan B. Anthony</strong>&nbsp;to Colorado. Anthony and Governor Routt worked together to gain women the right to vote. But they did not succeed. Eliza and John Routt worked together over the next sixteen years for the same cause.</p> <p>Colorado became the second state to grant women the right to vote. Eliza Routt became the first woman listed to vote in Colorado.</p> <h2>Higher Education for Women</h2> <p>In 1888 she worked at the for <strong>Colorado Women’s College</strong>.</p> <p>In 1895 Routt became the first woman at the Colorado Agricultural College (now Colorado State University [CSU]).</p> <h2>Later Years and Legacy</h2> <p>John and Eliza Routt moved to Paris in 1900 for health reasons. After staying in Europe for two years, they returned to Colorado. Eliza died March 22, 1907.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Eliza Pickrell Routt (1839–1907) was the first First Lady of Colorado. As the governor’s wife she promoted voting rights and higher education for women.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Eliza Franklin Pickrell was born in 1839 in the town of Mechanicsburg, Illinois. She was raised by her grandparents near Springfield.</p> <p>Not much is known about Eliza Pickrell’s life before her marriage to John Routt in 1874.</p> <h2>First Lady of Colorado</h2> <p>John Routt was elected as the first governor of the new state of Colorado. Eliza Routt became the state’s first First Lady.</p> <h2>Life in Colorado</h2> <p>Eliza Routt put her energy into many causes. She helped launch the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA).</p> <p>In 1880 Eliza Routt gave birth to the couple’s only daughter, Lila.</p> <h2>Women’s Suffrage</h2> <p>Eliza Routt is best known for her work on behalf of women’s suffrage. Eliza worked with her husband to bring <strong>Susan B. Anthony </strong>to Colorado. Anthony and Governor Routt <strong>campaigned together</strong> across the state. But, suffrage for women was defeated. Eliza and John Routt worked together over the next sixteen years to achieve suffrage for women.</p> <p>Colorado became the second state to grant women the right to vote. Eliza Routt became the first woman registered in Colorado.</p> <h2>Higher Education for Women</h2> <p>In 1888 she served on the first board of trustees at <strong>Colorado Women’s College</strong>.</p> <p>In 1895 Routt became the first woman appointed to the State Board of Agriculture at Colorado Agricultural College in <strong>Fort Collins</strong> (now Colorado State University [CSU]).</p> <h2>Later Years and Legacy</h2> <p>John and Eliza Routt moved to Paris in 1900 for health reasons. After staying in Europe for two years, they returned to Colorado. Eliza died from health problems on March 22, 1907.</p> <p>At CSU she is the namesake of Routt Hall. In 2008 Routt was welcomed into the <strong>Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame</strong>.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Eliza Pickrell Routt (1839–1907) was the first First Lady of Colorado. She used her position as the governor’s wife to advocate for women’s voting rights and higher education for women.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Eliza Franklin Pickrell was born in 1839 in the town of Mechanicsburg, Illinois. She was raised by her grandparents near Springfield.</p> <p>Little else is known about Eliza Pickrell’s life before her marriage to John Routt. He wasa widower with five children. They courted through letters before marrying in 1874.</p> <h2>First Lady of Colorado</h2> <p>In 1875 President Grant appointed John Routt territorial governor of Colorado. When the Routts arrived in <strong>Denver</strong>, Eliza took her place as the First Lady of Colorado.</p> <p>John Routt was elected as the first governor of the new state of Colorado. Eliza Routt became the state’s first First Lady.</p> <h2>Life in Colorado</h2> <p>Eliza Routt put her energy into many causes. She helped establish the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA). She also served on the board of directors of the <strong>Denver Orphans’ Home</strong> and worked with the Ladies Relief Society.</p> <p>In 1880, at the age of forty-one, Eliza Routt gave birth to the couple’s only child, a daughter named Lila.</p> <h2>Women’s Suffrage</h2> <p>Eliza Routt is best known for her work on behalf of women’s suffrage. Eliza worked with her husband to bring <strong>Susan B. Anthony</strong> to Colorado. Anthony and Governor Routt <strong>campaigned together</strong> across the state. But, suffrage for women was defeated. Eliza and John Routt and other activists, worked together over the next sixteen years to achieve suffrage for women.</p> <p>When Colorado became the second state to grant women suffrage Eliza Routt became the first woman registered to vote in Colorado.</p> <h2>Higher Education for Women</h2> <p>In 1888 she served on the first board of trustees of the newly formed <strong>Colorado Women’s College</strong>.</p> <p>In 1895 Routt became the first woman appointed to the State Board of Agriculture at Colorado Agricultural College in <strong>Fort Collins</strong> (now Colorado State University [CSU]).</p> <p>Under Routt’s leadership, the college established the new department for domestic economy.</p> <h2>Later Years and Legacy</h2> <p>John and Eliza Routt moved to Paris in 1900 for health reasons. After staying in Europe for two years, they returned to Colorado. Eliza died of complications from liver disease and diabetes on March 22, 1907.</p> <p>At CSU she is the namesake of Routt Hall. Guggenheim Hall has a stained-glass window in her honor. In 2008 Routt was welcomed into the <strong>Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame</strong>.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 15 Jan 2020 23:09:22 +0000 yongli 3129 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Hornbek House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hornbek-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hornbek House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2131--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2131.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/hornbek-house"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Hornbek%20House%20Media%201.jpg?itok=n-sp3w_v" width="1024" height="768" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/hornbek-house" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hornbek House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1878 Adeline Hornbek and her four children settled a homestead just south of Florissant. Their one-and-a-half-story log house had four bedrooms, a kitchen, and a parlor under a steeply pitched roof.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2132--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2132.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/hornbek-homestead"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Hornbek%20House%20Media%203_0_0.jpg?itok=1fcxaApR" width="1024" height="766" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/hornbek-homestead" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hornbek Homestead</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1973 the Hornbek House became part of Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument. The National Park Service created a replica of Adeline Hornbek's homestead by moving other historic buildings in the monument to the sites of Hornbek's original ranch structures.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-12-19T15:58:35-07:00" title="Monday, December 19, 2016 - 15:58" class="datetime">Mon, 12/19/2016 - 15:58</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hornbek-house" data-a2a-title="Hornbek House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhornbek-house&amp;title=Hornbek%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1878, the Hornbek House in <strong>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</strong> is significant for its association with Adeline Hornbek, a single mother who started a ranch in the Florissant area and lived in the house for twenty-seven years. The large one-and-a-half-story house is also an outstanding example of late nineteenth-century log-house architecture in the region. In 1973 the National Park Service acquired the house, and in 1981 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p> <h2>The Hornbek Family</h2> <p>Adeline Hornbek managed to forge a life of her own in the late nineteenth-century West. She was born in 1833 in Massachusetts as Adeline Warfield. In the 1850s her brother worked as an Indian trader in what is now Oklahoma, where she met and fell in love with his business partner, Simon Harker. The couple married in 1858 and had two children. Soon Simon became ill, and in 1861 the family moved to Colorado, hoping that the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>territory</strong></a>’s reputedly healthful <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>climate</strong></a> would help Simon recover.</p> <p>In Colorado the Harkers <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteaded</strong></a> along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> northeast of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. With Simon also working as an <a href="/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agent</strong></a>, the family was relatively well off, and Adeline had a third child in 1863. Disaster struck in 1864, when Simon died and the <strong>Cherry Creek flood </strong>inundated the Harker homestead, but Adeline was able to stay afloat by selling crops and livestock to miners.</p> <p>In 1866 Adeline bought the land her family was homesteading. She also married a Denver man named Elliot D. Hornbek, about whom very little is known. In 1870 the couple had a son, but by 1875 Elliot Hornbek had abandoned his family. Adeline Hornbek was left alone with four children between the ages of five and sixteen.</p> <h2>Moving to Florissant</h2> <p>Soon after Elliot Hornbek left the family, Adeline and her children moved from Denver to Florissant, where Adeline filed the area’s first <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homestead</strong></a> application in 1878. Her land lay about a mile south of town and featured good access to water, wood, meadows for grazing, and transportation. She hired a builder to use local Ponderosa <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/conifers"><strong>pines</strong></a> to construct a large log house for her family. Completed in 1878, the house had four bedrooms, a kitchen, and a parlor. It was the first in the Florissant valley to have more than one story. Nearby, Adeline also built a milk house, chicken house, and stables. She raised cows, horses, pigs, and poultry, planted hay and potatoes, and had a vegetable garden.</p> <p>Clearly full of energy and drive, Adeline Hornbek became an active and prosperous member of the Florissant community during her twenty-seven years in the area. She worked at the Florissant general store, served on the school board, and hosted dances and other social events at her house. When she was sixty-six years old, she married a young German immigrant named Frederick Sticksel, who was probably a worker on the ranch. She died about five years later, on June 27, 1905.</p> <h2>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</h2> <p>After Adeline Hornbek’s death, her property was owned by James Lafferty for a few years and then by the Harry family for a few decades. In 1943 the property was acquired by Palmer John Singer. Since 1927, Singer had operated one of the two main tourist attractions at what was known as the Colorado Petrified Forest south of Florissant. The former Hornbek property, located just north of Singer’s ranch, allowed him to expand his operations.</p> <p>After decades of private owners selling tickets to see the area’s fossils and petrified forest, in the 1960s the National Park Service started to pursue protected status for the fossil beds. The effort stalled for several years until the threat of a new housing development nearby spurred the creation of Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument in 1969. In 1973 the National Park Service expanded the monument by acquiring the Singer family ranch. When the park service found that the Singer ranch included an early homestead, it started to highlight the Hornbek House as part of an effort to focus on the area’s human history. The park service attempted to recreate Adeline Hornbek’s homestead by moving historic buildings from other parts of the monument to the sites of her original ranch structures.</p> <p>In 1981 the Hornbek House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today rangers offer guided tours of the homestead buildings, and in late July volunteers dress in period costumes at the homestead for Florissant Heritage Day.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adeline-hornbek" hreflang="en">Adeline Hornbek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-houses" hreflang="en">historic houses</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/florissant" hreflang="en">florissant</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/florissant-fossil-beds" hreflang="en">florissant fossil beds</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">colorado women&#039;s history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Mary Shivers Culpin, “Hornbek House,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (April 19, 1980).</p> <p><a href="https://www.nps.gov/flfo/learn/historyculture/adeline-hornbek.htm">“Adeline Hornbek,”</a> Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, National Park Service.</p> <p>Celinda Reynolds Kaelin, <em>Pikes Peak Backcountry: The Historic Saga of the Peak’s West Slope</em> (Caldwell, ID: Caxton Press, 1999).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Estella B. Leopold and Herbert W. Meyer, <em>Saved in Time: The Fight to Establish Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, Colorado</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2012).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Hornbek House was built in 1878. It is in&nbsp;<strong>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument. </strong>Adeline Hornbek started a ranch as a single mother. She had a log home built. The one-and-a-half-story home is historic. In 1973 the National Park Service took ownership of it. In 1981 it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p> <h2>The Hornbek Family</h2> <p>Adeline Hornbek was a single mother in the late 1800s. She was born in 1833 in Massachusetts as Adeline Warfield. Her brother worked as an Indian trader. Adeline met his partner, Simon Harker, and they fell in love. In 1858 they married. They had two children. Soon Simon became ill. In 1861 the family moved to Colorado because the climate was thought to be healthy. They hoped that Simon would recover.</p> <p>The Harkers <strong>homesteaded</strong> northeast of <strong>Denver</strong>. Simon worked as an <strong>Indian agent</strong>. In 1863 they had a third child. But Simon died in 1864. That year, <strong>Cherry Creek flooded</strong>. Water covered their land. Adeline survived. She sold crops and livestock to miners.</p> <p>In 1866 Adeline married again. Elliot Hornbek was from Denver. In 1870 they had a son. By 1875 Elliot was gone. He left his family. Adeline Hornbek was alone with four children, ages five to sixteen.</p> <h2>Moving to Florissant</h2> <p>Adeline moved. She filed a homestead application in 1878. It was the first in the Florissant area. Her land lay about a mile south of town. It had good access to water and was near roads. There was wood for building and meadows for grazing.</p> <p>Adeline hired a builder to construct a large log house. He used Ponderosa pines. It was the first house in the valley to have more than one story. The house had a kitchen and a parlor, and had four bedrooms. Nearby, Adeline built a milk house, chicken house, and stables. She raised cows, horses, pigs, and poultry. She planted hay and potatoes. The family had a vegetable garden.</p> <p>Adeline lived for twenty-seven years in the area and was very active. She worked at the general store and served on the school board. Social events and dances were hosted at her house. When she was sixty-six years old, she married a young German named Frederick Sticksel. He may have been a worker on her ranch. She died about five years later, on June 27, 1905.</p> <h2>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</h2> <p>After Adeline’s death, her property had several owners. In 1943 Palmer John Singer got it. He had run a tourist attraction just south of Florissant since 1927. The area was called the Colorado Petrified Forest. People came to see the fossils. Singer expanded the attraction by purchasing Adeline’s land.</p> <p>Later, the National Park Service wanted to protect the fossils. In 1969 new housing was planned for the area. The Park Service moved faster. They created the Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument. In 1973 they bought Singer’s property. The Hornbek house was now inside the park. The park service moved the historic buildings and recreated Adeline’s homestead.</p> <p>In 1981 the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today rangers offer guided tours. Florissant Heritage Day is in late July. Volunteers at the homestead dress in costume and talk about how people lived in the 1800s.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Built in 1878, the Hornbek House is in&nbsp;<strong>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument. </strong>It is significant for its association with Adeline Hornbek, a single mother who started a ranch in the Florissant area. She lived in the house for twenty-seven years. The large one-and-a-half-story house is an outstanding example of late nineteenth-century log-house architecture in the region. In 1973 the National Park Service acquired the house. In 1981 it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p> <h2>The Hornbek Family</h2> <p>Adeline Hornbek forged a life of her own in the late nineteenth-century West. She was born in 1833 in Massachusetts as Adeline Warfield. In the 1850s, her brother worked as an Indian trader in what is now Oklahoma. There, she met and fell in love with his business partner, Simon Harker. The couple married in 1858 and had two children. Soon Simon became ill, and in 1861 the family moved to Colorado. They hoped that Simon would recover in the <strong>territory</strong>’s reputedly healthful climate.</p> <p>In Colorado the Harkers <strong>homesteaded</strong> along the&nbsp;<strong>South Platte River</strong>&nbsp;northeast of <strong>Denver</strong>. With Simon also working as an <strong>Indian agent</strong>, the family was relatively well off. In 1863 Adeline had a third child. Disaster struck when Simon died in 1864. That same year, the&nbsp;<strong>Cherry Creek flood </strong>inundated the Harker homestead. Adeline was able to survive by selling crops and livestock to miners.</p> <p>In 1866 Adeline bought the land her family was homesteading. She also married a Denver man named Elliot D. Hornbek, about whom very little is known. In 1870 the couple had a son. By 1875 Elliot Hornbek had abandoned his family. Adeline Hornbek was left alone with four children between the ages of five and sixteen.</p> <h2>Moving to Florissant</h2> <p>Soon after Elliot Hornbek left the family, Adeline and her children moved from Denver to Florissant. Adeline filed the area’s first <strong>homestead</strong> application in 1878. Her land lay about a mile south of town. It featured good access to water, wood, meadows for grazing, and transportation. She hired a builder to construct a large log house for her family out of Ponderosa pines. Completed in 1878, the house had four bedrooms, a kitchen, and a parlor. It was the first in the Florissant valley to have more than one story. Nearby, Adeline also built a milk house, chicken house, and stables. She raised cows, horses, pigs, and poultry. She planted hay and potatoes and had a vegetable garden.</p> <p>Adeline Hornbek lived for twenty-seven years in the area and became an active and prosperous member of the Florissant community. She worked at the Florissant general store and served on the school board. She hosted dances and other social events at her house. When she was sixty-six years old, she married a young German immigrant named Frederick Sticksel. He was probably a worker on the ranch. She died about five years later, on June 27, 1905.</p> <h2>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</h2> <p>After Adeline Hornbek’s death, her property was owned by James Lafferty for a few years. The Harry family then owned it for a few decades. In 1943 the property was acquired by Palmer John Singer. Since 1927, Singer had operated one of the two main tourist attractions at what was known as the Colorado Petrified Forest south of Florissant. The former Hornbek property, located just north of Singer’s ranch, allowed him to expand his operations.</p> <p>For decades, private owners had been selling tickets to see the area’s fossils and petrified forest. In the 1960s, the National Park Service started to pursue protected status for the fossil beds. The effort stalled for several years. Then, in 1969 the threat of a new housing development spurred the creation of Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument. In 1973 the National Park Service expanded the monument by acquiring the Singer family ranch. The park service learned that the Singer ranch had included the Hornbek homestead. It began to highlight the house as part of an effort to focus on the area’s human history. The park service attempted to recreate Adeline Hornbek’s homestead. They moved historic buildings from other parts of the monument to the sites of her original ranch structures.</p> <p>In 1981 the Hornbek House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today rangers offer guided tours of the homestead buildings. In late July volunteers dress in period costumes at the homestead for Florissant Heritage Day.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Built in 1878, the Hornbek House is in&nbsp;<strong>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument. </strong>It is significant for its association with Adeline Hornbek. She was a single mother who started a ranch in the Florissant area and lived in the house for twenty-seven years. The large one-and-a-half-story house is also an outstanding example of late nineteenth-century log-house architecture in the region. In 1973 the National Park Service acquired the house. In 1981 it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p> <h2>The Hornbek Family</h2> <p>Adeline Hornbek managed to forge a life of her own in the late nineteenth-century West. She was born in 1833 in Massachusetts as Adeline Warfield. In the 1850s her brother worked as an Indian trader in what is now Oklahoma. There, she met and fell in love with his business partner, Simon Harker. The couple married in 1858 and had two children. Soon Simon became ill, and in 1861 the family moved to Colorado. They hoped that the <strong>territory</strong>’s reputedly healthful climate would help Simon recover.</p> <p>In Colorado the Harkers <strong>homesteaded</strong> along the&nbsp;<strong>South Platte River</strong>&nbsp;northeast of <strong>Denver</strong>. With Simon also working as an <strong>Indian agent</strong>, the family was relatively well off. In 1863 Adeline had a third child. Disaster struck in 1864, when Simon died and the&nbsp;<strong>Cherry Creek flood&nbsp;</strong>inundated the Harker homestead. Adeline survived by selling crops and livestock to miners.</p> <p>In 1866 Adeline bought the land her family was homesteading. She also married a Denver man named Elliot D. Hornbek, about whom very little is known. In 1870 the couple had a son. By 1875 Elliot Hornbek had abandoned his family. Adeline Hornbek was left alone with four children between the ages of five and sixteen.</p> <h2>Moving to Florissant</h2> <p>Soon after Elliot Hornbek left the family, Adeline and her children moved from Denver to Florissant. Adeline filed the area’s first <strong>homestead</strong> application in 1878. Her land lay about a mile south of town. It featured good access to water, wood, meadows for grazing, and transportation. She hired a builder to use local Ponderosa pines to construct a large log house for her family. Completed in 1878, the house had four bedrooms, a kitchen, and a parlor. It was the first in the Florissant valley to have more than one story. Nearby, Adeline also built a milk house, chicken house, and stables. She raised cows, horses, pigs, and poultry. She planted hay and potatoes, and had a vegetable garden.</p> <p>Adeline Hornbek became an active and prosperous member of the Florissant community during her twenty-seven years in the area. She worked at the Florissant general store, served on the school board, and hosted dances and other social events at her house. When she was sixty-six years old, she married a young German immigrant named Frederick Sticksel. He was probably a worker on the ranch. She died about five years later, on June 27, 1905.</p> <h2>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</h2> <p>After Adeline Hornbek’s death, her property was owned by James Lafferty for a few years. The Harry family then owned it for a few decades. In 1943 the property was acquired by Palmer John Singer. Since 1927 Singer had operated one of the two main tourist attractions at what was known as the Colorado Petrified Forest south of Florissant. The former Hornbek property, located just north of Singer’s ranch, allowed him to expand his operations.</p> <p>For decades, private owners had been selling tickets to see the area’s fossils and petrified forest. In the 1960s, the National Park Service started to pursue protected status for the fossil beds. The effort stalled for several years. Then, in 1969, the threat of a new housing development nearby spurred the creation of Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument. In 1973 the National Park Service expanded the monument by acquiring the Singer family ranch. When the park service found that the Singer ranch included an early homestead, it started to highlight the Hornbek House as part of an effort to focus on the area’s human history. The park service attempted to recreate Adeline Hornbek’s homestead. They moved historic buildings from other parts of the monument to the sites of her original ranch structures.</p> <p>In 1981 the Hornbek House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today rangers offer guided tours of the homestead buildings. In late July volunteers dress in period costumes at the homestead for Florissant Heritage Day.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 19 Dec 2016 22:58:35 +0000 yongli 2129 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org