%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Hornbek House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hornbek-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hornbek House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2131--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2131.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/hornbek-house"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Hornbek%20House%20Media%201.jpg?itok=n-sp3w_v" width="1024" height="768" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/hornbek-house" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hornbek House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1878 Adeline Hornbek and her four children settled a homestead just south of Florissant. Their one-and-a-half-story log house had four bedrooms, a kitchen, and a parlor under a steeply pitched roof.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2132--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2132.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/hornbek-homestead"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Hornbek%20House%20Media%203_0_0.jpg?itok=1fcxaApR" width="1024" height="766" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/hornbek-homestead" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hornbek Homestead</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1973 the Hornbek House became part of Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument. The National Park Service created a replica of Adeline Hornbek's homestead by moving other historic buildings in the monument to the sites of Hornbek's original ranch structures.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-12-19T15:58:35-07:00" title="Monday, December 19, 2016 - 15:58" class="datetime">Mon, 12/19/2016 - 15:58</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hornbek-house" data-a2a-title="Hornbek House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhornbek-house&amp;title=Hornbek%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1878, the Hornbek House in <strong>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</strong> is significant for its association with Adeline Hornbek, a single mother who started a ranch in the Florissant area and lived in the house for twenty-seven years. The large one-and-a-half-story house is also an outstanding example of late nineteenth-century log-house architecture in the region. In 1973 the National Park Service acquired the house, and in 1981 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p> <h2>The Hornbek Family</h2> <p>Adeline Hornbek managed to forge a life of her own in the late nineteenth-century West. She was born in 1833 in Massachusetts as Adeline Warfield. In the 1850s her brother worked as an Indian trader in what is now Oklahoma, where she met and fell in love with his business partner, Simon Harker. The couple married in 1858 and had two children. Soon Simon became ill, and in 1861 the family moved to Colorado, hoping that the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>territory</strong></a>’s reputedly healthful <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>climate</strong></a> would help Simon recover.</p> <p>In Colorado the Harkers <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteaded</strong></a> along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> northeast of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. With Simon also working as an <a href="/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agent</strong></a>, the family was relatively well off, and Adeline had a third child in 1863. Disaster struck in 1864, when Simon died and the <strong>Cherry Creek flood </strong>inundated the Harker homestead, but Adeline was able to stay afloat by selling crops and livestock to miners.</p> <p>In 1866 Adeline bought the land her family was homesteading. She also married a Denver man named Elliot D. Hornbek, about whom very little is known. In 1870 the couple had a son, but by 1875 Elliot Hornbek had abandoned his family. Adeline Hornbek was left alone with four children between the ages of five and sixteen.</p> <h2>Moving to Florissant</h2> <p>Soon after Elliot Hornbek left the family, Adeline and her children moved from Denver to Florissant, where Adeline filed the area’s first <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homestead</strong></a> application in 1878. Her land lay about a mile south of town and featured good access to water, wood, meadows for grazing, and transportation. She hired a builder to use local Ponderosa <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/conifers"><strong>pines</strong></a> to construct a large log house for her family. Completed in 1878, the house had four bedrooms, a kitchen, and a parlor. It was the first in the Florissant valley to have more than one story. Nearby, Adeline also built a milk house, chicken house, and stables. She raised cows, horses, pigs, and poultry, planted hay and potatoes, and had a vegetable garden.</p> <p>Clearly full of energy and drive, Adeline Hornbek became an active and prosperous member of the Florissant community during her twenty-seven years in the area. She worked at the Florissant general store, served on the school board, and hosted dances and other social events at her house. When she was sixty-six years old, she married a young German immigrant named Frederick Sticksel, who was probably a worker on the ranch. She died about five years later, on June 27, 1905.</p> <h2>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</h2> <p>After Adeline Hornbek’s death, her property was owned by James Lafferty for a few years and then by the Harry family for a few decades. In 1943 the property was acquired by Palmer John Singer. Since 1927, Singer had operated one of the two main tourist attractions at what was known as the Colorado Petrified Forest south of Florissant. The former Hornbek property, located just north of Singer’s ranch, allowed him to expand his operations.</p> <p>After decades of private owners selling tickets to see the area’s fossils and petrified forest, in the 1960s the National Park Service started to pursue protected status for the fossil beds. The effort stalled for several years until the threat of a new housing development nearby spurred the creation of Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument in 1969. In 1973 the National Park Service expanded the monument by acquiring the Singer family ranch. When the park service found that the Singer ranch included an early homestead, it started to highlight the Hornbek House as part of an effort to focus on the area’s human history. The park service attempted to recreate Adeline Hornbek’s homestead by moving historic buildings from other parts of the monument to the sites of her original ranch structures.</p> <p>In 1981 the Hornbek House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today rangers offer guided tours of the homestead buildings, and in late July volunteers dress in period costumes at the homestead for Florissant Heritage Day.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adeline-hornbek" hreflang="en">Adeline Hornbek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-houses" hreflang="en">historic houses</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/florissant" hreflang="en">florissant</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/florissant-fossil-beds" hreflang="en">florissant fossil beds</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">colorado women&#039;s history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Mary Shivers Culpin, “Hornbek House,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (April 19, 1980).</p> <p><a href="https://www.nps.gov/flfo/learn/historyculture/adeline-hornbek.htm">“Adeline Hornbek,”</a> Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, National Park Service.</p> <p>Celinda Reynolds Kaelin, <em>Pikes Peak Backcountry: The Historic Saga of the Peak’s West Slope</em> (Caldwell, ID: Caxton Press, 1999).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Estella B. Leopold and Herbert W. Meyer, <em>Saved in Time: The Fight to Establish Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, Colorado</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2012).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Hornbek House was built in 1878. It is in&nbsp;<strong>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument. </strong>Adeline Hornbek started a ranch as a single mother. She had a log home built. The one-and-a-half-story home is historic. In 1973 the National Park Service took ownership of it. In 1981 it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p> <h2>The Hornbek Family</h2> <p>Adeline Hornbek was a single mother in the late 1800s. She was born in 1833 in Massachusetts as Adeline Warfield. Her brother worked as an Indian trader. Adeline met his partner, Simon Harker, and they fell in love. In 1858 they married. They had two children. Soon Simon became ill. In 1861 the family moved to Colorado because the climate was thought to be healthy. They hoped that Simon would recover.</p> <p>The Harkers <strong>homesteaded</strong> northeast of <strong>Denver</strong>. Simon worked as an <strong>Indian agent</strong>. In 1863 they had a third child. But Simon died in 1864. That year, <strong>Cherry Creek flooded</strong>. Water covered their land. Adeline survived. She sold crops and livestock to miners.</p> <p>In 1866 Adeline married again. Elliot Hornbek was from Denver. In 1870 they had a son. By 1875 Elliot was gone. He left his family. Adeline Hornbek was alone with four children, ages five to sixteen.</p> <h2>Moving to Florissant</h2> <p>Adeline moved. She filed a homestead application in 1878. It was the first in the Florissant area. Her land lay about a mile south of town. It had good access to water and was near roads. There was wood for building and meadows for grazing.</p> <p>Adeline hired a builder to construct a large log house. He used Ponderosa pines. It was the first house in the valley to have more than one story. The house had a kitchen and a parlor, and had four bedrooms. Nearby, Adeline built a milk house, chicken house, and stables. She raised cows, horses, pigs, and poultry. She planted hay and potatoes. The family had a vegetable garden.</p> <p>Adeline lived for twenty-seven years in the area and was very active. She worked at the general store and served on the school board. Social events and dances were hosted at her house. When she was sixty-six years old, she married a young German named Frederick Sticksel. He may have been a worker on her ranch. She died about five years later, on June 27, 1905.</p> <h2>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</h2> <p>After Adeline’s death, her property had several owners. In 1943 Palmer John Singer got it. He had run a tourist attraction just south of Florissant since 1927. The area was called the Colorado Petrified Forest. People came to see the fossils. Singer expanded the attraction by purchasing Adeline’s land.</p> <p>Later, the National Park Service wanted to protect the fossils. In 1969 new housing was planned for the area. The Park Service moved faster. They created the Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument. In 1973 they bought Singer’s property. The Hornbek house was now inside the park. The park service moved the historic buildings and recreated Adeline’s homestead.</p> <p>In 1981 the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today rangers offer guided tours. Florissant Heritage Day is in late July. Volunteers at the homestead dress in costume and talk about how people lived in the 1800s.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Built in 1878, the Hornbek House is in&nbsp;<strong>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument. </strong>It is significant for its association with Adeline Hornbek, a single mother who started a ranch in the Florissant area. She lived in the house for twenty-seven years. The large one-and-a-half-story house is an outstanding example of late nineteenth-century log-house architecture in the region. In 1973 the National Park Service acquired the house. In 1981 it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p> <h2>The Hornbek Family</h2> <p>Adeline Hornbek forged a life of her own in the late nineteenth-century West. She was born in 1833 in Massachusetts as Adeline Warfield. In the 1850s, her brother worked as an Indian trader in what is now Oklahoma. There, she met and fell in love with his business partner, Simon Harker. The couple married in 1858 and had two children. Soon Simon became ill, and in 1861 the family moved to Colorado. They hoped that Simon would recover in the <strong>territory</strong>’s reputedly healthful climate.</p> <p>In Colorado the Harkers <strong>homesteaded</strong> along the&nbsp;<strong>South Platte River</strong>&nbsp;northeast of <strong>Denver</strong>. With Simon also working as an <strong>Indian agent</strong>, the family was relatively well off. In 1863 Adeline had a third child. Disaster struck when Simon died in 1864. That same year, the&nbsp;<strong>Cherry Creek flood </strong>inundated the Harker homestead. Adeline was able to survive by selling crops and livestock to miners.</p> <p>In 1866 Adeline bought the land her family was homesteading. She also married a Denver man named Elliot D. Hornbek, about whom very little is known. In 1870 the couple had a son. By 1875 Elliot Hornbek had abandoned his family. Adeline Hornbek was left alone with four children between the ages of five and sixteen.</p> <h2>Moving to Florissant</h2> <p>Soon after Elliot Hornbek left the family, Adeline and her children moved from Denver to Florissant. Adeline filed the area’s first <strong>homestead</strong> application in 1878. Her land lay about a mile south of town. It featured good access to water, wood, meadows for grazing, and transportation. She hired a builder to construct a large log house for her family out of Ponderosa pines. Completed in 1878, the house had four bedrooms, a kitchen, and a parlor. It was the first in the Florissant valley to have more than one story. Nearby, Adeline also built a milk house, chicken house, and stables. She raised cows, horses, pigs, and poultry. She planted hay and potatoes and had a vegetable garden.</p> <p>Adeline Hornbek lived for twenty-seven years in the area and became an active and prosperous member of the Florissant community. She worked at the Florissant general store and served on the school board. She hosted dances and other social events at her house. When she was sixty-six years old, she married a young German immigrant named Frederick Sticksel. He was probably a worker on the ranch. She died about five years later, on June 27, 1905.</p> <h2>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</h2> <p>After Adeline Hornbek’s death, her property was owned by James Lafferty for a few years. The Harry family then owned it for a few decades. In 1943 the property was acquired by Palmer John Singer. Since 1927, Singer had operated one of the two main tourist attractions at what was known as the Colorado Petrified Forest south of Florissant. The former Hornbek property, located just north of Singer’s ranch, allowed him to expand his operations.</p> <p>For decades, private owners had been selling tickets to see the area’s fossils and petrified forest. In the 1960s, the National Park Service started to pursue protected status for the fossil beds. The effort stalled for several years. Then, in 1969 the threat of a new housing development spurred the creation of Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument. In 1973 the National Park Service expanded the monument by acquiring the Singer family ranch. The park service learned that the Singer ranch had included the Hornbek homestead. It began to highlight the house as part of an effort to focus on the area’s human history. The park service attempted to recreate Adeline Hornbek’s homestead. They moved historic buildings from other parts of the monument to the sites of her original ranch structures.</p> <p>In 1981 the Hornbek House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today rangers offer guided tours of the homestead buildings. In late July volunteers dress in period costumes at the homestead for Florissant Heritage Day.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Built in 1878, the Hornbek House is in&nbsp;<strong>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument. </strong>It is significant for its association with Adeline Hornbek. She was a single mother who started a ranch in the Florissant area and lived in the house for twenty-seven years. The large one-and-a-half-story house is also an outstanding example of late nineteenth-century log-house architecture in the region. In 1973 the National Park Service acquired the house. In 1981 it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p> <h2>The Hornbek Family</h2> <p>Adeline Hornbek managed to forge a life of her own in the late nineteenth-century West. She was born in 1833 in Massachusetts as Adeline Warfield. In the 1850s her brother worked as an Indian trader in what is now Oklahoma. There, she met and fell in love with his business partner, Simon Harker. The couple married in 1858 and had two children. Soon Simon became ill, and in 1861 the family moved to Colorado. They hoped that the <strong>territory</strong>’s reputedly healthful climate would help Simon recover.</p> <p>In Colorado the Harkers <strong>homesteaded</strong> along the&nbsp;<strong>South Platte River</strong>&nbsp;northeast of <strong>Denver</strong>. With Simon also working as an <strong>Indian agent</strong>, the family was relatively well off. In 1863 Adeline had a third child. Disaster struck in 1864, when Simon died and the&nbsp;<strong>Cherry Creek flood&nbsp;</strong>inundated the Harker homestead. Adeline survived by selling crops and livestock to miners.</p> <p>In 1866 Adeline bought the land her family was homesteading. She also married a Denver man named Elliot D. Hornbek, about whom very little is known. In 1870 the couple had a son. By 1875 Elliot Hornbek had abandoned his family. Adeline Hornbek was left alone with four children between the ages of five and sixteen.</p> <h2>Moving to Florissant</h2> <p>Soon after Elliot Hornbek left the family, Adeline and her children moved from Denver to Florissant. Adeline filed the area’s first <strong>homestead</strong> application in 1878. Her land lay about a mile south of town. It featured good access to water, wood, meadows for grazing, and transportation. She hired a builder to use local Ponderosa pines to construct a large log house for her family. Completed in 1878, the house had four bedrooms, a kitchen, and a parlor. It was the first in the Florissant valley to have more than one story. Nearby, Adeline also built a milk house, chicken house, and stables. She raised cows, horses, pigs, and poultry. She planted hay and potatoes, and had a vegetable garden.</p> <p>Adeline Hornbek became an active and prosperous member of the Florissant community during her twenty-seven years in the area. She worked at the Florissant general store, served on the school board, and hosted dances and other social events at her house. When she was sixty-six years old, she married a young German immigrant named Frederick Sticksel. He was probably a worker on the ranch. She died about five years later, on June 27, 1905.</p> <h2>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</h2> <p>After Adeline Hornbek’s death, her property was owned by James Lafferty for a few years. The Harry family then owned it for a few decades. In 1943 the property was acquired by Palmer John Singer. Since 1927 Singer had operated one of the two main tourist attractions at what was known as the Colorado Petrified Forest south of Florissant. The former Hornbek property, located just north of Singer’s ranch, allowed him to expand his operations.</p> <p>For decades, private owners had been selling tickets to see the area’s fossils and petrified forest. In the 1960s, the National Park Service started to pursue protected status for the fossil beds. The effort stalled for several years. Then, in 1969, the threat of a new housing development nearby spurred the creation of Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument. In 1973 the National Park Service expanded the monument by acquiring the Singer family ranch. When the park service found that the Singer ranch included an early homestead, it started to highlight the Hornbek House as part of an effort to focus on the area’s human history. The park service attempted to recreate Adeline Hornbek’s homestead. They moved historic buildings from other parts of the monument to the sites of her original ranch structures.</p> <p>In 1981 the Hornbek House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today rangers offer guided tours of the homestead buildings. In late July volunteers dress in period costumes at the homestead for Florissant Heritage Day.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 19 Dec 2016 22:58:35 +0000 yongli 2129 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Teller County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/teller-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Teller County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2344--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2344.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/strike"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-7_0_0.jpg?itok=5HVJbXNA" width="1000" height="671" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/strike" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Strike</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Western Federation of Miners went on strike in 1903, sparking a bitter fifteen-month struggle with mine owners and the Colorado National Guard. Many died and hundreds of union members were deported in one of the most violent labor disturbances in state history.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1712--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1712.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/teller-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_Teller_County.svg__0.png?itok=jhMZncBk" width="1090" height="789" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/teller-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Teller County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Teller County, named for US Senator Henry M. Teller, was formed in 1889 to alleviate tension between wealthy mine owners in Colorado Springs (El Paso County) and working-class miners in Victor and Cripple Creek.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1713--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1713.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/teller-county-google-map"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/teller_0.jpg?itok=TzgAbFVl" width="751" height="804" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/teller-county-google-map" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Teller County on Google Map</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="widget-pane-section-facts-description">Teller County encompasses 559 square miles of the western flank of <strong><a href="/article/pikes-peak">Pikes Peak</a>&nbsp;</strong>and the southern <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>.&nbsp;Its county seat is <a href="/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a>, the site of the last great gold rush in Colorado history, as well as the only current gold-mining operation in the state.&nbsp;</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2337--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2337.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fremont"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-2_0_0.jpg?itok=zglhQhrP" width="1000" height="590" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fremont" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fremont</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After prospectors started moving to the Mount Pisgah area in 1891, two separate towns—Fremont and Hayden Placer—soon took shape. After about a year the towns merged to form Cripple Creek.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2456--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2456.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/victor-avenue-1900"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Victor-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=nECWkOHD" width="1000" height="700" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/victor-avenue-1900" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Victor Avenue, 1900</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Teller County&nbsp;town of Victor was home to dozens of mining ventures during the Cripple Creek Gold Rush of&nbsp;the 1890s. This photo shows Victor Avenue at Third Street, as it appeared a year after the great Victor fire, which destroyed much of the city.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2345--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2345.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cripple-creek-1980s"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-8_0_0.jpg?itok=_V_qUJiV" width="1000" height="656" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cripple-creek-1980s" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cripple Creek, 1980s</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Mining declined in the Cripple Creek district throughout the first two-thirds of the twentieth century, leaving only 2,000 people left in the area. At the end of the 1980s, residents turned to gambling as a way to develop the local economy and generate revenue for preservation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-16T10:40:14-06:00" title="Tuesday, August 16, 2016 - 10:40" class="datetime">Tue, 08/16/2016 - 10:40</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/teller-county" data-a2a-title="Teller County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fteller-county&amp;title=Teller%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Teller County, named for former US senator and railroad mogul <a href="/article/henry-teller"><strong>Henry M. Teller</strong></a>, covers 559 square miles of the high country west of <a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a> in central Colorado. It is bordered by <a href="/article/douglas-county"><strong>Douglas County</strong></a> to the north, <a href="/article/el-paso-county"><strong>El Paso County</strong></a> to the east, <a href="/article/fremont-county"><strong>Fremont County</strong></a> to the south, and <a href="/article/park-county"><strong>Park County</strong></a> to the west. <a href="/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a>, the center of the 1890 Cripple Creek gold rush, is the county seat. In addition to its prominent <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a> history, the county is known for the Florissant Formation, a 34 million-year-old bed of shale and mudstone that has yielded hundreds of well-preserved plant and animal fossils, now known as <strong>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Teller County has a population of 23,389. Its most populous town is <strong>Woodland Park</strong>, which sits along US Route 24 in the northeast section of the county and has a population of 6,515. Florissant is home to 3,536 residents while Cripple Creek has 1,189. Other towns include Divide (population 127) and <strong><a href="/article/victor">Victor</a> </strong>(population 450)<strong>, </strong>which are linked by State Highway 67.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> manages much of the land in the northern and eastern parts of Teller County as part of the <strong>Pike National Forest</strong>. Mueller State Park, in the central part of the county, also offers outdoor recreation. The county is crisscrossed by many small streams, including Beaver, Cripple, Fourmile, Rule, and Wilson Creeks—some of which have been dammed to create reservoirs such as Catamount and Skaguay.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the time the Spanish laid claim to present-day Colorado in the mid-sixteenth century, <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Ute Indians</strong></a> had occupied Colorado’s Rocky Mountains for nearly two centuries. The Utes in the Pikes Peak area knew the iconic mountain as “Sun Mountain” and called themselves “Tabeguache,” the people of Sun Mountain. The Utes were hunters, subsisting on <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, deer, and other mountain game. They also gathered a wide assortment of wild berries and roots, including the versatile yucca root.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Utes moved with the seasons, traveling between higher and lower elevations along a route north of Pikes Peak known as <strong>Ute Pass</strong>. In the summer, they ascended the pass at present-day Divide and followed elk, <strong>bison</strong>, and other game into South Park. Just before winter, the Utes retreated down the pass to spend the coldest months camped near present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>. By the mid-seventeenth century, the Utes obtained horses from the Spanish, and some Tabeguaches began hunting buffalo on the plains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <strong>Arapaho </strong>began frequenting the Pikes Peak area by the early nineteenth century, calling the mountain “Heey-otoyoo,” or “Long Mountain.” They developed a fierce rivalry with the Tabeguaches and other Ute bands, competing with them for hunting territory in South Park and other areas. To keep an eye on their enemies, the Utes built small stone fortifications on hillsides overlooking well-known routes through the mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native American Removal</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Following <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>gold discoveries</strong></a> near <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> in 1858 and other strikes during the 1860s, the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> suddenly became a crowded place. White immigrants set up mining camps in places like <a href="/article/park-county"><strong>South Park</strong></a> and supply towns such as <strong>Colorado City</strong>, east of Pikes Peak. The newcomers used up timber supplies and competed with Utes and Arapaho for game.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the 1860s, in exchange for promised rations and supplies from the US government, both the Utes and Arapaho signed treaties forfeiting land around Pikes Peak. However, because government rations were often delayed or failed to arrive, many Native Americans found themselves starving, and some resorted to stealing provisions from white communities. Most Arapaho left the Pikes Peak region after the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Treaty of Fort Wise</strong></a> in 1861. The Tabeguache continued to frequent the area until about 1880, after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Massacre</strong></a> in northwestern Colorado prompted their removal to a reservation in Utah. Today, less than 1 percent of the Teller County population is Native American.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cripple Creek and Victor</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>With the removal of Native Americans, the region west of Pikes Peak became little more than a huge cattle pasture. But during the winter of 1890–91, after several years of luckless prospecting, cattleman Robert Womack found a small deposit of gold ore near present-day Cripple Creek. News of his find brought more prospectors, including <strong>Winfield Scott Stratton</strong>, who discovered gold on Battle Mountain. Stratton subsequently located the <strong>Independence Lode</strong>, one of the richest gold deposits in American history, above present-day Victor. By the following spring and summer, the area produced about $200,000 worth of gold.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Production more than doubled in 1892, reaching $500,000. That year, the town of Cripple Creek was laid out around a cattle ranch and incorporated with about 500 residents. The investment-savvy Woods family—father Warren and sons Harry and Frank—platted the town of Victor in 1893, when the area was already known as “City of Mines” because the largest and most productive mines were located nearby. In March 1894, the Florence &amp; Cripple Creek Railroad arrived in Victor, and with about 8,000 residents, the town became a city in July.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thousands more residents arrived in the Cripple Creek-Victor area over the next two years, as gold production soared to about $2 million per year. In 1896 two devastating fires reduced Cripple Creek to rubble, but it took only a few months for its resilient residents to rebuild—this time with brick instead of wood. Victor residents suffered a similar inferno in 1899, but they too rebuilt their city with brick in a matter of months. By the turn of the century, mines in the Cripple Creek-Victor area were producing almost $20 million worth of gold per year. Cripple Creek had grown to a population of 10,000 and Victor claimed to have 18,000 residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Florissant and Fossils</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Gold was not the first geologic treasure unearthed from the rocks of Teller County. In 1870 Judge James Castello, a native of Florissant, Missouri, built a cabin at the intersection of several trade routes west of present-day Divide. Castello and his wife, Catherine, established a <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading post</strong></a> that became popular among the Tabeguache, including the famous leaders <a href="/article/ouray"><strong>Ouray</strong></a> and <a href="/article/colorow"><strong>Colorow</strong></a>. In addition to trading with the Utes, the Castellos would trade for the tired oxen and mules of white travelers, acquiring a sizeable herd for their ranch. By 1876, the town of Florissant, named for the Castellos’ hometown, had a population of around 70 as well as a school, a blacksmith, and three sawmills.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The trove of fossils near Florissant did not escape notice by its first residents. Newspaper reports from the 1860s and 1870s mentioned the area’s petrified trees and prehistoric leaf imprints. Paleontologist Theodore Mead was the first scientist to study the fossils in 1871, followed by Samuel Scudder, the nation’s premier paleontologist, in the 1880s. In 1887 the Colorado Midland Railway began bringing tourists to the fossil beds, and since there were no laws to protect the fossils, many tourists broke off chunks of petrified wood or took other fossils home as souvenirs. By the turn of the century, visitors had depleted most of the petrified forest.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Woodland Park</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Woodland Park was founded as the town of Manitou Park in 1887, before it incorporated in 1891 under its current name. The town began as a community of ranchers and loggers that also catered to tourists arriving on the Colorado Midland Railway. Some of the town’s earliest buildings were hotels, including the Crest Hotel, built in 1889, and the Woodland Hotel, built in 1892.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Five lumber mills converted the area’s dense timber stands into boards for houses in Colorado Springs and mining structures in Cripple Creek as well as ties for railroads across the state. By 1892, timber was being extracted at such a frantic pace that the federal government established the Pike Forest Reserve to protect the remaining trees. The reserve was one of the first of its kind in the nation and became part of the Pike National Forest in 1905.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Strike of 1894</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As suggested by the federal government’s curtailing of Woodland Park’s timber industry, the great surge of wealth and development in Teller County at the end of the nineteenth century had consequences. Among them were the violent labor disputes that rocked the Cripple Creek and Victor area throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In January 1894, in the midst of skyrocketing production, mine owners in Cripple Creek and Victor announced a wage reduction. The local chapter of the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-federation-miners">Western Federation of Miners</a> </strong>(WFM), a national hard-rock miners’ union formed the previous year, initiated a strike, and in March Colorado governor <strong>Davis Waite</strong> sent in the state militia to keep the peace. The troops left without incident at the end of the month, but El Paso County sheriff M. F. Bowers was apparently determined to break the strike himself. He illegally deputized more than 1,000 men and in May led them to a clash with armed strikers at Bull Hill, east of Cripple Creek. The skirmish prompted Governor Waite to visit the miners and seek a resolution.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In a rare move, Waite sided with the miners, who authorized him to represent them in negotiations with the owners. The governor won back the wages and other concessions from the owners. Waite’s intervention on behalf of the WFM was frowned upon by many other Colorado politicians and residents, who saw the governor’s move as supportive of anarchist unions. His decision to support the miners cost Waite the governorship in the November 1894 election. After Waite’s political demise, never again would a governor or state militia enter strike disputes on the side of organized workers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>County Formation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The tensions surrounding the WFM strike in 1894 led directly to the formation of Teller County. At the time of the strike, present-day Teller County made up the western part of El Paso County, which was deeply divided by class. Working-class miners and their families lived in the Cripple Creek District to the west, while wealthy mine owners and businessmen such as <a href="/article/david-h-moffat"><strong>David Moffat</strong></a>, J. J. Hagerman, and Eben Smith resided in <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> to the east. Wealth—and thus, political power—emanated from the east, breeding resentment among miners in the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Democrat Charles Thomas won the governor’s office in 1898. Although he had sided with the owners in the 1894 strike, he had working-class supporters to appease and authorized the splitting of Teller County from El Paso County in 1899. A participant in the 1894 strike, James Gaughan, wrote the bill that created Teller County and was appointed by Thomas to serve as the first county clerk.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Strike of 1903-4</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The gains of the WFM from 1894 to 1899 were short-lived. After the turn of the century, owners consolidated power by assuming control over not just mines but also smelters and mills. In response, the WFM attempted to bring mill and smelter workers near Colorado Springs under its umbrella. The tension that built up during these power plays culminated in another mining strike by the WFM in 1903. This time, the state government, led by anti-union governor <strong>James Peabody</strong>, was firmly on the side of big business. Peabody sent in the state militia and National Guard to arrest union leaders and break the strike, but it went on throughout 1903, crippling the Teller County economy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On June 6, 1904, a local railroad depot in Independence, near Victor, was mysteriously bombed, killing fourteen men and releasing months of mounting tension between the strikers and groups aligned with the owners. With accusations flying on both sides, Governor Peabody declared martial law, and several skirmishes between militia and strikers resulted in deaths, injuries, deportations, and mass arrests. Eventually, the WFM was forced out of the district and the mine owners secured victory over the strikers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The depot bombing remains unexplained to this day. At least one man involved claimed that members of a group sympathetic to the mine owners carried out the bombing, but he never testified in court. Nonetheless, the station bombing was a catalyst for one of organized labor’s biggest defeats in Colorado history.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Mining Accidents</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Frequent mining accidents helped illustrate why workers fought so hard for better pay and safer conditions. In 1896 accidents killed twenty-six miners in the Cripple Creek Mining District alone. But perhaps the most tragic accident occurred at the Independence Mine during the strike of 1903–4, when faulty machinery and a snapped cable sent fourteen non-union miners plummeting 1,500 feet to their deaths.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fossil Fight</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The battle between miners and mine owners was not the only geologically tinged struggle in Teller County during the twentieth century. Florissant’s fossils continued to garner scientific interest, with significant studies taking place between 1906 and 1908 and from the 1930s through the 1960s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>But even though it was the subject of continuous and important scientific study, the Florissant fossil beds remained unprotected and open to depredation by tourism. Private tourist enterprises, such as the Singer family’s Colorado Petrified Forest, operated near the fossil sites from the 1920s to the 1960s. Walt Disney even extracted a large petrified stump and shipped it to California for inclusion in his Disneyland theme park.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the late 1960s, however, many scientists, including Harry MacGinitie and paleobotanist <a href="/article/estella-bergere-leopold"><strong>Estella Leopold</strong></a>, began organizing efforts to protect the fossil beds. Leopold was the site’s most active and preeminent lobbyist, helping form the Defenders of Florissant, a coalition of concerned citizens, scientists, and politicians. In August 1969, the group succeeding in convincing Congress to pass a law, signed by President Richard Nixon, declaring the Florissant fossil beds a national monument.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Twentieth-Century Mining</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>While some in Teller County mined fossils during the twentieth century, others continued mining gold. Between 1891 and 1998, the district’s mines produced some 22 million ounces of the precious metal. The process was not always easy—for instance, as miners bored deeper into the flanks of Pikes Peak, they struck the water table, which threatened to flood mines and block future extraction efforts. To address this, miners built a series of drainage tunnels that allowed gravity to flush the water out to the valleys below. The largest of these tunnels was the Carlton Tunnel, completed in 1941.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, the Carlton Tunnel was completed right as the United States became involved in World War II, and the federal government halted all gold production to encourage the production of metals more useful to the war effort. By May 1943, nearly all of the mines in the Cripple Creek Mining District had closed. Mining resumed after the war but fell off in the early 1960s.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Tourism and Casinos</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As mining declined in the latter part of the twentieth century, Teller County began looking for other ways to support its economy. Tourists were eager to visit the ghost town of Cripple Creek and Victor’s historic mining district, and other attractions such as the Cripple Creek District Museum, the Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Narrow Gauge Railroad, Jack Schwab’s Cottage Inn, the famous Imperial Hotel and Melodrama, and the continuation of Donkey Derby Days—founded in 1931 to honor the loyal animals that helped power the glory days of the gold rush—helped maintain a robust tourist industry.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1990 Colorado voters approved limited-stakes gambling in some former mining towns, including Cripple Creek. Bronco Billy’s and the Brass Ass casinos were among the first to open in October 1991. But while gambling invigorated the local economy to an extent, a 1992 study documented disadvantages, including increased traffic congestion, overcrowding of recreation areas, and higher property taxes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Though it did not provide the economic salvation that some residents and officials hoped, gambling remains a large part of the Cripple Creek, Victor, and Teller County economies today. In addition to attracting tourists, casinos help preserve the county’s heritage, as gambling revenue is funneled into the State Historical Fund, which pays for the restoration of historic buildings in Cripple Creek, Victor, and other places throughout Colorado. Additionally, many of Cripple Creek’s twelve casinos, including the Brass Ass, are housed in historic buildings, ensuring that the buildings will be properly maintained.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The county still has one active gold mine—the Cresson Mine—currently the largest gold producer in Colorado and the largest employer in Teller County. Cresson’s gold deposits were projected to expire in 2000, but recent reports predict that the mine can operate until 2025. The Cresson Mine produced 210,921 ounces of gold in 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mining Company (CC&amp;V), based in Victor, continues to mine gold and silver from the historic properties. In 2015 the company celebrated the mining of the 5 millionth ounce of gold since the birth of the district. In 2013 CC&amp;V donated several ounces of gold used to refurbish the state capitol dome in Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Outdoor recreation opportunities also draw tourists to Teller County. In addition to hiking around Pikes Peak and Florissant, Mueller State Park offers camping, hiking, and fishing during the summer and snowshoe and cross-country ski trails in the winter. Skaguay Reservoir is a favorite fishing spot and the Trails of Gold offer a glimpse of the historic mining camps.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/teller-county" hreflang="en">teller county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/victor" hreflang="en">victor</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek" hreflang="en">Cripple Creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/independence-lode" hreflang="en">independence lode</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mining" hreflang="en">mining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek-gold-rush" hreflang="en">cripple creek gold rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/casinos" hreflang="en">casinos</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gambling" hreflang="en">gambling</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/el-paso-county" hreflang="en">el paso county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/henry-teller" hreflang="en">Henry Teller</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-stratton" hreflang="en">william stratton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/florissant-fossil-beds" hreflang="en">florissant fossil beds</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/florissant" hreflang="en">florissant</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/woodland-park" hreflang="en">woodland park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-pass" hreflang="en">ute pass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-federation-miners" hreflang="en">Western Federation of Miners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/labor-history" hreflang="en">labor history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.colorado.edu/center/csilw">Arapaho Place Names</a>,” Arapaho Language Archives, University of Colorado Boulder, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and David G. McComb, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 3rd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Peter Caro, “Assessing the Social Impacts of Gambling, as Perceived by Local Government and Agency Officials, on Permanent Residents of Cripple Creek, Colorado” (Boulder: Tourism Management Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Beth Dodd, “<a href="https://www.mountainjackpot.com/2013/09/20/a-tale-of-two-florissants/">A Tale of Two Florissants</a>,” <em>Mountain Jackpot</em>, September 20, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wayne Heilman, “<a href="https://gazette.com/video-cripple-creek-gold-mine-exceeds-expectations-lasting-25-years-longer-than-anticipated/article/1504219/">Cripple Creek gold mine exceeds expectations, lasting 25 years longer than anticipated</a>,” <em>Colorado Springs Gazette</em>, December 13, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Edgar T. Hunter, “<a href="http://s1.q4cdn.com/259923520/files/doc_downloads/cripple_creek/History.pdf">A Thumbnail Sketch of the Cripple Creek/Victor Mining District’s History</a>,” October 30, 2002.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Edgar T. Hunter, “<a href="http://www.mininghistoryassociation.org/Journal/MHJ-v5-1998-Hunter.pdf">The Carlton Tunnel—‘it never was a bore!’</a>” <em>Mining History Journal </em>5 (1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elizabeth Jameson, <em>All That Glitters: Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek </em>(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rick Langenberg and Cathy Mahrholz, “<a href="https://www.mountainjackpot.com/2012/10/23/a-guide-to-the-casinos-of-cripple-creek/">A Guide to the Casinos of Cripple Creek</a>,” <em>Mountain Jackpot</em>, October 23, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jan MacKell, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jcdq7bFD3m4C&amp;pg=PT3&amp;dq=Jan+MacKell,+Cripple+Creek+District:+Last+of+Colorado%E2%80%99s+Gold+Booms+%28Charleston,+SC:+Arcadia,+2003%29.&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjv8-XI_o7LAhWlu4MKHbl9AzEQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><em>Cripple Creek District: Last of Colorado’s Gold Booms</em></a> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Herbert W. Meyer, <em>The Fossils of Florissant </em>(Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Modern Mining,” Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mining Company, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Philpott, <em>The Lessons of Leadville, or, Why the Western Federation of Miners Turned Left </em>(Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/main/psicc/learning/history-culture">Pike and San Isabel National Forests, Cimarron and Comanche National Grasslands, History &amp; Culture</a>,” US Forest Service, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carl Ubbelohde, Maxine Benson, and Duane A. Smith, <em>A Colorado History</em>, 8th ed. (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 2001).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.utepasshistoricalsociety.org/ute-pass-history/">Ute Pass History</a>,” Ute Pass Historical Society, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="http://www.victorcolorado.com/history.htm">The Woods Family</a>,” Victor, Colorado, n.d.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.cripplecreekgov.com/">The City of Cripple Creek</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.cripplecreekmuseum.com/">The Cripple Creek District Museum</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.nps.gov/flfo/index.htm">Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/placestogo/parks/Mueller">Mueller State Park</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.tellercounty.gov">Teller County</a>, Colorado</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.utepasshistoricalsociety.org/">Ute Pass Historical Society</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://victorcolorado.com/museum.htm">Victor Lowell Thomas Museum</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.tellerlinks.com/">Visit Teller County, Colorado</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 16 Aug 2016 16:40:14 +0000 yongli 1704 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Estella Bergere Leopold http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/estella-bergere-leopold <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Estella Bergere Leopold</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-09-16T14:59:36-06:00" title="Wednesday, September 16, 2015 - 14:59" class="datetime">Wed, 09/16/2015 - 14:59</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/estella-bergere-leopold" data-a2a-title="Estella Bergere Leopold"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Festella-bergere-leopold&amp;title=Estella%20Bergere%20Leopold"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Dr. Estella Leopold is a world-renowned paleobotanist who helped spearhead the 1969 fight to save <strong>Florissant Fossil Beds</strong> in Florissant, Colorado. She was the recipient of several awards during her career, including Conservationist of the Year (1969) from the Colorado Wildlife Federation, the Keep Colorado Beautiful Award (1976), and the International Cosmos Prize (2010). Many of her early conservation efforts contributed to saving resources in Colorado. Between 1965 and 1973, she co-founded and served on the board of the Colorado Open Space Council. She also served on the boards of the Denver Audubon Society (1970–73), the Governor’s Oil Shale Committee on Environmental Protection (1971–72), and the Rocky Mountain Center on Environment (1971–73).</p> <h2>Early Life and Education</h2> <p>Leopold was born in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1927 to Estella Leopold Sr. and the famous conservationist Aldo Leopold. Her siblings included A. Starker Leopold, Luna B. Leopold, Nina Leopold Bradley, and A. Carl Leopold, all of whom worked in conservation, geology, and other natural sciences. Estella is Aldo and Estella Sr.’s only living child.</p> <p>Leopold’s career has been expansive and influential. She earned two degrees in botany, a bachelor’s from University of Wisconsin–Madison (1944–48) and a master’s from the University of California–Berkeley (1948–50). Her formal education concluded with a PhD in plant sciences from Yale University (1953–55).</p> <h2>Fight for Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</h2> <p>After earning her PhD, Leopold worked for the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from 1955 to 1976, conducting much of her research in Colorado. It was during her sojourn with the USGS that she fought for the protection of Florissant Fossil Beds. Leopold was adamant that the fossils were important because they represented a prehistoric period just before intense climate change. Since the fossil beds’ discovery in 1874, the National Park Service (NPS) had periodically documented them but made no significant efforts to take control until the 1960s.</p> <p>Leopold’s work with the USGS had put her in close connection with the fossil beds, and when she heard about the NPS’s interest in making the area a monument or a park in 1962, she readily lent her support. With other scientists, she surveyed the valley to recommend geographic boundaries for the NPS’s prospective plan for a monument. Leopold also worked on a subcommittee of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-mountain-club"><strong>Colorado Mountain Club</strong></a> to promote publicity and support for the fossil beds. Moreover, she and fellow scientist Bettie Willard used the Colorado Outdoors Coordinating Council, an umbrella environmental group, to gain further support.</p> <p>The fight for national monument status intensified in 1969 when the Park Land Company purchased tracts in the valley with plans to build subdivisions. Leopold and Willard contacted New York lawyer Victor Yannacone, who had recently won a case in Wisconsin for controlling the pesticide DDT. They also contacted three other lawyers: Richard “Dick” Lamm, Tom Lamm, and Roger Hansen. The team established the Defenders of Florissant to raise awareness and funds to pay the lawyers’ expenses. As the Park Land Company moved in to begin development, Leopold worked quickly and exhaustively. She gained local support, led field trips with state and national dignitaries such as senators, and refined her testimony.</p> <p>The fight had also intensified because Leopold and the Defenders knew legislation to create Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument was working its way through the US Congress. Bills from the early 1960s had died on the floor, but on June 20, 1969, while Leopold and the Defenders staved off the developers, Senate Bill 912 – which would make Florissant Fossil Beds a national monument – passed the Senate. It went to the House for approval, but debate halted the proceedings just as the Park Land Company brought bulldozers into Florissant valley.</p> <p>Leopold and the Defenders scrambled and won a ten-day restraining order against the developers on July 11, but it would take longer than that for the bill to get through the House. The Defenders appealed for more time. Despite testimonies from Leopold and countless other citizens and scientists, the appeal held no legal ground. Fortunately for the national monument advocates, appellate judge Alfred P. Murrah withheld his decision until the bill passed the House on August 4. It bounced back to the Senate for approval on August 7, and President Richard Nixon signed it on August 20. Florissant Fossil Beds had become a national monument.</p> <h2>Other Accomplishments</h2> <p>The fight for Florissant was one of the highlights of Leopold’s career, though she has continued to win acclaim since then. In 1976, after several more years with the USGS in Colorado, she pursued a career in teaching and research at the University of Washington, attaining the rank of professor emeritus in 2000. Some of her key contributions to botany include using fossilized pollen and spores to study how plants have changed over time in response to climate change. These studies spanned North American geography, with collaborative research conducted in China.</p> <p>As with Florissant, Leopold was an actor in the 1982 establishment of Mt. St. Helen’s National Volcanic Monument. She and other concerned scientists and citizens challenged the US government’s plan to sow exotic grasses and replant forests following Mt. St. Helen’s 1980 eruption. Also in the 1980s, Leopold assisted in preventing Washington’s state government from burying nuclear waste at the Hanford Reservation.</p> <p>Leopold’s research and activism have given her the expertise required to hold many leadership positions in numerous organizations. She has been a professor, director of the Quaternary Research Center (1976–1982), and member of organizations such as the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, Environmental Defense, National Audubon Society, and the Children and Nature Network. Since 1982, she has served on the board of the Aldo Leopold Foundation to promote land health and land ethic. She has published more than 100 articles based on her research, adding invaluable information to the field of paleobotany.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/frank-nichelle" hreflang="und">Frank, Nichelle</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/florissant" hreflang="en">florissant</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/florissant-fossil-bed" hreflang="en">florissant fossil bed</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/estella-leopold" hreflang="en">estella leopold</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nichelle-frank" hreflang="en">nichelle frank</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archaeological-site" hreflang="en">archaeological site</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aldo-leopold-wife" hreflang="en">aldo leopold wife</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Nicole Brodeur, “UW’s Leopold Wins Big Award for Her Love of Nature,” <em>Seattle Times</em>, July 27, 2010.</p> <p>Luther F. Carter, “The Leopolds: A Family of Naturalists,” <em>Science</em> 207 (March 1980).</p> <p>Susan Flader, “Biographical Portrait: Estella Bergere Leopold (1927–),” <em>Forest History Today</em> (Spring-Fall 2010).</p> <p>Nichelle Frank, “Oral History Project Final Report,” Unpublished Project Report, Public Lands History Center, Fort Collins, CO, 2011.</p> <p><a href="http://depts.washington.edu/pollen/">Estella B. Leopold</a>, Curriculum Vitae, University of Washington, Seattle.</p> <p>Estella B. Leopold and Herbert W. Meyer, <em>Saved in Time: The Fight to Save Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2012).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.aldoleopold.org/About/cosmos.shtml">Estella Leopold Recognized for Lifetime Achievements in Conservation</a>,” the Aldo Leopold Foundation, July 28, 2010.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.aldoleopold.org/AldoLeopold/estella.shtml">The Aldo Leopold Foundation</a>.</p> <p>The Aldo Leopold Foundation, “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGhnifrDTMA">Estella Leopold</a>,” YouTube.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nps.gov/flfo/index.htm">Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</a>.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&amp;amp;file_id=9378">Leopold, Estella B.,”</a> Historylink.org: The Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History.</p> <p>“<a href="http://depts.washington.edu/pollen/">Pollen and Seed Laboratory</a>,” University of Washington, Department of Biology.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Dr. Estella Leopold is a world-renowned paleobotanist (a person who studies fossilized plants) who helped lead the 1969 fight to save <strong>Florissant Fossil Beds</strong> in Florissant, Colorado. She received several awards during her career. Many of her early conservation efforts helped save resources in Colorado.</p> <h2>Early Life and Education</h2> <p>Leopold was born in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1927. Her parents and four siblings were all involved in conservation, geology, and natural sciences. She earned two degrees in botany and a PhD in plant sciences.</p> <h2>Fight for Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</h2> <p>Leopold worked for the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from 1955 to 1976, doing much of her research in Colorado. It was during her time with the USGS that she fought for the protection of Florissant Fossil Beds. Leopold was tireless in her view that the fossils were important because they represented a prehistoric period just before intense climate change. Since the fossil beds’ discovery in 1874, the National Park Service (NPS) had documented them off and on, but made no major efforts to take control until the 1960s.</p> <p>When Leopold heard about the NPS’s interest in making the area a monument or a park in 1962, she quickly lent her support. With other scientists, she surveyed the valley to recommend geographic boundaries for the NPS’s prospective plan for a monument.</p> <p>After seven years of work to protect the Florissant Fossil Beds, on August 20, 1969, the Florissant Fossil Beds became a national monument.</p> <h2>Other Accomplishments</h2> <p>The fight for Florissant was one of the highlights of Leopold’s career, though she has continued to win praise since then. In 1976 she began a career in teaching and research at the University of Washington. She made key contributions to botany, including the study of how plants have changed over time in response to climate change.</p> <p>As with Florissant, Leopold aided in the 1982 establishment of Mt. St. Helen’s National Volcanic Monument. Also in the 1980s, Leopold assisted in preventing Washington’s state government from burying nuclear waste at the Hanford Reservation.</p> <p>Leopold’s research and involvement have given her the skills needed to hold many leadership positions in many organizations. She has also written more than 100 articles based on her research, adding valuable information to the field of paleobotany.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Dr. Estella Leopold is a world-renowned paleobotanist who helped spearhead the 1969 fight to save <strong>Florissant Fossil Beds</strong> in Florissant, Colorado. She was the recipient of several awards during her career. Many of her early conservation efforts contributed to saving resources in Colorado. Between 1965 and 1973, she co-founded and served on the board of the Colorado Open Space Council. She also served on the boards of other similar organizations.</p> <h2>Early Life and Education</h2> <p>Leopold was born in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1927 to Estella Leopold, Sr. and the famous conservationist Aldo Leopold. Her siblings included A. Starker Leopold, Luna B. Leopold, Nina Leopold Bradley, and A. Carl Leopold, all of whom worked in conservation, geology, and other natural sciences.</p> <p>Leopold’s career has been wide and powerful. She earned two degrees in botany, a bachelor’s from University of Wisconsin–Madison (1944–48) and a master’s from the University of California–Berkeley (1948–50). Her formal education concluded with a PhD in plant sciences from Yale University (1953–55).</p> <h2>Fight for Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</h2> <p>After earning her PhD, Leopold worked for the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from 1955 to 1976, doing much of her research in Colorado. It was during her time with the USGS that she fought for the protection of Florissant Fossil Beds. Leopold was adamant that the fossils were important because they represented a prehistoric period just before intense climate change. Since the fossil beds’ discovery in 1874, the National Park Service (NPS) had periodically documented them but made no significant efforts to take control until the 1960s.</p> <p>Leopold’s work with the USGS had put her in close connection with the fossil beds, and when she heard about the NPS’s interest in making the area a monument or a park in 1962, she readily lent her support. With other scientists, she surveyed the valley to recommend geographic boundaries for the NPS’s prospective plan for a monument.</p> <p>After seven years of work to protect the Florissant Fossil Beds, on August 20, 1969, Florissant Fossil Beds became a <strong>national monument</strong>.</p> <h2>Other Accomplishments</h2> <p>The fight for Florissant was one of the highlights of Leopold’s career, though she has continued to win acclaim since then. In 1976, after several more years with the USGS in Colorado, she pursued a career in teaching and research at the University of Washington. Some of her key contributions to botany include using fossilized pollen and spores to study how plants have changed over time in response to climate change. These studies spanned North American geography, with collaborative research conducted in China.</p> <p>As with Florissant, Leopold aided in the 1982 establishment of Mt. St. Helen’s National Volcanic Monument. Also in the 1980s, Leopold helped prevent Washington’s state government from burying nuclear waste at the Hanford Reservation.</p> <p>Leopold’s research and activism have given her the skills required to hold many leadership positions in numerous organizations. Since 1982, she has served on the board of the Aldo Leopold Foundation to promote land health and land ethic. She has published more than 100 articles based on her research, adding invaluable information to the field of paleobotany.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Dr. Estella Leopold is a world-renowned paleobotanist who helped spearhead the 1969 fight to save <strong>Florissant Fossil Beds</strong> in Florissant, Colorado. She was the recipient of several awards during her career, including Conservationist of the Year (1969) from the Colorado Wildlife Federation, the Keep Colorado Beautiful Award (1976), and the International Cosmos Prize (2010). Many of her early conservation efforts contributed to saving resources in Colorado. Between 1965 and 1973, she co-founded and served on the board of the Colorado Open Space Council. She also served on the boards of the Denver Audubon Society (1970–73), the Governor’s Oil Shale Committee on Environmental Protection (1971–72), and the Rocky Mountain Center on Environment (1971–73).</p> <h2>Early Life and Education</h2> <p>Leopold was born in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1927 to Estella Leopold, Sr. and the famous conservationist Aldo Leopold. Her siblings included A. Starker Leopold, Luna B. Leopold, Nina Leopold Bradley, and A. Carl Leopold, all of whom worked in conservation, geology, and other natural sciences.</p> <p>Leopold’s career has been expansive and influential. She earned two degrees in botany, a bachelor’s from University of Wisconsin–Madison (1944–48) and a master’s from the University of California–Berkeley (1948–50). Her formal education concluded with a PhD in plant sciences from Yale University (1953–55).</p> <h2>Fight for Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</h2> <p>After earning her PhD, Leopold worked for the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from 1955 to 1976, conducting much of her research in Colorado. It was during her employment with the USGS that she fought for the protection of Florissant Fossil Beds. Leopold was adamant that the fossils were important because they represented a prehistoric period just before intense climate change. Since the fossil beds’ discovery in 1874, the National Park Service (NPS) had periodically documented them but made no significant efforts to take control until the 1960s.</p> <p>Leopold’s work with the USGS had put her in close connection with the fossil beds, and when she heard about the NPS’s interest in making the area a monument or a park in 1962, she readily lent her support. With other scientists, she surveyed the valley to recommend geographic boundaries for the NPS’s prospective plan for a monument. Leopold also worked on a subcommittee of the <strong>Colorado Mountain Club</strong> to promote publicity and support for the fossil beds. She and fellow scientist Bettie Willard used the Colorado Outdoors Coordinating Council to gain further support.</p> <p>The fight for national monument status intensified in 1969 when the Park Land Company purchased tracts in the valley with plans to build subdivisions. As the Park Land Company moved in to begin development, Leopold worked quickly and exhaustively. She gained local support, led field trips with state and national dignitaries such as senators, and refined her testimony.</p> <p>The fight had also intensified because Leopold knew legislation to create Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument was working its way through the US Congress. Bills from the early 1960s had died on the floor, but on June 20, 1969, Senate Bill 912 – which would make Florissant Fossil Beds a national monument – passed the Senate. President Richard Nixon signed the bill on August 20. Florissant Fossil Beds became a national monument.</p> <h2>Other Accomplishments</h2> <p>The fight for Florissant was one of the highlights of Leopold’s career, though she has continued to win acclaim since then. In 1976, after several more years with the USGS in Colorado, she pursued a career in teaching and research at the University of Washington. Some of her key contributions to botany include using fossilized pollen and spores to study how plants have changed over time in response to climate change. These studies spanned North American geography, with collaborative research conducted in China.</p> <p>As with Florissant, Leopold aided in the 1982 establishment of Mt. St. Helen’s National Volcanic Monument in Washington state. She and other concerned scientists and citizens challenged the US government’s plan to sow exotic grasses and replant forests following the volcano’s 1980 eruption. Also in the 1980s, Leopold assisted in preventing the Washington state government from burying nuclear waste at the Hanford Reservation.</p> <p>Leopold’s research and activism have given her the expertise required to hold many leadership positions in numerous organizations. She has been a professor, director of the Quaternary Research Center (1976–1982), and member of organizations such as the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, Environmental Defense, National Audubon Society, and the Children and Nature Network. Since 1982, she has served on the board of the Aldo Leopold Foundation to promote land health and land ethic. She has published more than 100 articles based on her research, adding invaluable information to the field of paleobotany.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 16 Sep 2015 20:59:36 +0000 yongli 625 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Ellis Meredith http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ellis-meredith <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ellis Meredith</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--643--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--643.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ellis-meredith"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Ellis%2520Meredith%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=3XTv_VyN" width="600" height="692" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ellis-meredith" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ellis Meredith</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Ellis Meredith was a leading advocate for women’s suffrage in Colorado, which became the second state to grant women the vote in 1893.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--644--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--644.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-women-get-vote"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Z-8811_0.jpg?itok=q605Verm" width="1090" height="494" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-women-get-vote" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Women Get the Vote</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Both men and women are lined up outside a polling station. Ellis Meredith, inspired by progressive women such as her mother, Emily Meredith, and Susan B. Anthony, fought for the right to vote for Colorado women, succeeding in 1893.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-09-11T15:43:12-06:00" title="Friday, September 11, 2015 - 15:43" class="datetime">Fri, 09/11/2015 - 15:43</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ellis-meredith" data-a2a-title="Ellis Meredith"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fellis-meredith&amp;title=Ellis%20Meredith"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Standing less than five feet tall and weighing around 100 pounds, Ellis Meredith was a tiny woman, but she took large strides to improve life for the women of Colorado. The daughter of a well-known suffragette and pioneer resident of Montana, Emily R. Meredith, Ellis understood the importance of the <a href="/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>women’s movement</strong></a> from a young age. In addition to wanting women to have the vote, she was in favor of temperance since many men who abused their wives and children were drunks. Ellis Meredith dedicated her life to ensuring that women had the rights they deserved.</p> <p>Meredith was born in Montana in 1865 and moved to Denver at a young age. She started as a proofreader at the Rocky Mountain News and later advocated for women’s rights in her own column, Women’s World. The state of Colorado was particularly open to women’s suffrage. With the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, the rapid decline in the value of silver, and the Panic of 1893, male voters in Colorado had much more important issues to worry about than women voting. The general sentiment was the situation in the state was so bad that giving women the vote could not make it any worse.</p> <p>Meredith met <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/susan-b-anthony"><strong>Susan B. Anthony</strong></a> at the 1893 World’s Fair in Chicago to discuss the suffrage movement. Meredith asked Anthony for help and promised that if Colorado went for woman suffrage, the rest of the west would follow. Anthony viewed Meredith as a link to the Colorado suffrage movement and sent Carrie Chapman Catt to Colorado to help. In 1893, the year of the meeting between Meredith and Anthony, Colorado became the second state to grant women the vote. Colorado women took advantage of this right to work for the enactment of child labor laws, an eight-hour workday, and child abuse and negligence laws.</p> <p>Meredith was a trailblazer for women in politics. She held several political positions, including delegate to the Denver City Charter convention, city election commissioner, and member of the Democratic Party State Central Committee. For much of Meredith’s life, women could not even vote for politicians, let alone hold political office. In 1904 she spoke before the US House of Representatives in favor of a national amendment that ensured all women in the country the right to vote. In 1908 the Atlantic Monthly published her article, “What It Means to Be an Enfranchised Woman,” in which she argued for women’s right to vote nationwide by demonstrating how Colorado women had taken advantage of this right. Meredith began working at the Democratic national headquarters in Washington, DC, in 1917.</p> <p>Ellis Meredith died in 1955 in Washington, DC, at age ninety. She accomplished much for the women’s movement and was able to see universal women’s suffrage become a reality.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/ellis-susannah" hreflang="und">Ellis, Susannah</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/florissant" hreflang="en">florissant</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/florissant-fossil-bed" hreflang="en">florissant fossil bed</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/estella-leopold" hreflang="en">estella leopold</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nichelle-frank" hreflang="en">nichelle frank</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archaeological-site" hreflang="en">archaeological site</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aldo-leopold-wife" hreflang="en">aldo leopold wife</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Rosemary Fetter, “Ellis Meredith Got the Vote for Colorado Women,” <em>Colorado Gambler</em>, October 2, 2012.</p> <p>History Colorado, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/Kids_Students/Bios/Ellis_Meredith.pdf">Ellis Meredith</a>.”</p> <p>Ellis Meredith, “What It Means to Be an Enfranchised Woman,” Atlantic Monthly, August 1908.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Jo Freeman, <em>We Will Be Heard: Women’s Struggles for Political Power in the United States</em> (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008).</p> <p>Corinne M. McConnaughy, <em>The Women Suffrage Movement in America: A Reassessment</em> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Ellis Meredith was a tiny woman, but she took large strides to improve life for the women of Colorado. She understood the importance of the women’s movement from a young age. She wanted women to have the vote and was in favor of temperance. Meredith spent her life making sure that women had the rights they deserved.</p> <p>Meredith was born in Montana in 1865 and moved to <strong>Denver</strong> at a young age. She started as a proofreader at the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>. When she got her own column, Women’s World, she wrote in favor of women’s rights. The state of Colorado was open to <strong>women voting</strong> (suffrage). The overall feeling was that things in the state were so bad, giving women the vote could not make it any worse.</p> <p>Meredith met Susan B. Anthony at the 1893 World’s Fair in Chicago to discuss the suffrage movement. Meredith asked Anthony for help and promised that if Colorado voted for woman suffrage, the rest of the West would follow. Anthony saw Meredith as a link to the Colorado suffrage movement and sent Carrie Chapman Catt to Colorado to help. In 1893 Colorado became the second state to grant women the vote. Colorado women used this right to vote for child labor laws, an eight-hour workday, and child abuse and neglect laws.</p> <p>Meredith was a pioneer for women in politics and held several political positions. For much of Meredith’s life, women could not even vote for politicians, let alone hold political office. In 1904 she spoke before the US House of Representatives in favor of a national amendment that gave all women in the country the right to vote. In 1917 Meredith began working at the Democratic national headquarters in Washington, DC.</p> <p>Ellis Meredith died in 1955 in Washington, DC, at age ninety. She did much for the women’s movement and was able to see widespread women’s suffrage become a reality.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Ellis Meredith was a tiny woman who took large strides to improve life for the women of Colorado. Ellis understood the importance of the women’s movement from a young age. In addition to wanting women to have the vote, she was in favor of temperance. Ellis Meredith dedicated her life to making sure that women had the rights they deserved.</p> <p>Meredith was born in Montana in 1865 and moved to Denver at a young age. She started as a proofreader at the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> and later supported women’s rights in her own column, “Women’s World.” The state of Colorado was particularly open to <strong>women’s suffrage</strong>. With the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, the rapid decline in the value of silver, and the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong>, male voters in Colorado had much more important issues to worry about than women voting. The overall feeling was that the situation in the state was so bad, giving women the vote could not make it any worse.</p> <p>Meredith met Susan B. Anthony at the 1893 World’s Fair in Chicago to discuss the suffrage movement. Meredith asked Anthony for help and promised that if Colorado voted for woman suffrage, the rest of the West would follow. Anthony viewed Meredith as a link to the Colorado suffrage movement and sent Carrie Chapman Catt to Colorado to help. In 1893 Colorado became the second state to grant women the vote. Colorado women took advantage of this right to vote for child labor laws, an eight-hour workday, and child abuse and neglect laws.</p> <p>Meredith was a trailblazer for women in politics. She held several political positions, including delegate to the Denver City Charter convention, city election commissioner, and member of the Democratic Party State Central Committee. For much of Meredith’s life, women could not even vote for politicians, let alone hold political office. In 1904 she spoke before the US House of Representatives in favor of a national amendment that gave all women in the country the right to vote. Meredith began working at the Democratic national headquarters in Washington, DC, in 1917.</p> <p>Ellis Meredith died in 1955 in Washington, DC, at age ninety. She accomplished much for the women’s movement and was able to see universal women’s suffrage become a reality.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Standing less than five feet tall and weighing around 100 pounds, Ellis Meredith was a tiny woman, but she took large strides to improve life for the women of Colorado. Ellis understood the importance of the women’s movement from a young age. In addition to wanting women to have the vote, she was in favor of temperance. Ellis Meredith dedicated her life to ensuring that women had the rights they deserved.</p> <p>Meredith was born in Montana in 1865 to well-known suffragette Emily R. Meredith and moved to Denver at a young age. She started as a proofreader at the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> and later advocated for women’s rights in her own column, “Women’s World.” The state of Colorado was particularly open to women’s suffrage. With the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, the rapid decline in the value of silver, and the Panic of 1893, male voters in Colorado had much more important issues to worry about than women voting. The general sentiment was the situation in the state was so bad that giving women the vote could not make it any worse.</p> <p>Meredith met Susan B. Anthony at the 1893 World’s Fair in Chicago to discuss the suffrage movement. Meredith asked Anthony for help and promised that if Colorado went for woman suffrage, the rest of the West would follow. Anthony viewed Meredith as a link to the Colorado suffrage movement and sent Carrie Chapman Catt to Colorado to help. In 1893 Colorado became the second state to grant women the vote. Colorado women took advantage of this right to support the enactment of child labor laws, an eight-hour workday, and child abuse and negligence laws.</p> <p>Meredith was also a trailblazer for women in politics. She held several political positions, including delegate to the Denver City Charter convention, city election commissioner, and member of the Democratic Party State Central Committee. For much of Meredith’s life, women could not even vote for politicians, let alone hold political office. In 1904 she spoke before the US House of Representatives in favor of a national amendment that ensured all women in the country the right to vote. In 1908 the <em>Atlantic Monthly</em> published her article, “What It Means to Be an Enfranchised Woman,” in which she argued for women’s right to vote nationwide by demonstrating how Colorado women had taken advantage of this right. Meredith began working at the Democratic national headquarters in Washington, DC, in 1917.</p> <p>Ellis Meredith died in 1955 in Washington, DC, at age ninety. She accomplished much for the women’s movement and was able to see universal women’s suffrage become a reality.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 11 Sep 2015 21:43:12 +0000 yongli 619 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org