%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Great House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Great House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1486--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1486.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/chimney-rock"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Great-Houses-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=LIr9Jaos" width="1000" height="679" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/chimney-rock" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chimney Rock</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The namesake twin spires above the Chimney Rock Great House are distinctive landmarks.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1487--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1487.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/chimney-rock-pueblo"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Great%20Houses%20Media%203_0.jpg?itok=BmGx7zzn" width="370" height="479" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/chimney-rock-pueblo" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chimney Rock Pueblo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Aerial view showing the layout of the Chimney Rock Great House at Chimney Rock National Monument.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1488--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1488.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/escalante-pueblo-montezuma-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Great-Houses-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=F1-sVn4d" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/escalante-pueblo-montezuma-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Escalante Pueblo, Montezuma County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Like the Chimney Rock Great House, Escalante Pueblo tops a hill near Dolores with a commanding view of the surrounding landscape.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 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field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-06-23T11:22:46-06:00" title="Thursday, June 23, 2016 - 11:22" class="datetime">Thu, 06/23/2016 - 11:22</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-house" data-a2a-title="Great House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgreat-house&amp;title=Great%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>“Great House” refers to a class of ancient <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Puebloan</strong></a> structures from the ninth through thirteenth century. Great Houses were monumental, geometrically formal constructions, with thick stone masonry walls made with careful craftsmanship. While inspired by the regional center in <a href="/article/chaco-canyon"><strong>Chaco Canyon</strong></a>, New Mexico, almost twenty Great Houses are known from southwestern Colorado, including <a href="/article/chimney-rock"><strong>Chimney Rock National Monument</strong></a> near <a href="/article/pagosa-springs-0"><strong>Pagosa Springs</strong></a>, <strong>Far View House</strong> at <a href="/article/mesa-verde-national-park-archaeology-and-history"><strong>Mesa Verde National Park</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/lowry-site"><strong>Lowry Pueblo</strong></a> in <strong>Canyons of the Ancients National Monument</strong> near <strong>Cortez</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While most people of that era lived in modest but serviceable “unit pueblos<del cite="mailto:S" datetime="2016-05-03T11:24">”—</del><ins cite="mailto:S" datetime="2016-05-03T11:24">,” </ins>five or six rooms and a <a href="/article/kivas"><strong>kiva</strong></a> (a below-grade pit structure with both domestic and ritual functions)<ins cite="mailto:S" datetime="2016-05-03T11:24">, </ins><del cite="mailto:S" datetime="2016-05-03T11:24">—</del>Great Houses were distinguished by their larger size and more substantial construction. Great Houses were typically several stories tall at a time when most construction was of short, single-story buildings. Great House ground plans are rigidly geometric and formal compared to the looser plans of unit pueblos. These may seem arbitrary distinctions, but in the field it is relatively easy to differentiate Great Houses from the far more numerous unit pueblos.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The largest Great Houses were at Chaco Canyon; “outlier” Great Houses such as <a href="/article/chimney-rock"><strong>Chimney Rock </strong></a>and Far View House were perhaps one-twentieth the size of Pueblo Bonito, transported hundreds of miles away from Chaco and dropped amid a community of local people living in unit pueblos of the local architectural style. Great Houses were typically built atop a hill or rise visually dominating a surrounding community of several dozen unit pueblos. Chimney Rock provides a spectacular example of this placement.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chaco Canyon’s Great Houses were mostly built from 850 to 1130. After construction ceased at Chaco Canyon, large Great Houses continued to be built at Aztec Ruins National Monument in New Mexico and throughout southwestern Colorado until the region was finally depopulated around 1280.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/lekson-stephen-h" hreflang="und">Lekson, Stephen H. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-archaeology" hreflang="en">prehistoric archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southwestern-prehistory" hreflang="en">Southwestern prehistory</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mesa-verde-archaeology" hreflang="en">mesa verde archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ancestral-pueblo-architecture" hreflang="en">Ancestral Pueblo architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/masonry-architecture" hreflang="en">masonry architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-house-architecture" hreflang="en">great house architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/formative-period" hreflang="en">Formative Period</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chaco-canyon" hreflang="en">chaco canyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chacoan-colorado" hreflang="en">chacoan colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chimney-rock-archaeological-area" hreflang="en">chimney rock archaeological area</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Stephen H. Lekson, ed., <em>The Architecture of Chaco Canyon</em> (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2007).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Stephen H. Lekson, William B. Gillespie, and Thomas C. Windes, <a href="http://www.chacoarchive.org/media/pdf/002135.pdf"><em>Great Pueblo Architecture of Chaco Canyon</em></a>, Publications in Archeology 18 B, Chaco Canyon Studies (Albuquerque, NM: National Park Service, 1984).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Grant Noble, ed., <em>In Search of Chaco: New Approaches to an Archaeological Enigma</em> (Santa Fe: SAR Press, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dennis R. Holloway, “<a href="http://www.dennisrhollowayarchitect.com/PreContact.html">Pre-Contact Native American Architecture and Places</a>,” 2009.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 23 Jun 2016 17:22:46 +0000 yongli 1485 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org The Gateway Tradition http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gateway-tradition <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Gateway Tradition</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--717--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--717.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/map-southwestern-colorado-showing-distribution-gateway-tradition-sites"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Region-Map_Gateway_Fremont_Anasazi_0.jpg?itok=0-vgUL26" width="1000" height="1301" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/map-southwestern-colorado-showing-distribution-gateway-tradition-sites" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Map of southwestern Colorado showing the distribution of Gateway tradition sites</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The distribution of Gateway tradition sites in relation to the Ancestral Puebloan and Fremont culture areas.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--719--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--719.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/gateway-tradition-masonry-structure"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Gateway-tradition-structure_0.jpg?itok=5dbVJYmh" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/gateway-tradition-masonry-structure" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Gateway tradition masonry structure</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Photograph of a Gateway tradition masonry structure.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--720--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--720.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/gateway-tradition-stone-structures"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Gateway-Structures-figure_0.jpg?itok=-gho3NmE" width="1000" height="1360" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/gateway-tradition-stone-structures" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Gateway tradition stone structures</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Plan maps of Gateway tradition stone structures showing the variability within this feature type.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span 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<time datetime="2015-11-13T09:32:14-07:00" title="Friday, November 13, 2015 - 09:32" class="datetime">Fri, 11/13/2015 - 09:32</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gateway-tradition" data-a2a-title="The Gateway Tradition"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgateway-tradition&amp;title=The%20Gateway%20Tradition"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Gateway tradition refers to a set of archaeological sites within western Montrose and <a href="/article/san-miguel-county"><strong>San Miguel</strong></a> Counties, Colorado, that appear similar to <strong>Pueblo II</strong>–period (AD 900–1150) sites to the south in the core homeland of the <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Puebloans</strong> </a>(Figs. 1 and 2). The sites in Montrose and San Miguel Counties, however, lack key diagnostic attributes of Pueblo II–period Ancestral Pueblo sites, such as<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kivas"><strong> kivas</strong></a> and a highly patterned layout of habitation structures, plazas, and refuse deposits. Archaeologists in the region have attributed the sites to the Ancestral Puebloans, the<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fremont-culture"> <strong>Fremont</strong></a>, and to local groups that adapted traits of both. Recent reanalysis of archaeological materials excavated at the Weimer Ranch site complex northwest of <strong>Norwood</strong>, Colorado has provided convincing evidence that the Gateway tradition represents a short-term incursion of Ancestral Puebloans into west-central Colorado.</p> <h2>History of the Gateway Tradition Concept</h2> <p>Early archaeological investigations in southwestern Colorado focused on Ancestral Puebloan sites south of the San Miguel Mountains in the San Juan River drainage. Although a few sites with masonry architecture reminiscent of Ancestral Puebloan sites had been reported north of the San Miguel Mountains, most of the archaeological sites there were known to be stone artifact scatters without apparent architecture or pottery. The region was considered to be outside of the main homeland of the Ancestral Puebloans.</p> <p>The Colorado State Historical Society conducted some of the first archaeological excavations in the area north of the San Miguel Mountains in 1924, focusing on several noncontiguous, rectangular masonry rooms in the Paradox Valley in western Montrose County. The investigators concluded that the structures represented Ancestral Puebloan summer homes, based on the nature of the architecture and pottery.</p> <p>Further excavations in the 1930s and 1940s, focusing on the larger architectural sites, produced Ancestral Puebloan pottery types. The revealed architectural styles, however, were not entirely compatible with those of Ancestral Puebloan sites located south of the San Miguel Mountains. The sites contained no kivas, which are nearly universal at Pueblo-period habitation sites in the Ancestral Puebloan homeland. The typical pattern of Ancestral Puebloan site layout, with surface habitation structures at the northern end of the site; a plaza and subterranean kiva just south of the surface habitation structures; and a midden, or refuse deposit, at the southern end of the site was not evident at the excavated sites in western <a href="/article/montrose-county"><strong>Montrose County</strong></a>. In a review of these various archaeological investigations, Albert Schroeder concluded that the sites represented a northward expansion of either Pueblo II–period Ancestral Puebloans or aspects of their ways of life.</p> <p>After a thirty-year hiatus in archaeological excavations in San Miguel and western Montrose Counties, Metropolitan State College in Denver commenced an excavation project at ten structural sites on the Weimer Ranch. Excavations revealed rectangular and circular rooms, evidence of corn, stone arrow points, and pottery. The pottery was classified into Ancestral Puebloan types, essentially indicating a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde</strong></a>–region ceramic assemblage. The pottery was thought to represent Ancestral Puebloan types, but the circular masonry structures and aspects of site layout were more similar to the Fremont culture. Thus, investigators suggested that the Weimer Ranch sites were occupied by an indigenous group that borrowed elements of both Ancestral Puebloan and Fremont cultures.</p> <p>Meanwhile, archaeological surveys attributed structures on some sites to the Fremont. This trend intensified when Utah archaeologists suggested that cultural variation was one of the defining characteristics of Fremont sites.</p> <p>In 1997, Alan Reed coined the Gateway tradition as a way to describe sites in west-central Colorado with pottery, evidence of corn, and masonry architecture. The tradition was defined to mark the region’s sites as substantially different from those of either the Ancestral Pueblo or the Fremont core areas. Fremont ceramics were believed to be rare in the region, and other key elements of the Fremont—such as one-rod-and-bundle basketry, moccasins made from the hock of a deer or mountain sheep, clay figurines and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rock-art-colorado"><strong>rock art</strong></a> depictions of trapezoidal figures with elaborate ornamentation, and a distinct ceramic tradition—were not known from the area.</p> <p>The widespread presence of round masonry habitation rooms and the absence of kivas and highly patterned site layouts argued against direct affiliation with the Ancestral Puebloans. Furthermore, it seemed clear that full progression of Ancestral Pueblo culture—as represented by the <strong>Basketmaker III</strong>, <strong>Pueblo I</strong>, and Pueblo III archaeological units—was not represented in west-central Colorado. The Gateway tradition sites were thought to represent a local development that adapted elements of the farming-based cultures living to the south and west.</p> <h2>Recent Insights into the Gateway Tradition</h2> <p>In 2006 archaeologists completed a reexamination of the Weimer Ranch materials with funds provided by the Colorado State Historic Fund. Site maps, photographs, and basic architectural descriptions were compiled. Stone, bone, and pottery artifacts were analyzed and organized. Eleven <a href="/article/radiocarbon-dating-0"><strong>radiocarbon date</strong></a>s were processed, including five dates produced by accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) dating, a different type of radiocarbon dating.</p> <p>Perhaps most important, the ceramic artifacts from the Weimer Ranch sites were submitted to Lori Reed, an expert in prehistoric pottery of the Four Corners area. The sample of 250 Ancestral Pueblo pottery fragments revealed types commonly dated between AD 900 and 1100—the Pueblo II period. The ceramics were attributed to three manufacturing locales, based on temper materials, paste characteristics, and slip. Some of the fragments were evidently manufactured in the Northern San Juan River drainage—the general vicinity of the <strong>Four Corners</strong>. A second set of pottery fragments was outwardly similar to the Pueblo II<sub>­ </sub>period ceramics from the Northern San Juan area, but displayed subtle differences. Lori Reed suggests that this set of pieces was produced near Weimer Ranch.</p> <p>Largely as a result of the Weimer Ranch reanalysis, it now seems likely that the Gateway tradition represents an actual incursion into west-central Colorado by Ancestral Pueblo peoples from the Northern San Juan drainage. These people either brought pottery from the Northern San Juan drainage with them or obtained it through trading networks. Once settled in west-central Colorado, they continued making their familiar pottery types using local materials. Possibly because their new communities were small, kivas were unnecessary. Round masonry rooms, where present, may have been constructed if little village growth was anticipated.</p> <h3>Dating the Gateway Tradition</h3> <p>The Gateway tradition is currently dated between about AD 900 and 1030, though the sample of high-quality AMS dates is small. The sample of AMS dates and ceramic types from various sites suggest that the Gateway tradition may have been of relatively short duration and limited to the Pueblo II period.</p> <h3>Settlement Patterns and Distribution</h3> <p>Although early researchers mention a few masonry sites with Puebloan ceramics on the eastern side of the <strong>Uncompahgre Plateau</strong>, the large majority is on the lower western flanks of the Uncompahgre Plateau in the San Miguel and lower Dolores River drainages. This area includes western Montrose County and northwestern San Miguel County (Fig. 1). Sites are generally clustered between 6,600 feet (2,011 m) and 7,100 feet (2,164 m), probably within the elevation zone where corn horticulture was possible during the time of occupation. Sites often occur on canyon rims. Structural sites appear to have between one and seven rooms. One of the more elaborate multiroom structures is Cottonwood Pueblo (Fig. 3).</p> <p>A few Gateway tradition sites are located in relatively high elevations. Situated at 9,560 feet (2,914 m), the Jeff Lick site and its four or five circular structures may represent a summer or fall base camp and outpost for storage of plants and animals procured atop the Uncompahgre Plateau. The Fallen Deer site is a nonstructural site at the southern end of the Uncompahgre Plateau with Pueblo II–period ceramics at 8,160 feet (2,487 m). It, too, probably represents foraging trips above the farming belt.</p> <h3>Subsistence</h3> <p>The available subsistence data suggest a strategy based on corn horticulture. Wild plants were also important, however, and included grass seeds, pinyon nuts, juniper berries, acorns, cactus pads, and goosefoot seeds. Hunting was important, especially of deer. Bones of reptiles, small birds, rodents, rabbits, hares, elk, bison, <a href="/article/bighorn-sheep">bighorn sheep</a>, and bears have also been recovered at Gateway tradition sites. Bones are frequently heavily processed, suggesting extraction of bone grease.</p> <h3>Technology</h3> <p>Gateway tradition stone-working and ceramic technologies are generally similar to those of the Northern San Juan area. Projectile points are dominated by small corner-notched varieties that are thought to have been arrow tips. Pottery from the Northern San Juan River drainage was brought to sites in west-central Colorado, but similar pottery styles were also locally manufactured. Whereas two-hand manos, or grinding stones, are common in the Northern San Juan area, they are uncommon in west-central Colorado. At Weimer Ranch, 97 percent of the recovered manos were of the one-hand variety. This suggests that corn milling may have been less intensive at Weimer Ranch than at contemporaneous sites in the Northern San Juan drainage.</p> <h2>Conclusion</h2> <p>Although the suspected origins of the people represented by the Gateway tradition has changed in light of new archaeological information, the tradition continues to be a useful way to think about local variation in the archaeological record. Even though the tradition probably represents a Pueblo II–period phenomenon, Gateway tradition sites do vary from contemporaneous sites in the Four Corners area. The Gateway tradition should prove useful for future studies of Ancestral Puebloan migrations, interactions between immigrant farmers and indigenous hunter-gatherers, defensive strategies, mechanisms of social integration, and aspects of technology that directly reflect cultural affiliation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/reed-alan-d" hreflang="und">Reed, Alan D. </a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/greubel-rand" hreflang="und">Greubel, Rand A.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gateway-tradition" hreflang="en">Gateway Tradition</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ancestral-puebloan-culture" hreflang="en">Ancestral Puebloan culture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fremont-culture" hreflang="en">Fremont culture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/paradox-valley" hreflang="en">Paradox Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/anasazi" hreflang="en">Anasazi</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-archaeology" hreflang="en">prehistoric archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/migrations" hreflang="en">migrations</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southwestern-prehistory" hreflang="en">Southwestern prehistory</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/masonry-architecture" hreflang="en">masonry architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-farming" hreflang="en">Prehistoric farming</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo-ii-period" hreflang="en">Pueblo II period</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Cathy J. Crane, <em>A Comparison of Archaeological Sites on the Uncompahgre Plateau and Adjacent Areas</em> (Master’s thesis, Eastern New Mexico University, 1977).</p> <p>Cathy J. Crane, “Cultural Adaptation along the Tributaries of the San Miguel River, West Central Colorado,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 44 (December 1978).</p> <p>Rand A. Greubel, Bradford W. Andrews, and Alan D. Reed, <em>The Weimer Ranch Sites Revisited: Analysis of Materials from a Prehistoric Farming Community in West Central Colorado</em>, prepared by Alpine Archaeological Consultants, Inc., Montrose, Colorado, for Uncompahgre/Com. Inc., Delta, Colorado (Montrose, Colorado: Bureau of Land Management, 2006).</p> <p>Rand A. Greubel, Alan D. Reed, and Bradford W. Andrews, “Gaining Ground on the Gateway Tradition: Analysis of Materials from Weimer Ranch, a Prehistoric Farming Settlement in West-Central Colorado,” <em>Colorado Archaeology</em> 75 (Spring/Summer 2009).</p> <p>David B. Madsen, <em>Exploring the Fremont</em>, University of Utah Occasional Publication No. 8 (Salt Lake City: Utah Museum of Natural History, 1989).</p> <p>David B. Madsen and Steven R. Simms, “The Fremont Complex: A Behavioral Perspective,” <em>Journal of World Prehistory</em> 12 (September 1998).</p> <p>Kae McDonald, <em>Archaeological Excavations at the Fallen Deer Site (5SM2578)</em>, prepared by Metcalf Archaeological Consultants, Inc., Eagle, Colorado, for Western Land Group, Inc., Denver, Colorado (Delta, Colorado: Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre, and Gunnison National Forests Supervisor’s Office, 1998).</p> <p>Alan D. Reed, “The Gateway Tradition: A Formative Stage Culture Unit for East-Central Utah and West-Central Colorado,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 63 (Summer 1997).</p> <p>Alan D. Reed, and Steven D. Emslie, <em>Archaeological Assessment of Twelve Gateway-Tradition Sites in Western Montrose and San Miguel Counties, Colorado</em>, prepared by Alpine Archaeological Consultants, Inc., Montrose, Colorado and University of North Carolina, Wilmington (Montrose: Colorado Archaeological Society, Chipeta Chapter, 2008).</p> <p>Lori Stephens Reed, “Ceramic Artifacts,” appendix A in <em>The Weimer Ranch Sites Revisited: Analysis of Materials from a Prehistoric Farming Community in West Central Colorado</em>, prepared by Alpine Archaeological Consultants, Inc., Montrose, Colorado (Montrose, Colorado: Bureau of Land Management, 2006).</p> <p>Albert H. Schroeder, “The Cultural Position of Hurst’s Tabeguache Caves and Pueblo Sites,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 29 (March 1964).</p> <p>Steven R. Simms, “New Evidence for Fremont Adaptive Diversity,” <em>Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology</em> 8, no. 2 (1986).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>C. T. Hurst, “The Cottonwood Expedition, 1947—A Cave and a Pueblo Site,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 14 (June 1948).</p> <p>C. T. Hurst, “The 1945 Tabeguache Expedition,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 12 (June 1946).</p> <p>Betty H. Huscher and Harold A. Huscher, "The Hogan Builders of Colorado," <em>Southwestern Lore </em>9 (September 1943).</p> <p>Alan D. Reed, “Settlement and Subsistence during the Formative Era in West-Central Colorado,” <em>Colorado Archaeology</em> 71 (Winter 2005).</p> <p>Henry W. Toll III, <em>Dolores River Archaeology: Canyon Adaptations as Seen through Survey, </em>Cultural Resource Series no. 4 (Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1977).</p> <p>George Woodbury and Edna Woodbury, “The Archaeological Survey of Paradox Valley and Adjacent Country in Western Montrose County, Colorado, 1931,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 9 (January 1932).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 13 Nov 2015 16:32:14 +0000 yongli 908 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org