%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Montclair http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/montclair <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Montclair</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3850--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3850.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/stanleypaddington-school-montclair"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/StanleySchool_Montclair_0.jpg?itok=YoKAe5_Y" width="1090" height="655" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/stanleypaddington-school-montclair" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Stanley/Paddington School, Montclair</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built in 1891, the <strong>Stanley School</strong> at East Thirteenth Avenue and Quebec Street in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>'s <a href="/article/montclair"><strong>Montclair</strong></a> neighborhood featured Colorado’s first public school kindergarten. Named for the Welsh American explorer Henry M. Stanley, the school is now a designated Denver landmark and operates as the private Paddington Station Preschool.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3851--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3851.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/montclair-park"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/MontclairPark_0.jpg?itok=N3DQCb6y" width="1090" height="726" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/montclair-park" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Montclair Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Platted in 1885, <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>'s <a href="/article/montclair"><strong>Montclair</strong></a> neighborhood was developed by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/baron-walter-von-richthofen"><strong>Baron Walter von Richthofen</strong></a> into a thriving, affluent residential community.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3752--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3752.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/montclair-colorado"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Montclair-Map-1887_0.jpg?itok=1rqhzI1i" width="1090" height="609" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/montclair-colorado" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Montclair, Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>This 1887 aerial drawing of Richthofen's Montclair development includes some real features, such as his castle, and some proposed amenities that never took shape, including a zoological garden.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/nick-johnson" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Nick Johnson</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-11-20T09:38:22-07:00" title="Sunday, November 20, 2022 - 09:38" class="datetime">Sun, 11/20/2022 - 09:38</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/montclair" data-a2a-title="Montclair"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmontclair&amp;title=Montclair"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Situated on the east side of <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver">Denver</a></strong> and rising some 330 feet above the <strong><a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-capitol">State Capitol</a></strong>’s gold dome, the town of Montclair was platted in 1885. The common French place-name means “clear mountain,” and Montclair was so named for its panoramic view of the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range">Front Range</a></strong> between <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pikes-peak">Pikes</a></strong> and <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longs-peak">Longs Peaks</a></strong>. At the time, Montclair lay far beyond the city limits, out on the prairie. Its early boosters claimed that this made the town an escape from big-city problems such as crime, poverty, and unhealthy conditions.</p> <p>Annexed to Denver in 1902, the neighborhood—encompassing East Colfax Avenue to East Sixth Avenue, between Quebec and Holly Streets—now has roughly 6,500 residents and includes a smaller Montclair Historic District designated in 1975.</p> <h2>Early Montclair</h2> <p>Montclair owes its existence mainly to <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/baron-walter-von-richthofen">Baron Walter von Richthofen</a></strong>. The bushy-bearded Baron came from a famous German clan. He was a kinsman of the geographer Baron Ferdinand von Richthofen, for whom the Colorado mountain is named, and a cousin of the Red Baron, the famed <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i">World War I</a></strong> fighter pilot. Walter, who was born in Kreisenitz, Silesia, in 1848, had fought in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. He then sailed to the United States and eventually landed in Colorado around 1877.</p> <p>In the mid-1880s, the Baron made his first investment in Denver real estate, a tract that ran from Lake Archer to Lipan Street between West First and West Ellsworth Avenues, known as “Richthofen’s Addition.” He also invested in some north Denver developments. All fizzled.</p> <p>Turning his attention to east Denver, he joined Matthias Cochrane’s Montclair Town and Improvement Company, then thriving during Colorado’s 1880s <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado">mining</a></strong> boom. Cochrane hailed from the suburb of Montclair, New Jersey, giving a second reason for the name. In 1885 the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News </em></strong>described the welcome reprieve that Montclair, Colorado, would offer in an increasingly industrialized state: “Its cooling breezes from the mountains, uncontaminated by smelter smoke, bring health and vigor to this favored locality.”</p> <p>As a show home for the fledgling town, Richthofen built a <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/richthofen-castle">castle</a></strong> for himself at East Twelfth Avenue and Olive Street. This stone Romanesque Revival landmark boasted a crenelated parapet and a tower that dominated the east Denver skyline. To help his suburb flower, Richthofen and associates dug the Montclair Ditch off the Highline Canal. It flowed north along Quebec Street to Richthofen Castle and then downhill to the Molkery (milk house), a spa for health-seekers on East Twelfth Avenue.</p> <p>The Molkery’s rural feel, fresh milk, and open-air porches provided a respite for those suffering from <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tuberculosis-colorado">tuberculosis</a></strong> and other lung disorders. In 1911 the Molkery was repurposed into Denver’s first neighborhood civic center. Now landmarked, it remains a Montclair neighborhood hub.</p> <p>To connect Montclair with downtown, Richthofen and other promoters coaxed streetcar lines along East Eighth, Colfax, and Seventeenth Avenues. These routes turned Montclair into a streetcar suburb. To attract the more affluent, Montclair offered lots twice the width of the core city’s twenty-five-foot-wide parcels. Houses initially had to be three stories, cost at least $10,000, and have plans approved by the Montclair Board of Supervisors.</p> <p>To attract residents, the Baron ran bright red coaches from downtown out to Montclair. As the Baron blew his tally-ho horn and all-aboard cry, his Russian wolfhounds dashed ahead, frantically leading Denverites to a house-site hunt. Customers were encouraged to buy a whole block where they could build their own house and either farm the remaining land or sell it to others. The pattern of one large old home per block distinguishes Montclair to this day, with most of the other lots filled by one-story houses added after <strong>World War II</strong>.</p> <p>Montclair was incorporated as a separate town in 1888 to provide its own services. A town hall was built at East Fourteenth Avenue and Oneida Street, where the Montclair Fire Station now stands. In addition to their own town government, the citizens of Montclair started a police and fire department, a school system, and a weekly newspaper, the<em> Montclair Mirror</em>. Richthofen even planned a zoo, which never materialized.</p> <p>The scramble for land in this suburban paradise ended abruptly with the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/panic-1893">Panic of 1893</a></strong>. Prairie dogs repossessed vacant lots, while prickly pear cactus and <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sunflowers">sunflowers</a></strong> decorated empty basement excavations. The 1900 Census counted only eighty-eight families living in the town (which originally included parts of what are now <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/park-hill">Park Hill</a> </strong>and <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lowry-neighborhood">Lowry</a></strong>). In 1902 Montclair was annexed to the newly created city and county of Denver.</p> <h2>Schools</h2> <p>Early Montclair was home to a remarkable number of educational enterprises. In 1887 Montclair residents organized their own public school system, Colorado School District 44. A year later, Jarvis Hall, which evolved into the Colorado School of Mines, opened along East Tenth Avenue near Quebec Street. This Episcopal school stood four stories tall before it burned to the ground in 1901. The Jarvis Hall Chapel survives as today’s St. Luke’s Episcopal Church (1890) at East Thirteenth Avenue and Poplar Street, now a designated landmark. A few blocks north, Colorado Women’s College started in 1890 at Quebec Street and Montview Boulevard. The college merged with the University of Denver in 1982. Its main building, <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treat-hall">Treat Hall</a></strong>, is now a designated landmark.</p> <p>Montclair’s original frame schoolhouse sat next to the fire station and town hall on Oneida Street near East Colfax Avenue. In 1891 it was replaced by the still-standing, brick-and-stone Stanley School at East Thirteenth Avenue and Quebec Street, which featured Colorado’s first public school kindergarten. Named for the Welsh American explorer Henry M. Stanley, the school became so crowded that a gymnasium and kindergarten building was built on its west side. Now a designated Denver landmark, it has been converted to the private Paddington Station Preschool.</p> <h2>Health Spa</h2> <p>Desperate and overextended after the 1893 crash, the Baron remarketed Montclair as the Colorado Carlsbad, named for the famed German resort. When told that Montclair had no hot springs or mineral waters, Richthofen proposed building an aqueduct to channel in hot water from Idaho Springs. He planned a neoclassical-style resort with a lavish bathhouse, casino, and hotel. None of this materialized.</p> <p>A decade later, future US senator and business tycoon <strong>Lawrence C. Phipps </strong>built the Agnes Phipps Memorial Sanatorium, the largest tuberculosis sanatorium in Colorado, at the site, naming it for his mother. In the 1930s, the site would become part of Lowry Air Base. When that was decommissioned, it was replaced in the 1990s by the Lowry neighborhood.</p> <p>With the Phipps Memorial Sanatorium nearby, many health seekers built houses in Montclair, where distinctive residences feature screened porches and open floor plans to help capture fresh air. Tuberculosis was then the deadliest killer in the country, and there was no sure cure, though a sunny, dry climate was often prescribed. The explosive growth of the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center (now Anschutz Medical Campus) and National Jewish Hospital just west of Montclair reflected Denver’s emergence as a national health care center by the 1920s.</p> <h2>Modern Montclair</h2> <p>After World War II, Montclair finally began to boom, when many in the medical profession or veterans once stationed at nearby Lowry Air Base moved into the neighborhood. To accommodate the influx of residents, the Montclair Elementary School opened in 1943 at Richthofen Place and Newport Street, and nearby St. James Catholic School opened five years later.</p> <p>In the 1950s, one of Denver’s early shopping centers, Mayfair, opened with a new grocery chain called King Soopers as its anchor. As a new commercial anchor, Mayfair gave its name to the nearby area, which officially remains the western portion of the Montclair neighborhood. By 1960 Montclair had grown to 7,396 residents. Some whites fled the area during the busing and integration initiatives of the 1960s and 1970s. The remaining residents revived the inactive Montclair Civic Association, founded back in 1911, to deal with busing and other local issues. After the courts ordered districtwide busing to create racially balanced schools, Black kids from other neighborhoods were bused into predominantly white Montclair schools, while white Montclair students were bused to largely Black neighborhood schools. To facilitate this controversial change, the neighborhood group, renamed the Historic Montclair Community Association, began issuing a quarterly newsletter, hosting seasonal activities, and sponsoring house tours.</p> <p>The association also supported the 1975 designation of the Montclair Historic District. The district covered the heart of the original neighborhood, stretching roughly from East Seventh to East Twelfth Avenue between Newport and Poplar Streets. Opponents pointed out that most houses were built after World War II and were of dubious architectural merit. City councilwoman Cathy Donahue responded, “This successful blending of the new and the old is precisely the charm of Montclair.” Montclair features residential styles from the late 1800s to today, including Queen Anne, Tudor Revival, Four Square, Spanish Revival, Classic Cottage, bungalow, ranch, modern, and contemporary. Designs in the style of Frank Lloyd Wright were contributed by notable resident architects Victor Hornbein and Joe Marlow.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>By 2020 Montclair had a population of 6,541. The decline since the postwar period was because the area had far fewer children than in previous decades as the suburban baby boom moved outward. The 2020 population was about 73 percent white, 20 percent Latino, 2 percent Black, 1 percent Asian, and 4 percent two or more races, with a median income of nearly $125,000.</p> <p>In the 1880s, Montclair was one of the first communities to coax Denverites out of the city. Today it draws people in, leading to rising housing prices. In recent years, the eastern portion of Montclair near the Mayfair shopping center has been transformed as wealthy buyers tear down one-story postwar houses and replace them with much larger and more expensive residences. Still, Baron von Richthofen’s dreams persisted in the tree-shaded streets and parkways he planned. Montclair has preserved its historic sites and streetscapes. The castle and the Molkery remain standing and fully restored. The old Richthofen Stables became town houses but retained a horse-watering trough. Richthofen Parkway and Richthofen Place were included in the Montclair Historic District, along with the granite Richthofen Fountain.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tuberculosis" hreflang="en">tuberculosis</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montclair-neighborhood" hreflang="en">montclair neighborhood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montclair-denver" hreflang="en">montclair denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-neighborhoods" hreflang="en">denver neighborhoods</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-neighborhood-history" hreflang="en">denver neighborhood history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colfax-avenue" hreflang="en">Colfax Avenue</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/state-capitol" hreflang="en">State Capitol</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/baron-walter-von-richthofen" hreflang="en">Baron Walter von Richthofen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/world-war-i" hreflang="en">world war I</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/molkery" hreflang="en">molkery</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/highline-canal" hreflang="en">highline canal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/richthofen-castle" hreflang="en">Richthofen Castle</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lawrence-c-phipps" hreflang="en">lawrence c phipps</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lowry-air-base" hreflang="en">lowry air base</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-denver" hreflang="en">University of Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/anschutz-medical-campus" hreflang="en">Anschutz Medical Campus</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/national-jewish-hospital" hreflang="en">national jewish hospital</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><em>Montclair: The Beautiful Suburban Town of Denver, Colo, U.S.A.</em> (Denver: n.p., 1885).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel and William J. Hansen, <em>The Montclair Neighborhood</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, Inc., 1999).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Richthofen’s Montclair: A Pioneer Denver Suburb. A Brief History, Illustrated Walking Tour, and Research Guide to Denver House and Neighborhood History</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing, 1976).</p> <p><em>Prospectus of the Montclair Realty Company</em> (Denver: Montclair Realty, 1898).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>A Short History of Denver</em> (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2016).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Sun, 20 Nov 2022 16:38:22 +0000 Nick Johnson 3852 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Eugenics in Colorado http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eugenics-colorado <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Eugenics in Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-02-16T13:59:52-07:00" title="Tuesday, February 16, 2021 - 13:59" class="datetime">Tue, 02/16/2021 - 13:59</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eugenics-colorado" data-a2a-title="Eugenics in Colorado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Feugenics-colorado&amp;title=Eugenics%20in%20Colorado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>“Eugenics” refers to a social-engineering project based on the unsubstantiated idea that humanity can be improved by eliminating supposedly defective or lesser genes in favor of others. During the twentieth century, American medical professionals and lawmakers influenced by the pseudoscience of eugenics forcibly sterilized patients in state hospitals. Eugenicists selected these patients because they lacked the power that protected other groups from eugenics programs. Between 1909 and 1970, about 60,000 men and women in the United States were sterilized in the name of eugenics. Surgeons at state institutions, general practitioners, and the court system targeted the mentally and physically disabled, impoverished women, and immigrants for sexual segregation and sterilization to preserve what they called the American “genetic stock.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The state of Colorado participated in this nationwide social-engineering project. Legislators proposed several forced-sterilization bills in the 1920s, when the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ku-klux-klan-colorado"><strong>Ku Klux Klan</strong></a> held power in state government. The bills failed, but that did not prevent law enforcement, the court system, and especially state mental institutions from pursuing a policy of eugenic sterilization on people deemed unfit for reproduction. The exact number of sterilizations performed in the state is unknown. The practice declined in the 1960s, after patients were given more rights and moved from large state institutions to smaller, community-based facilities. As late as 1989, however, a Colorado district court ordered the sterilization of a supposedly impaired adult.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>What Is Eugenics?</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Followers of the American eugenics movement, called eugenicists, attempted to control the inheritance of human characteristics through policies that encouraged marriage and reproduction between certain people. Influenced by social Darwinism—the misapplication of Darwin’s natural selection theory to human society—eugenicists argued that problems within society stemmed from biological inheritance. In this view, charity needlessly kept the poor—therefore “weakest”—members of society alive against natural law. As a result, the eugenics movement, composed largely of white elites, privileged existing social hierarchies that benefited populations of native-born people who were also wealthy Protestant descendants of northern Europeans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eugenicists revolutionized the perceived connection between mental aptitude, moral behavior, and genetic inheritance. In doing so, they viewed intelligence as a rigid, inherited quality and used pseudoscientific tools like the intelligence quotient (IQ) test to prove their belief in the superiority of upper-class whites. They developed a scale of feeblemindedness ranging from “high-grade moron” to middle-range “imbecile” to low-level “idiot” to categorize people. Eugenicists not only considered mental and physical disabilities to be inferior traits but also considered social issues such as drug addiction and poverty to be products of genetic destiny. They hoped to eliminate undesirable traits through marriage restrictions, sexual segregation, and sterilization—Fallopian tube removals or closures for women, vasectomies for men.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Foundation of Eugenics</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Eugenics rose to prominence in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/progressive-era-colorado"><strong>Progressive Era</strong></a> (1900–20), when reformers of all kinds envisioned a utopian society free from poverty and disease. Progressive legislative efforts to improve public health in the face of rapid industrialization propelled eugenic ideas into mainstream society, and eugenic ideology persisted well past the 1920s.  However, not all Progressives believed in eugenics.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Colorado, anxieties over public health and immigration fostered the state’s eugenics movement. Eugenicists exploited nationwide efforts to implement hygienic practices and blamed minorities and marginalized populations for disease outbreaks. For example, in the nineteenth century, Colorado’s dry climate became a haven for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a> (TB) patients seeking treatment. Incorrectly believing the disease to be hereditary, medical professionals turned to eugenics as a way to prevent TB’s spread. In 1901 Charles Denison, professor of chest disease and climatology at the <strong>University of Denver</strong>, pushed for laws preventing marriage between TB-infected individuals. Denison argued Colorado should calculate the ratio of tubercular deaths to healthy individuals in each family to identify “defective biology in the family strain” and stop the disease.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the century progressed, eugenicists moved away from health-related arguments and instead focused on advancing anti-immigration legislation. In the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) took over Colorado politics, emboldening anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant strains within the eugenics movement. Over the previous half century, native-born Anglo-Saxon Protestants had warily watched the arrival of new groups such as Italian Catholics and Mexican immigrants, who were perceived as threatening an imagined American racial stock. Upset by the changes, white Coloradans embraced nativism. By the mid-1920s, the state claimed 35,000 men and 11,000 women as registered members of the KKK. Colorado’s eugenics movement capitalized on racial and social prejudices against minorities.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Eugenic Legislation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Civic leader and physician <strong>Minnie C. T. Love</strong> (1855–1942) advanced the eugenics cause in Colorado. At the start of Love’s career, she focused on disease and poverty. She served as head physician for the Florence Crittenton Home for unwed mothers, founded the Babies Summer Hospital (<strong>Children’s Hospital of Denver</strong>) in 1897, and organized care for juvenile delinquents at the State Home and Industrial School for Girls. The state recognized her leadership and elected her to the <strong>Colorado House of Representatives</strong> in 1921 and 1924; she also served on the State Board of Charities, the State Board of Health, and the Denver School Board.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By that time, however, Love’s efforts to help impoverished women and children became entangled with nationalist and white supremacist efforts to suppress reproductive rights. In 1924 the Colorado Women of the KKK elected Love to the office of excellent commander. As a Colorado lawmaker, KKK commander, and physician, Love introduced two forced-sterilization bills in 1921 and 1925 that targeted disabled, chronically ill, and incarcerated people. Though unsuccessful, these efforts laid the foundation for future sterilization bills.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1927 state representatives drafted Colorado’s most successful attempt at a forced-sterilization bill. Both legislative houses passed the bill, most likely because it coincided with the US Supreme Court’s <em>Buck v. Bell</em> decision that upheld a forced-sterilization law in Virginia. The Supreme Court’s decision gave states the approval to enact their own forced-sterilization laws targeting institutionalized patients. However, Colorado’s bill ultimately failed. Governor <strong>William H. “Billy” Adams</strong> vetoed it because he believed institutionalization worked more efficiently than forced sterilization to prevent the birth of undesired children.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Criminalization of Poverty</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Lack of legislation did not prevent Colorado eugenicists from using local courts to advance their sterilization agenda throughout the 1920s and 1930s. For example, in 1921 a Denver woman named Anna Reynolds Cassidente faced sterilization for suspected child neglect. Cassidente’s doctor, Ray Sunderland, recommended sterilization for the mother of five after a social worker reported the Cassidente home was filthy and their children were malnourished. Judge Royal R. Graham of <strong>Denver’s juvenile court</strong> ordered Cassidente’s sterilization if both husband and wife agreed to the operation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Cassidente decision made national headlines because it coincided with the new Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921, which gave states the power to educate women on sexual health, pay traveling nurses, and establish prenatal care clinics in rural and impoverished neighborhoods, all in an attempt to combat infant mortality. At the time, the birth-control movement overlapped with eugenic efforts to sterilize “unfit” women because many social reformers saw both as public health advancements. Conservative opponents, on the other hand, viewed the Sheppard-Towner Act as a Communist ploy for socialized health care and argued that federally funded medicine would force birth-control measures onto American families, as in the case of the Cassidentes. When bad publicity mounted, the Denver court overthrew the Cassidente sterilization order.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Cassidente case reveals how eugenicists worked with Colorado’s law enforcement, welfare system, and healthcare providers to target poor and otherwise marginalized people for sterilization.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Sterilizations in Colorado Institutions</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout much of the twentieth century, Colorado state institutions performed sterilizations. Patients were often at the will of hospital superintendents, with few legal measures to protect them. Many victims, usually teenage girls, faced sterilization after run-ins with law enforcement or placement into group homes such as the State Industrial School or the Good Shepherd Home. Supposedly troubled individuals received a mental evaluation from the <strong>Colorado Psychopathic Hospital</strong>; a judge on the Lunacy Commission then decided if they should be institutionalized for reasons of insanity or endangerment. During the early twentieth century, Colorado funded three major institutions: the <strong>Colorado State Hospital</strong> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>, the State Home for Mental Defectives in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>, and the State Home and Training School in <strong>Arvada</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>These state hospitals operated more like prisons; they were under a hierarchical system with little government oversight, which allowed superintendents to sterilize patients at their own discretion in their roles as law enforcers and surgeons. All three hospitals suffered from chronic underfunding, overtaxed and poorly trained staff, and overcrowding. These conditions led to rampant patient abuse. In Grand Junction, hospital superintendent B. L. Jefferson suggested a state sterilization law to stop the birth of “mentally defective” children.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>There were also accusations of routine forced sterilization at the Arvada facility. However, Colorado health officials kept no official records of sterilization operations performed. Most surviving evidence comes from Colorado State Hospital under the direction of superintendent Frank H. Zimmerman, who served from 1928 to 1961. Soon after he took charge, Zimmerman wrote to Colorado attorney general William L. Boatright, asking under what circumstances he was allowed to sterilize patients. Boatright responded that Colorado had no sterilization law, so Zimmerman had no authority to perform such operations. Yet Zimmerman continued to sterilize patients over the next three decades. He later argued that the hospital attempted to obtain parent or guardian permission beforehand, but the practice was ad hoc at best and coercive at worst. Unlike other states where sterilization laws mandated a trial beforehand, Colorado failed to give patients any opportunity to object to their procedures.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1941, for example, Zimmerman performed a salpingectomy (Fallopian tube removal) on a seventeen-year-old patient named Lucille Schreiber without her consent. Hospital physicians believed that without the surgery, Schreiber would conceive illegitimate children who would deplete the state’s financial resources and contaminate the nation’s supposed genetic purity. In 1955 Schreiber sued Zimmerman and three other doctors for damages. Her lawsuit included additional plaintiffs: Mable Hoar, Alva Christian, Stella Flores, Nancy Danneberg, and Josephine Roy. The case was dismissed on a technicality, but it provides some of the best evidence we have for sterilization practices in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Opposition</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite the eugenic impulses incubating within the broader culture, some Catholics and scientists demonstrated anxiety about the finality of sterilization given the dubious evidence in its favor. In 1927 a variety of Catholic groups protested against compulsory sterilization of “mental defectives” and epileptics because they believed God granted procreation as a natural right. Meanwhile, a few secular groups questioned the science behind eugenics. Charles Rymer, assistant director of the Colorado Psychopathic Hospital, challenged the assumptions of “hereditary feeblemindedness.” Rymer cautioned that scientists did not know for certain that physical and mental disabilities were passed from mother to child.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Most victims of eugenic sterilization were not developmentally disabled but merely poor, as in the case of <em>Schreiber v. Zimmerman</em>. Yet individual court cases like Schreiber’s did not bring an end to eugenic sterilization at state institutions; that came only with the deinstitutionalization movement that developed after World War II. As traumatized veterans returned home, legislators across America could no longer ignore the country’s inadequate mental-health practices. At the national level, President Harry Truman signed the National Mental Health Act in 1946. A few years later, the first antipsychotic drugs revolutionized patient treatment by reducing the need for physical restraints. Beginning in the 1950s, lawmakers updated Colorado’s lunacy laws to give patients more rights, and the state remodeled and reorganized its institutions over the next two decades. Health officials dispersed patient populations into smaller, community-based facilities, where they could live closer to their families and get access to more specialized care. The Colorado Mental Health Institute at Pueblo (as the Colorado State Hospital is known today) now houses fewer than 500 patients, down from 6,000 in 1962.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the second half of the twentieth century, traditional arguments for eugenics were largely discredited by Nazi eugenics policies and advances in genetic science. Efforts by legislators and mental health advocates to close state institutions, repeal sterilization laws, and enlighten the public about a century of hidden abuse ended the formal eugenics movement.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Yet eugenic thought shifted and survived. Starting in the 1950s, the pronatalist movement applied eugenic ideology to marriage and the family, arguing that “fit” parents reproduced only within wedlock. For example, the eugenicist Paul Popenoe also pioneered marriage counseling and taught eugenics at his American Institute of Family Relations (which inspired organizations such as Colorado’s <strong>Focus on the Family</strong>) through his death in 1979.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>This revitalized eugenics movement aligned with people concerned about population growth to advocate for sterilization programs in developing nations and poor communities. Pivoting away from scientific racism, eugenicists talked instead in terms of ending poverty and reforming welfare. Their primary targets also shifted from poor white women to women of color; beginning in the 1960s, the federal government sterilized poor Black women in the South and American Indian women in the West.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Even today, the legacy of eugenic philosophy continues to shape cultural biases regarding disability, class, race, and immigration status. For example, certain scientists still push the boundaries of disease prevention and genetic engineering in pursuit of healthier offspring. Since the 1980s, genetic screening and preimplantation genetic testing have been used to eliminate fatal childhood diseases such as Tay-Sachs, but also to allow parents to abort fetuses that they fear might be born with Down syndrome, gender abnormalities, or other traits deemed undesirable.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Questions of sexual autonomy and disability rights also persist. In practice, Colorado has struggled to decide if the state can sterilize a person based on safety concerns. In 1989 the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/delta-county"><strong>Delta County</strong></a> District Court ordered the compulsory sterilization of an impaired adult named LaVista Romero, even though Romero objected. A year later, the <strong>Colorado Supreme Court</strong> reversed the order because Romero, despite her supposed impairment, could understand the relationship between sex and pregnancy as well as the consequences of sterilization. As of 2020, the Colorado Revised Statutes state that any person over the age of eighteen with an intellectual or developmental disability has to give informed consent before sterilization.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The total number of institutionalized patients sterilized by the state is unknown. However, Lucille Schreiber’s lawsuit against Colorado State Hospital and other anecdotal evidence suggest Colorado’s healthcare system allowed for the unregulated practice of forced sterilization during much of the twentieth century. By design, victims of sterilization lack children to share their stories and push for changes to mental healthcare. Governments in Virginia, home of the <em>Buck v. Bell</em> case, and the Canadian province of Alberta have addressed their history of eugenic sterilization, a process that included financial compensation to victims. The eugenics movement in Colorado, however, is not as well known; most people today are more likely to associate eugenics with the horrors of Nazi Germany instead of the dusty foothills of Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/whitmore-michala" hreflang="und">Whitmore, Michala</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eugenics" hreflang="en">eugenics</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sterilization" hreflang="en">sterilization</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-hospital-pueblo" hreflang="en">Colorado State Hospital at Pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/frank-zimmerman" hreflang="en">Frank Zimmerman</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tuberculosis" hreflang="en">tuberculosis</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tuberculosis-colorado" hreflang="en">tuberculosis in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ku-klux-klan" hreflang="en">Ku Klux Klan</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/minniehaha-love" hreflang="en">Minniehaha Love</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Mike Anton, “Colorado’s Dark Secret State Mental Hospital Sterilized Patients for More than 30 Years,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, November 21, 1999.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Gail M. Beaton, <em>Colorado Women: A History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“A Bill for an Act Authorizing the Sterilization of Certain Persons, and Providing for Investigations, Procedure and Other Matters in Connection Therewith,” House Bill No. 509 (1927), Colorado State Archives, Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Morgan Breitenstein, “<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/news/western-history/spooky-history-arvadas-ridge-home">The Dark History of an Abandoned Institution</a>,” Denver Public Library, October 27, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Harry Bruinius, <em>Better for All the World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America’s Quest for Racial Purity </em>(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Daring Suggestions to Prevent Disease: State Medical Society Will Consider a Proposition to Exterminate Imbecile Children—To Stamp Out Consumption” (1901), Charles and Minnie Love Collection, 1887–1934, File Folders 179–185, History Colorado, Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Randall Hansen and Desmond King, <em>Sterilized by the State: Eugenics, Race and the Population Scare in Twentieth-Century North America</em> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lutz Kaelber, “<a href="http://uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/CO/CO.html">Colorado Eugenics</a>,” Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States, last modified 2011.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>W. H. Kaffer and William May, “Fourth Degree Knights and Holy Name Diocesan Union on Record Against Measure; House Acts Under Delusion That State Will Benefit,” <em>Denver Catholic Register</em>, March 24, 1927.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Lucille Schreiber v. F. H. Zimmerman, et al.</em> (1955–58), Case No. 38407, Pueblo District Court File, Colorado State Archives, Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Katherine Madgett, “<a href="https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/sheppard-towner-maternity-and-infancy-protection-act-1921">Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Protection Act (1921)</a>,” Embryo Project Encyclopedia, last modified May 18, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/colorado/supreme-court/1990/89sa248-0.html"><em>Matter of Romero</em></a>, 790 P.2d 819 (Colorado 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Charles Rymer, “Denver Psychiatrist Advocates Caution in Sterilization Cases,” <em>Rocky Mountain News,</em> April 3, 1927.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Sterilization, Not Mercy Death, Urged for Mental Defectives,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, October 10, 1949.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Tells Mother She Mustn’t Have Any More Children,” Associated Press via <em>Herald Democrat</em> (Leadville, CO), November 27, 1921.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Molly Ladd-Taylor, “Eugenics, Sterilization and Modern Marriage in the USA: The Strange Career of Paul Popenoe,” <em>Gender and History</em> 13, no. 2 (2001).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alexandra M. Stern, <em>Eugenic Nation</em> (Oakland: University of California Press, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert Wilson, “<a href="http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/encyclopedia/5233ce485c2ec500000000a9">Eugenics</a>,” Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, last modified September 14, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sarah Zhang, “<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/12/the-last-children-of-down-syndrome/616928/">The Last Children of Down Syndrome</a>,” <em>Atlantic</em>, December 2020.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 16 Feb 2021 20:59:52 +0000 yongli 3546 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado in World War I http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado in World War I</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-09-13T14:17:05-06:00" title="Wednesday, September 13, 2017 - 14:17" class="datetime">Wed, 09/13/2017 - 14:17</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i" data-a2a-title="Colorado in World War I"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-world-war-i&amp;title=Colorado%20in%20World%20War%20I"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>As Europe stumbled into war in late July and early August 1914, Coloradans viewed the conflict with mixed emotions. Some favored the English, French, Italians, Russians, and their allies. Others preferred the Germans and Austrians and their friends. The divisions were predictable. The 1910 federal census showed that approximately 16 percent of Colorado’s 799,024 residents were foreign-born. Among them were more than 28,000 Germans and Austrians, more than 17,000 English and Scottish, and more than 14,000 Italians. At the onset of the war, President Woodrow Wilson asked Americans to embrace neutrality, but that proved difficult for many foreign-born sons and daughters and their families.</p> <p>Some Coloradans hoped the war would spur demand for the state’s cattle, coal, crops, and minerals. Others worked for peace. Detroit automaker Henry Ford invited two Denverites—Ben B. Lindsey, nationally known as the “kid’s judge” for his promotion of juvenile justice, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/helen-ring-robinson"><strong>Helen Ring Robinson</strong></a>, the first woman elected to the Colorado State Senate—to sail to Europe with him and other prominent peace advocates. Their mission failed early in 1916. Ben Salmon, an anti-war activist, stayed home in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, where he passed out leaflets supporting Wilson’s pledge to keep America out of war.</p> <p>Wilson changed his position after Germany announced in February 1917 that it would engage in unrestricted submarine warfare—a huge threat to the considerable trade the United States enjoyed with England and France. Americans also grew alarmed when they learned in early March that in the event of war, Germany hoped to make an alliance with Mexico. Prompted by President Wilson, the US Congress declared war on Germany. Two of Colorado’s four congressmen, Benjamin C. Hilliard of Denver and Edward Keating of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>, were among the fifty members of the House of Representatives who voted against the declaration on April 6, 1917.</p> <h2>The Home Front</h2> <p>Once the United States entered the conflict, most Coloradans backed the war against Germany or kept their reservations to themselves. <a href="/article/creede\"><strong>Creede</strong></a>, a small mining town, celebrated US entry into WWI with a simulated 21-gun salute using 400 pounds of dynamite. <strong><em>The</em> <em>Denver Post</em></strong> offered 300 free flags to subscribers who persuaded a non-subscriber to take the paper for a month. For some immigrants the war offered an opportunity to prove that they were as “red, white, and blue” as Uncle Sam. On April 27, 1917, the <em>Aspen Democrat Times</em> quoted one local patriot, Irish-born Reverend Patrick McSweeny: “Let no man call me an Irish-American. Just an American is all that I am—all that I care to be.”</p> <p>To turn patriotism into action, Colorado governor <strong>Julius Gunther</strong> ordered a special session of the General Assembly to meet in Denver in early July 1917. It appropriated funds for the National Guard and gave every member of the Guard a ten-dollar bonus. In early August the Guard was put under federal control. To drum up war support, Gunther organized two Councils of Defense: one made up of leading men, the other of prominent women.</p> <p>The defense councils encouraged people to save food and fuel and to lend the federal government money by buying Liberty Bonds and War Savings Stamps. By late 1918, Coloradans had purchased more than $150 million in bonds and stamps. Coloradans did not face rationing as extensive or enduring as they did in <strong>World War II</strong>, but they saw rising food and fuel prices and limited supplies of sugar and wheat. To curb coal prices, Denver mayor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/robert-w-speer"><strong>Robert W. Speer</strong></a> created a city-owned coal company in September 1917, and he pondered setting up a municipal bakery to control bread prices. Conscientious citizens planted gardens and saved food by forgoing meat on Tuesday and wheat on Wednesday. Colorado State Agricultural College in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> (now <strong>Colorado State University</strong>) dispatched home economists to teach people how to conserve and preserve food. Men mined molybdenum at Bartlett Mountain north of <strong>Leadville</strong> and tungsten near <strong>Nederland</strong> west of <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>; both elements were needed for making high-grade steel for armaments.</p> <p>Women staffed canteens at Denver’s <a href="/article/union-station-0"><strong>Union Station</strong></a> and at Pueblo, where they supplied travelling soldiers with candy, cigarettes, and stationery. At the Colorado State Hospital for the Insane in Pueblo, women wielded their knitting needles for the Red Cross. Women also filled gaps in the work force, particularly in agriculture. Helen Ring Robinson, a member of the Woman’s Council of Defense, shifted from peace promotion to war work as she tirelessly traveled around the state urging citizens to buy Liberty Bonds. Ben Lindsey went to England and France to talk with the troops. Denver journalist George Creel stoked patriotic fires as Chairman of the Committee on Public Information, the federal government’s propaganda agency.</p> <p>Hyper-patriotism sometimes degenerated into witch hunts. Historian Lyle Dorset tells of Germans and Austrians being threatened with hanging, pressured to buy war bonds, and otherwise harassed. Historian Phil Goodstein reports that a Denver “loyalty squad” attacked Fred Sietz, a German-American who made anti-war remarks and refused to kiss the flag. Putting a rope around his neck, they dragged him behind a truck from Eighteenth Avenue and Pearl Street into the downtown business district. They dumped Sietz “near Sixteenth and Champa streets where he was rushed to the hospital in poor condition.”</p> <p><a href="/article/fort-morgan"><strong>Fort Morgan</strong></a> banned teaching German in school and made a bonfire of German books. High-schoolers in <a href="/article/salida"><strong>Salida</strong></a> burned their German books, as did grade-schoolers in Fairplay. Denver’s East High School stopped teaching German in early 1918. Peace activists also became targets. Ben Salmon, who said he would not join the Army and kill Germans who were his brothers, was sentenced to twenty-five years in federal prison.</p> <h2>The Military</h2> <p>Some Coloradans were serving in the military before the United States entered the war; as the struggle progressed, around 1,500 others volunteered by May 1918. Federalization of the National Guard probably added around 4,500, but the numbers fell far short of the nation’s needs. Unable to get sufficient volunteers, Uncle Sam resorted to drafting young men. Most served in the US Army, although the state also took pride in its Marines and seamen and the Navy cruisers named for its two principal cities, the U.S.S. <em>Denver</em> and the U.S.S. <em>Pueblo</em>, which protected convoys on their way to Europe.</p> <p>The US Army judged Colorado too cold a place to establish a major training camp, so most of the state’s volunteers and draftees learned to be soldiers at places such as Camp Funston in Kansas, Camp Kearney in San Diego, and Camp Mills at Hempstead, New York. Most Coloradans were mixed in with troops from other states, with many of them serving in the Fortieth and Eighty-ninth Divisions. A few units more or less retained their Colorado identity, including the 157th Infantry, the 341st Field Artillery, the 115th Engineers, and Base Hospital 29. Most of the state’s African American soldiers came from Denver, and most Latino troops hailed from the state’s southern counties. Blacks served in segregated units and in the Colorado National Guard, where some were assigned to protect state reservoirs.</p> <p>Most Colorado troops did not enter serious combat until July and August of 1918, although some fought in the grueling, twenty-six-day battle at Belleau Wood in June. The waning months of the conflict saw Coloradans active in major offensives such as Aisne-Marne (July 18–August 6), St. Mihiel (September 12–16), and Meuse-Argonne (September 26–November 11).</p> <p>Soldiers’ letters published in newspapers gave Coloradans a glimpse of the war. One account in the Fort Collins <em>Weekly Courier</em> of December 27, 1918, described the troops’ reaction to the Armistice that ended the carnage on November 11, 1918: “There was none of the cheering or the excitement, crying, weeping, hugging and slapping of shoulders that you would want to see. It is hard to express our feelings. We were tired.”</p> <p>In 1949 historian LeRoy Hafen wrote that “1,009 [Colorado military personnel] were killed or died in service.” Germans killed some Colorado soldiers; many others died from accidents and disease, particularly <a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a> or <strong>influenza</strong>. At least two—Clara Orgren and Stella Raithel—were nurses. Ironically, the number of war dead paled compared to the more than 7,500 Coloradans who succumbed to the influenza pandemic that ravaged the state between September 1918 and early 1919.</p> <p>Two Coloradans, Lt. Marcellus Chiles and Cpt. John Hunter Wickersham, posthumously received the Congressional Medal of Honor for their heroism. Two other Congressional Medal recipients, Pvt. Jesse N. Funk and US Navy Quartermaster Frank Upton, survived the war. Also fortunate was Cpt. Jerry C. Vasconcells, an aviator who shot down six German aircraft—including a balloon—to become Colorado’s only World War I flying ace.</p> <p>Many of the dead were initially buried abroad, usually in cemeteries in northern France where their graves remain to this day. Others eventually returned home. Pvt. Leo T. Leyden, a Marine killed in action on June 15, 1918, was the first Denver soldier to fall in the conflict. His body was returned more than three years later in early September 1921. Given the honor of lying in-state at the Colorado Capitol, he was also memorialized by Denver’s first American Legion post, the Leo Leyden Post (organized March 20, 1919). Later it merged with other posts to become today’s Leyden-Chiles-Wickersham Post Number 1.</p> <p>Denver’s black veterans named their Legion post after Wallace Simpson, an African American cabin steward who died when the U.S.S. <em>Jacob Jones</em>, a Navy destroyer, was torpedoed by a German U-Boat on December 6, 1917. Veterans in Fort Collins gave Charles L. Conrey a similar tribute by naming their Veterans of Foreign Wars post for him in July 1921, a few months before his body was returned. Other American Legion posts named for World War I men were established in <strong>Arvada</strong>, <strong>Durango</strong>, <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>, <strong>Gunnison</strong>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>, <a href="/article/pagosa-springs"><strong>Pagosa Springs</strong></a>, Salida, and <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong>.</p> <p>At least two Coloradans had major military installations named for them. In the late 1930s Lowry Field (later <strong>Lowry Air Force Base</strong>) was named for Lt. Francis Brown Lowry of Denver, an aerial photographer who was shot down over France in September 1918. A spin-off from Lowry, originally called Lowry II, became today’s <strong>Buckley Air Force Base</strong> in <strong>Aurora</strong>. It honors Lt. John H. Buckley of Longmont, an aviator killed in France on September 17, 1918.</p> <p>On average, Colorado soldiers participated in fewer than six months of fighting, but many of them had been in the Army or Marines for a year or so before engaging in battle. After the war many remained in Europe until they could be transported back to the United States in mid-1919. On arriving home they found welcomes warm but jobs scarce, as wartime demand for farm products and minerals declined. For some the war had been a great adventure, for others an unwelcome detour in their lives, and for others a nightmare.</p> <h2>Aftermath&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</h2> <p>Denver and Aurora got a big plum from the war—a large Army hospital intended to treat victims of tuberculosis and poison gas. Named US General Hospital No. 21 in 1918, it was renamed <a href="/article/fitzsimons-general-hospital"><strong>Fitzsimons</strong></a> in 1920 to honor Lt. William T. Fitzsimons, a Kansan who was the first American medical officer to die in the war. For most Denverites the economic benefits provided by Fitzsimons were offset by the inflation fueled by the war. Food and other prices soared, and often wages did not keep pace. That led to <a href="/article/denver-tramway-strike-1920"><strong>strikes against the Denver Tramway</strong></a> in 1919 and 1920, with seven bystanders killed by strikebreakers in 1920. Wartime hyper-patriotism led to the attacks on suspected Communists during the 1919–20 “Red Scare” and to the rise of a powerful <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ku-klux-klan-colorado">Colorado Ku Klux Klan</a></strong> that trumpeted “100% Americanism.”</p> <p>Some Coloradans turned their wartime experiences into lauded works of literature. Ben Lindsey used his war experience in Europe to produce a book, <em>The Doughboy’s Religion and Other Aspects of Our Day </em>(1920), which he co-authored with Harvey J. O’Higgins. Katherine Anne Porter, destined to become a Pulitzer prize-winning novelist, was a reporter for Denver’s <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> in 1918. Her short novel, <em>Pale Horse, Pale Rider</em> (1939), was shaped by her days in Denver, including her near death from influenza. Screenwriter and novelist Dalton Trumbo (born in <a href="/article/montrose"><strong>Montrose</strong></a> in 1905) drew on the horrors of World War I for his award-winning anti-war novel, <em>Johnny Got His Gun</em> (1939).</p> <p>Political enemies lambasted congressmen Benjamin Hilliard and Edward Keating for voting against the war declaration. Both were defeated when they sought re-election in November 1918. The American Civil Liberties Union and others pressured the government into releasing peace activist Ben Salmon in late 1920. According to biographer Pat Pascoe, when Helen Robinson was dying in 1923, she asked her stepdaughter to tell the newspapers that “it was the overworking of war days that made me an invalid.” Grateful for her service, Colorado allowed her body to rest in-state at the Capitol.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/leonard-stephen-j" hreflang="und">Leonard, Stephen J. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/world-war-i" hreflang="en">world war I</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/world-war-one" hreflang="en">world war one</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wwi-colorado" hreflang="en">wwi colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-world-war-i" hreflang="en">colorado in world war i</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-wwi" hreflang="en">colorado in wwi</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wwi-colorado-history" hreflang="en">wwi colorado history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo" hreflang="en">pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/creede" hreflang="en">Creede</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/julius-gunther" hreflang="en">julius gunther</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/robert-speer" hreflang="en">robert speer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leadville" hreflang="en">Leadville</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nederland" hreflang="en">nederland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-collins" hreflang="en">fort collins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/union-station" hreflang="en">Union Station</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-morgan" hreflang="en">Fort Morgan</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/salida" hreflang="en">Salida</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tuberculosis" hreflang="en">tuberculosis</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/influenza" hreflang="en">influenza</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lowry-air-force-base" hreflang="en">Lowry Air Force Base</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buckley-air-force-base" hreflang="en">buckley air force base</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aurora" hreflang="en">aurora</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montrose" hreflang="en">Montrose</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stephen-leonard" hreflang="en">stephen leonard</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 5th ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013).</p> <p>Gail Beaton, <em>Colorado Women, A History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2012).</p> <p>Colorado State Adjutant-General’s Office, <em>Roster of Men and Women Who Served in the World War from Colorado, 1917</em>–<em>1918 </em>(Denver: Colorado National Guard, 1941).</p> <p>Philip L. Cook, “Red Scare in Denver,” <em>The Colorado Magazine</em>, fall 1966.</p> <p>Lyle W. Dorsett, “The Ordeal of Colorado’s Germans during World War I,” <em>The Colorado Magazine</em>, fall 1974.</p> <p>George H. English, Jr., <em>History of the 89<sup>th</sup> Division, U.S.A.</em> (Denver: Press of Smith-Brooks, 1918).</p> <p>Torin R.T. Finney, <em>Unsung Hero of the Great War: The Life and Witness of Ben Salmon</em> (New York: Paulist Press, 1989).</p> <p>Phil Goodstein, <em>Curtis Park, Five Points, and Beyond: The Heart of Historic East Denver</em> (Denver: New Social Publications, 2014).</p> <p>Phil Goodstein<em>, Robert Speer’s Denver, 1904-1920: The Mile High City in the Progressive Era</em> (Denver: New Social Publications, 2004).</p> <p>LeRoy Hafen, ed., <em>Colorado and Its People: A Narrative and Topical History of the Centennial State, Volume I</em> (New York: Lewis Publishing Company, 1949).</p> <p>Edward Keating, <em>The Gentleman from Colorado: A Memoir</em> (Denver: Sage Books, 1964).</p> <p>Leonard Larsen, <em>The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey</em> (Chicago: Quadrangle Press, 1972).</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard, “The 1918 Influenza Epidemic in Denver and Colorado,” <em>Essays and Monographs in Colorado History</em> (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, No. 9, 1989).</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: From Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p> <p>John H. Nankivell, <em>History of the Military Organizations of the State of Colorado</em> (Denver: W. H. Kistler Stationary, 1935).</p> <p>Pat Pascoe, <em>Helen Ring Robinson: Colorado Senator and Suffragist </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p> <p>Clark Secrest, “Echoes From ‘Over There’,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> magazine, winter 1992.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Arvada Center for the Arts and Humanities, “‘<a href="https://arvadacenter.org/on-stage/world-war-i-centennial">Where Do We Go From Here?’—America in the First World War</a>,” 2017.</p> <p>James K. Jeffrey, “<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/sites/history/files/Fallen_Heroes_of_World_War_I_from_Denver_Colorado.pdf">Fallen Heroes of World War I</a>,” Denver Public Library Western History and Genealogy Department.</p> <p>William Porter, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2013/05/26/history-colorado-shows-off-world-war-i-vets-trove-of-letters-home/">History Colorado shows off World War I vet’s trove of letters home</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, May 26, 2013.</p> <p>The United States World War I Centennial Commission, “<a href="https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/colorado-in-wwi-home-page.html">Colorado in World War I</a>,” 2017.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 13 Sep 2017 20:17:05 +0000 yongli 2737 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Manitou Springs Spa Building http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/manitou-springs-spa-building <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Manitou Springs Spa Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2542--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2542.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/spa-building-today"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Manitou%20Springs%20Media%201.jpeg?itok=gmupie_m" width="1024" height="754" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/spa-building-today" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Spa Building Today</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After being threatened with demolition in 2000, the Spa Building was rehabilitated to house shops, restaurants, and condominiums.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2546--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2546.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/water-treatments"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Manitou%20Spa%20Media%204_0.jpg?itok=tYbiQKT4" width="512" height="458" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/water-treatments" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Water Treatments</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Spa Building had shops on the first floor, baths and treatment rooms on the second floor, and overnight accommodations on the third floor.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-04T16:12:08-06:00" title="Thursday, May 4, 2017 - 16:12" class="datetime">Thu, 05/04/2017 - 16:12</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/manitou-springs-spa-building" data-a2a-title="Manitou Springs Spa Building"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmanitou-springs-spa-building&amp;title=Manitou%20Springs%20Spa%20Building"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Manitou Springs Spa Building stands on top of Soda (or Manitou) Spring on the north bank of <strong>Fountain Creek</strong> in downtown <strong>Manitou Springs</strong>. The three-story Spanish Colonial Revival building was built in 1920 to help revive Manitou’s sagging health tourism industry by offering modern mineral water treatments. In the late twentieth century, the building was converted to a mix of commercial and residential uses. It gradually deteriorated before it was rehabilitated in the early 2000s to house shops, restaurants, and condominiums.</p><h2>Early Manitou Bathhouses</h2><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/original-rustic-pavilion-soda-spring"><img class="image-medium" style="float:left;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Manitou%20Spa%20Media%202_1.jpg" alt="Original Rustic Pavilion at Soda Spring" width="480" height="323"> </a>Soda Spring is one of several springs that sit at the base of the old hunting trail over <strong>Ute Pass</strong> and were used by Native Americans for religious and medicinal purposes. In 1871 <a href="/article/william-jackson-palmer">William Jackson Palmer</a> and <strong>William Bell</strong> began to develop the area as a health resort. Their Colorado Springs Company hired Chicago landscape architect John Blair to design the town of Manitou Springs, which would feature elegant bathhouses, parks, and paths near the springs. The town’s first hotel, the Manitou House, opened in 1872, the same year that a rustic log pavilion with seating was built near Soda Spring.</p><p>The Panic of 1873 slowed development in Manitou, but by 1880 the construction of a new railroad spur from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs">Colorado Springs</a> brought an influx of new visitors and investors. Large new hotels such as the <strong>Cliff House</strong> helped make Manitou one of the most popular summer resorts in the West. Hordes of health seekers suffering from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tuberculosis-colorado">tuberculosis</a> and other maladies came to reap the supposed benefits of mountain air and mineral <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a>. In 1885 the original rustic pavilion at Soda Spring was replaced by a much larger Victorian building that cost $3,500 and featured a lemonade stand. Soon a decorative iron fence encircled the area to prevent free use of the spring water.</p><h2>The Spa Building</h2><p>In the early twentieth century, health tourism to Manitou Springs started to decline. The town faced increasing competition from other resorts—including Colorado Springs, which became the area’s main center for tuberculosis treatment—while the use of mineral springs for health purposes faded as new treatments such as drugs, vitamins, and minerals began to take hold.</p><p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/spa-building-rotunda"><img style="float:right;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/Manitou%20Spa%20Media%203.jpg" alt="Spa Building Rotunda" width="512" height="447"></a>The Manitou Springs Spa Building was designed to arrest this decline in tourism by offering a new, modern health facility at Soda Spring. The old Victorian building with the lemonade stand was torn down to make way for the new spa, which was completed in 1920. The three-story building in the Spanish Colonial Revival style featured stucco walls and a red tile roof. Its construction was supervised by John Fordyce, an expert on bathhouse design. The first floor had small shops and a fountain fed by Soda Spring in the middle of a rotunda. The second floor had baths and treatment rooms and the third floor offered overnight accommodations for guests.</p><p>The Manitou Springs Spa was the town’s last attempt to market mineral baths as a commercial venture. In the middle of the twentieth century, tourism to Manitou Springs was transformed by the rise of the automobile. Motels sprouted on the town’s eastern edge, and most of the large old resorts downtown were demolished because no one came to the mineral springs anymore. At some point the spa building stopped being used as a bathhouse. In 1963 the building’s third floor was converted into small apartments. The second floor was also used at times for residences, while the first floor remained commercial. In 1979 the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><h2>Rehabilitation</h2><p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/spa-building-rehabilitation"><img style="float:left;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/Manitou-Springs-Media-5.jpg" alt="Spa Building Before Rehabilitation" width="480" height="317"></a>The spa building was not well maintained in the late twentieth century, and by 1999 it was in such a state of deterioration that it had to be vacated. Soon after that, Fountain Creek flooded, washing several feet of water, rocks, and other debris through the building’s first floor. The owner could not sell the building, which was in such bad shape that Manitou Springs was threatening to condemn and demolish it. In 2000 the nonprofit <strong>Colorado Preservation Inc.</strong> named it one of the state’s most endangered places to spur efforts to save it. The building was also made part of the National Trust for Historic Preservation Save America’s Treasures program.</p><p>Over the next few years, Colorado Preservation helped show that the building could still be saved and adapted to new uses, especially with Manitou Springs experiencing a surge of new full-time residents. Potential buyers gradually emerged, and in 2005 the building was sold to development partners who wanted to pursue a rehabilitation project. Today the renovated building houses shops and restaurants on the ground floor and condominiums on the upper floors.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/manitou-springs" hreflang="en">manitou springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/soda-spring" hreflang="en">Soda Spring</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fountain-creek" hreflang="en">Fountain Creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tuberculosis" hreflang="en">tuberculosis</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mineral-springs" hreflang="en">mineral springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/endangered-places" hreflang="en">Endangered Places</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Deborah Harrison and the Manitou Springs Heritage Center, <em>Manitou Springs</em> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2012).</p><p><em>Manitou Springs and Tourism: Roadside Architecture in the West</em> (Prepared for the National Trust for Historic Preservation’s National Conference, 2003).</p><p><a href="https://coloradopreservation.org/programs/endangered-places/endangered-places-archives/manitou-springs-spa/">“Manitou Springs Spa,”</a> Colorado Preservation Inc., Endangered Places Archives.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Bettie Marie Daniels and Virginia McConnell, <em>The Springs of Manitou</em> (Denver: Sage Books, 1964).</p><p>“Manitou Springs Historic District,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (1983).</p><p>John and Joanne Pearring, <em>The Walking Tour: An Historical Guide to Manitou Springs</em> (Manitou Springs: TextPros, 1983).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 04 May 2017 22:12:08 +0000 yongli 2541 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Fitzsimons General Hospital http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fitzsimons-general-hospital <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fitzsimons General Hospital</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1015--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1015.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fitzsimons-general-hospital-1920"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Z-265_0.jpg?itok=9Z7jpHiR" width="1000" height="791" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fitzsimons-general-hospital-1920" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fitzsimons General Hospital, 1920</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1918 Fitzsimons General Hospital was established east of Denver to treat soldiers infected with tuberculosis during World War I. Soon it grew to eighty-six buildings and a capacity of 1,400 patients.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--842--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--842.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fitzsimons-main-hospital-building"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5AM_123-d_002_Fitzsimmons_Hospital_0.jpg?itok=xmSIYBvw" width="1000" height="626" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fitzsimons-main-hospital-building" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fitzsimons Main Hospital Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Completed in 1941, the Main Hospital Building was intended to be the best and most modern tuberculosis treatment center in the United States. Its design was intended to maximize patients' access to sunshine and fresh air.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--843--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--843.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fitzsimons-main-hospital-building-mailboxes"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5AM_123-d_011_Fitzsimmons_Hospital_Interior_0.jpg?itok=PSyQR7Ep" width="1000" height="662" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fitzsimons-main-hospital-building-mailboxes" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fitzsimons Main Hospital Building Mailboxes</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Main Hospital Building featured Art Deco details, such as the rounded corner and lighting in the post office. The 290,000-square-foot building also included two large dining rooms, a gym, an officers' clubroom, and a library.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--844--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--844.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/anschutz-medical-campus"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/AnschutsMedicalCampus%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=8pEoZT94" width="1000" height="653" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/anschutz-medical-campus" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Anschutz Medical Campus</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After Fitzsimons was closed in 1996, the former army hospital became home to the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, pictured here, and the adjacent Fitzsimons Innovation Campus, a medical research park.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 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'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-06T13:22:56-07:00" title="Friday, November 6, 2015 - 13:22" class="datetime">Fri, 11/06/2015 - 13:22</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fitzsimons-general-hospital" data-a2a-title="Fitzsimons General Hospital"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffitzsimons-general-hospital&amp;title=Fitzsimons%20General%20Hospital"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Established east of <strong><a href="/article/denver">Denver</a> </strong>in 1918, Fitzsimons General Hospital was originally established as an army hospital specializing in treating soldiers infected with <a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a> during World War I. After struggling with small budgets and the threat of closure, the facility expanded with the addition of a new main building in 1941 and an influx of patients during World War II. Later renamed Fitzsimons Army Hospital and eventually Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, the hospital continued to serve soldiers and veterans after the war, most famously caring for President Dwight D. Eisenhower after he had a heart attack in Denver in 1955. After Fitzsimons was deactivated in 1996, the site became home to the <strong>University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus</strong> as well as a medical research park called the Fitzsimons Innovation Campus.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fighting Tuberculosis at General Hospital No. 21</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1900s tuberculosis was a leading cause of army disability discharges. The problem became acute during World War I, stretching the limits of the army’s existing tuberculosis hospitals. In 1918 the army chose Denver as the site of a large new hospital that would specialize in treating soldiers suffering from tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases. Local businessmen raised $150,000 to buy property east of the city that formerly belonged to the A. H. Gutheil Nursery. In April the businessmen entered into a ninety-nine-year lease with the army and construction started in May. The hospital, known as General Hospital No. 21, cost $3.2 million. Soon it had eighty-six stucco buildings and capacity for 1,400 patients. It began to receive patients in October 1918, one month before the end of the war.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1920 General Hospital No. 21 was renamed to honor Lieutenant William Thomas Fitzsimons, a civilian surgeon serving as an army medical officer who was the first US Army officer killed in World War I. That autumn, Fitzsimons General Hospital became the army’s only hospital focusing on tuberculosis treatment.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout the 1920s, Fitzsimons admitted and discharged about 300 patients per month. It cared for army veterans suffering from tuberculosis and also served as a general hospital for active military personnel and veterans in the Denver area.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Struggling to Survive</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the 1920s Fitzsimons had to cope with tight army budgets, resulting in deferred maintenance. By the early 1930s the facility’s buildings, mostly intended as temporary or semipermanent at best, were falling into disrepair. Just at that moment the Great Depression caused massive budget cuts, leading the US Army’s Office of the Surgeon General to recommend closing Fitzsimons to save money.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fitzsimons employed more than 1,000 people in the Denver area, however, and eliminating those jobs would have dealt a major blow to Colorado’s economy at the height of the Depression. The state’s congressional delegation, led by Denver representative <strong>Lawrence Lewis</strong>, fought hard to keep the hospital open. After a few years of barely keeping Fitzsimons in the budget, the army asked for work-relief funds to rebuild and modernize the hospital in 1935. In 1935–36 the Works Progress Administration (WPA) carried out several projects at Fitzsimons, and in 1936 President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited the hospital and promised it would remain in operation.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Main Building</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the War Department had committed to improving Fitzsimons, Lewis requested a $2.5 million appropriation for the construction of a new main hospital building. His timing was fortuitous: the army was growing in response to ominous developments abroad, and Denver was being considered as the site of a new Army Air Corps Technical School (later known as <strong>Lowry Air Force Base</strong>, established in 1937). Perhaps the most important stumbling block to significant federal investment in Fitzsimons was overcome in 1937, when the land was officially turned over to the federal government. This helped ensure the hospital’s future; later that year, Congress approved a large appropriation. The hospital received $3.75 million in Public Works Administration funds, and $300,000 in WPA funds for a new main building intended to be the best tuberculosis treatment center in the United States.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Construction began in August 1938. The original plans called for a five-story structure, but the height of the building eventually doubled during planning and construction as the threat of war increased. The Art Deco building, with a stair-step roofline and a facade of sandstone and buff-colored brick, was designed under the guidance of supervising architect L. M. Leisenring of the Quartermaster General’s office. The design featured many setbacks, projections, and wings, resulting from the need to maximize tuberculosis patients’ access to sunshine and fresh air. The building also included plenty of south-facing solariums and outdoor decks as well as two large dining rooms, a gym, an officers’ clubroom, a post office, and a library.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The main hospital building was dedicated on December 3, 1941. At 290,000 square feet and 608 beds, the building was reportedly the largest structure in Colorado as well as the largest hospital structure ever built by the army. It quickly became a local landmark and the centerpiece of Fitzsimons General Hospital.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>World War II and After</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Just four days after the dedication of the new main building, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and the United States entered World War II. As the largest and one of the most modern military hospitals in the country, Fitzsimons played a key role in caring for sick and wounded soldiers during the war.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Casualties from Pearl Harbor began to arrive at the hospital on December 17. The facility filled quickly; it soon became apparent that further expansion would be necessary. Many temporary buildings were hastily constructed to increase the hospital’s capacity to roughly 3,500 beds. By 1943 it was the largest military hospital in the world, with 322 buildings on nearly 600 acres, including a pharmacy school, dental school, bakery, barbershop, print shop, post office, fire department, and chapel. In addition to American soldiers, Fitzsimons also cared for German, Italian, and Japanese prisoners of war who were suffering from tuberculosis.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1950s, as cases of tuberculosis dropped dramatically with improvements in public health and the introduction of antibiotics, Fitzsimons began to focus on treating lung cancer and other chest diseases. It also treated battlefield casualties from the Korean War and, later, the Vietnam War, specializing in soldiers with chest wounds.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Eisenhower’s Heart Attack</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1955 Fitzsimons was unexpectedly thrust into the national spotlight when President Dwight D. Eisenhower suffered a heart attack while on vacation in Colorado and spent nearly two months recuperating in the hospital’s main building. On the afternoon of September 23, Eisenhower had begun to feel discomfort after golfing. He woke that night with chest pains. The next day, a cardiogram determined that the president had suffered a major heart attack.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On September 24, Eisenhower was admitted to Fitzsimons, where he stayed on a suite of rooms on the eighth floor of the main hospital building. He was ordered not to resume any work until October 1. In the meantime, an informal committee made up of Vice President Richard Nixon, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, Attorney General Herbert Brownell, Jr., and Eisenhower’s chief of staff, Sherman Adams, kept the government running smoothly.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By October Eisenhower was feeling better and began to hold regular briefings with Adams. Nixon also visited Eisenhower at Fitzsimons. The president celebrated his birthday in the hospital on October 14 and took his first unaided steps since the heart attack on October 25, when he met with a group of reporters on the hospital rooftop. He stayed at the hospital for a few more weeks so that he would not have to be taken out in a wheelchair. He left on November 11, when he was able to walk up the stairs to board his airplane and fly back to Washington.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Closure and Redevelopment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1970s, after the end of the Vietnam War, Fitzsimons had fewer active-duty casualties to care for. It began to focus on treating more military retirees and their dependents. It also continued to support nearby Lowry Air Force Base as well as other army and air force bases in the region, and to serve as an important army medical training center.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of the Cold War in 1991, Fitzsimons was an aging facility not directly associated with any active military installations. As a result, in 1995 it was listed for closure as part of the Department of Defense’s Base Realignment and Closure process. Its healthcare responsibilities—including its training schools and labs—were transferred to Fort Sam Houston, Texas, and the facility was closed in June 1996. At the time Fitzsimons was one of Aurora’s largest employers, with nearly 3,000 workers, and in 1995 it had generated $328 million in economic activity, leading to concerns about the closure’s effect on the local economy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the army left, part of the Fitzsimons campus became home to the Fitzsimons Innovation Campus, a medical research park meant to attract healthcare and bioscience companies, as well as the University of Colorado’s health sciences center, now called the Anschutz Medical Campus, which includes the University of Colorado Hospital, Children’s Hospital Colorado, and five health professional schools. The former main hospital building houses the administrative offices of the University of Colorado School of Medicine, the Colorado School of Public Health, and several related offices and programs. In 2000 the Eisenhower Suite on the eighth floor was restored to its appearance at the time of President Eisenhower’s recovery and opened to the public as a museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2008 the redeveloped Fitzsimons campus had 16,000 jobs and generated roughly $3.5 billion for the state’s economy. Aurora has designated the land around Fitzsimons as an urban renewal area targeted for mixed-use commercial, retail, and residential developments in order to support the medical campus. Once the Fitzsimons Innovation Campus and the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus are completely built, the area is projected to have more than 40,000 employees.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tuberculosis" hreflang="en">tuberculosis</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/anschutz-medical-campus" hreflang="en">Anschutz Medical Campus</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lawrence-lewis" hreflang="en">Lawrence Lewis</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dwight-d-eisenhower" hreflang="en">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carol R. Byerly, <em>“Good Tuberculosis Men”: The Army Medical Department’s Struggle with Tuberculosis</em> (Fort Sam Houston, TX: Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado: A Commemorative History</em> (Aurora, CO: Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, Public Affairs Office, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jim Newton, <em>Eisenhower: The White House Years</em> (New York: Doubleday, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>R. Laurie Simmons and Thomas H. Simmons, “Fitzsimons General Hospital, Main Hospital Building,” Colorado State Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (November 27, 1998).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>“<a href="http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/administration/history/Pages/Eisenhower-Suite.aspx">Eisenhower Suite: The President’s 1955 Heart Attack</a>,” School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://fitzsimonsinnovation.com">Fitzsimons Innovation Campus</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Fitzsimons Redevelopment,” City of Aurora.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Fitzsimons General Hospital was built east of <strong>Denver</strong> in 1918. It focused on caring for soldiers who got <strong>tuberculosis</strong> during <strong>World War I</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fighting Tuberculosis at General Hospital No. 21</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1900s tuberculosis was a leading cause of soldiers being released from the army. The problem became serious during World War I. In 1918 the army chose Denver as the site of a large new hospital. It would focus on treating soldiers with tuberculosis and other lung diseases. The hospital was known as General Hospital No. 21. It began to take patients in October 1918, one month before the end of the war.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1920 General Hospital No. 21 was renamed to honor Lieutenant William Thomas Fitzsimons. He was a civilian surgeon serving as an army medical officer. He was the first US Army officer killed in World War I. In the autumn of 1920, Fitzsimons General Hospital became the army’s only hospital focusing on tuberculosis treatment.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Struggling to Survive</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The hospital buildings fell apart during the 1920s because tight army budgets did not allow for repairs. The <strong>Great Depression</strong> and lack of money led to talk of closing the hospital. In 1935 a government program called the Works Progress Administration (WPA) helped repair Fitzsimons. In 1936 President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited the hospital and promised it would remain open.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Main Building</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Construction for a new Main Building began in August 1938. The original plans called for a five-story building. The height of the building doubled during planning and construction. The building had many south-facing sunrooms and outdoor decks where tuberculosis patients could get the sunshine and fresh air they needed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The main hospital building was opened on December 3, 1941. The building was reported to be the largest building in Colorado. It was also the largest hospital structure ever built by the army. It quickly became a local landmark and the core of Fitzsimons General Hospital.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>World War II and After</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Just four days after the opening of the new main building, the United States entered World War II. Fitzsimons played a key role in caring for sick and wounded soldiers during the war.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Those wounded at Pearl Harbor began to arrive at the hospital on December 17, 1941. The hospital filled quickly and it soon became necessary to expand it. Many temporary buildings were quickly built. By 1943 it was the largest military hospital in the world. Fitzsimons also cared for German, Italian, and Japanese prisoners of war who had tuberculosis.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1950s, cases of tuberculosis dropped with the discovery of new medicines. Fitzsimons began to focus on treating lung cancer and other chest diseases. It also cared for soldiers wounded in the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Fitzsimons focused on caring for soldiers with chest wounds.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Eisenhower’s Heart Attack</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1955 President Dwight D. Eisenhower suffered a heart attack while on vacation in Colorado. He was treated at Fitzsimons and spent two months recovering on the eighth floor of the main building. He left on November 11, when he was able to walk up the stairs to board his airplane and fly back to Washington.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Closure and Redevelopment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the end of the Vietnam War in the 1970s, Fitzsimons had fewer patients to care for. It began to focusing treating retired military men and their families. It also served as an important army medical training center.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1996 Fitzsimons became the Fitzsimons Innovation Campus. It is now used for medical research. In 2000 the Eisenhower Suite on the eighth floor was returned to the way it looked when President Eisenhower stayed there. It is now open to the public as a museum.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Fitzsimons General Hospital was built east of <strong>Denver</strong> in 1918. It was established as an army hospital specializing in treating soldiers infected with <strong>tuberculosis</strong> during <strong>World War I</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fighting Tuberculosis at General Hospital No. 21</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1900s tuberculosis was a leading cause of soldiers being released from military service. The problem became serious during World War I, stretching the limits of the army’s existing tuberculosis hospitals. In 1918 the army chose Denver as the site of a large new hospital that would specialize in treating soldiers suffering from tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases. The hospital was known as General Hospital No. 21. It began to receive patients in October 1918, one month before the end of the war.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1920 General Hospital No. 21 was renamed to honor Lieutenant William Thomas Fitzsimons, a civilian surgeon serving as an army medical officer who was the first US Army officer killed in World War I. That autumn, Fitzsimons General Hospital became the army’s only hospital focusing on tuberculosis treatment.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout the 1920s, Fitzsimons admitted and discharged about 300 patients per month. It cared for army veterans suffering from tuberculosis and served as a general hospital for active military men and veterans in the Denver area.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Struggling to Survive</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the 1920s Fitzsimons had to cope with tight army budgets. The result was decreased spending for upkeep. By the early 1930s the facility’s buildings were falling into disrepair. Just at that moment the <strong>Great Depression</strong> caused huge budget cuts, leading the US Army’s Office of the Surgeon General to recommend closing Fitzsimons to save money.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fitzsimons employed more than 1,000 people in the Denver area. Closing the hospital and getting rid of those jobs would have hurt Colorado’s economy at the height of the Depression. After a few years of barely keeping Fitzsimons in the budget, the army asked for work-relief funds to rebuild and modernize the hospital in 1935. In 1935–36 the Works Progress Administration (WPA) carried out several projects at Fitzsimons, and in 1936 President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited the hospital and promised it would remain in operation.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Main Building</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Construction of a new main hospital building began in August 1938. The new building was intended to be the best tuberculosis treatment center in the United States. The original plans called for a five-story structure, but the height of the building eventually doubled during planning and construction as the threat of war increased. The building included plenty of south-facing sunrooms and outdoor decks designed to maximize tuberculosis patients’ access to the sunshine and fresh air needed for their treatment. There were also two large dining rooms, a gym, an officers’ clubroom, a post office, and a library.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The main hospital building was dedicated on December 3, 1941. At 290,000 square feet, the building was reportedly the largest structure in Colorado as well as the largest hospital structure ever built by the army. It quickly became a local landmark and the centerpiece of Fitzsimons General Hospital.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>World War II and After</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Just four days after the dedication of the new main building, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and the United States entered World War II. As the largest and one of the most modern military hospitals in the country, Fitzsimons played a key role in caring for sick and wounded soldiers during the war.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Casualties from Pearl Harbor began to arrive at the hospital on December 17. The facility filled quickly. It soon became apparent that further expansion would be necessary. Many temporary buildings were quickly constructed to increase the hospital’s capacity. By 1943 it was the largest military hospital in the world. In addition to American soldiers, Fitzsimons also cared for German, Italian, and Japanese prisoners of war who were suffering from tuberculosis.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1950s, cases of tuberculosis dropped dramatically with improvements in public health and the introduction of new medicines. Fitzsimons began to focus on treating lung cancer and other chest diseases. It also treated battlefield casualties from the Korean War and the Vietnam War. It specialized in treating soldiers with chest wounds.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Eisenhower’s Heart Attack</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1955 Fitzsimons was unexpectedly pushed into the national spotlight when President Dwight D. Eisenhower suffered a heart attack while on vacation in Colorado and spent nearly two months recovering in the hospital’s main building.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On September 24, Eisenhower was admitted to Fitzsimons, where he stayed on a suite of rooms on the eighth floor of the main hospital building. He was ordered not to resume any work until October 1.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The president celebrated his birthday in the hospital on October 14 and took his first unaided steps since the heart attack on October 25, when he met with a group of reporters on the hospital rooftop. He stayed at the hospital for a few more weeks so that he would not have to be taken out in a wheelchair. He left on November 11, when he could walk up the stairs to board his airplane and fly back to Washington.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Closure and Redevelopment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1970s, after the end of the Vietnam War, Fitzsimons had fewer active-duty casualties to care for. It began to focus on treating more military retirees and their families. It also continued to support nearby Lowry Air Force Base as well as other army and air force bases in the region, and to serve as an important army medical training center.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In June 1996, Fitzsimons General Hospital closed as an army facility. At that time part of the Fitzsimons campus became home to the Fitzsimons Innovation Campus, a medical research park meant to attract healthcare and bioscience companies and the <strong>University of Colorado</strong>’s health sciences center, now called the <strong>Anschutz Medical Campus</strong>. The former main hospital building houses the administrative offices of the University of Colorado School of Medicine, the <strong>Colorado School of Public Health</strong>, and several related offices and programs. In 2000 the Eisenhower Suite on the eighth floor was restored to its appearance at the time of President Eisenhower’s recovery and opened to the public as a museum.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Located east of <strong>Denver</strong> in 1918, Fitzsimons General Hospital was originally established as an army hospital specializing in treating soldiers infected with <strong>tuberculosis</strong> during <strong>World War I</strong>. After struggling with small budgets and the threat of closure, the facility expanded with the addition of a new main building in 1941 and an influx of patients during World War II. Later renamed Fitzsimons Army Hospital and eventually Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, the hospital continued to serve soldiers and veterans after the war.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fighting Tuberculosis at General Hospital No. 21</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1900s tuberculosis was a leading cause of army disability discharges. The problem became acute during World War I, stretching the limits of the army’s existing tuberculosis hospitals. In 1918 the army chose Denver as the site of a large new hospital that would specialize in treating soldiers suffering from tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases. The hospital, known as General Hospital No. 21, cost $3.2 million. It began to receive patients in October 1918, one month before the end of the war.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1920 General Hospital No. 21 was renamed to honor Lieutenant William Thomas Fitzsimons, a civilian surgeon serving as an army medical officer who was the first US Army officer killed in World War I. That autumn, Fitzsimons General Hospital became the army’s only hospital focusing on tuberculosis treatment.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout the 1920s, Fitzsimons admitted and discharged about 300 patients per month. It cared for army veterans suffering from tuberculosis and served as a general hospital for active military personnel and veterans in the Denver area.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Struggling to Survive</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the 1920s Fitzsimons had to cope with tight army budgets. The result was decreased spending for maintenance. By the early 1930s the facility’s buildings were falling into disrepair. Just at that moment the <strong>Great Depression</strong> caused massive budget cuts, leading the US Army’s Office of the Surgeon General to recommend closing Fitzsimons to save money.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fitzsimons employed more than 1,000 people in the Denver area, however, and eliminating those jobs would have dealt a major blow to Colorado’s economy at the height of the Depression. After a few years of barely keeping Fitzsimons in the budget, the army asked for work-relief funds to rebuild and modernize the hospital in 1935. In 1935–36 the Works Progress Administration (WPA) carried out several projects at Fitzsimons, and in 1936 President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited the hospital and promised it would remain in operation.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Main Building</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the War Department had committed to improving Fitzsimons, a request for a $2.5 million appropriation for the construction of a new main hospital building was granted. In 1937 Congress approved a large appropriation to pay for a new main building intended to be the best tuberculosis treatment center in the United States.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Construction began in August 1938. The original plans called for a five-story structure, but the height of the building eventually doubled during planning and construction. The building included plenty of south-facing sunrooms and outdoor decks designed to maximize tuberculosis patients’ access to the sunshine and fresh air needed for their treatment. There were also two large dining rooms, a gym, an officers’ clubroom, a post office and a library. </p>&#13; &#13; <p>The main hospital building was dedicated on December 3, 1941. At 290,000 square feet and 608 beds, the building was reportedly the largest structure in Colorado as well as the largest hospital structure ever built by the army. It quickly became a local landmark and the centerpiece of Fitzsimons General Hospital.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>World War II and After</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Just four days after the dedication of the new main building, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and the United States entered World War II. As the largest and one of the most modern military hospitals in the country, Fitzsimons played a key role in caring for sick and wounded soldiers during the war.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Casualties from Pearl Harbor began to arrive at the hospital on December 17. The facility filled quickly; it soon became apparent that further expansion would be necessary. Many temporary buildings were hastily constructed to increase the hospital’s capacity to roughly 3,500 beds. By 1943 it was the largest military hospital in the world, with 322 buildings on nearly 600 acres. In addition to American soldiers, Fitzsimons also cared for German, Italian, and Japanese prisoners of war who were suffering from tuberculosis.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1950s, as cases of tuberculosis dropped dramatically with improvements in public health and the introduction of new antibiotics, Fitzsimons began to focus on treating lung cancer and other chest diseases. It also treated battlefield casualties from the Korean War and the Vietnam War, specializing in soldiers with chest wounds.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Eisenhower’s Heart Attack</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1955 Fitzsimons was unexpectedly thrust into the national spotlight when President Dwight D. Eisenhower suffered a heart attack while on vacation in Colorado and spent nearly two months recuperating in the hospital’s main building.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On September 24, Eisenhower was admitted to Fitzsimons, where he stayed on a suite of rooms on the eighth floor of the main hospital building. He was ordered not to resume any work until October 1.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By October Eisenhower was feeling better and began to hold regular briefings with his chief of staff, Sherman Adams. Vice President Richard Nixon also visited Eisenhower at Fitzsimons. The president celebrated his birthday in the hospital on October 14 and took his first unaided steps since the heart attack on October 25, when he met with a group of reporters on the hospital rooftop. He stayed at the hospital for a few more weeks so that he would not have to be taken out in a wheelchair. He left on November 11, when could walk up the stairs to board his airplane and fly back to Washington.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Closure and Redevelopment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1970s, after the end of the Vietnam War, Fitzsimons had fewer active-duty casualties to care for. It began to focus on treating more military retirees and their dependents. It also continued to support nearby <strong>Lowry Air Force Base</strong> as well as other army and air force bases in the region, and to serve as an important army medical training center.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In June 1996, Fitzsimons General Hospital closed as an army facility. At that time part of the Fitzsimons campus became home to the Fitzsimons Innovation Campus, a medical research park meant to attract healthcare and bioscience companies, as well as the <strong>University of Colorado</strong>’s health sciences center, now called the <strong>Anschutz Medical Campus</strong>. The former main hospital building houses the administrative offices of the University of Colorado School of Medicine, the <strong>Colorado School of Public Health</strong>, and several related offices and programs. In 2000 the Eisenhower Suite on the eighth floor was restored to its appearance at the time of President Eisenhower’s recovery and opened to the public as a museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2008 the redeveloped Fitzsimons campus had 16,000 jobs and generated roughly $3.5 billion for the state’s economy. Aurora has designated the land around Fitzsimons as an urban renewal area targeted for mixed-use commercial, retail, and residential developments in order to support the medical campus. Once the Fitzsimons Innovation Campus and the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus are complete, the area is projected to have more than 40,000 employees.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 06 Nov 2015 20:22:56 +0000 yongli 841 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org