%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Black Lives Matter http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/black-lives-matter <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Black Lives Matter</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-02-08T17:10:08-07:00" title="Tuesday, February 8, 2022 - 17:10" class="datetime">Tue, 02/08/2022 - 17:10</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/black-lives-matter" data-a2a-title="Black Lives Matter"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fblack-lives-matter&amp;title=Black%20Lives%20Matter"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Black Lives Matter (BLM) is an international civil and human rights movement organized in 2013 by three Black women: Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi. Formed after the shooting of Trayvon Martin in Florida, the movement began as a social media hashtag and galvanized antiracist activity around the globe. BLM’s mission is to “eradicate white supremacy and build local power to intervene in violence inflicted on Black communities by the state and vigilantes.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>There are more than forty chapters of BLM around the world. In 2015 activists <strong>Amy E. Brown</strong>, Rev. Dr. Dawn Riley Duval, and Dr. Bianca Williams formed Black Lives Matter 5280, a chapter serving <a href="file://users/williamwei/Desktop/CEPhII_Batch23_NJ_SS_11-2-21/coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. One year later, activist Jon Williams and others founded Black Lives Matter <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>, the main chapter on Colorado’s <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to organizing street protests against police brutality, BLM 5280 also provides educational initiatives; a Displacement Defense Fund for those who lost housing during the <a href="file://users/williamwei/Desktop/CEPhII_Batch23_NJ_SS_11-2-21/coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19 pandemic</strong></a>; and other spiritual, medical, and financial assistance to Black communities. BLM Grand Junction, meanwhile, offers a directory of Black-owned businesses on the Western Slope and provides forums for discussions about inequality and privilege.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After several years of antiracist activity that drew intense backlash from local whites, BLM Grand Junction halted most of its work in June 2020. However, the chapter inspired other local groups, such as Right &amp; Wrong (RAW), to continue antiracist work in the community.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Anti-Black racism has a long history that is tied to the rise of race-based New World slavery, which became a significant social and economic institution in the United States. After the Thirteenth Amendment officially ended slavery, anti-Black racism continued to drive policy and actions that oppressed Black people, including sharecropping; Jim Crow segregation; lynching; terrorism; poll taxes and literacy tests; police brutality; and discrimination in housing, jobs, school funding, and banking. These actions and policies caused intergenerational trauma among Black people and prevented Black families from gathering wealth to pass on to their children, creating the foundation for today’s dramatic gaps in wealth and well-being between Black and white America.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although slavery was never legal in Colorado, anti-Black racism was nonetheless part of the state’s history from the beginning. During the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>, white prospectors ran a group of Black men off a claim in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/summit-county"><strong>Summit County</strong></a>, calling the place “Nigger Hill” thereafter. In 1900 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/preston-porter-jr"><strong>Preston Porter, Jr.</strong></a>, a young Black man, was burned alive in front of a cheering crowd in <strong>Limon</strong> (he was accused of murdering a young white girl). In the 1920s, the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ku-klux-klan-colorado"><strong>Ku Klux Klan</strong></a> was effectively in charge of the state and Denver’s government; members burned a cross in the yard of the <strong>Denver NAACP</strong> president. Throughout the twentieth century, racist housing covenants and <strong>residential redlining</strong> excluded Denver’s Black families from the city’s middle- and upper-class communities, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-police-department-1933"><strong>police</strong></a> disproportionately targeted and abused Black people.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Denver Police Department’s renewed focus on street gangs in the 1990s targeted Black and Latino neighborhoods, leading to the routine harassment of residents. In the early 2010s, ongoing police killings of Black people and other minorities became a major catalyst for the Black Lives Matter movement, which is modeled in part on the nationwide <strong>Civil Rights</strong> demonstrations of the 1960s. By 2016, a year after Black Lives Matter 5280 was founded, Black Coloradans made up around 4 percent of the total population but 18 percent of the jail or prison population. They were more than three times as likely to be arrested than whites.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Colorado today, 20 percent of Black residents have income below the federal poverty line, compared to 8.9 percent of white residents; the average white household has 16 times the wealth of the average Black household. In Denver, Black people are 2.7 times as likely to be killed by police as white people; nationwide, they are three times as likely. In the context of historical and present-day inequality, and with a nation more aware of racist activities via ubiquitous cameras and social media, Black Lives Matter found plenty of traction in the Centennial State.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Notable Activity</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In April 2015, Freddie Gray, a young Black man in Baltimore, died while in police custody, sparking national debates over policing. On May 21, 2015, BLM 5280 held a community dinner at the Boys and Girls Club in Denver’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/park-hill"><strong>Park Hill</strong></a> neighborhood to officially launch the organization. More than fifty residents attended, creating poster collages of their visions for an equal city and society. Later that year, the group’s first real push for change came when they rallied to have the city’s Stapleton neighborhood renamed; it was originally named for Denver Mayor <strong>Benjamin Stapleton</strong>, a Ku Klux Klan member. The neighborhood was eventually renamed “Central Park” in 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Over the next few years, BLM 5280 worked to get charges dropped against a local Black high schooler who was dragged out of a bathroom for violating dress code (2016), sent a delegation to the Dakota Access Pipeline protest led by Indigenous people (2016), and raised thousands of dollars to bail Black Coloradans out of jail (2018). They also held vigils for Black people killed by police in other places and worked alongside <strong>Denver Homeless Out Loud</strong> to highlight the role of capitalism in Black oppression.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In July 2018, BLM 5280’s Education Squad (composed of local K–12 teachers) launched the Freedom School. This program centers on Black knowledge, people, and principles and is named after the Freedom Schools that Black activists set up throughout the South during the Civil Rights Movement. In June 2020, BLM’s Education Squad successfully campaigned for the Denver School Board to remove police officers from schools.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In late May 2020, after footage began circulating online of a Minneapolis police officer brutally killing George Floyd, an unarmed Black man, BLM 5280 joined other civil rights groups in <strong>massive demonstrations</strong> in Denver. As they did elsewhere, the protests drew thousands to the heart of the city for multiple days, and solidarity protests cropped up all over the state, from <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> to <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, Grand Junction, <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong>, and <strong>Alamosa</strong>. Although the Denver demonstrations were mostly peaceful, police responded with tear gas and rubber bullets, and some altercations between protesters and police occurred. Dozens of police officers and hundreds of protesters were injured, and the city’s independent monitor later found that the Denver Police Department used excessive force against protesters. On June 25, 2020, BLM 5280, along with nine individual plaintiffs, filed a lawsuit against the city and county of Denver over the police department’s actions. The case was still ongoing in late 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a> pandemic, as Black people and other minorities suffered disproportionately from the disease and its economic effects, BLM 5280 organized a Displacement Defense Fund to help keep minority families in their homes. Families excluded from federal relief payments could apply for funds up to $2,500 to help get them through the pandemic. </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/matter" hreflang="en">matter</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-lives-matter-history" hreflang="en">black lives matter history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-lives-matter-colorado" hreflang="en">black lives matter colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/social-justice" hreflang="en">social justice</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/human-rights" hreflang="en">human rights</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/racism" hreflang="en">racism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/anti-racism" hreflang="en">anti-racism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-lives-matter-grand-junction" hreflang="en">black lives matter grand junction</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/george-floyd-protests-colorado" hreflang="en">george floyd protests colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civil-rights-denver" hreflang="en">civil rights denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/blm" hreflang="en">blm</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/blm-5280" hreflang="en">blm 5280</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-lives-matter-5280" hreflang="en">black lives matter 5280</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-black-lives-matter" hreflang="en">history of black lives matter</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>5280FreedomSchool.com, “<a href="https://www.5280freedomschool.com/history">History</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Black Lives Matter 5280, “<a href="https://www.blacklivesmatter5280.com/about">About</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Black Lives Matter 5280, “<a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfRWyksu7rQ7s5aOvAYHsBehsknpjVNz7Q2dVqmwZqISK66_A/viewform?fbclid=IwAR3yAOkpQxiElo-xjEEPg1_0k_J2oa43Um8WKx96Lh-5LywJCis3ijfVpaU">BLM5280 Covid-19 Displacement Defense Fund</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Black Lives Matter 5280, “<a href="https://www.blacklivesmatter5280.com/history">History</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Black Lives Matter 5280, “<a href="https://www.blacklivesmatter5280.com/teams">Squads</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lori Bradford, “<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=BMR19810801-01.2.10&amp;srpos=29&amp;e=-------en-20--21-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-police+black+teenager-------0------\">To Serve and Protect?</a>” <em>Big Mama Rag</em>, August 1, 1981.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Michael Collins, “<a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/07/20/coronavirus-blacks-latinos-poor-less-likely-get-1-200-checks/5471086002/">Black, Latino and Poor People Are Less Likely to Get $1,200 Coronavirus Stimulus Checks, New Report Says</a>,” <em>USA Today</em>, July 20, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.prisonpolicy.org/profiles/CO.html">Colorado Profile</a>,” Prison Policy Initiative, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Daley, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/2020/09/10/communities-of-color-hit-hard-by-coronavirus-step-in-to-fill-the-gaps-in-the-governments-response/">The Coronavirus Exposed Colorado’s Racial Inequities in Health Care: Community Health Centers Are Trying to Help</a>,” <em>CPR</em>, September 10, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nathan Deal, “<a href="https://www.gjsentinel.com/news/western_colorado/grand-junction-sees-week-of-protests-in-wake-of-george-floyds-murder/article_30823b72-a815-11ea-be88-ff1602de4b6d.html">Grand Junction Sees Week of Protests in Wake of George Floyd’s Murder</a>,” <em>Grand Junction Daily Sentinel</em>, June 7, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kim Habicht, “<a href="https://www.5280.com/denver-police-departments-history-of-officer-involved-shootings/">Denver Police Department’s History of Officer-Involved Shootings</a>,” <em>5280</em>, June 24, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Russell Haythorn, “<a href="https://www.denver7.com/news/front-range/denver/charges-dropped-against-northfield-hs-teenage-girl-who-was-handcuffed-dragged-out-of-bathroom">Charges Dropped on Girl Who Violated Dress Code</a>,” <em>Denver Channel</em>, April 15, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nathan Heffel, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/show-segment/denvers-new-black-lives-matter-5280-chapter-envisions-safer-stronger-community/">Denver’s New Black Lives Matter 5280 Chapter Envisions Safer, Stronger Community</a>,” <em>CPR</em>, May 29, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jack Hibbard and Emily Kempa, “<a href="https://clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=17634">Case Profile: Black Lives Matter 5280 v. City and County of Denver</a>,” Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse, updated January 2, 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kristin Jones, “<a href="https://collective.coloradotrust.org/stories/the-racial-wealth-gap-in-colorado/">The Racial Wealth Gap in Colorado</a>,” Colorado Trust, February 3, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ben Markus and Nathaniel Minor, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/2016/12/21/report-colorados-blacks-are-arrested-at-disproportionately-high-rates/">Report: Colorado’s Blacks Are Arrested at Disproportionately High Rates</a>,” <em>CPR</em>, December 21, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Matt Meyer, “<a href="https://www.gjsentinel.com/news/scope-of-black-lives-matter-march-in-grand-junction/video_af5cfdc2-a9c5-11ea-9f47-07bcdaac1253.html">Scope of Black Lives Matter March in Grand Junction</a>,” <em>Grand Junction Daily Sentinel</em>, December 3, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Noelle Phillips, Tiney Ricciardi, Alex Burness, Saja Hindi, and Elise Schmelzer, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2020/05/28/george-floyd-death-colorado-protest/">Tear Gas, Pepper Balls Used on Denver Crowds in George Floyd Protests Thursday night</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, May 28, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret Redfern, “<a href="https://globalstudentsquare.org/a-small-city-sounds-a-big-message-on-black-lives-matter/">A Small City Sounds a Big Message on Black Lives Matter</a>,” <em>Global Student Square</em>, July 23, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eric Ruble and Nicole Fierro, “<a href="https://kdvr.com/news/local/stapleton-leaders-to-announce-neighborhoods-new-name/">Denver’s Stapleton Neighborhood Renamed to Central Park</a>,” KDVR, August 1, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Sachs, “<a href="https://denverite.com/2020/06/11/its-official-in-an-attempt-to-short-circuit-systemic-racism-denver-public-schools-will-remove-police-officers-from-schools/?fbclid=IwAR2pqvnMMZZChjKGkXW4OUx_NwFyZ5boiWwRpp0vMTgJFjeujUUAYJiPYSE">It’s Official: In an Attempt to Short-Circuit Systemic Racism, Denver Public Schools Will Remove Police Officers From Schools</a>,” <em>Denverite</em>, June 11, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elise Schmelzer, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2020/12/08/denver-police-protest-independent-monitor-report/">Excessive Force, Poor Communication Marred Denver Police Response to George Floyd Protests, Independent Monitor Finds</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, December 8, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sharon Sullivan, “<a href="https://www.spokeandblossom.com/stories/2020/9/14/right-and-wrong-grand-valley-activists-combat-racism-in-the-wake-of-george-floyds-murder">Right and Wrong: Grand Valley Activists Combat Racism in the Wake of George Floyd’s Murder</a>,” <em>Spoke and Blossom</em>, Fall 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meg Wingerter, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2021/08/01/covid-health-equity-disparities-colorado/">COVID Spotlighted Colorado’s Health Inequities: Will Efforts to Address Racial Disparities Remain Post-pandemic?</a>” <em>The Denver Post</em>, August 1, 2021.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.blacklivesmatter5280.com/">Black Lives Matter 5280</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://library.law.howard.edu/civilrightshistory/BLM">Black Lives Matter Movement</a>,” Howard University Law Library, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Larry Buchanan, Quoctrung Bui, and Jugal K. Patel, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html">Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, July 3, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Attorney General, “<a href="https://coag.gov/press-releases/9-15-21/">Colorado Department of Law Finds Pattern and Practice of Racially Biased Policing, Use of Excessive Force by Aurora Police</a>,” September 15, 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>George M. Frederickson, <em>Racism: A Short History</em> (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ibram X. Kendi, <em>Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America </em>(New York: Nation Books, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kwasi Konadu and Bright Gyamfi, “<a href="https://theconversation.com/black-lives-matter-how-far-has-the-movement-come-165492">Black Lives Matter: How Far Has the Movement Come?</a>” <em>Conversation</em>, September 8, 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://mappingpoliceviolence.org/">Mapping Police Violence</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barbara Ransby, <em>Making All Black Lives Matter: Reimagining Freedom in the Twenty-First Century</em> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2018).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elise Schmelzer, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2021/05/30/denver-george-floyd-protests-year-later/">Thousands Protested George Floyd’s Death in Denver a Year Ago. Has Anything Changed?</a>” <em>The Denver Post</em>, May 30, 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Allison Sherry, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/2021/07/20/denver-northeast-park-hill-police-crime/">As Crime Rises In Denver, One Historically Black Neighborhood Considers What It Wants From Police</a>,” <em>CPR</em>, July 20, 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>University of Denver, “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLH3Lc60fuk">Race and Racism in Denver: Knowing Our History to Inform the Present</a>,” YouTube video, 1:18:28, February 11, 2021.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 09 Feb 2022 00:10:08 +0000 yongli 3659 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org