%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Beef Industry on the Colorado Plains http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beef-industry-colorado-plains <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Beef Industry on the Colorado Plains</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-15T14:47:51-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 15, 2021 - 14:47" class="datetime">Tue, 06/15/2021 - 14:47</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beef-industry-colorado-plains" data-a2a-title="Beef Industry on the Colorado Plains"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbeef-industry-colorado-plains&amp;title=Beef%20Industry%20on%20the%20Colorado%20Plains"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Colorado’s beef industry traces its roots back to the latter half of the nineteenth century, when cowboys drove cattle across the plains in some of the most iconic imagery of the American West. However, the state’s modern beef industry did not begin until after <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, when stock raisers began adopting feedlots and other industrial methods. By the 1960s, these changes had given way to a beef-processing industry centered on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> of northeast Colorado, a historically important ranching region. Today, beef and beef processing represent a multi-billion-dollar industry in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Background</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>American</strong> <strong>Civil War</strong></a>, the Chisolm, Western, and Lonestar cattle trails brought cattle from Kansas into eastern Colorado. The violent removal of Indigenous people during the 1860s allowed large ranchers such as <strong>John Wesley Iliff</strong> to graze their cattle on the wide-open prairies. This practice had its price, however. By the mid-1880s, the prairie grasses were denuded by large herds and harsh droughts. The brutal winter of 1886–87, known as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-die"><strong>Great Die Up</strong></a>, killed off thousands of cattle on the prairie; almost a quarter of the large herds was lost. This event started a shift that led to the enclosure of cattle ranches and to feedlots after World War I.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The 1916 Grazing Homestead Act and the 1934 Taylor Grazing Act helped to privatize and support cattle-ranching interests, some would claim at the expense of farmers. Technical advancements such as refrigerated rail cars also opened markets for Western ranchers to sell their beef from coast to coast. Improvements in irrigation, such as the 1947 invention of the center-pivot irrigation system, allowed year-round food production for herds, which supported more stationary ranches. The increased availability and lower price of beef in turn changed the American diet as well as the beef-processing industry. Consumption of beef increased exponentially in the next twenty years. In Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado, production of dressed beef increased threefold between 1950 and 1987.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Facilities</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Between 1950 and 1964, the number of cattle feedlots increased from approximately 1,400 to almost 20,000 in Colorado. Cattle feeders in northeast Colorado were dissatisfied with the cattle markets in Denver and inconvenienced by the need to ship their cattle 120 miles for less-than-desirable prices. To better support local feeders, beef-processing facilities opened in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a><strong>, </strong><a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-morgan"><strong>Fort Morgan</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sterling-0"><strong>Sterling</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h3><em>Greeley</em></h3>&#13; &#13; <p>In Greeley the Monfort family is synonymous with beef. Between the end of World War I and the 1970s, company founder Warren Monfort built a vast beef empire that began with large feedlots and ended with an innovative, streamlined meatpacking process. The wealthy rancher partnered with and eventually bought out Capital Packing to open a large packaging facility for which his herds were the primary supplier. In 1969 Capital Packing processed more than 300,000 cattle and grossed more than $150 million.</p>&#13; &#13; <h3><em>Sterling</em></h3>&#13; &#13; <p>Sterling’s beef-processing facility, known as Sterling Colorado Beef Company, opened in January 1966. Operated by four cattle-feeding firms, it promised a $20 million market for local cattle and an estimated $450,000 payroll. By April it processed approximately 500 head of cattle a day with a workforce of more than 100. Ten years later, the Sterling Colorado Beef Company reorganized and became a producers’ cooperative. The goal was to support a better market for the large cattle feeders in northeastern Colorado. The co-op consisted of 185 feeders and six outside investors, providing a much-needed infusion of capital for the facility.</p>&#13; &#13; <h3><em>Fort Morgan </em></h3>&#13; &#13; <p>The Fort Morgan Dressed Beef facility opened in 1966. Construction took longer than initially planned, but the $650,000 facility began operation in May. The factory was equipped to process approximately 2,400 cattle per week. Before it opened, management offered tours for the public, and large crowds arrived to view the completed facility. Management promised that sixty employees would eventually work at the facility.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, plagued by financial difficulties, the factory went bankrupt within a year and was sold to American Beef Packers. This Iowa-based company turned the factory around and funded a half-million-dollar expansion project.  By 1968 the factory could process 1,500 cattle per day and employed 200 locals on a payroll of more than $2 million. The factory committed to serving local feeders, and more than 50 percent of the cattle it processed were from ranches within eighty miles.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>An economic downturn in the 1970s presented challenges for the beef industry, and the factory suffered. Beef consumption in the United States began a long, slow decline. Disputes with the city of Fort Morgan over odor and sewage also caused problems. Following a truck strike and an attempt to reorganize the company, American Beef Packers declared bankruptcy in 1975.  </p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1976 the factory reopened under the Morgan County Beef Company, a local consortium of feeders. This group owned the factory for the next three years. Under its leadership the workforce expanded, as the factory eventually employed 375 workers on a payroll of $4 million. By 1979 Morgan County Beef Company merged with the Sterling Colorado Beef Company. In 1980 the enlarged Sterling Beef Company announced an expansion of the Fort Morgan factory, including a new bone-breaking facility. It opened two years later at a cost of approximately $6 million.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>1980s and 1990s</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The next two decades were difficult ones for the beef industry. Pork and chicken producers ran an effective marketing campaign touting the health benefits of eating their products, causing a drop in demand for beef. The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or “mad cow disease,” in the early 1990s also contributed to the downturn in beef consumption. To address this decline, ranchers began to emphasize the quality of their product to consumers, specifically by marketing “grass-fed” beef products, which required only a simple shift in food sources at feedlots. Colorado’s processing facilities also offered different cuts of beef that were easier to cook in the hope of increasing consumption.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Northeastern Colorado’s beef processors weathered this turbulent period in different ways. In Sterling, the Sterling Colorado Beef Company factory processed thousands of cattle in the late twentieth century, but the cooperative was not without its problems. Despite an 8,400-square-foot expansion of the factory in 1993, demand for beef outpaced the supply of cows in the Sterling area, which led the Excel Beef Company to close the facility in 1997.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Greeley, the Capital Packing facility endured ups and downs before being purchased by ConAgra foods in 1987. During a large-scale reorganization of the company, ConAgra sold its beef division to Swift &amp; Co. in 2002. The facility, now owned by JBS USA, is currently the largest employer in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Fort Morgan, Excel, a subsidiary of the Cargill company, purchased the beef factory in 1987 and made it into one of the largest employers in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/morgan-county"><strong>Morgan County</strong></a>. With more than 2,000 employees, the Fort Morgan plant has one of the largest beef-processing workforces in the country. During the 1990s, <strong>Temple Grandin</strong>, a nationally known advocate for humane treatment of cattle, helped to redesign the plant’s holding pens.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The success of the JBS facility in Greeley and the Cargill plant in Fort Morgan has attracted immigrants and changed the social landscape in those towns. In the early 2000s, Cargill was the largest employer of Latino workers in Morgan County. After Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) targeted Latino workers in Greeley, refugee-focused US immigration policy brought an increasing number of Somali refugees to the area. The shifting workforce added new dynamics to the usual worker-employer tensions. In the 2010s, Cargill had to settle a discrimination suit after Muslim employees were fired over prayer breaks, while JBS experienced strikes over health care and, in 2020, a deadly <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a> outbreak at the plant.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2019 beef was Colorado’s top agricultural export, amounting to approximately $4 billion (10 percent of the state’s agricultural exports). Consumer preferences now favor grass-fed beef and transparency in how animals get from ranch to factory to plate. Consumers also express concerns about the environmental impact of cattle ranching, specifically the large-scale emission of methane, a greenhouse gas. The industry recognizes the need to make its practices more sustainable, and emphasizes that grass-fed beef can improve soil health and carbon capture on grazing lands. Today, beef consumption is rebounding, and production in Colorado has increased over the last four years. </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/campbell-alyse" hreflang="und">Campbell, Alyse</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-beef-industry" hreflang="en">colorado beef industry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-ranching" hreflang="en">colorado ranching</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ranching" hreflang="en">ranching</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-wesley-iliff" hreflang="en">John Wesley Iliff</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/open-range" hreflang="en">open range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cargill" hreflang="en">cargill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/weld-county" hreflang="en">weld county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/morgan-county" hreflang="en">Morgan County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/logan-county" hreflang="en">logan county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sterling" hreflang="en">Sterling</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-morgan" hreflang="en">Fort Morgan</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Philip F. Anschutz, <em>Out Where the West Begins</em> (Denver: Cloud Camp Press, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Greg Avery, “<a href="https://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2020/01/16/beyond-the-burger-colorados-beef-industry-holds-up.html">Beyond the Burger</a>,” <em>Denver Business Journal</em>, January 16, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dan Barker, “<a href="https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2014/03/21/tender-beef-a-big-success/">Tender Beef a Big Success</a>,”<em> Fort Morgan Times</em>, March 21, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Beef Plant Opening, 4 Year College Are Discussed by C. of C.,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, March 31, 1966.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cargill, “<a href="https://www.cargill.com/about/cargill-history-timeline">Our History</a><u>,</u>” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Anne Delaney, “<a href="https://www.greeleytribune.com/2020/07/24/jbs-buys-greeley-lamb-plant-mountain-states-rosen/">JBS Acquires Assets, Facilities From Closure of Greeley Mountain State Rosen Plant</a>,” <em>Greeley Tribune</em>, July 24, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caitlin Dewey, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2017/12/28/american-diet-needs-fixing/">How to Fix the American Diet</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, December 28, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Marianne Goodland, “<a href="https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2019/09/04/colorado-beef-industry-launches-education-campaign/">Colorado Beef Industry Launches #BetterWithBeef Education Campaign</a>,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, April 24, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/10/Monfort-Inc.html">History of Monfort, Inc</a>, Reference for Business, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bill Jackson, “<a href="https://www.greeleytribune.com/2002/11/26/conagra-beef-sold/#:~:text=ConAgra%20Beef%20Co.,will%20be%20renamed%20Swift%20%26%20Co.">ConAgra Beef Sold</a>,” <em>Greeley Tribune</em>, November 26, 2002.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Callie Jones, “<a href="https://www.journal-advocate.com/2018/11/14/growth-in-the-beef-market/">Growth in Beef Industry</a>,” <em>Sterling Journal-Advocate</em>, May 8, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barb Keenan, “<a href="https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2018/09/06/portraits-of-the-past-beef-industry-follows-similar-path-as-beets/">From Beets to Beef</a>,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, September 3, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John La Porte, “Ag, Oil, Housing Area Economy Mainstays,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, September 18, 1989.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John La Porte, “<a href="https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2011/02/02/cargill-featured-on-oprah/">Cargill Featured on Oprah</a>,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, February 2, 2011.<br />&#13; Nancy Matsumoto, “<a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/13/746576239/is-grass-fed-beef-really-better-for-the-planet-heres-the-science">Is Grass-Fed Beef Really Better for The Planet? Here’s the Science</a>,” NPR, August 13, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Morgan County: Colorado, U.S.A. A Land of Immigrants, Cultivating a Thriving Community</em> (Morgan County, Colorado: One Morgan County, 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Open House Attracts Thousands,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, April 25, 1966.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Open House of New Dressed Beef,” <em>Fort Morgan Times, </em>April 22, 1966.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bill O’Neal, <em>Historic Ranches of the Old West</em> (Austin, TX: Eakin Press, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jennifer Patten, <em>In View of the Mountains: A History of Fort Morgan, Colorado </em>(Fort Morgan, CO: Commercial Printers, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Earl Pomeroy, <em>The American Far West in the 20th Century</em> (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jeremy Rifkin, <em>Beyond Beef: The Rise and Fall of the Cattle Culture</em> (New York: Dutton Books, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Christy Steele, <em>Cattle Ranching in the American West</em> (Milwaukee, WI: World Almanac Library, 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Sterling Beef Plant Construction Begun,”<em> The Denver Post</em>, May 26, 1965.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Sterling Packing Plant Exceeds Expectations,” <em>The </em><em>Denver Post</em>, September 23, 1966.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Zach Schwindt, “<a href="https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2018/07/02/cargill-opens-local-hiring-center/">Cargill Opens Local Hiring Center</a>,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, July 2, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carl Ubbelohde, Maxine Benson, Duane A. Smith, <em>A Colorado History</em>, 9th ed. (Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Clement E. Ward, “<a href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/urdbrr/49822.html">Cooperative Meat Packing, Lessons Learned From Sterling Colorado Beef Company</a>,” Research Reports 49822, United States Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, 1981.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Riding High: Colorado Ranchers and 100 Years of the National Western Stock Show</em> (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 2005).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 15 Jun 2021 20:47:51 +0000 yongli 3555 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org