%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Colorado State Capitol http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-capitol <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado State Capitol </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2757--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2757.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-state-capitol"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Capital_Hill_01_0.jpg?itok=Ww_-9Uef" width="1024" height="683" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-state-capitol" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado State Capitol</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Capitol building houses the Senate, the House of Representatives, the Office of the Governor, the Office of the Lieutenant Governor, and the Department of the Treasury. &nbsp; The elected officials in the building work to make laws and administer state government.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-05-18T13:35:01-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 18, 2022 - 13:35" class="datetime">Wed, 05/18/2022 - 13:35</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-capitol" data-a2a-title="Colorado State Capitol "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-state-capitol&amp;title=Colorado%20State%20Capitol%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Colorado’s iconic, gold-domed Capitol looks out over the city of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> from atop Brown’s Bluff, exactly one mile above sea level. Built between 1886 and 1908, the Capitol’s exterior remains largely original, but the interior has been subject to modernization and modification.</p><div style="display:none;"><p>Colorado State Capitol is not only a hub of political activity but also a magnet for many sports stars. Situated in the heart of Denver, the Capitol building exudes historical significance and architectural grandeur, attracting visitors from all walks of life. Among these visitors are numerous sports celebrities who find solace and inspiration within its walls. The allure of the Colorado State Capitol to sports stars lies in its unique blend of history, culture, and scenic beauty. Surrounded by the majestic Rocky Mountains, the Capitol offers a picturesque backdrop for those seeking a break from the rigors of sports competition. Its stately corridors and ornate chambers provide a sense of serenity and majesty, serving as a sanctuary for athletes amidst their busy schedules, also read more sports news at <a href="https://sweetpetalsflorist.com/">https://sweetpetalsflorist.com/</a>.</p></div><p>The Capitol is part of a larger <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center</strong></a> that includes multiple other government buildings, including the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-museum"><strong>State Museum</strong></a>, <strong>Ralph Carr Judicial Center</strong>, <strong>State Office Building</strong>, Capitol Annex, <strong>McNichols Civic Center Building</strong>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-city-and-county-building"><strong>Denver City and County Building</strong></a>. As the home of the state legislature, Colorado’s State Capitol has served as a marker of statehood since the nineteenth century. It continues to be a gathering point for activists from across the state.</p><h2>Location and Design&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</h2><div style="display:none;">While the majestic Colorado State Capitol stands tall in Denver, attracting tourists and locals alike with its stunning architecture and rich history, thousands of kilometers away in Estonia, players are turning to foreign online casinos for their thrills. Despite the geographical distance separating these two cities, they share common interests and hobbies. Just as visitors flock to the Capitol to see its grandeur and learn about government, Estonian players are attracted to foreign online casinos <a href="https://zarubezhnye-kazino.com/">https://zarubezhnye-kazino.com/</a> for the excitement and variety of games they offer. Just as the Internet allows people from all over the world to access information about the Colorado State Capitol and its significance, it also provides Estonian players with easy access to a multitude of online casinos located in foreign jurisdictions. This intersection of digital connectivity and cultural interest underscores the global nature of modern entertainment and education, demonstrating how people from different parts of the world can engage in diverse experiences, whether admiring architectural masterpieces or enjoying the excitement of online gaming.</div><p>In 1861 the secession crisis and concerns over lawlessness amid a rapidly growing population due to the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> prompted the creation of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>. For the next twenty years, even after Colorado became a state in 1876, legislators fought over the location of the capitol. Legislative sessions held in temporary quarters in <strong>Colorado City</strong>, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden"><strong>Golden</strong></a>, and Denver debated the issue, while legislature members lived out of hotels and boardinghouses. Finally, the question was placed on the 1881 ballot, and voters chose Denver over the closest runner-up, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>.</p><p>The Colorado State Capitol was built on ten acres of land donated by <strong>Henry Cordes Brown</strong>. Brown and his wife, June, had settled atop a bluff just east of the city and bought the land for $200 through the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead"><strong>Homestead Act</strong></a>. Hoping that the new capitol would increase the worth of his other land, Brown sold nearby plots to Denver’s wealthy inhabitants, creating the neighborhood now called <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver%E2%80%99s-capitol-hill"><strong>Capitol Hill</strong></a>.</p><p>The Board of Capitol Managers was created in 1883 to oversee construction. Members began the process by touring other recently constructed capitols in Wisconsin, Iowa, and Michigan to get ideas. All built after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a>, these capitols were constructed in the image of the US National Capitol as a symbol of commitment to the Union, and Colorado soon followed suit.</p><p>After securing $1 million from the state for construction, the board invited architects to submit designs. Elijah Myers—a controversial figure who was never formally trained as an architect but who had designed several other government buildings, including the Michigan and Texas state capitols—won the competition.</p><p>Myers’s winning design was in the shape of a Greek Cross topped with a dome. The design emulated the National Capitol, making a statement about the permanence of democracy and the United States. Myers’s design also placed offices for executive officials on the ground floor with chambers for the legislature above, indicating the superior importance of the people’s representatives. In addition to chambers for the Colorado Senate and House of Representatives, the Capitol design included offices for the governor, lieutenant governor, various state officials, and commissions, and the <strong>Colorado Supreme Court</strong>.</p><h2>Construction</h2><p>The first contractor hired by the Board of Capitol Managers, William Richardson, quickly ran out of money owing to unforeseen construction difficulties, and by 1888 the board hired local contractors to finish the basement. In accordance with the law, the board made an effort to source construction materials from Colorado even when they were more expensive. The foundation floors are gray granite from the Zugelder Quarry south of <strong>Gunnison</strong>, which more than doubled the original estimate.</p><p>Although the walls had hardly risen above grade, a dedication ceremony was held on July 4, 1890. After a two-mile-long parade wound its way through downtown, the twenty-ton cornerstone was laid. A time capsule included with the cornerstone contained a copy of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-constitution"><strong>Colorado</strong></a> and US Constitutions, an American flag, a copy of Denver’s 1890 Directory, and various coins. The ceremony was followed by a celebration, where 60,000 attendees ate 30,000 pounds of barbequed beef and drank gallons of lemonade served by an army of 200 waitstaff.</p><p>Impatient with the lengthy construction timeline, some state leaders moved into the partially finished Capitol in 1894, and the first full legislative session there was held in 1895. City landscape architect <strong>Reinhard Schuetze</strong> laid out the Capitol grounds in 1895–96. Finally complete in 1908, the Capitol was composed of 30,000 tons of granite, 5.5 million bricks, and 210 tons of cast iron for the interior and shell of the dome. In keeping with requirements to source construction materials from Colorado, the interior featured bricks from the Denver Terra Cotta and Lumber Company and rose onyx inlays quarried by hand from near Pueblo. Visitors and legislators alike could enjoy a variety of technological innovations added to the Capitol, including telephones, a wire bulletin system, and two elevators.</p><p>While the original designs specified a copper-covered dome, popular opinion called for a material that was more symbolic of Colorado, as the state had almost no history of copper mining. Bowing to public pressure, the Board of Capitol Managers recommended the dome be covered in gold leaf, the mineral that prompted the creation of the state (this suggestion is often attributed to board member <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/otto-mears"><strong>Otto Mears</strong></a>). In 1908, 200 ounces of gold, pounded paper-thin, was added to the dome, and a glass ball was installed at the top of the building.</p><h2>Early Use and Development of Civic Center</h2><p>Even before the Capitol was completed in 1908, it was apparent that there would not be enough room in the building to house the entire state government. A Civic Center was planned around the Capitol to create a centralized area for the state government and other civic institutions. The <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-public-library"><strong>Denver Public Library</strong></a> (now the McNichols Building) opened in 1910, followed by the State Museum in 1915. Prior to its opening, more than 120,000 visitors had flocked to the Capitol to view the collections of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>State Historical Society</strong></a>, Natural History Society, Bureau of Mines, and Horticultural Society. The State Museum provided a new home for the most popular collections and reduced tourist traffic to the crowded Capitol.</p><p>During <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, the clamor for space in the Capitol quieted as the War Board took precedence over other state activities, and the dome was closed to public viewing. But as soon as the war was over, the fight for space continued. In 1921 the State Office Building opened, freeing up fifteen legislative committee rooms in the Capitol.</p><p>By the 1930s, increasing government programs during the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/progressive-era-colorado"><strong>Progressive Era</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a> created even more demand for space atop Brown’s Bluff. The Board of Capitol Managers searched for space to house the Works Progress Administration and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civilian-conservation-corps-colorado"><strong>Civilian Conservation Corps</strong></a>, the State Hail Insurance Department, State Meat and Slaughterhouse Inspector, and the Automobile Driver’s License Department. In 1932 the City and County Building was built to the west, facing the Capitol from across Civic Center Park. The City and County Building replaced the city hall and the city courthouse, both in disrepair. In 1937 the State Capitol Annex and a new heating plant were completed, providing rentable space for New Deal agencies. During this time, eight new murals were added to the interior of the Capitol, depicting a poem by <strong>Thomas Hornsby Ferril</strong> describing the history of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> in the West.</p><p>While many state employees served overseas during <strong>World War II</strong>, other war and federal administration employees crowded the Capitol. War production activities brought the <strong>Rocky Mountain Arsenal</strong> and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-ordnance-plant"><strong>Denver Ordnance Plant</strong></a> to Colorado. At the same time, the State Capitol Buildings Civil Defense Unit created blackout protocols, and the Denver Salvage Committee melted down unused machinery and shelving from the Capitol basement. To find more space for wartime activity, the legislature created the Colorado State Archives. The archives freed up storage space in the Capitol by destroying unnecessary papers and books and placing many records on microfilm. State Archivist Herbert O. Brayer claimed this freed up 98 percent of the storage space previously required by the state.</p><h2>Late Twentieth Century</h2><p>After World War II, legislators began to demand modern conveniences in the aging Capitol. The integrity of the interior was not always preserved. Acoustic tile was installed in legislative chambers, and the original columns in the governor’s chambers were covered with wood. Colorado’s postwar economy boomed, and newly middle-class families took to their cars for family vacations, including visits to the Capitol. To accommodate the increasing number of visitors, Governor <strong>Dan Thornton</strong> created the visitor services department, which hired college-age women in western attire to lead tourists around the Capitol. As the state government continued to grow, office space was again in demand. The State Services Building was finished in 1960.</p><p>Since the 1970s, many art pieces and installations have been added to the Capitol and Civic Center to reflect the history and diversity of the state. Portraits, busts, and stained-glass works throughout the Capitol honor influential individuals in Colorado’s history. Inside the Rotunda, the Hall of Fame is composed of sixteen stained-glass portraits, including the Nuche (Ute) leader <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ouray"><strong>Ouray</strong></a>, second Colorado governor <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>, and philanthropist Frances Jacobs. In 1977 seven other stained-glass portraits were added to the Capitol. The “Heritage Windows” in the old Supreme Court chamber honor Latino, Black, Indigenous, and Asian individuals in Colorado history, including Chinese community leader Chin Lin Sou and Japanese entrepreneur <strong>Naoichi Hokazono</strong>, territorial businesswoman <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clara-brown"><strong>Clara Brown</strong></a>, and mapmaker Don Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco, among others. Memorials added to Civic Center honor Colorado veterans and Japanese Americans interned at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/granada-war-relocation-center-amache"><strong>Amache</strong></a>.</p><p>&nbsp;Although the Capitol had been a rallying point for displays of patriotism and activism since its completion in 1908, the 1960s and 1970s saw the building become a central backdrop in the fight for civil rights and social justice. The <strong>Black Panthers</strong>, second-wave <strong>feminists</strong>, students opposed to the Vietnam War, and <strong>Chicano</strong> activists all held peaceful protests at Civic Center.</p><h2>Today</h2><p>Concerns over the structural integrity of the State Capitol arose in the 1980s and 1990s. Modifications made the building more accessible to Americans with disabilities and increased security after the 9/11 attacks, but these updates have not addressed the underlying structural aging of the Capitol. As of early 2021, the Capitol Complex Master Plan recommends setting aside 2 percent of the Capitol’s replacement costs per year to address deferred maintenance and required upgrades.</p><p>In the twenty-first century, the Capitol and surrounding Civic Center remain an important cultural and tourist attraction and a rallying point for activists of all kinds. The Capitol welcomes more than 300,000 visitors per year and offers free public tours to those interested in learning about the history of the building and the work of the legislature. In recent years, activists associated with the Women’s March and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/black-lives-matter"><strong>Black Lives Matter</strong></a> movements have convened on the Civic Center grounds to agitate for a continued focus on civil rights and social justice for all residents of the state of Colorado.</p><p>Perhaps no recent event more clearly reflects the contested nature of the Capitol’s symbolism than when protesters took down a Civil War memorial statue during <strong>demonstrations against racism</strong> and police brutality in late spring 2020. Built to honor the First Colorado Cavalry for its role in the Civil War, the memorial listed the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a> as a “battle,” misrepresenting the cavalry’s slaughter of more than 200 Cheyenne and Arapaho people in 1864. Following the statue’s removal, the Capitol Building Advisory Committee voted 7–2 to have it replaced with a statue depicting an Indigenous woman mourning the dead at Sand Creek.&nbsp;</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/schields-rebekah" hreflang="und">Schields, Rebekah</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-capitol" hreflang="en">colorado state capitol</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-capitol-building" hreflang="en">colorado capitol building</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado-capitol" hreflang="en">history of colorado capitol</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado-capitol-building" hreflang="en">history of colorado capitol building</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/capitol-building-gold" hreflang="en">capitol building gold</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/capitol-building-denver" hreflang="en">capitol building denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-capitol-building" hreflang="en">denver capitol building</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/when-was-colorado-state-capitol-built" hreflang="en">when was the colorado state capitol built</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-legislature" hreflang="en">colorado state legislature</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/government" hreflang="en">government</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-government" hreflang="en">colorado government</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/political-history" hreflang="en">political history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civic-center" hreflang="en">Civic Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/downtown-denver" hreflang="en">downtown denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Associated Press, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2020/11/22/colorado-capitol-civil-war-statue-replaced-native/">Toppled Civil War Statue at Colorado Capitol to Be Replaced by Sculpture of Native American woman</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, November 22, 2020.</p><p>Capitol Visitor Services, “<a href="https://leg.colorado.gov/content/tour-information">Tour Information</a>,” updated January 2021.</p><p>Margaret Coel, Gladys Doty, and Karen Gilleland, “High on the Hill: The Building of Colorado’s State Capitol,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em>, 1985.</p><p>Derek R. Everett,<em> The Colorado State Capitol: History, Politics, Preservation </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005).</p><p>State of Colorado, “<a href="https://coloradocapitolart.colorado.gov/">Art and Memorials</a>,” updated 2022.</p><p>State of Colorado, Capitol Complex Master Plan Steering Committee, “<a href="https://osa.colorado.gov/planning/master-plans/capitol-complex-master-plan">Capitol Complex Master Plan—State of Colorado</a>,” &nbsp;RNL Design, Wallace Roberts and Todd, and CGL, n.d.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Colorado General Assembly, “<a href="http://leg.colorado.gov/node/1024591/">Visit and Learn</a>.”</p><p>Colorado Preservation, Inc., “<a href="https://coloradopreservation.org/programs/endangered-places/endangered-places-archives/colorado-state-capitol-dome/">Colorado State Capitol Dome</a>.”</p><p>Colorado State Capitol, “<a href="https://capitol.colorado.gov/">Welcome to the Colorado State Capitol</a>.”</p><p>Colorado Virtual Library, “<a href="https://www.coloradovirtuallibrary.org/resource-sharing/state-pubs-blog/time-machine-tuesday-building-the-state-capitol/">Building the State Capitol</a>.”</p><p>Denver Public Library, “<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/neighborhood-history-guide/capitol-hill-neighborhood-history">Capitol Hill Neighborhood History</a>.”</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 18 May 2022 19:35:01 +0000 yongli 3688 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Byron White US Courthouse http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/byron-white-us-courthouse <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Byron White US Courthouse</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-02-15T14:23:22-07:00" title="Tuesday, February 15, 2022 - 14:23" class="datetime">Tue, 02/15/2022 - 14:23</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/byron-white-us-courthouse" data-a2a-title="Byron White US Courthouse"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbyron-white-us-courthouse&amp;title=Byron%20White%20US%20Courthouse"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Opened in 1916 as the main <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver">Denver</a> Post Office and Federal Building, this four-story Greek temple (1823 Stout Street) is Colorado’s finest Neoclassical Revival structure. It represented the growing role of the federal government in a city that now has one of the largest concentrations of federal workers outside of Washington, DC. The building also introduced Denver to exemplary Neoclassicism on a grand scale, inspiring many other such designs.</p> <p>After the post office moved to 921 Twentieth Street in 1991, this building underwent a $28 million exterior restoration and interior renovation. Reborn as the Byron White US Courthouse, home of the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals, it honors a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins">Fort Collins</a> native and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/byron-white">the first Coloradan appointed to the US Supreme Court</a>, where he served from 1962 to 1993. Because of its civic as well as architectural distinction, this building earned designation in 1973 as a National Register landmark and is also a part of the Downtown Denver Historic District.</p> <h2>Earlier Post Offices</h2> <p>Post offices, the only arm of the federal government to reach Americans every day, were once architecturally grand and inviting. Denver, however, had various unmemorable post offices after its 1859 beginnings. The Denver post office did not graduate to a large, imposing home of its own until a three-story federal building opened in 1892 at the southwest corner of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sixteenth-street-denver">Sixteenth</a> and Arapahoe Streets. This unremarkable gray sandstone structure cost $570,500.82 and stood in stark contrast next to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tabor-grand-opera-house">Tabor Grand Opera House</a>, Denver’s finest piece of architecture.</p> <p>As is true of many post offices, the 1892 building also housed other federal government facilities. Its thirty-two rooms included space for federal courts, the customs office, the land office, and the weather bureau. Jerome Smiley, in his definitive <em>History of the City of Denver</em> (1901), declared it “one of the conspicuously inconvenient, ill-arranged, cramped, dark, and inadequate public structures evolved by ‘bureau architecture,’ and . . . wholly unfitted for present requirements.”</p> <h2>1916 Post Office</h2> <p>The 1916 post office was a different story. This $2.5 million edifice took six years to build and was designed by Tracy, Swartwout and Litchfield of New York City with Denver architect Maurice Biscoe, the team that also designed Denver’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-john%E2%80%99s-episcopal-cathedral">St. John’s Episcopal Cathedral</a>. The building’s Neoclassical style was favored by the federal government as befitting a vigorous young Republic aspiring to be the Rome of the Rockies, the Athens of the West. Of many Neoclassical elements, the most imposing is the Stout Street main entry featuring a three-story portico of sixteen ionic columns topped by eagles. The other three sides of the full-block structure on Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Champa Streets echo the Neoclassicism with engaged columns embedded in the walls.</p> <p>The building is one of the finest examples of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/marble-mill-site">Colorado Yule Marble</a>, which is used throughout the exterior. Denver sculptor Gladys Caldwell Fisher later carved the two limestone <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bighorn-sheep">bighorn sheep</a> guarding the Eighteenth Street entrance, which were a Works Progress Administration project in 1936. Inside, the grand limestone lobby and courts are illuminated by round-arch windows. The vaulted lobby walls are inscribed with the names of postmasters general and some Pony Express riders. Denver artist Herman T. Schalermundt painted the two lobby murals “Agriculture” and “Mining.”</p> <p>Like its predecessor, this post office also served as a federal building. The post office occupied the basement and first floor, while the second through fourth floors came to house federal courts and ever-expanding federal agencies—including the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Interior, Justice, Labor, and Treasury—as well as the Customs Office, Food and Drug Administration, Geological Survey, Land Office, Reclamation Service, and Surveyor General.&nbsp; Such overcrowding led in 1931 to the construction of a large new Customs House and Federal Building catercorner from the post office, which was also a neoclassical revival structure clad in Colorado Yule marble. Since then, other federal buildings and an entire Federal Center were created to accommodate the state’s largest employer.</p> <h2>Courthouse Reborn</h2> <p>During the 1950s and 1960s, the post office drastically reworked the building. It sliced up the grand lobby, which once extended the entire length of the building; carved up courtrooms into smaller, functional office space; and built a cinderblock addition. But that was not enough to make the grand building suit the needs of the modern US Postal Service, which moved in the 1980s to a new, warehouse-like building a few blocks north. The General Services Administration (GSA) then bought the old post office to turn it into a US Court of Appeals.</p> <p>Between 1992 and 1994, the GSA and Denver architect Michael Barber undid decades of alterations to thoroughly restore the interior. The lobby returned to its former grandeur, including historic writing tables used by post office patrons. A new courtroom was built in the former mail-sorting area on the first floor, while historic courtrooms were re-created on the second floor and the former law library was turned into an oak-paneled courtroom. In 1994 the renovated building was named for Byron White, the first Coloradan to serve on the US Supreme Court, from which he had recently retired after more than three decades of service. An exhibit of White’s personal memorabilia now occupies part of the first floor.</p> <p>Today the federal judicial system occupies the entire building, which is best known as the home of the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals. The building’s first-floor historical displays are open to the public during business hours, and the courtrooms can be visited during scheduled tours.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/post-offices" hreflang="en">post offices</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/courthouses" hreflang="en">courthouses</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/byron-white" hreflang="en">Byron White</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/byron-white-courthouse" hreflang="en">byron white courthouse</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-history" hreflang="en">denver history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civic-history-denver" hreflang="en">civic history denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/downtown-denver" hreflang="en">downtown denver</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Mary Voelz Chandler, <em>Guide to Denver Architecture</em>, 2nd ed. (Denver: Denver Architectural Foundation and Fulcrum Publishing, 2013).</p> <p>Susan A. Nieminen, “U.S. Post Office and Federal Building,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (August 1972).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Buildings of Colorado</em> (New York: Oxford University Press and the Society of Architectural Historians, 1997).</p> <p>Jerome C. Smiley, <em>History of the City of Denver</em> (Denver: Denver Times-Sun, 1901).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p> <p><a href="http://www.10thcircuithistory.org/">Tenth Circuit Historical Society</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://www.ca10.uscourts.gov/">United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit</a>/</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 15 Feb 2022 21:23:22 +0000 yongli 3668 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Hose Company No. 1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hose-company-no-1 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hose Company No. 1</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2018-06-21T11:45:52-06:00" title="Thursday, June 21, 2018 - 11:45" class="datetime">Thu, 06/21/2018 - 11:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hose-company-no-1" data-a2a-title="Hose Company No. 1"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhose-company-no-1&amp;title=Hose%20Company%20No.%201"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>One of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/Denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s earliest firehouses, the Hose Company No. 1 building was built in the 1880s and has since served as a print shop, welding shop, and storage facility. It will soon reopen as a restaurant for a new hotel. The preservation of Hose Company No. 1 is an example of Colorado’s dedication to its heritage.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Hose Company No. 1 building was constructed as a firehouse in 1881 by J. W. Richards, owner of Crescent Flour Mills, in an area known as “the Bottoms.” The Bottoms were an industrial area near present-day <a href="/article/lodo-lower-downtown-denver"><strong>LoDo (Lower Downtown)</strong></a> with grain mills and silos. Richards invested in a firehouse because it was difficult for horse-drawn hose carts to cross the railroad tracks. Volunteers operated the firehouse until 1884, when the Denver Fire Department took ownership and moved in Hose Company No. 1. In 1890 the hose company was upgraded to Steamer Company No. 5. Steamers were heavier and required more space than older hose companies. The foundation for the Hose Company No. 1 building is concrete on sandy ground, and the combined weight of horses and a steamer damaged the building. The Denver Fire Department abandoned the firehouse in 1893.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Hose Company No. 1 building housed the National Poster Company in the 1920s and operated as a printing shop. In 1934 Denver ordered the Hose Company No. 1 building destroyed. Its owners, the Bartholomew Firm, performed extensive repairs to save it from demolition. From the 1950s to the 1980s, Hose Company No. 1 was home to the Colorado Boiler Company, a welding shop dedicated to riveting, welding, and repair of boilers for steam trains and large farming equipment. Owner George Kalmbach submitted a historical preservation request for Hose Company No. 1 in 1983. The Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation recognized the building as the earliest remaining firehouse in Denver and designated Hose Company No. 1 as Denver Landmark 164 in 1986.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since 2004, Hose Company No. 1 has been owned by Focus Property Group, which used the building as a self-storage facility. Focus requested permission to demolish Hose Company No. 1 in 2011 because it was severely deteriorated, but Denver denied the request since the building is a landmark. Focus worked with Historic Denver to stabilize and preserve the building.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Future Use</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Hose Company No. 1 is scheduled to reopen in 2019 as a restaurant for a new, twelve-story hotel near <strong>Coors Field</strong> and <a href="/article/union-station-0"><strong>Union Station</strong></a>. Hose Company No. 1’s rich history adds to the beauty and value of the hotel, and the city will earn revenue while preserving its heritage. The building has been marked for destruction more than once, and yet it has endured and been repurposed for the betterment of the city.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/balle-lindsay-la" hreflang="und">Balle, Lindsay La</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hose-company-no-1" hreflang="en">hose company no. 1</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/firefighting" hreflang="en">firefighting</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-firefighter-history" hreflang="en">colorado firefighter history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/firefighter-history" hreflang="en">firefighter history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fire-station" hreflang="en">fire station</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-fire-stations" hreflang="en">denver fire stations</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fire-history" hreflang="en">fire history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lodo" hreflang="en">lodo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/downtown-denver" hreflang="en">downtown denver</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradoboilerinc.com/page4">About: Colorado Boiler</a>,” <em>Colorado Boiler Company</em>, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Anderson Halles Architects, PC, “<a href="https://www.allianceconstruction.com/ftp/public/2015-05-15_Hilton%20Garden%20Inn%201999%20Chestnut/DD%20100%20percent_/Hose%20House%20Historic%20Structure%20Assessment.pdf">Hose Company No. 1</a>,” Historic Structure Assessment (Golden, CO: March 19, 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Denver Directory 1936, Vol. LXIV </em>(Denver: The Gazetteer Publishing &amp; Printing Co., 1936), Phillip Kalmbach listed at 1930 Market.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Denver Directory 1951, Vol. LXXV </em>(Denver, CO: The Gazetteer Company, 1951), Colorado Boiler and Welding listed at 3299 Wadsworth.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Denver Directory 1953 </em>(Denver, CO: The Gazetteer Company, 1951), Colorado Boiler and Manufacturing listed at 1964 Chestnut Place.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kenneth Holcomb-Dunshee, <em>Enjine! ~Enjine!: A Story of Fire Protection </em>(New York: Harold Vincent Smith, 1939).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><cite>Landmark Preservation – Community Planning and Development, City and County of Denver, “Hose Company No. 1 (DLM – 164),” Denver Landmark Preservation Commission Request for Landmark Designation, Denver, December 5, 1985.</cite></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret Jackson, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/restaurants/denver-hose-company-no-1-historic-landmark-could-become-a-restaurant-8708902">Denver Hose Company No. 1: Historic Landmark Could Become a Restaurant</a>,” <em>Westword, </em><cite>January 24, 2017.</cite></p>&#13; &#13; <p><cite>Jerry Michals, “Richards Hose House History 1881-2017,” Denver Firefighters Museum Essay, February 28, 2017.</cite></p>&#13; &#13; <p><cite>Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation, “Denver Inventory Form 5 DV 1949 – Hose Company #1,” rev. July 7, 1983.</cite></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-style: italic;">Emilie </span>Rusch<span style="font-style: italic;">, “</span><a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2017/01/18/historic-downtown-denver-fire-station-to-become-part-of-new-12-story-hotel/" style="font-style: italic;">Historic Downtown Denver Fire Station to Become Part of New 12 Story Hotel</a><span style="font-style: italic;">,” The Denver Post, January 18, 2017.</span></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Louisa Ward Arps, <em>Denver in Slices. </em>Athens, OH: Swallow Press, 1959.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver Fire Department, <em>Denver Fire Department 1866-1991: A 125 Year Tradition </em>(Denver: The Denver Fire Department, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><cite>Stephen Grace, It Happened in Denver (Kearney, NE: Morris Books, 2007).</cite></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dick Kreck, <em>Denver in Flames: Forging a New Mile High City </em>(Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><cite>Stephen J. Leonard, Trials and Triumphs: A Colorado Portrait of The Great Depression with FHA Photographs (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1993).</cite></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elizabeth L. McClearn, “Taxed: How One-Tenth of One Percent Transformed Denver,” <em>The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society </em>40, no. 3 (September 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><cite>Thomas J. Noel, Denver Landmarks &amp; Historical Districts: A Pictorial Guide (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1996).</cite></p>&#13; &#13; <p><cite>Thomas J. Noel, Denver, the City Beautiful and its Architects, 1893-1941 (Denver: Historic Denver, 1987).</cite></p>&#13; &#13; <p><cite>Arvine W. Sowers, Souvenir: Denver Fire &amp; Police Departments (Denver: Smith-Brooks Printing, 1905).</cite></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephan Weiler, “Pioneers and Settlers in Lo-Do Denver: Private Risk and Public Benefits in Urban Redevelopment,” <em>Urban Studies </em>37, no. 1 (2000).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 21 Jun 2018 17:45:52 +0000 yongli 2945 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org LoDo (Lower Downtown Denver) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lodo-lower-downtown-denver <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">LoDo (Lower Downtown Denver)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3809--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3809.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/lodo-looking-toward-coors-field"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Denver%20LoDo_0.jpg?itok=M4bA8YHQ" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/lodo-looking-toward-coors-field" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">LoDo, Looking Toward Coors Field</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Once a collection of run-down industrial buildings along the <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a>, <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong>'</a>s historic Lower Downtown (<a href="/article/lower-downtown-lodo"><strong>LoDo</strong></a>) District was renovated and revamped in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Today it is known for its nightlife, high-rent apartments, and sports scene.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3810--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3810.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/tattered-cover-bookstore-lodo"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Tattered_Cover_Book_Store%2C_LoDo%2C_Denver_0.jpg?itok=s_DBNAVT" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/tattered-cover-bookstore-lodo" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Tattered Cover Bookstore, LoDo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Formerly the Chester S. Morey Mercantile Building, the Tattered Cover Bookstore has been a staple of <a href="/article/lodo-lower-downtown-denver"><strong>Lower Downtown Denver</strong></a><strong> </strong>since 1994.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3811--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3811.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/union-station-lodo"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/image_not_found_default_1.jpg?itok=Cjvo1t09" width="150" height="150" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/union-station-lodo" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Union Station, LoDo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Downtown <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>'s <a href="/article/union-station-0"><strong>Union Station</strong></a>, seen at the west end of Seventeenth Street in this photo, once anchored a huge industrial rail network. In 2014 it reopened after a multi-year renovation project as a passenger transit hub. It now houses the Crawford Hotel (named for historic preservationist <a href="/article/dana-crawford"><strong>Dana Crawford</strong></a>), a nostalgic common sitting area, shops, and links to Denver's light rail system, Amtrak, and buses.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3812--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3812.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/coors-field-lodo"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/LoDo_CoorsField_0.jpg?itok=oRQ0u2PU" width="1090" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/coors-field-lodo" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Coors Field, LoDo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1995 <strong>Coors Field</strong> was built in <a href="/article/lodo-lower-downtown-denver"><strong>downtown</strong></a> <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> to house Major League Baseball's newest expansion team, the <a href="/article/colorado-rockies"><strong>Colorado Rockies</strong></a>. Since then, it has become one of the most beloved venues in baseball, with panoramic views of the <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a> and high-scoring games thanks to the thin Mile-High air.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-04-15T15:31:49-06:00" title="Wednesday, April 15, 2015 - 15:31" class="datetime">Wed, 04/15/2015 - 15:31</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lodo-lower-downtown-denver" data-a2a-title="LoDo (Lower Downtown Denver)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flodo-lower-downtown-denver&amp;title=LoDo%20%28Lower%20Downtown%20Denver%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Officially known as the Union Station neighborhood until <strong><em>The</em> </strong><em><strong>Denver Post’</strong>s</em> Dick Kreck first referred to it as LoDo (as in Manhattan’s SoHo) in a 1983 column, Lower Downtown <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> has become a national model of how a decaying core city neighborhood can be converted to a thriving residential, retail, and recreational district. <a href="/article/union-station-0"><strong>Union Station</strong></a> remains the anchor building in an area that arose with predominantly rail-related enterprises, most notably the Wynkoop Street warehouses, Seventeenth Street hotels, Market Street bordellos, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-square"><strong>Larimer Street</strong></a> saloons, and various retail and manufacturing operations.</p> <p>Another street, Little Raven, commemorates the chief of the <strong>Southern Arapaho </strong>tribe that for decades camped on this site during the winters. The 1858 <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>discovery of gold</strong></a> in Cherry Creek and the South Platte brought in a flood of gold seekers who soon ousted the Native Americans.</p> <p>LoDo borders the <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> area once known as “<strong>the Bottoms</strong>,” an undesirable floodplain where Native Americans, transients, and poor immigrants lived. In recent decades, some of the city’s priciest lofts and apartments have sprouted in the once disreputable “Bottoms.”</p> <h2>Twentieth-Century Revival</h2> <p>The official LoDo neighborhood is bounded by the South Platte River on the northwest, Cherry Creek on the southwest, Larimer Street on the southeast, and Twentieth Street on the northeast. Once the core commercial and rail hub of Denver, the neighborhood began a descent into a skid row during the 1930s. In 1988, the city designated the portion of LoDo between Twentieth Street, Larimer Street, Cherry Creek, and Wynkoop Street as a historic district. This zoning move curbed demolitions and decay by providing incentives for preservation. The strong <strong>Denver Landmark Preservation Commission</strong> ordinance enables the commission to oversee any changes involving a building permit within a landmark district, where the commission may also deny a demolition permit. Subsequently, LoDo evolved quickly from core city blight into an area featuring million-dollar lofts, swanky restaurants, upscale boutiques, and trendy nightclubs. During the 1990s, LoDo became the place to party and attracted young, late-night crowds from throughout the metro area.</p> <p>What was once an area dominated by transients has also become a residential area with many new lofts. Dr. Emanuel Saltzman and his wife, JoAnn, created the first LoDo loft in 1980. Inspired by his brother’s loft in New York City’s SoHo, Saltzman bought and converted the Spice and Commercial Warehouse, at 1738 Wynkoop Street, into his family loft. Larimer Square developer and preservationist Dana Crawford followed with the Edbrooke Lofts, Flour Mill Lofts, restoration of the Oxford Hotel, and other projects. Ongoing residential construction caused LoDo’s population to soar to over 22,000 by 2015.</p> <p>Crawford’s Larimer Square Project, initiated in 1965, saved the 1400 block of Larimer Street from the <strong>Denver Urban Renewal Authority</strong>’s (DURA) wrecking ball. DURA demolition doomed much of old Denver between Cherry Creek and Twentieth Street and from Larimer to Curtis Streets. That obliteration made way for new high-rise development. Meanwhile, Crawford transformed the formerly derelict 1400 block of Larimer Street into successful retail and office space. This first step in urban preservation inspired the much larger reclamation project known as LoDo. As old buildings became harder to acquire in LoDo, new buildings were erected in a style that made them look old. City planners promoted a popular trend of first-floor retail and upper-story office or residential space.</p> <p>In 1988, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-hickenlooper"><strong>John Wright Hickenlooper Jr</strong>.</a> and five partners converted the John Sidney Brown Building at Eighteenth and Wynkoop Streets into Colorado’s first brewpub, the Wynkoop Brewing Company. The brewery was among the first in a new boom industry; by 2014, Colorado had more than 230 craft breweries and brew pubs. Hickenlooper’s brewery success propelled him into office as mayor of Denver (2003–11), then governor of Colorado (2011– ). Joyce Meskis, who in 1974 founded Tattered Cover, the region’s largest independent bookstore, converted the Chester S. Morey Mercantile Building at Sixteenth and Wynkoop Streets into the largest branch of her bookstore chain in 1994.</p> <h2>Stadiums</h2> <p>The success of LoDo inspired Major League Baseball’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-rockies"><strong>Colorado Rockies</strong></a> to build their home, <strong>Coors Field</strong>, on the northeast edge of the Historic District at Twentieth and Blake Streets in 1995. HOK Architects sank the ballpark below grade to keep its walls at the same height as surrounding warehouses and borrowed LoDo’s red brick, stone trim, and other historical elements. At the other end of LoDo, just across Cherry Creek, the <strong>Pepsi Center</strong> opened in 2000 as home for the National Basketball Association’s <a href="/article/denver-nuggets"><strong>Denver Nuggets</strong></a> and the National Hockey League’s <a href="/article/colorado-avalanche"><strong>Colorado Avalanche</strong></a>. These two giant venues made LoDo a sports fan’s paradise. The vintage-style ballpark and modern Pepsi Center attracted many suburbanites and visitors from throughout the state and region. They found LoDo safe and pedestrian-friendly and with no shortage of bars, boutiques, art galleries, restaurants, and other amenities.</p> <h2>Renewal of Adjacent Neighborhoods</h2> <p>The reincarnation of Denver’s once notorious skid row as the trendy LoDo District sparked further revitalization in adjacent neighborhoods, including Auraria, the Central Business District, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/five-points"><strong>Five Points</strong></a>, and Highlands. One of the most spectacular rebirths came in the downtown South Platte River corridor, long a polluted industrial strip. This corridor became prime real estate as Denver refocused on the South Platte River as a natural asset. Denver mayors William H. McNichols Jr., Federico Peña, Wellington Webb, and John Hickenlooper all worked to expand the city’s urban greenway trails and park systems, especially along the South Platte River and Cherry Creek. This promoted pedestrian and bicycle travel to and within the core city.</p> <h2>Transportation and Education</h2> <p>Union Station, the centerpiece of LoDo, reopened in 2014 as the <strong>Crawford Hotel</strong> and a multi-modal transit hub focused on revitalized rail service. Union Station, once the hub of a vast, steel spiderweb of rails, again became a travel nucleus. Most of the adjacent maze of railroad tracks was ripped out to accommodate new bus and rail services. The rest of the area between Wynkoop Street and the South Platte River boomed in the early 2000s, with new office, retail, and residential construction. Behind Union Station, in 2014, the Regional Transportation District opened a spectacular underground twenty-two-bay bus terminal and five rail tracks designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill under a soaring white fabric canopy.</p> <p>Across Cherry Creek from LoDo, the Auraria Urban Renewal Project also promoted core city revival by replacing a poor, heavily Latino, light industrial neighborhood with the Auraria Higher Education Center. Home to the Community College of Denver, Metropolitan State University of Denver, and the University of Colorado–Denver, the center is the largest campus in the state, with 43,000 students providing a customer and employee base for LoDo.</p> <h2>Future of LoDo</h2> <p>Redevelopment of LoDo drives the broader revitalization of downtown, exemplifies the twenty-first-century trend toward downtown living, and reestablishes the key role of urban areas in western history. The gentrification of the once-declining core has also reshaped urban demographics. For the first time since the 1920s, the city is becoming whiter and richer, as the poor and many minorities are priced out of the core. The presence of a red-light and saloon district led many residents to flee what became skid row. Here, at the bottom of the social ladder, people of color unwelcome elsewhere found cheap housing and more tolerance. The Chinese, for instance, remained in LoDo even after the <strong>Anti-Chinese Riot of 1880</strong>, the city’s worst race riot. Blacks, Latinos, and Japanese Americans also gravitated to the area, as did some of the poorer and more discriminated-against European immigrants. The down and out remained LoDo’s majority population until the 1980s. This twenty-first-century reshaping of the metropolis reversed the twentieth-century pattern of urban blight and suburban flight. LoDo has helped make Denver a pacesetter in this national transformation. After losing population between 1970 and 1990, the City and County of Denver has been growing again in recent decades and remains the largest city in the state and the Rocky Mountain region. Starting with the reincarnation of the once-decaying LoDo at the heart of the city, the Mile High City has enjoyed a twenty-first-century renaissance.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lodo" hreflang="en">lodo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pepsi-center" hreflang="en">pepsi center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/downtown-denver" hreflang="en">downtown denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/coors-field" hreflang="en">coors field</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lodo-urban-renewal" hreflang="en">lodo urban renewal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gentrification-denver" hreflang="en">gentrification denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lower-downtown-denver" hreflang="en">lower downtown denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tom-noel" hreflang="en">tom noel</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Lower Downtown Denver Landmark District Nomination, 1988, copy in the Western History and Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Barbara J. Gibson, <em>The Lower Downtown Historic Distric</em>t (Denver: Denver Museum of Natural History and Historic Denver, Inc., 1995).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver’s Larimer Street: Main Street, Skid Row, and Urban Renaissance</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, Inc., 1982).</p> <p>Rocky Mountain PBS,&nbsp;<a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365888582/">"Dana Crawford,"</a>&nbsp;<em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 10, 2016.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>LoDo is the nickname for Lower Downtown Denver. It is officially called the Union Station neighborhood. It is a clever take on the words <u>LO</u>wer <u>DO</u>wntown. It sounds like New York City’s neighborhood of “SoHo.”</p> <p>LoDo is an example of how a city neighborhood can change. In the 1860s, Union Station was the center of Denver. Train-related businesses were in the area. There were warehouses, hotels, saloons, stores, and factories.</p> <p>By the 1930s, the neighborhood changed. It had cheap saloons and hotels. It was an area where people who were not welcome in other places ended up. Some were homeless, alcoholic, or mentally ill. Others were poor immigrants or hobos. The area was called “skid row.” People who were down and out lived in LoDo until the 1980s.</p> <h2>Twentieth-Century Revival</h2> <p>Dana Crawford was a developer in Denver. She wanted to save the buildings on Larimer Street. The street was run down and in bad shape. The whole block was going to be torn down. She started her “Larimer Square Project” in 1965. She helped change Larimer Street into stores and offices. It is now an important part of LoDo. Crawford also saved other historic buildings in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.</p> <p>In 1988 LoDo became a historic district. This stopped developers from tearing down historic buildings. It made them try to preserve these buildings. LoDo changed from “skid row” into a well-off area. Restaurants, boutiques, and nightclubs opened. During the 1990s, LoDo became very popular.</p> <p>People started to live in LoDo. Some of the first homes were lofts. They were in old warehouses. Emanuel and JoAnn Saltzman created the first loft in 1980. His brother lived in a loft in New York City’s SoHo area. They made their loft in the top floor of the old Spice Warehouse. Other lofts were created in LoDo. They attracted artists to the area.</p> <p>In 1988 John Hickenlooper and others opened Colorado’s first brewpub. They fixed up a historic building on Wynkoop Street and opened the Wynkoop Brewing Company. This was a new industry for Denver. By 2014 Colorado had more than 200 brewpubs. Hickenlooper later become mayor of Denver, then governor of Colorado.</p> <p>Joyce Meskis started Tattered Cover Bookstore in 1974. She made the historic Morey Mercantile Building into a branch of her bookstore in 1994.</p> <h2>Stadiums</h2> <p>In 1995 the Colorado Rockies built Coors Field. It was designed to look like a historic building. It has LoDo’s red brick and stone trim. The Pepsi Center opened in 2000. It is the home of the Denver Nuggets and the Colorado Avalanche. These two stadiums made LoDo a place for sports fans.</p> <h2>Renewal of Nearby Neighborhoods</h2> <p>The success of LoDo improved other neighborhoods. The areas of Auraria, Five Points, and Highlands were fixed up. The rivers in LoDo had been polluted and neglected. Bike paths and parks were created along the rivers. People could walk and bicycle near downtown.</p> <h2>Transportation and Education</h2> <p>In 2014 Union Station was renovated. It opened as the Crawford Hotel. There were new offices, shops, and housing. Most of the old railroad tracks were ripped out. Behind the hotel, an underground bus and train station opened. New rail lines connected downtown with the Denver airport.</p> <p>Across Cherry Creek, another area was renovated. A poor neighborhood had been in the area. It became the Auraria Higher Education Center. The Community College of Denver, Metropolitan State, and the University of Colorado–Denver all share the site. It is the largest campus in Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>LoDo is the nickname for Lower Downtown Denver. It is officially known as the Union Station neighborhood. In 1983 a Denver Post columnist referred to the area as LoDo, a clever take on the words <u>LO</u>wer <u>DO</u>wntown that sounds like New York City’s neighborhood of SoHo. It is a thriving residential, retail, and recreational district.</p> <p>LoDo is a model of how a downtown neighborhood can change. In the 1860s, the area was the commercial and rail hub of Denver. It started with train-related businesses, including warehouses, hotels, saloons, stores and factories.</p> <p>By the 1930s, the neighborhood changed. It had cheap saloons and hotels. It was an area where people who were not welcome in other places ended up. Some were homeless, alcoholic, or mentally ill. Others were poor immigrants or hobos. The area was called “skid row.” People who were down and out lived in LoDo until the 1980s.</p> <h2>Twentieth-Century Revival</h2> <p>Developer Dana Crawford was instrumental to the success of LoDo. Larimer Street was run down and neglected, but she wanted to save its buildings. The entire block was going to be torn down. Crawford started her “Larimer Square Project” in 1965, helping transform Larimer Street into successful retail and office spaces. It is now an important part of LoDo. Crawford also saved other historic buildings in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.</p> <p>In 1988 LoDo became a historic district. Developers now had reason to preserve the history of the area. LoDo changed from skid row to a fashionable area. It had million-dollar apartments, restaurants, boutiques, and nightclubs. During the 1990s, LoDo became a popular place that attracted young, late-night crowds.</p> <p>People started to live in LoDo. Some of the first homes were lofts in the old warehouses. Emanuel and JoAnn Saltzman created the first LoDo loft in 1980. They were inspired by his brother’s loft in New York City’s SoHo neighborhood. They bought and converted the Spice Warehouse into their family loft. Other lofts followed. The lofts attracted artists to the area.</p> <p>The preservation of Larimer Street inspired other development in LoDo. Historic buildings were renovated. New buildings were designed in a style that made them look old. The popular trend of first-floor retail and upper-story office or residences began.</p> <p>In 1988 John Hickenlooper and his partners created Colorado’s first brewpub. They renovated a historic building on Wynkoop Street and opened the Wynkoop Brewing Company. The brewery was the first in a new industry. By 2014 Colorado had 230 brewpubs. Hickenlooper later became mayor of Denver, then governor of Colorado.</p> <p>Joyce Meskis opened the Tattered Cover Bookstore in 1974. It is the largest independent bookstore in the Rocky Mountain region. She converted the Morey Mercantile Building at Sixteenth and Wynkoop Streets into a branch of her bookstore in 1994.</p> <h2>Stadiums</h2> <p>Major League Baseball’s Colorado Rockies built their home, Coors Field, in LoDo in 1995. The ballpark was lowered to keep its walls the same height as surrounding warehouses. The design used LoDo’s historical elements of red brick and stone trim. At the other end of LoDo, the Pepsi Center opened in 2000. It is the home of the Denver Nuggets and the Colorado Avalanche.</p> <p>These two stadiums make LoDo a place for sports fans. The vintage-style ballpark and modern Pepsi Center attract visitors from across the state and region. They find LoDo safe and pedestrian-friendly, with plenty of bars, boutiques, art galleries, restaurants, and other amenities.</p> <h2>Renewal of Adjacent Neighborhoods</h2> <p>The success of LoDo sparked improvements in nearby neighborhoods of Auraria, Five Points, and Highlands. The South Platte River had been polluted and neglected; this area was reimagined as a natural asset and prime real estate. The city focused on creating trails and park systems along the South Platte and Cherry Creek. This promoted cleanup of the river areas as well as pedestrian and bicycle travel within the city.</p> <h2>Transportation and Education</h2> <p>The Union Station area boomed in the early 2000s. There was new office, retail and residential building. In 2014 Union Station was renovated. It reopened as the Crawford Hotel. Behind Union Station, an underground bus terminal and rail station opened. It is covered with a soaring white fabric canopy. Most of the original railroad tracks were ripped out to accommodate new bus and rail lines.</p> <p>The Auraria Project renovated another area of LoDo. The Auraria Higher Education Center replaced a poor neighborhood. The Community College of Denver, Metropolitan State University of Denver and the University of Colorado–Denver all share a campus. It is the largest campus in Colorado, with 43,000 students.</p> <p>The revitalization of LoDo in the heart of Denver was a major part of the city’s growth over the last several decades, and it continues to drive the downtown area’s success today.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>LoDo is the nickname for Lower Downtown Denver, which is officially known as the Union Station neighborhood. In 1983 <strong><em>Denver Post</em></strong> columnist Dick Kreck referred to the area as “LoDo,” a clever take on the words <u>LO</u>wer <u>DO</u>wntown that sounds like New York City’s SoHo neighborhood.</p> <p>Lower Downtown Denver has become a model for how a decaying city neighborhood can be revitalized, as it has become a thriving residential, retail, and recreational district. Union Station remains the anchor building.</p> <p>The LoDo area started in the 1860s as the commercial and rail hub of Denver, with warehouses, hotels, bordellos, saloons, and retail and manufacturing operations. It served in that capacity until the 1930s, when it began a descent into a “skid row.” The South Platte River area was known as “the Bottoms”—an undesirable floodplain where transients and poor immigrants lived. Here, at the bottom of the social ladder, people who were not welcome elsewhere found cheap housing and avoided prejudice.</p> <p>Blacks, Latinos, and Japanese Americans gravitated to the area, as did some of the poorer and more ostracized European immigrants. The Chinese remained in LoDo even after the <strong>Anti-Chinese Riot of 1880</strong>, and the neighborhood remained the home of the down-and-out until the 1980s.</p> <h2>Twentieth-Century Revival</h2> <p>In 1988 the city designated LoDo as a historic district. This stopped it from being torn down and provided incentives for preservation. The Denver Landmark Preservation Commission ensured that the area was preserved. Subsequently, LoDo evolved from “skid row” into an area with million-dollar lofts, swanky restaurants, upscale boutiques, and trendy nightclubs. Starting in the 1990s, LoDo became a popular place to party. It attracts young, late-night crowds from throughout the metro area.</p> <p>People started living in LoDo in lofts that were created in old warehouses. Dr. Emanuel Saltzman and his wife JoAnn created the first LoDo loft in 1980. They were inspired by his brother’s loft in New York City’s SoHo neighborhood. The Saltzmans bought and converted the Spice and Commercial Warehouse at 1738 Wynkoop Street into their family loft. Larimer Square developer Dana Crawford followed with the Edbrooke Lofts and Flour Mill Lofts. The lofts attracted artists to the area. Today, some of the city’s most expensive apartments are in the once-disreputable “Bottoms.”</p> <p>Dana Crawford was instrumental to the transformation of LoDo. Her Larimer Square Project, which aimed to revitalize historic buildings on Larimer Street, was started in 1965. The 1400 block of Larimer Street was scheduled to be demolished, but she intervened, helping to transform the run-down and neglected block into successful retail and office spaces. Larimer Square, as it is now known, is a showcase of LoDo’s redevelopment. Crawford also worked on the restoration of the Oxford Hotel and many other projects.</p> <p>The preservation of Larimer Street inspired further development in LoDo. As old buildings became harder to acquire, new buildings were designed in a style that made them look old. The popular trend of first-floor retail and upper-story office or residential space began in the 1980s.</p> <p>In 1988 John Hickenlooper and his partners created Colorado’s first brewpub in LoDo. They renovated the John Brown Building at Eighteenth and Wynkoop Streets and opened the Wynkoop Brewing Company. The brewery was the first in a new boom industry. By 2014 Colorado had more than 230 craft breweries and brewpubs. Hickenlooper’s success in the brewery business propelled him into office as mayor of Denver, then governor of Colorado.</p> <p>Joyce Meskis founded Tattered Cover, the region’s largest independent bookstore. She converted the Chester S. Morey Mercantile Building at Sixteenth and Wynkoop Streets into the largest branch of her bookstore in 1994.</p> <h2>Stadiums</h2> <p>Major League Baseball’s Colorado Rockies built their home, Coors Field, on the northeast edge of LoDo in 1995. The ballpark was lowered to keep its walls the same height as surrounding warehouses, and the design borrowed historical elements from LoDo, such as red brick and stone trim. At the other end of LoDo, just across Cherry Creek, the Pepsi Center opened in 2000. It is the home of the Denver Nuggets and the Colorado Avalanche.</p> <p>These two stadiums make LoDo a sports fan’s paradise. The vintage-style ballpark and modern Pepsi Center attract visitors from across the state and region. They find LoDo safe and pedestrian-friendly, with bars, boutiques, art galleries, restaurants, and other amenities.</p> <h2>Renewal of Adjacent Neighborhoods</h2> <p>The trendy LoDo District sparked improvements in nearby neighborhoods, including Auraria, the Central Business District, Five Points, and Highlands. The South Platte River corridor, formerly a polluted industrial strip, was reimagined as a natural setting and prime real estate. A series of mayors worked to expand the city’s urban trails and park systems, especially along the South Platte and Cherry Creek. This promoted cleanup of the river area, as well as pedestrian and bicycle travel within the core city.</p> <h2>Transportation and Education</h2> <p>Union Station, the centerpiece of LoDo, reopened in 2014 as the Crawford Hotel. Behind Union Station, an underground twenty-two-bay bus terminal and five rail tracks opened. A soaring white fabric canopy covers the facility, which serves as a transit hub for light rail and bus service. Most of the original railroad tracks were ripped out to accommodate the new bus and rail services. The area between Wynkoop Street and the South Platte River boomed in the early 2000s, with new office, retail, and residential construction.</p> <p>Across Cherry Creek from LoDo, the Auraria Urban Renewal Project renovated yet another historic part of downtown Denver. The project replaced a poor neighborhood with the Auraria Higher Education Center, now home to the Community College of Denver, Metropolitan State University, and the University of Colorado–Denver. With 43,000 students, it is the largest campus in Colorado.</p> <h2>Future of LoDo</h2> <p>The redevelopment of LoDo not only drove the revitalization of downtown Denver but also highlights a trend toward downtown living and the reshaping of urban demographics due to gentrification. Although it has been far from perfect, the reshaping of Denver’s downtown districts reversed a pattern of urban blight and suburban flight and made LoDo into a national model for other downtowns.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 15 Apr 2015 21:31:49 +0000 yongli 423 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org