%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Missionary Ridge Fire http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/missionary-ridge-fire <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Missionary Ridge Fire</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3507--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3507.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/rehabilitation-area-missionary-ridge-fire"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/USGS_missionaryridgefire_0.jpg?itok=dZ8L7XH5" width="1090" height="1165" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/rehabilitation-area-missionary-ridge-fire" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rehabilitation Area, Missionary Ridge Fire </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>This map from the US Geological Survey shows the perimeter of the Missionary Ridge Fire, which burned near Durango from June 9 to July 15, 2002. The city limits of Durango appear in the map's lower left corner. Reforestation is already occurring in the burned area.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-01-26T17:36:06-07:00" title="Tuesday, January 26, 2021 - 17:36" class="datetime">Tue, 01/26/2021 - 17:36</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/missionary-ridge-fire" data-a2a-title="Missionary Ridge Fire"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmissionary-ridge-fire&amp;title=Missionary%20Ridge%20Fire"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Missionary Ridge Fire began on June 9, 2002, northeast of <strong>Durango</strong> in southwest Colorado. It burned until July 15, destroying forty-six houses and cabins and charring 73,000 acres of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/la-plata-county"><strong>La Plata County</strong></a> forest. One firefighter died while fighting the blaze, which became the seventh-largest <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado"><strong>wildfire</strong></a> in Colorado history.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to death and destruction, the Missionary Ridge Fire caused widespread environmental degradation. Durango and its vicinity saw increased <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flood</strong></a> and mudslide risks in the aftermath. These effects continue to be felt today, nearly two decades after recovery teams began replanting the forest.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>2002 Fire Season</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The year 2002 was filled with big fires in the American West, brought on by years of sustained drought and fire suppression that resulted in huge buildups of dry fuels. In the spring of 2002, Colorado’s <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>mountain</strong></a> <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow-colorado"><strong>snowpack</strong></a> stood at just 53 percent of its average, and a warm, dry spell in April and May melted away all that moisture before the summer heat arrived in June. In southwest Colorado, La Plata County had received a paltry 1.31 inches of rain since January.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By year’s end, more than 31,000 fires had burned over 3.6 million acres across the American West. Colorado saw 3,067 of those fires burn 926,000 acres, including two of the state’s ten largest fires on record. The day before the Missionary Ridge Fire started, the <strong>Hayman Fire</strong> was lit by a forest ranger on Colorado’s <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>. That fire ended up being the largest of the season at 138,000 acres, and was the largest in state history until 2020. Smaller fires broke out across the state as well, including the 400-acre Valley Fire, which destroyed six houses in La Plata County as Missionary Ridge burned just a few miles away.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ignition</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Topping out at 9,480 feet, Missionary Ridge lies at the southern edge of the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> overlooking the city of Durango to the southwest. The ridge is directly east of US Highway 550 in <strong>Hermosa</strong>. A county road snakes up the ridge from the highway, and on the hot afternoon of June 9, 2002, a spark landed beside one of its switchbacks and lit the Missionary Ridge Fire. The source of the spark remains unknown.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fifty firefighters immediately responded to the blaze, but windy conditions caused erratic fire growth that thwarted early attempts to control it. By the end of the first day, the flames had run and skipped across 6,500 acres. Crews focused on evacuating hikers, bikers, and backpackers who were in danger of being trapped by the unpredictable fire.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>A Crazed Conflagration</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Missionary Ridge fire grew increasingly erratic over the next few days, thanks to swirling winds and vegetation with the moisture content of kiln-dried firewood. Crew chiefs recall flames more than 250 feet high that were hot enough to burn through aspen—usually not a ready fuel on account of their moisture content. Fire tornadoes, caused by the rapid updraft of extreme heat, whipped debris through the air and overturned abandoned vehicles near Vallecito Reservoir. The fire often doubled back on itself; at one point, flames blew back over a fire wagon, and crews had to quickly douse the vehicle in foam to avoid losing it.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The fire’s unpredictability confounded residents as well as fire crews. On one day, neighbors in the Aspen Trails subdivision east of Missionary Ridge were in the middle of a fire briefing when they were interrupted and told to leave immediately. To the northeast, residents in the Tween Lakes community were given the “all clear” one day—only to have the fire sweep through their area a week later.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>More than 2,000 firefighters from at least four states were eventually involved in the Missionary Ridge Fire. They camped in a tent city set up on the athletic fields of Durango High School, while command teams operated out of the La Plata County Fairgrounds. On July 2, firefighter Alan Wayne Wyatt was cutting blackened trees in a burned area when one of them fell on him; he later died of his injuries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Additional resources were devoted to the Missionary Ridge Fire after the Hayman Fire was fully contained on June 28. Still, dry conditions and consistently high temperatures pushed full containment of the Missionary Ridge blaze to July 15.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Aftermath</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Missionary Ridge Fire was not as destructive as some other fires in 2002, as property losses totaled just over $24 million. It did cost some $37 million to fight, and the Forest Service was estimated to have lost more than $27.8 million in assets, such as recreational areas that were damaged or destroyed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The fire also heightened the risk of flooding and mudslides in the Durango area, as seasonal monsoon rains doused the burned area in August and September. Without vegetation to absorb it, water sloughed off chunks of hillsides during the storms and washed loads of ash-ridden soil and boulders onto roads. Costs for removing debris and cleaning water-treatment systems (which became clogged with sediment) were not reported, but likely added millions to the indirect costs of the blaze.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to the damage from floods and mudslides, the Missionary Ridge Fire also harmed waterways. Tributaries to the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/animas-river"><strong>Animas River</strong></a>, the region’s economic and natural lifeblood, were choked with sediment that caused levels of mercury and other toxins to spike.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Recovery teams from <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-lewis-college"><strong>Fort Lewis College</strong></a> and the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>San Juan National Forest</strong></a> began replanting the forest within a year, and as of 2017 they are tracking some 840 tree plots across the burned area. In addition, the <strong>Colorado State Forest Service</strong> air-dropped grass seed into the burned area and piled fallen tree limbs into retaining walls to prevent sediment from choking up waterways. As ponderosa, spruce, and other pine seedlings slowly reached toward the sky, shorter species such as grasses, aspen, and wildflowers colonized the newly opened landscape, which continues to be a popular hiking destination.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The unpredictable activity of the Missionary Ridge Fire led to the blaze becoming a common case study in fire behavior. In addition, the extreme conditions that preceded the fire are indications of a changing climate that will raise the likelihood of damaging fires. The extreme drought that gripped Colorado in 2002 was not seen again until 2018, though the intervening years were dry enough to spark several catastrophic blazes. Overall, a state report in 2020 found that climate change “would increase expected annual wildfire damages by a factor of 1.6.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For southwest Colorado, a study by the Colorado Mountain Institute found that by 2050, summers in the region will be as hot as the top 10 percent of summers between 1950 and 1999. The Colorado Forest Atlas’s wildfire risk viewer shows southwest Colorado to be among the most fire-prone regions in the state. These risks are especially important for the city of Durango, which depends on healthy natural areas to support its main economic driver of tourism.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Even though the area was severely burned in 2002, a hotter climate dynamic has produced other fires on Missionary Ridge since then. In 2019 the smaller 441 Fire broke out, and it was quickly converted into a controlled burn to prevent future conflagrations on the scale of the 2002 fire. Still, these smaller fires should remind Coloradans that the right conditions can fan flames anywhere, even in areas that have recently burned.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wildfire" hreflang="en">wildfire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-wildfires" hreflang="en">colorado wildfires</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/durango" hreflang="en">Durango</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/la-plata-county" hreflang="en">la plata county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/animas-river" hreflang="en">Animas River</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/missionary-ridge" hreflang="en">missionary ridge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/missionary-ridge-fire" hreflang="en">missionary ridge fire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/climate-change" hreflang="en">climate change</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southwest-colorado" hreflang="en">southwest colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-forest-service-0" hreflang="en">US forest service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-national-forest" hreflang="en">san juan national forest</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Odie Bliss and Tara Green, “<a href="https://climate.colostate.edu/presentations/2002DroughtHistory.pdf">2002 Drought History in Colorado—A Brief Summary</a>,” Drought Analysis and Management Laboratory, Colorado State University, 2003.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jeffery A. Coe, et al., “<a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1289/pdf/OF07-1289_508.pdf">Mass Wasting Following the 2002 Missionary Ridge Fire Near Durango, Colorado, a Field Trip Guidebook</a>,” US Geological Survey, 2007.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Water Conservation Board, “<a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/54633e4fb99340d7999f560aebb3f0c5">How Wildfire Affects Colorado’s Communities: A Case Study of the 2002 Missionary Ridge Fire Near Durango, CO</a>,” Colorado Department of Natural Resources, May 15, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lynda Edwards, “<a href="https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/28204-drought-wildfire-threaten-the-ecological-balance">Drought, Wildfire Threaten the Ecological Balance</a>,” <em>Durango Herald</em>, August 29, 2011.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/285972">Fire on Missionary Ridge Allowed to Burn for Fire Management Purposes</a>,” <em>Durango Herald</em>, July 17, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>National Interagency Fire Center, “<a href="https://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/intelligence/2002_statssumm/fires_acres.pdf">Historical Year-End Fire Statistics by State (2002)</a>,” updated 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mark A. Reddy, “<a href="https://www.iaao.org/uploads/The_Wildfire_Summer_of_2003.pdf">The Wildfire Summer of 2002: How One Assessor’s Office Responded to Wildfires and the Valuation Challenges They Created</a>,” <em>Fair and Equitable</em> 3, no. 9 (September 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dale Rodebaugh, “<a href="https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/39845">39 Days of Destruction</a>,” <em>Durango Herald</em>, June 7, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Fire Administration, “<a href="https://apps.usfa.fema.gov/firefighter-fatalities/fatalityData/detail?fatalityId=1299">Alan Wayne Wyatt, Firefighter</a>,” Federal Emergency Management Agency, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Debra Van Winegarden, “<a href="https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/104362">Missionary Ridge Traverse: Durango’s Training Ground</a>,” <em>Durango Herald</em>, April 28, 2016.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://co-pub.coloradoforestatlas.org/#/">Colorado Wildfire Risk Viewer</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>T. Andrew Earles, et al., “<a href="https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/40763%28178%2946">Missionary Ridge Wildfire Rehabilitation</a>,” American Society of Civil Engineers Watershed Management Conference 2005.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jim Greenhill, <em>Fire in the Sky: Colorado’s Missionary Ridge Fire</em> (Durango, CO: <em>Durango Herald </em>Small Press, December 13, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://sites.google.com/view/missionaryridgefire">Missionary Ridge Fire</a> (forest recovery site).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.nifc.gov/fire-information/statistics">National Interagency Fire Center</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen J. Pyne, <em>Fire: A Brief History</em>, 2nd ed. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen J. Pyne, <em>The Interior West: A Fire Survey </em>(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2018).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Laurie Robinson and Pam Wilson, eds., “<a href="https://www.wildfirelessons.net/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=948afb1b-8f4e-4f67-a6a8-cff51b409493">Fire &amp; Fuels in Southwest Colorado</a>,” Wildfirelessons.net (Durango, CO: San Juan Public Lands Center, Colorado State Forest Service, Fort Lewis College Office of Community Services, summer 2003).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 27 Jan 2021 00:36:06 +0000 yongli 3505 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Hinsdale County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hinsdale-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * 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<!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2040--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2040.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/hinsdale-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Hinsdale%20County%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=Spoi3Qk3" width="640" height="463" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/hinsdale-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hinsdale County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Established in 1874 in the heart of the San Juan Mountains, Hinsdale County is one of Colorado's most prolific historic mining counties.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * 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BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-14T13:05:33-07:00" title="Monday, November 14, 2016 - 13:05" class="datetime">Mon, 11/14/2016 - 13:05</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hinsdale-county" data-a2a-title="Hinsdale County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhinsdale-county&amp;title=Hinsdale%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Established in 1874, Hinsdale County is a mountainous, sparsely populated county of 1,123 square miles in southwest Colorado. The county was named for <strong>George A. Hinsdale</strong>, a prominent politician and newspaperman in nineteenth-century Colorado. The county currently has a population of 786. <a href="/article/lake-city-0"><strong>Lake City</strong></a>, home to 408 residents, is the county seat and only incorporated area. Hinsdale County borders <a href="/article/gunnison-county"><strong>Gunnison County</strong></a> to the north, <strong><a href="/article/saguache-county">Saguache</a> </strong>and <a href="/article/mineral-county"><strong>Mineral</strong></a> Counties to the east, <a href="/article/archuleta-county"><strong>Archuleta County</strong></a> to the south, and <a href="/article/la-plata-county"><strong>La Plata</strong></a>, <a href="/article/san-juan-county"><strong>San Juan</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/ouray-county"><strong>Ouray</strong></a> Counties to the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Located in the heart of the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a>, Hinsdale County was once the domain of the Nuche, or Ute people, until American prospectors found significant <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>gold and silver</strong></a> deposits during the 1870s. Lake City, in the northern section of the county, was established in 1874 as a supply town for nearby mining camps. The city was platted along Lake Fork, a tributary of the <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a>, and today State Highway 149—part of the <strong>Silver Thread Scenic Byway</strong>—connects Lake City with <a href="/article/creede"><strong>Creede</strong></a> in Mineral County and Gunnison in Gunnison County. The Rio Grande River flows eastward through the southern part of the county, dammed at the Rio Grande Reservoir.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hinsdale County boasts several <a href="/article/fourteeners"><strong>Fourteeners</strong></a> (mountains above 14,000 feet): <strong>Uncompahgre Peak</strong> (14,321 ft.), Handies Peak (14,058 ft.), Wetterhorn Peak (14,021 ft.), and Sunshine Peak (14,007 ft.). Other natural attractions include Lake San Cristobal south of Lake City and Cannibal Plateau, site of the infamous <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/alferd-packer"><strong>Alferd Packer</strong></a> incident. Most of Hinsdale County’s land is managed by the <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> or the Bureau of Land Management as parts of the San Juan, Rio Grande, and Uncompahgre<strong> </strong>National Forests.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Archaeological evidence from the Capitol City Moraine Site indicates that <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a> people frequented the Hinsdale County area as early as 12,000 years ago. The area was too cold and rugged to support permanent settlement. Around 1300 the area became home to the <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people, nomadic Native Americans who hunted in the high country during the summer and camped in lower valleys and along river bottoms in the winter. The three Ute bands most common in the Hinsdale County area were the Weenuche, Capote, and Tabeguache Utes. Today, the Weenuche are federally recognized as part of the <a href="/article/ute-history-and-ute-mountain-ute-tribe"><strong>Ute Mountain Ute Tribe</strong></a>, and the Capote as part of the <strong>Southern Ute Tribe</strong>. Both tribes still reside in Colorado, but the Tabeguache now reside with other Utes on a Utah reservation as part of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Northern Ute Tribe</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For more than five centuries, the Weenuche, Capote, and Tabeguache Utes used the various high valleys and parks in the Hinsdale County area as summer hunting grounds before descending to their winter camps. Even as the North American frontiers of the Spanish, French, and eventually American empires encroached on what is now southwest Colorado, the sheer ruggedness of the San Juans kept the Hinsdale County area off of most published maps until the late nineteenth century.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After American miners made significant gold and silver discoveries near the site of present-day <a href="/article/silverton"><strong>Silverton</strong></a> in the early 1870s, the United States obtained the Hinsdale County area from the Utes via the <a href="/article/brunot-agreement"><strong>Brunot Agreement of 1873</strong></a>. Not all Utes supported the agreement, which ceded more than 3.5 million acres of their land. The Utes still held a large reservation on Colorado’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> until 1879, when the <a href="/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a> at the <a href="/article/white-river-ute-indian-agency"><strong>White River Indian Agency</strong></a> in what is now <a href="/article/rio-blanco-county"><strong>Rio Blanco County</strong></a> prompted many white Coloradans to call for the Utes’ removal.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A new agreement dissolved the Utes’ Western Slope reservation and confined Colorado’s Ute population to new reservations in Utah and southwest Colorado. Although many Utes continued to range off the reservations to hunt, by 1882 the Hinsdale County area and the rest of the San Juan Mountains lay open for permanent Anglo-American settlement.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Prospectors and County Formation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On August 27, 1871, the prospectors Harry Henson, Joel Mullen, Albert Meade, and Charles Godwin discovered the Ute Ulay vein five miles above the mouth of Henson Creek, a tributary of Lake Fork. Because they were trespassing in Ute territory, the prospectors could not safely develop the vein at that time, but they returned in 1874 and established the first mining claim in what would become Hinsdale County. The Ute Ulay Mine eventually became a rich source of gold, silver, lead, and copper, and was among the largest producers of silver and lead in the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Around the same time, <strong>Enos Hotchkiss</strong> was in the area working on one of <a href="/article/otto-mears"><strong>Otto </strong></a><a href="/article/otto-mears"><strong>Mears</strong></a>’s toll roads, and he located a promising gold vein north of Lake San Cristobal. Hotchkiss built the first structure at the present site of Lake City and soon set up the Hotchkiss Mine (later renamed the Golden Fleece).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>News of Henson’s and Hotchkiss’s discoveries brought hundreds more miners to the area, and the mining boom in the greater San Juan region prompted the organization of Hinsdale, La Plata, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rio-grande-county"><strong>Rio Grande</strong></a> Counties in 1874. Hinsdale County was named in honor of George A. Hinsdale, a former lieutenant governor of Colorado and one of the founding editors of the <strong><em>Pueblo Chieftain</em></strong><em>,</em> who died that year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Though it is often romanticized, nineteenth-century prospecting in the San Juans was extremely dangerous, as illustrated by the story of Alferd Packer. In February 1874, Packer and five other prospectors became lost in what is now northern Hinsdale County and ran out of provisions. Several days later one of the men, Shannon Bell, became crazed with starvation and killed three of the party as they slept. Packer allegedly killed Bell in self-defense after Bell attacked him with a hatchet. Unable to leave on account of the deep <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a>, Packer survived for six weeks by eating the flesh of his dead companions. A sketch artist for <em>Harper’s </em>magazine stumbled across the bodies of Packer’s companions on August 20, 1874, five miles from present-day Lake City at a place now called Deadman’s Gulch. Packer was eventually found guilty of murdering his comrades and sentenced to seventeen years in prison.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Mining</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Lake City was incorporated on August 16, 1875. Henry Finley, a local businessman who had worked on the toll road the year before and worked with Hotchkiss to set up Hinsdale County’s first sawmill, served as the first president of the Lake City Town Company. <em>The Silver World</em>, the first newspaper on Colorado’s Western Slope, also began publishing in Lake City in 1875, and the town received a US post office. By 1878 Lake City had two smelters, making it the central supply and processing point for dozens of mines and mining camps in northern Hinsdale County. The county courthouse went up in 1877 and remains Colorado’s oldest continually operating courthouse. The <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> arrived in Lake City in 1889, allowing mines to more efficiently ship ore to market.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Gold and silver production spiked in Hinsdale County after the arrival of the railroad. For instance, the Ute Ulay Mine produced some $12 million in gold, silver, lead, and copper between 1891 and 1903. Silver production across the county reached 400,000 ounces by 1892 before falling off during the crash in silver prices the next year. By the turn of the century, when lead and zinc production peaked, there were nearly seventy mines operating in the Lake City District.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hinsdale County’s most productive mining operations tapered off by 1920, and the county did not experience a mining revival until the early 1950s, when modest amounts of zinc, lead, and copper were produced.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While mining companies profited handsomely from their work, miners toiled for a pittance in horrible and dangerous conditions, working between twelve and fourteen hours per day. By the 1890s strikes were common across all of Colorado’s mining districts, and Lake City was no exception. In 1899 some 200 miners, mostly Italians, struck at the Ute Ulay and Hidden Treasure Mines. Armed with dynamite and rifles stolen from the Lake City armory, the strikers occupied the mine properties and forced the sheriff to call for help from the state capital. It took the arrival of more than 350 state militiamen to break the strike, and all of the participating miners were fired in March 1899. Thereafter, some local mines refused to hire Italians.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Though its mining glory days have long since passed, Hinsdale County residents have preserved the town’s mining history, and that history is now one of the area’s main tourist attractions. The Hinsdale County Historical Society was established in 1973, and in 1975 it opened the Hinsdale County Museum in Lake City’s historic Finley Block building. In 1978 the town’s historic district was added to the National Register of Historic Places. With more than 200 nineteenth-century buildings—including homes, barns, and churches—the historic district is one of the most robust in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Efforts are also under way to preserve a set of buildings associated with the Ute Ulay Mine, which was named one of Colorado’s Most Endangered Places in 2015. The Silver Thread Scenic Byway—which links the towns of Gunnison, Lake City, Creede, and South Fork—offers motorists access to some of the San Juans’ most remote historic mining areas as well as spectacular mountain scenery.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although Hinsdale County has an active historic preservation community, visitors come for much more than heritage tourism. Thousands of travelers head to the county each year to climb Fourteeners, camp under starlit skies, and fish at Lake San Cristobal or one of the county’s many trout-filled streams. Aware of the remote town’s appeal to city dwellers, Lake City’s official website even boasts that the area has no stoplights, very few stop signs, and no light pollution. Local conservation organizations, such as the Lake Fork Valley Conservancy and the Lake San Cristobal Project (part of the Upper Gunnison River Water Conservancy District), are focused on protecting and enhancing the county’s natural areas so visitors may continue to enjoy them into the future.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hinsdale-county" hreflang="en">hinsdale county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alferd-packer" hreflang="en">alferd packer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alfred-packer" hreflang="en">alfred packer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-ulay-mine" hreflang="en">ute ulay mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-mountains" hreflang="en">San Juan Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southwest-colorado" hreflang="en">southwest colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hinsdale-county-history" hreflang="en">hinsdale county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lake-city" hreflang="en">Lake City</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uncompahgre-peak" hreflang="en">uncompahgre peak</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Kye Abraham, Stan Whinnery, and Mark Rudolph, “<a href="https://lkagold.com/uploads/The_Ute-Ulay_presentation_San_Juan_Mining_Summit_FINALpdf.pdf">The Ute Ulay: The Mine That Made Lake City</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carl E. Conner, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/crforms_edumat/pdfs/631.pdf">Hinsdale County Metal Mining</a>,” US Department of the Interior, National Park Service Form 10-900b (Denver: History Colorado, 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hinsdale County Museum, “<a href="https://www.lakecitymuseum.com/component/content/article/9-uncategorised/72-history-of-the-finley-block-and-henry-finley">History of the Finley Block and Henry Finley</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Duer Irving and Howland Bancroft, “<a href="http://www.mininghistoryassociation.org/Meetings/Creede/LC%20Mines%20c1911%20Bul478%20BL13%20CROP.jpg">Geology and Ore Deposits near Lake City, Colorado</a>,” US Geological Survey Bulletin 478, (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1911).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://lakecity.com/">Lake City</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lake City, “<a href="https://www.lakecity.com/mountain-town-activities/historic-attractions">Area History &amp; Timeline</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lake City, “<a href="https://www.lakecity.com/mountain-town-activities/historic-attractions/18-things-to-do/history/national-historic-district/15-national-historic-district">National Historic District</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lake City DIRT, “<a href="https://lakecitydirt.org/ute-ulay-project">Ute Ulay Project</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bonnie L. Pitblado, C.W. Merriman, and Caroline Gabe, “Assessing Integrity at the PaleoIndian-Historic Capitol City Moraine Site (5HN510), Hinsdale County, Colorado,” <em>Southwestern Lore </em>73, no. 3 (Fall 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p> Pueblo County Historical Society, “George A. Hinsdale (1826–1874),” Hinsdale County Historical Society, updated 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ed Raines, “<a href="http://www.mininghistoryassociation.org/LakeCity.htm">Mining History of Lake City</a>,” Mining History Association, 2011.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=SME18990318-01.2.8">Strike at Lake City Mines</a>,” <em>San Miguel Examiner</em>, March 18, 1899.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Whizbang Works, LLC, <em>Prospecting: A Guide to the Arts &amp; History of Lake City, Colorado</em> (Lake City, CO: Lake City/Hinsdale County Chamber of Commerce, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wilderness.net, “<a href="https://wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&amp;amp;amp;sec=wildView&amp;amp;amp;wname=Uncompahgre%20Wilderness">Uncompahgre Wilderness</a>.”</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.colorado.gov:443/hinsdalecounty">Hinsdale County</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.lakecitymuseum.com/">Hinsdale County Museum</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.lfvc.org/">Lake Fork Valley Conservancy</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365922974/">"Courthouses,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, December 29, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Duane A. Smith, <em>San Juan Legacy: Life in the Mining Camps </em>(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://ugrwcd.org/">Upper Gunnison River Water Conservancy District</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Nov 2016 20:05:33 +0000 yongli 2041 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org La Plata County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/la-plata-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">La Plata County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1709--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1709.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/la-plata-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_La_Plata_County.svg__0.png?itok=qUkGuYii" width="1090" height="789" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/la-plata-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">La Plata County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>La Plata County, named for one of the three rivers flowing through it, includes the town of Durango as well as the Southern Ute Reservation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1702--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1702.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/la-plata-county-google-map"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/LaPlata_0.jpg?itok=2mTvCCng" width="1090" height="920" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/la-plata-county-google-map" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">La Plata County on Google Map</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/La+Plata+County,+CO/@37.3198878,-108.2114304,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x873ea2e07d71ceb9:0x1bb386c94972c67d!8m2!3d37.2125857!4d-107.763621">La Plata County</a>, named for one of the three rivers flowing through it, includes the town of Durango as well as the Southern Ute Reservation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 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field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-16T10:31:09-06:00" title="Tuesday, August 16, 2016 - 10:31" class="datetime">Tue, 08/16/2016 - 10:31</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/la-plata-county" data-a2a-title="La Plata County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fla-plata-county&amp;title=La%20Plata%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>La Plata County covers 1,700 square miles in southwest Colorado. It is named for the La Plata River and La Plata Mountains, both of which are named for the Spanish word for “silver.” La Plata County is bordered to the north by <a href="/article/san-juan-county"><strong>San Juan County</strong></a>, to the east by <strong><a href="/article/hinsdale-county">Hinsdale</a></strong> and <strong><a href="/article/archuleta-county">Archuleta</a> </strong>counties, to the south by the state of New Mexico, to the west by <a href="/article/montezuma-county"><strong>Montezuma County</strong></a>, and to the northwest by <a href="/article/dolores-county"><strong>Dolores County</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>La Plata County has a population of 53,989. <strong>Durango</strong>, the county seat, was a major supply, processing, and shipping depot for mines in the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Today, the town is a popular tourist destination and has a population of 17,557. Just south of Durango and covering the southern third of the county are the <strong>Southern Ute </strong>and <a href="/article/ute-history-and-ute-mountain-ute-tribe"><strong>Ute Mountain Ute</strong></a> Reservations, the only tribal reservations in Colorado. US Route 160 is the county’s major east–west highway, linking Bayfield in the east, Durango, and <strong>Mancos</strong> in Montezuma County to the west. US Route 550 is the major north–south highway, running from San Juan County in the north, through Durango, and into New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Three major rivers flow southward through La Plata County from the San Juan Mountains: the La Plata River in the west, the <a href="/article/animas-river"><strong>Animas</strong></a> in the middle, and the <strong>Los Piños </strong>in the east. The La Plata River exits the mountains near the community of Mayday, flows past the small town of Hesperus, and runs along State Highway 140 through the county’s sparsely populated western flank. The Animas River runs out of San Juan County to the north, through Durango, and is shadowed by US Route 550 all the way to New Mexico. The Los Piños River flows out of the San Juans in northeastern La Plata County and runs through the towns of Bayfield and <strong>Ignacio</strong> before it runs into New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Indigenous People</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Pueblo</strong></a> peoples occupied the area near present-day Durango by the mid-eighth century. They were part of a larger pattern of Ancestral Puebloan settlement spanning from southeastern Utah to the Animas River Valley. About 4,500 people lived in the region, mostly in hamlets of one or two households. As in the <a href="/article/mesa-verde-national-park-archaeology-and-history"><strong>Mesa Verde</strong></a> region to the west, Ancestral Puebloan occupation of the La Plata County area ended with a massive southward migration around AD 1300.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By AD 1500, the La Plata County area was occupied by two bands of Utes—the Weenuche, or “long time ago people,” and the Capote, whose name may have come from the Spanish word for “cloak” or “cape.” The Utes lived off the natural wealth of Colorado’s mountains and river valleys, hunting elk, deer, jackrabbit, and other game. They also gathered a wide assortment of wild berries and roots, including the versatile yucca root. The Weenuche in the La Plata County area moved with the seasons, following game into the high country during the summer and wintering along the lower stretches of the three rivers. The Utes used many trails on their seasonal journeys throughout southwest Colorado—for instance, the route now known as the Old Ute Trail connected the sites of present-day Ignacio, Hesperus, and Towaoc.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Spanish Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the early seventeenth century, the northern frontier of New Spain pressed up against the lands of the Weenuche, Capote, and Muache Utes in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. The Utes’ relationship with the Spaniards was one of alternate raiding and trading, and as early as 1640 they had acquired horses from the Spanish. The animals allowed the Utes, who were already accustomed to ranging across vast territories, to cover even more ground in search of trade or larger populations of game such as buffalo.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In July 1765, the Spanish explorer <a href="/article/juan-antonio-mar%C3%ADa-de-rivera"><strong>Juan Rivera</strong></a> reached the Los Piños River and stumbled across ancient Pueblo buildings, which the Spaniards thought contained evidence of gold casting. They trekked on to the Animas River near present-day Durango, where a Ute guide named Wolfskin had promised to meet them but failed to show up. From there, Rivera headed north into the mountains to search for silver but found none. On the way back to New Mexico, Rivera’s party found Wolfskin camping along the La Plata River near present-day Hesperus. The guide led the party into the mountains on a brief and unsuccessful search for silver. In the fall, Rivera crossed the La Plata County area again, and with the help of various Ute tribes he was able to reach the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rivera and his expedition carved out a route for future traders and explorers, such as the friars <strong>Silvestre Vélez de Escalante and Francisco Atanasio Dominguez</strong>. In July 1776, the friars were dispatched to find an overland passage from Santa Fé to Monterey, California. After following Rivera’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/old-spanish-national-historic-trail"><strong>old route</strong></a> through present-day Archuleta, La Plata, Montezuma, Dolores, and <a href="/article/san-miguel-county"><strong>San Miguel</strong></a> counties, Dominguez and Escalante pushed northeast into the Gunnison Valley and then northwest into Utah. In October a punishing blizzard forced them to head back to Santa Fé.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Spanish era of La Plata County history ended when Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821. At the conclusion of the Mexican-American War (1846–48), the area became US territory.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Anglo-American Settlement</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The ruggedness of the San Juan Mountains kept most Anglo-Americans out of the La Plata County area until 1860. That year, a prospecting party led by <strong>Charles Baker</strong> arrived in the upper Animas River valley and found several small gold deposits near present-day Silverton. Just before the winter storms hit, the party followed the river down to the area north of present-day Durango and set up a small village called Animas City.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1861, when the US government organized the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>, news of Baker’s find had spread across the Rockies. In April Baker and several hundred other prospectors returned to the gold-bearing ground along the upper Animas, now referred to as Baker’s Park. But the miners had ascended too soon, and as the weather worsened, they were forced to quickly stake claims and head back to Animas City. They returned in May, but by June it was evident that there wasn’t as much gold as Baker originally thought. Meanwhile, the Utes had expressed their displeasure at the recent white incursion by burning Animas City to the ground.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Baker and about 600 other disenchanted miners left later that year. White Coloradans did not return to the San Juans for almost a decade, and in the meantime, southwest Colorado became part of a 12-million-acre reservation for the Utes via the <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a>. In 1870, however, a prospecting party led by Adnah French, Dempsey Reese, and Miles T. Johnson sought to follow up on the Baker discovery and reoccupied Animas City. Instead of merely panning for gold in the streams of Baker’s Park, the party pursued the mother vein within the mountains. Within weeks they had found it and set up the Little Giant Mine. As with Baker’s discovery, more miners followed, and by 1872, multiple operations were pulling some $30,000 in gold and silver ore out of the San Juans.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>County Establishment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The new <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a> operations complicated enforcement of the 1868 treaty, which had banned all whites from the Ute reservation in western Colorado. Fearing another Animas City–type episode, miners in the area of today’s San Juan County called for the US government to negotiate a new treaty with the Native Americans. In the 1873 <a href="/article/brunot-agreement"><strong>Brunot Agreement</strong></a> the Utes ceded 3.5 million acres of the San Juan Mountains to the United States in exchange for annual payments of $25,000. The cession left a narrow strip of land at the southern end of the state for the Weenuche, Capote, and Muache Utes. This land became the Southern Ute Indian Reservation. In 1877 an <a href="/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agency</strong></a>—where the Ute people went to receive money and supplies from the government—was established on the Los Piños River near the present site of Ignacio.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Brunot Agreement and mining settlements in the San Juans paved the way for the establishment of La Plata County in 1874. Originally, La Plata County occupied an area about four times its current size in the southwest corner of Colorado; the northern half became San Juan County in 1876 and the western portion of the southern half became Montezuma County in 1889.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Animas City and Durango</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Animas City was formally reestablished south of its original location in 1874–75, populated by <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteaders</strong></a>. The town had about 3,000 residents by the time it incorporated in 1878. Anticipating the arrival of <a href="/article/william-jackson-palmer"><strong>William Jackson Palmer</strong></a>’s <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong>, Animas City hiked up its land prices. But instead of building his line there, Palmer established his own town, Durango, to the south of Animas City on September 13, 1880.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As with <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, Palmer had Durango completely mapped out in his head before his railroad arrived. He set up a smelter to process the ore that his railroad would ship south from the mines of San Juan County as well as coal mines to fuel the smelter and a hotel to accommodate what would surely be a huge number of visitors. By December 1880, only a few months after it was established, the city had a population of 2,500. Always attuned to his cities’ recreational needs, Palmer also included two parks in Durango’s design and made sure to promote his rail line to<strong> <a href="/article/silverton-0">Silverton</a></strong> as a tourist attraction when it opened in 1882.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A devastating fire in 1889, an economic downturn caused by a crash in silver prices in 1893, and a strike at the local smelter in 1899 all tested Durango’s resolve, but the city recovered and had a population of 3,400 by 1900. The smelter was still the largest employer in town. Though it consisted mostly of northern European and Anglo-Protestants or Anglo-Catholics, the county population was becoming more diverse. Immigrants from Austria and Italy began arriving in greater numbers after 1880. Census takers in 1900 recorded seventeen African Americans in Durango but overlooked a thriving community of Hispano coal miners, teamsters, and smelter workers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Changes on Ute Reservation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite Palmer’s vision for a clean, respectable metropolis, all was not orderly and beautiful in Durango’s early days. On June 23, 1882, for instance, convicted murderer George Woods was hanged in public. Palmer also did not ask permission before setting up construction camps and laying railroad tracks through the Southern Ute Reservation, which angered the Utes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many Durango residents made it clear that they wanted the Southern Ute bands removed to New Mexico, just as the <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Northern Ute</strong></a> bands had been forced into Utah. To build their case, whites in La Plata County falsely accused the Native Americans of stealing cattle and other crimes. Nevertheless, there was some friendly interaction between Utes and Durango’s white population. The Ute leader <a href="/article/buckskin-charley"><strong>Buckskin Charley</strong></a> (Sapiah), for instance, always received a warm welcome in the city and decried Ute violence against white residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite the occasional friendly encounter, tension continued to mount between the Utes and Anglo-Americans. In 1880 <a href="/article/fort-lewis"><strong>Fort Lewis</strong></a> was moved from <a href="/article/pagosa-springs-0"><strong>Pagosa Springs</strong></a> to Hesperus to help keep the peace between whites and Native Americans. In 1881, fed up with what it saw as the government’s attempts to accommodate the Utes, the <em>Durango Democrat</em> called for a local militia of “cowboys, miners and pioneers” to “march against” the Utes and “not return until . . . the tribe has been annihilated.” Despite the paper’s racist rancor, no such militia was raised.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The federal government did eventually coerce the Utes onto a smaller reservation. In 1887 Congress passed the <a href="/article/dawes-act-general-allotment-act"><strong>Dawes Act</strong></a>, which required that Native American land be divided into individual plots. In 1895 the government greatly reduced the size of the Southern Ute Reservation and Congress passed the <strong>Hunter Act</strong>, which imposed the terms of the Dawes Act on the Southern Ute bands. Southern Colorado’s Utes reacted to the act in different ways. The Weenuche rejected the allotment and chose to manage their land collectively, as they had always done. The Weenuche under <strong>Chief Ignacio</strong> moved to the western part of the newly formed Consolidated (Southern) Ute Reservation, and their land became the Ute Mountain Ute Reservation. Meanwhile, by 1906, many members of the Capote and Muache bands accepted the individual allotments and remained on the Southern Ute Reservation, which now occupies 1,059 square miles from eastern Montezuma County to central Archuleta County.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>San Juan National Forest</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Besides changes to the Utes, there were land management changes. President Theodore Roosevelt created the San Juan National Forest in 1905, with Durango as its headquarters. The forest’s first rangers were charged with monitoring sheep and cattle grazing, a task that required them to balance the priority of conserving the natural environment with respecting the livelihood of ranchers. For example, Ray C. Montgomery, a forest ranger who served north of Durango from 1915–20, once wrote that “the time of the small sawmill man or the poor Mexican with a little bunch of sheep is as important and as valuable to him as ours is to us.” Today, the San Juan National Forest covers 1.8 million acres, including the northern half of La Plata County.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Agriculture, Depression, and Recovery</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the first few decades of the twentieth century, the La Plata County economy also underwent a large-scale transition. As the stressful work of the San Juan National Forest rangers suggests, sheep and cattle ranching had been an important part of the county economy since its founding. But those early ranchers, as well as early farmers, mostly supplied the mining industry, the backbone of the county economy. But as mining declined after the turn of the century, La Plata County farmers put some 360,000 additional acres into cultivation by 1925. National prices did not hold up, however, and residents of rural La Plata County struggled to get by. The Great Depression of the 1930s, punctuated by the closure of the Durango smelter in 1930, exacerbated their economic plight. Some ranchers had their sheep repossessed by the banks, while others, such as Mary Petty and her husband, managed to hold on to their herds.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong><a href="/article/new-deal-colorado">New Deal</a> </strong>projects such as the infrastructure work of the Works Progress Administration, public lands work by the <a href="/article/civilian-conservation-corps-colorado"><strong>Civilian Conservation Corps</strong></a>, and a dam on the Los Piños River helped lift the county out of the Depression. In addition, during World War II, the US government secretly used the Durango smelter to produce <a href="/article/uranium-mining"><strong>uranium</strong></a> for the Manhattan Project, its clandestine nuclear bomb program. Durango residents were not told of the project until after the military dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the decades after being shouldered aside by Palmer and his railroad in 1880, the small town of Animas City fought its southern neighbor for railroad rights-of-way and water rights until it finally merged with Durango in 1948. Today, the town is home to the Animas Museum, which resides in an old schoolhouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fort Lewis College</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Like the county’s people, land, and cities, Fort Lewis also underwent multiple changes in the twentieth century. The fort had been decommissioned in 1891 and served as an off-reservation boarding school for Native Americans until 1911. That year it was transformed into an agricultural and mechanical school with both Indian and white students. The school became a two-year college in the 1930s and moved to its present location in Durango in 1956. <a href="/article/fort-lewis-college"><strong>Fort Lewis College</strong></a> began awarding four-year bachelor’s degrees in 1964.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Utes in the Twentieth Century</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The twentieth century also brought changes to La Plata County’s Ute population. The combined population of the Ute Mountain and Southern Ute tribes stood at just 813 in 1930, but by 2000, it had grown to more than 9,500. With 695 members, the Southern Ute Tribe was the most numerous in La Plata County.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early decades of the century, outbreaks of diseases such as <a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a>, venereal disease, Spanish flu, and measles were common. The importance and proficiency of Muache and Capote medicine men declined with the introduction of Western Medicine, and many Weenuches remained skeptical of white health care facilities. Muache and Capote patients regularly visited a new hospital that opened in Ignacio in 1933.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ute leadership underwent a transition in 1936. John Miller, the successor to the Weenuche chief Ignacio, died in 1936 along with the Muache chief Buckskin Charley. The passage of these leaders, together with the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934, led to a new age of government for the Southern Ute and Ute Mountain Ute Tribes. The Ute Mountain Ute leadership fiercely resisted the IRA at first, but by 1940, both tribes had approved constitutions and elected tribal councils.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since the early 1990s, the Southern Ute tribe has expanded its on- and off-reservation economic activities to include oil and gas developments, casinos, and support of local nonprofit organizations.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, the Southern Ute Tribe is the largest employer in La Plata County, furnishing 1,500 jobs. The Sky Ute Lodge and Casino in Ignacio opened in 2008 and provides between 400 and 450 jobs. Other major employment sectors include health care—Mercy Medical provides 625 jobs—and education, including the Durango School District and Fort Lewis College. The Durango &amp; Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad remains a prominent tourist attraction, as does the city’s historic downtown district.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Agriculture also continues to play an important role in La Plata County. The county is ranked third in the state in the number of horses, donkeys, and mules. Some 11,600 head of cattle and 700 sheep are raised in the county. The county is also home to 4,253 bee colonies, the second largest in the state, although the beekeeping business has recently been stung by the nationwide epidemic of colony collapse disorder.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/durango" hreflang="en">Durango</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-ute" hreflang="en">southern ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-ute-reservation" hreflang="en">Southern Ute Reservation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-durango" hreflang="en">history of durango</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/animas-museum" hreflang="en">animas museum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/los-pinos-river" hreflang="en">los pinos river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/la-plata-river" hreflang="en">la plata river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/animas-river" hreflang="en">Animas River</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-mountains" hreflang="en">San Juan Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southwest-colorado" hreflang="en">southwest colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-lewis-college" hreflang="en">fort lewis college</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-lewis" hreflang="en">Fort Lewis</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute" hreflang="en">ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/la-plata-county-history" hreflang="en">la plata county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope" hreflang="en">Western Slope</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ann Bond, “<a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5283889.pdf">History of the San Juan National Forest</a>,” US Forest Service, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phil Carson, <em>Across the Northern Frontier: Spanish Explorations in Colorado </em>(Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.scan.org/uploads/2011_CEDS_laplata.pdf">Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy 2011</a>,” La Plata County.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Peter R. Decker, “<em>The Utes Must Go!”: American Expansion and the Removal of a People</em> (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.skyutecasino.com/about/careers/">Employment</a>,” Sky Ute Casino Resort, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Olivia Everett, “<a href="https://swcenter.fortlewis.edu/finding_aids/inventory/AnimasCity.htm">Collection M 120: Animas City (Colo.) government records draft inventory—Historical Note</a>,” ed. Todd Ellison (Durango, CO: Center of Southwest Studies, Fort Lewis College), last modified January 24, 2008.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.fortlewis.edu/master-plan/ExistingConditions/HistoryofFortLewisCollege.aspx">General history of Fort Lewis College</a>,” Fort Lewis College, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.utemountainutetribe.com/">Honeyville casts net to keep up</a>,” <em>Durango Herald</em>, February 14, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.southernute-nsn.gov/natural-resources/lands/assignments/living-in-la-plata-county/">Living in La Plata County</a>,” Southern Utah Indian Tribe, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jill Seyfarth and Ruth Lambert, <em>Pioneers, Prospectors and Trout: A Historic Context For La Plata County, Colorado </em>(Durango, CO: La Plata County and Colorado State Historical Fund, 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Duane A. Smith, <em>Durango Diary </em>(Durango, CO: Herald Press, 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Duane A. Smith, <em>Durango Diary II </em>(Durango, CO: Durango Herald Small Press, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.southernute-nsn.gov/">The Southern Ute Indian Tribe</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p> “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: La Plata County Colorado</a>,” US Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Richard K. Young, <em>The Ute Indians of Colorado in the Twentieth Century </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.animasmuseum.org/">Animas Museum</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.durango.org/">City of Durango</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.durangotrain.com/">Durango &amp; Silverton Railroad</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.co.laplata.co.us/">La Plata County</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Paul M. O’Rourke, <a href="https://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/wo/Planning_and_Renewable_Resources/coop_agencies/new_documents/co4.Par.36501.File.dat/orourke.pdf"><em>Frontier in Transition: A History of Southwest Colorado</em></a> (Denver: US Bureau of Land Management, Colorado State Office, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, “<a href="https://www.cozine.com:8443/2015-january/indian-agencies-colorado">Indian Agencies in Colorado</a>,” Colorado Central Magazine, January 1, 2015, cozine.com.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.skyutecasino.com/">Sky Ute Casino Resort</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sky Ute Casino, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/6-ways-enjoy-sky-ute-casino-resort-southwest-colorado">6 Ways to Enjoy Sky Ute Casino Resort in Southwest Colorado</a>," Colordo Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.colorado.gov/ignacio">Town of Ignacio</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.utemountainutetribe.com/">Ute Mountain Ute Tribe</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Frederic B. Wildfang, <em>La Plata: Tri-cultural Traditions in the Upper San Juan Basin </em>(Chicago: Arcadia, 2002).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 16 Aug 2016 16:31:09 +0000 yongli 1701 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org San Juan Mountains http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">San Juan Mountains</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--936--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--936.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mt-sneffels-sunset"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Mount-Sneffels-at-Sunset-Colorado-John-Fielder_0.jpg?itok=Hk-q-m99" width="1090" height="875" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mt-sneffels-sunset" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mt. Sneffels at Sunset</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>At 14,157 feet, Mt. Sneffels is the highest peak in the Sneffels Range and the highest point in <a href="/article/ouray-county"><strong>Ouray County</strong></a>. It is named after the Icelandic volcano Snæfell, which was featured in Jules Verne's novel <em>A Journey to the Center of the Earth.</em></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1551--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1551.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/old-hundred-mine-silverton"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/San-Juan-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=nghum2ts" width="1000" height="1405" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/old-hundred-mine-silverton" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Old Hundred Mine, Silverton</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Structures from the Old Hundred Mine cling to the side of Mt. Galena in the San Juan Mountains in San Juan County.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1553--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1553.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/signing-brunot-agreement-1873"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/San-Juan-Media-2%20%281%29.jpg?itok=2kA72Ev3" width="1000" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/signing-brunot-agreement-1873" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Signing of the Brunot Agreement, 1873</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Portrait of the signatories of the 1873 Brunot Agreement. Front row, left to right: Guero, Chipeta, Ouray, Piah. Second row: Uriah M. Curtis, Major J. B. Thompson, Gen. Charles Adams, Otto Mears. Back row: Washington, Susan, (Ouray's sister) Johnson, Jack and John.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1554--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1554.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/remnants-old-house-red-mountain-pass"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/San-Juan-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=QF_bDODx" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/remnants-old-house-red-mountain-pass" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Remnants of Old House on Red Mountain Pass</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A historic house structure near Red Mountain Pass, deep in the San Juan Mountains.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1556--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1556.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/red-mountain"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/San_Juans_20160725_0905_1_0.jpg?itok=iOS5fhVM" width="1090" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/red-mountain" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Red Mountain </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Red Mountain is a set of three peaks between Ouray and Silverton, Colorado. The reddish color comes from iron ore. This area is also know as the Red Mountain Mining District, which is known for the silver produced as well as gold, iron, copper and other minerals.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1584--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1584.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/lower-ice-lake-basin"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Lower_Ice_Lake_Basin_0.jpg?itok=5yLp4_pT" width="1090" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/lower-ice-lake-basin" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Lower Ice Lake Basin</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Ice Lake Basin, located on the Ice Lake Trail in western <a href="/article/san-juan-county"><strong>San Juan County</strong></a>,&nbsp;is considered one of the most beautiful places in the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a>. This photo shows Lower Ice Lake Basin in summer, bursting with wildflowers.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-01T15:16:33-06:00" title="Monday, August 1, 2016 - 15:16" class="datetime">Mon, 08/01/2016 - 15:16</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains" data-a2a-title="San Juan Mountains"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsan-juan-mountains&amp;title=San%20Juan%20Mountains"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The San Juan Mountains are the largest mountain range by area in the Centennial State, spanning thirteen counties in southwestern Colorado. In addition to being the home of the <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute Indians</strong></a> for hundreds of years, the mountains intrigued <a href="/article/spanish-exploration-western-colorado"><strong>Spaniards</strong></a>, lured the prospectors of the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>, and attracted thousands of vacationers and seekers of outdoor adventure. Today the mountains are home to many historic <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a> towns that are now popular tourist destinations, including <a href="/article/telluride"><strong>Telluride</strong></a>, <a href="/article/silverton"><strong>Silverton</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ouray-town"><strong>Ouray</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/pagosa-springs-0"><strong>Pagosa Springs</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Formation and Features</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Part of the Southern <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rockies</strong></a>, the San Juan Mountains were created as two enormous continental plates slammed into one another, folding and faulting the earth’s crust. Volcanic activity associated with the tectonic mountain-building process produced rich mineral veins—the silver and gold deposits that drew miners to the region in the 1860s and 1870s. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/glaciers"><strong>Glaciers</strong></a> carved the range’s steep mountainsides and U-shaped canyons, such as the iconic box canyon that surrounds Telluride. The San Juans contain some of the highest and most jagged summits in the continental United States, with twenty-eight peaks above 9,000 feet and thirteen <a href="/article/fourteeners"><strong>Fourteeners</strong></a>. <strong>Uncompahgre Peak </strong>is the highest, measuring 14,309 feet.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <strong>San Juan River</strong> is a significant tributary of the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> and has its source in the southern slopes of the San Juan Mountains. Notable tributaries of the San Juan River include the <a href="/article/animas-river"><strong>Animas</strong></a>, <strong>Piedra</strong>, and <strong>La Plata </strong>Rivers. Two of Colorado’s four subspecies of native <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/state-fish"><strong>cutthroat trout</strong></a> inhabit the mountain streams and rivers of the San Juans: the Rio Grande cutthroat trout (<em>Salmo clarki virginalis</em>) and the Colorado River cutthroat trout (<em>Salmo clarki pleuriticus</em>). A variety of mammals also inhabit the thickly forested mountain slopes, including <strong><a href="/article/rocky-mountain-elk">elk</a>, </strong><a href="/article/bighorn-sheep"><strong>bighorn sheep</strong></a><strong>, lynx</strong>,<strong> <a href="/article/black-bear">black bear</a></strong>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mountain-lion"><strong>mountain lion</strong></a>, among others.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Human History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The nomadic Ute people lived in the San Juans for more than 500 years, following game up to the high country during the summer and retreating to lower elevations—such as the area near present-day Durango—during the winter. To supplement diets of elk, <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a>, jackrabbit, and buffalo, the Utes gathered a wide assortment of berries and roots, including the versatile yucca root. On their seasonal migration routes, the Utes trod paths that were later used by Spanish explorers and American miners and road builders.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>All that was necessary for the Utes’ survival lay on top of the earth, so they did not bother to mine the San Juans. But locating minerals was a primary objective of multiple <a href="/article/spanish-exploration-western-colorado"><strong>Spanish expeditions</strong></a> in the eighteenth century. Guided by Utes, Spanish parties repeatedly searched the mountains for silver but failed to find any significant deposits. By the time of <a href="/article/juan-antonio-mar%C3%ADa-de-rivera"><strong>Juan María de Rivera</strong></a>’s expedition of 1765, many of the Spanish place-names, such as the names of the mountains and their rivers, were already in common use. In the 1820s trappers and mountain men ventured into the San Juan Mountains for another natural resource—<a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beavers</strong></a>. According to later reports, many trappers, including the famous <a href="/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a>, insisted that the southern ranges were full of gold, silver, and other valuable minerals.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With some of Colorado’s highest and most rugged peaks, the San Juans challenged anyone who sought to wrest mineral riches from their granite-ribbed depths. By the time of the Colorado Gold Rush of 1858–59, the legends and stories of the San Juans had traveled far, hard to pin down but tantalizing to ponder. The San Juans lay weeks of mountainous travel away from <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, a trip that seemed unnecessary in light of the great strikes along the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> in those years. Nevertheless, in 1860 the prospector <strong>Charles Baker</strong> made the trip. In the western San Juans, in a park that now bears his name and where the town of Silverton now sits, Baker found gold. It seemed rumor had finally turned to reality in the San Juans.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gold Rush</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Baker party reached the San Juans in August 1860. In the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> later that year, one member described the mountains as “the highest, roughest, broadest and most abrupt of all the ranges.” He concluded the article by exulting that in the San Juans, “the metalliferous development of this region, if not of the North American continent, reaches its culminating point.” This news spurred a stampede of prospectors toward the San Juans in 1861.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The initial rush came by way of New Mexico and up the Animas River on Baker’s toll road, which passed through <strong>Animas City</strong>. This first rush, however, was fleeting for several reasons. For one, Baker had found placer gold—small pieces of gold lying on the surface, mostly in streambeds—and not nearly enough as he thought he did. Second, resistance from Utes made it virtually impossible to occupy the area year-round. Finally, the region’s climate, elevation, and isolation were not conducive to months of prospecting. Hundreds of miners left Baker’s Park disappointed, grumbling about a “San Juan Humbug.” Rumors of fabulous wealth in the San Juan Mountains faded for a time, but the stories still beckoned, and miners’ appetites were whetted. Prospectors again moved into the area after the Civil War (1861–65).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>One of the early prospectors, <strong>John Moss</strong>, focused his attention on <strong>La Plata Canyon</strong>. Moss negotiated a treaty with the Utes for the land and brought in California capital to underwrite his mining. <strong>Parrott City</strong>, at the mouth of the canyon, served as his headquarters. Isolation, scant profits, and Moss’s own eccentricity doomed his effort. His was the first, but not the last, of the attempts to find the mother lode in that canyon’s depth.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Among the first results of the renewed interest in the San Juans was conflict with the Utes, who had been guaranteed the land in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a>. Unlike Moss, most San Juan miners did not stop to negotiate with the Utes, simply assuming the land would be theirs. The federal government came under pressure from both sides and even ordered the miners to leave, but they refused. Instead of forcing them out, the government negotiated the <a href="/article/brunot-agreement"><strong>Brunot Agreement</strong></a> in September 1873, in which the Utes ceded 3.5 million acres in the heart of the San Juans. In return, the Utes were to receive $25,000 annually and retain the right to hunt on the ceded land, as long as game lasted and peace was maintained.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, instead of peace, the years that followed saw increased tension and violence between Utes and whites in southwest Colorado and across the <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>. In 1880, following the <a href="/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a> of 1879, most of the remaining San Juan Ute population was forced onto the Southern Ute Reservation in southern Colorado. As was typical of mining in the west, the boom brought Indian occupation of the San Juans to a quick and decisive end.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White settlement and development of the San Juans continued. The towns of Silverton, <strong>Howardsville</strong>, and <strong>Eureka </strong>took root to serve the miners who worked the surrounding mountains. Nestled among the high peaks, <a href="/article/animas-forks"><strong>Animas Forks</strong></a> and <strong>Mineral Point</strong> anticipated a bonanza from nearby mines. Silverton, the largest high-country town, boasted a population of 1,000 by 1880, while farther north Ouray and Telluride struggled for their share of business and prominence.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For the miners, the 1870s was a decade of waiting—waiting for investors, for mills, and for smelters to work the ores profitably, and most of all, for the railroad to provide efficient transportation. By the mid- to late 1870s Silverton had functioning smelters, but lack of finances and engineering problems had delayed the arrival of the Iron Horse to the San Juans. By 1880, however, <a href="/article/william-jackson-palmer"><strong>William Jackson Palmer</strong></a>’s <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad (D&amp;RG) </strong>was on its way. In September the first survey stake for the new town of <strong>Durango</strong> was driven, and in July 1882 the first train steamed into Silverton from Durango.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The arrival of the D&amp;RG inaugurated two decades of railroad building within the district and initiated the long-awaited San Juan bonanza. Carloads of gold and silver steamed from the mountains to the smelter in Durango, where copper, lead, and zinc were recovered as byproducts and coal was mined to fuel mining and railroad operations. Although the mountains were rich in all kinds of metals, silver reigned supreme in the San Juans. In 1891, for instance, miners in <a href="/article/san-juan-county"><strong>San Juan County</strong></a> extracted more than $761,000 in silver compared to $192,000 in gold.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1893, however, the federal government drastically reduced its silver purchases, plunging silver mines in the San Juans and throughout Colorado into a devastating depression from which they never recovered. The price of silver had been declining for years as production increased, but the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> did more than close silver mines; it also brought an end to the era of the lone prospector who selected a rocky outcropping, filed a claim, and mined his fortune. Mining had become big business and was dominated by large corporations. In San Juan County, the deep pockets of large mining companies helped the county’s mines survive the depression and actually increase silver and gold production in the years that followed. However, these companies most often brought in huge profits at the expense of their employees, which led to serious and often violent labor disputes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Labor Strife</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>To try to improve their bargaining position in this new industrial world, many miners joined the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-federation-miners"><strong>Western Federation of Miners</strong></a>, a union despised by companies and mine management. The San Juans became one of the union bastions of the Rocky Mountains. Labor tension increased, and finally, in 1903–4, Telluride and <a href="/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a>, a rich gold district on the Front Range, exploded in turmoil. Union miners lobbied for better pay, shorter work days, and safer working conditions. Governor James Peabody’s deployment of National Guard companies to break the strikes on behalf of mine owners created lasting grudges, especially since the miners had to return to work with no changes in pay or work regimen. In Telluride, mine boss–turned–National Guard Captain <strong>Bulkeley Wells </strong>declared martial law and illegally deported miners to neighboring <a href="/article/ouray-county"><strong>Ouray County</strong></a>. To keep the deportees out, Wells built a machine gun nest atop <strong>Imogene Pass</strong>, the only way back in to <a href="/article/san-miguel-county"><strong>San Miguel County</strong></a> from the east.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1913 the <strong>Silverton Commercial Club</strong> promoted the San Juans as a place for recreation and tourism, indicating that the era of striking it rich in minerals had come to an end. The San Juans had been conquered and developed. San Juan mining operations made pioneering advances in the use of tramways to transport ore, in the industrial use of electricity, and in various new types of equipment. Mining camps had been born, prospered, and died.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While mining no longer dominates the economy in southwestern Colorado, its legacy continues to draw thousands of eager tourists to the region annually. Extant mining structures—such as mining smelters, boilers, and mills, as well as boardinghouses and defunct saloons—still pepper the landscape. For example, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/shenandoah-dives-mill"><strong>Shenandoah Dives</strong> <strong>Mill</strong></a> complex southeast of Silverton dates to 1929 and provides a glimpse into the area’s historic mining past via a museum and rehabilitated mine structures. The <strong><a href="/article/smuggler-union-hydroelectric-power-plant">Smuggler-Union Hydroelectric Plant</a></strong>, built in 1907 atop a waterfall near Telluride to supply power to Bulkeley Wells’s Smuggler-Union mine, was restored in the late 1980s and still produces electricity today. Remains of <a href="/article/fort-peabody"><strong>Fort Peabody</strong></a>, the machine-gun post used to discourage deported miners’ reentry into San Miguel County, are still visible atop Imogene Pass east of Telluride.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While historic mining spurred the development of the region and is still a major tourist attraction in the San Juans, it left a devastating environmental legacy. <strong>Acid mine drainage</strong> occurs when subterranean rock is exposed to oxygen and groundwater. Sulfides in the metal-containing rock break down into sulfuric acid, which then dissolves the metals and allows them to flow into nearby water sources. This yellow-orange metallic slurry has entered the Animas River on multiple occasions since the mining period, threatening wildlife and drinking water supplies. The most recent incident occurred in August 2015, when workers for the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) accidentally released 3 million gallons of contaminated wastewater from the <strong>Gold King Mine</strong> into the Animas. San Juan County officials had previously been reluctant to have the county’s dozens of abandoned mines declared an EPA Superfund site—a high-priority cleanup site—but after the Gold King blowout they reconsidered, voting unanimously in February 2016 to request Superfund site designation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to their proud but fraught mining legacy, the San Juan Mountains’ rugged peaks, verdant forests, and whitewater rivers also provide a variety of recreational opportunities, from hiking and backpacking, kayaking and mountain biking, to snowshoeing and skiing. In 1996 the US Secretary of Transportation designated the <strong>San Juan Skyway</strong> as an All-American Road. The 233-mile highway loop, part of the <strong>Colorado Historic and Scenic Byway</strong>, provides tourists with stunning views of the San Juans’ 14,000-foot peaks as it carries them through Durango, Silverton, and other archetypal western towns. The skiing hamlet of Telluride­—also known for film, bluegrass, and jazz festivals—and the mountain retreat of Ouray are popular stops along the route. The road also takes visitors to <a href="/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde National Park</strong></a>, one of the most popular national parks in the United States. Revered by the Ute Indians for centuries and a key part of Colorado’s economic and environmental story, the picturesque landscape of the San Juan Mountains continues to impress locals and tourists alike.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Adapted from Duane A. Smith, “The Miners: ‘They Builded Better Than They Knew,’” in <em>The Western San Juan Mountains: Their Geology</em>, <em>Ecology, and Human History</em>, ed. Rob Blair (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1996).</strong></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-mountains" hreflang="en">San Juan Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juans" hreflang="en">San Juans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southwest-colorado" hreflang="en">southwest colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-san-juan-mountains" hreflang="en">history of san juan mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-county" hreflang="en">san juan county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mineral-county" hreflang="en">mineral county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hinsdale-county" hreflang="en">hinsdale county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/la-plata-county" hreflang="en">la plata county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ouray-county" hreflang="en">ouray county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/otto-mears" hreflang="en">Otto Mears</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/telluride" hreflang="en">Telluride</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/creede" hreflang="en">Creede</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/durango" hreflang="en">Durango</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ouray" hreflang="en">ouray</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/silverton" hreflang="en">Silverton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-miguel-county" hreflang="en">san miguel county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archuleta-county" hreflang="en">archuleta county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/charles-baker" hreflang="en">charles baker</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/shenandoah-dives-0" hreflang="en">Shenandoah Dives</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-mountains-mining" hreflang="en">san juan mountains mining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mining-history" hreflang="en">mining history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/shenandoah-dives-mining-0" hreflang="en">Shenandoah Dives Mining</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Rob Blair, ed., <em>The Western San Juan Mountains: Their Geology, Ecology, and Human History</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dawn Bunyak, “Shenandoah-Dives Mining Company: A Twentieth-Century Boom and Bust,” Colorado Heritage (Spring 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Andrew Gulliford, “<a href="https://www.durangoherald.com/article/20091108/LIFESTYLE03/311089955/0/SEARCH/The-Guns-of-Imogene">The Guns of Imogene</a>,” <em>The Durango Herald</em>, November 8, 2009.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jonathan Thompson, “<a href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/48.7/silvertons-gold-king-reckoning">Silverton’s Gold King reckoning</a>,” <em>High Country News</em>, May 2, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eric Twitty, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/crforms_edumat/pdfs/655.pdf">Historic Mining Resources of San Juan County, Colorado</a>,” US Department of the Interior, National Park Service Form 10-900 (Denver: History Colorado, 2010).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 5th ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rob Blair and George Bracksieck, eds., <em>The Eastern San Juan Mountains: Their Geology, Ecology, and Human History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/colorado-scenic-byway-alpine-loop">Colorado Scenic Byway: Alpine Loop</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/colorado-scenic-byway-san-juan-skyway">Colorado Scenic Byway: San Juan Skyway</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David P. Smith, <em>Mountains of Silver: The Story of Colorado’s Red Mountain Mining District</em> (Boulder: Pruett Publishing Company, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Duane A. Smith, <em>San Juan Gold: A Mining Engineer’s Adventures, 1879–1881</em> (Montrose: Western Reflections Publishing Company, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Duane A. Smith, <em>Song of Hammer and Drill: The Colorado San Juans, 1860–1914</em> (Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Duane A. Smith, <em>Colorado: The Highest State</em>, 2nd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 01 Aug 2016 21:16:33 +0000 yongli 1550 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Archuleta County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archuleta-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Archuleta County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1486--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1486.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/chimney-rock"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Great-Houses-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=LIr9Jaos" width="1000" height="679" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/chimney-rock" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chimney Rock</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The namesake twin spires above the Chimney Rock Great House are distinctive landmarks.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1513--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1513.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/archuleta-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/ArchuletaCounty_1.png?itok=a0rcB1nE" width="800" height="579" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/archuleta-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Archuleta County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Archuleta County, created in 1885, lies amidst the rugged San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1732--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1732.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/archuleta-county-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/ArchuletaCounty_0.png?itok=-frr8eC8" width="800" height="579" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/archuleta-county-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Archuleta County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Archuleta County covers 1,356 square miles of the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> in southwestern Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1487--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1487.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/chimney-rock-pueblo"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Great%20Houses%20Media%203_0.jpg?itok=BmGx7zzn" width="370" height="479" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/chimney-rock-pueblo" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chimney Rock Pueblo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Aerial view showing the layout of the Chimney Rock Great House at Chimney Rock National Monument.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" 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field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-06-27T13:00:14-06:00" title="Monday, June 27, 2016 - 13:00" class="datetime">Mon, 06/27/2016 - 13:00</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archuleta-county" data-a2a-title="Archuleta County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Farchuleta-county&amp;title=Archuleta%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Archuleta County covers 1,356 square miles of the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> in southwestern Colorado. The county is bordered to the north by <a href="/article/hinsdale-county"><strong>Hinsdale</strong></a>, <a href="/article/mineral-county"><strong>Mineral</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/rio-grande-county"><strong>Rio Grande</strong></a> Counties; to the west by <a href="/article/la-plata-county"><strong>La Plata County</strong></a>; to the east by <a href="/article/conejos-county"><strong>Conejos County</strong></a>; and to the south by the state of New Mexico. Before Europeans arrived, the area of Archuleta County was occupied first by <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Pueblo</strong></a> peoples and later by Apache, Navajo, and <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> peoples. The county was formally created in 1885. It was named after J. M. Archuleta, the head of a prominent Spanish family in New Mexico, and also in honor of Antonio D. Archuleta, the state senator from Conejos County at the time.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Currently, the county supports a population of 12,084. It encompasses approximately 128,830 acres of the <strong>Southern Ute Indian Reservation</strong>. It also features 417,521 acres of national forest land, and is home to <a href="/article/chimney-rock"><strong>Chimney Rock National Monument</strong></a>. The <strong>San Juan River</strong> flows southwest across the county, through <a href="/article/pagosa-springs-0"><strong>Pagosa Springs</strong></a>, the county seat and only incorporated town; it receives the Navajo River about a mile north of the New Mexico border. The Piedra River flows southward in the western part of the county, joining the San Juan at the northern end of Navajo Reservoir near the town of <strong>Arboles</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Major roads include US Routes 160 and 84 and state route 151. Route 160 climbs over the San Juans from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a> and enters the county from the north; it then turns west at Pagosa Springs, where it meets Route 84. Route 84 continues south into New Mexico, while Route 160 reaches west toward Chimney Rock and La Plata County. Route 151 proceeds southwest from Route 160 near Chimney Rock, following the Piedra River.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Chimney Rock</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Around AD 1000, the Chimney Rock area was home to a community of Ancestral Pueblo people. Based on evidence found at the site, archaeologists and anthropologists theorize that Chimney Rock was an outlying settlement of a regional community of <strong><a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region">Ancestral </a></strong><a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a> centered in <a href="/article/chaco-canyon"><strong>Chaco Canyon</strong></a>, New Mexico. Evidence suggests that Ancestral Pueblo in the resource-rich San Juan basin helped supply a Chaco Canyon community that lacked local supplies of meat, timber, corn, and other resources.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime between 1125 and 1130, the settlements around Chimney Rock were abandoned, followed by the whole Chaco region over the next 200 years. The circumstances and causes of this abandonment have been subjects of debate for at least two decades. While it was initially proposed that a particularly severe drought forced out Chimney Rock’s inhabitants, recent evidence has indicated that the drought was not likely severe enough to completely discourage habitation on its own. Scholars currently debate a combination of causes, most of which stem from environmental exploitation.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Utes, Apaches, and Spaniards</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the Ancestral Pueblo, the area of Archuleta County was primarily the domain of the Nuche, or <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people. Expert hunters, the Utes subsisted on <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>deer</strong></a>, and other mountain game. They also gathered a wide assortment of roots, including the versatile yucca root, and wild berries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While the Utes generally maintained peaceful trade relations with the Spanish, the <strong>Jicarilla Apache </strong>fiercely resisted Spanish encroachment. From the late seventeenth century through the eighteenth century, the Spanish sometimes enlisted the Utes to fight not only the Apache but also the <strong>Comanche</strong> on the eastern plains and the Pueblo in New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Southern Utes were among the earliest people to frequent the natural hot springs near the current site of Pagosa Springs. Though sometimes translated as “healing waters” or “boiling waters,” “pah gosah” in the Ute language actually means “water with a strong smell,” a description derived from the springs’ high mineral content. In addition to the Utes, the Navajo and Apache also visited the springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>American Period</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>An independent Mexico held the Archuleta County area from 1821 until 1848, when the United States took possession after the Mexican-American War. In 1859 a US Army expedition led by Captain<strong> John Macomb</strong> entered the area, and the following year gold was discovered in the San Juan Mountains near present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/silverton-0"><strong>Silverton</strong></a>. Macomb was the first white man to see the Pagosa hot springs, and his accounts prompted a few other curious Americans to visit the springs themselves. Prospectors streamed into the area over the next three decades, leading to the development of mining, logging, and ranching industries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>An <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>1868 treaty</strong></a> between the Utes and the federal government supposedly protected the Utes’ land in the Archuleta County area but soon after, white ranchers began to drive and graze their cattle on Ute lands. In response to these violations, the Utes conducted raids, which prompted the Army to establish <a href="/article/fort-lewis"><strong>Fort Lewis</strong></a> on the current site of <a href="/article/pagosa-springs"><strong>Pagosa Springs</strong></a> in 1878. Access to the hot springs was more or less controlled by the Utes until the establishment of the fort and the founding of Pagosa Springs in the 1870s. In 1881 Thomas Blair built the town’s first bathhouse, using a canal to divert <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> from the springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the early 1880s most of the remaining Southern Utes were pushed onto the Southern Ute Indian Reservation, a fifteen-mile-wide strip of land in southern Colorado that stretched from the Utah border in the west to the upper San Juan River in the east. In 1880 the army began its abandonment of the Pagosa Springs outpost. The new Fort Lewis was established that same year on the La Plata River, about fourteen miles southwest of <strong>Animas City</strong>. The military had completely left the Pagosa Springs area by 1882.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It was around this time that Hispano communities began to develop in the southern part of the area, following the advances of the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong>. In 1885 the state legislature created Archuleta County out of territory from Conejos County. The town of Pagosa Springs, named after the Ute word for the nearby hot springs, grew around Fort Lewis and was incorporated in 1891.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Changing Economy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1900, the prevalence of logging and ranching brought the railroad to Pagosa Springs. When the railroad connected to towns further west, such as Durango, it made the logging and ranching industries the backbone of the regional economy. After a devastating flood in 1911, the state built a modern highway—today’s US Route 160—over the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide">Continental Divide</a></strong> at Wolf Creek Pass in 1916. By 1920 loggers had finally cut all of the accessible timber, and the logging boom petered out. Many residents moved out of the county during the ensuing Great Depression, and the rural county did not see a major economic revival until the 1970s, when developers began purchasing land to capitalize on the area’s scenic beauty.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1900 the railroad brought more visitors seeking a soak in the springs, but advancements in medicine over the next two decades made health-seeking trips less popular. In the 1950s, with the roads full of vacationing families, entrepreneurs began building motels that offered access to the springs, and the waters regained their popularity. By the 1990s, full resorts were being developed around the town’s three access points to the waters.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today in Pagosa Springs, tourism and services are the most important industries, and construction of both permanent and second homes is also regarded as an economic driver. Per capita income remains below the 2014 state average of $32,357 but increased from $25,421 in 2010 to $28,506 in 2014. The tourism industry is buttressed by the Springs Resort &amp; Spa, Healing Waters Resort &amp; Spa, and the Overlook Hot Springs, each of which offer hot springs experiences to visitors.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Local officials have recently begun looking into the area’s geothermal reserves to meet the county’s energy demands. In the fall of 2014 the Pagosa Area Geothermal Water and Power Authority (PAGWAPA)—a group of three Archuleta County commissioners, three Pagosa Springs council members, and one resident—began investigating the possibility of extracting boiling-hot water from the ancient rock below Pagosa Springs for energy and other purposes. With approval from PAGWAPA, the renewable energy company Pagosa Verde conducted exploratory drilling between 2014 and 2016. To help fund the exploratory drilling, Pagosa Verde secured more than $6.5 million in taxpayer funds, including a $3.9 million grant from the federal Department of Energy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, after the first few exploratory wells failed to turn up promising geothermal resources, the Department of Energy pulled its funding. A report by Pagosa Verde published in September 2015 concluded only that “a favorable area for potential geothermal resource” lies west of Pagosa Springs. As of January 2016 the future of geothermal development in Archuleta County remains unclear.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archuleta-county" hreflang="en">archuleta county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archuleta-county-history" hreflang="en">archuleta county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pagosa-springs" hreflang="en">Pagosa Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/geothermal-energy-colorado" hreflang="en">geothermal energy colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southwest-colorado" hreflang="en">southwest colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Archuleta County, “<a href="http://www.archuletacounty.org/index.aspx?nid=101">History of Archuleta County</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Archuleta County,” <em>Colorado County Histories Notebook</em> (Denver: History Colorado, 1989–99).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Allen Best, “<a href="https://mountaintownnews.net/2014/08/07/geothermal-pagosa-springs/">Geothermal in Pagosa Springs</a>,” <em>Mountain Town News</em>, August 7, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chimney Rock National Monument, “<a href="http://www.chimneyrockco.org/puebloan-resources/archaeological-sites/">In Depth Info</a> (Prehistory),” 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>City of Pagosa Springs, “<a href="https://www.pagosasprings.co.gov/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&amp;amp;SEC=%7bE4D74380-5C86-4626-972B-C735CE3280D9%7d">Geothermal Department</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Department of Numbers, “<a href="https://www.deptofnumbers.com/income/colorado/">Colorado Household Income</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Donna K. Graves, “<a href="https://www.scan.org/uploads/Archuleta_County_Housing_Report_2016.pdf">Archuleta County Housing Report 2016</a>” (January 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Economic Development District of Southwest Colorado, “<a href="https://www.scan.org/uploads/Archuleta__County_Performance_Report_2013.pdf">2013 Performance Report: Archuleta County, Colorado</a>” (2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Lewis College, “<a href="https://www.fortlewis.edu/oldfort/">The Old Fort</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bill Hudson, “<a href="https://pagosadailypost.com/2014/11/13/drilling-for-electricity-part-one/">Drilling for Electricity, Parts I–V,”</a> <em>Pagosa Daily Post</em>, November 13–19, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bill Hudson, “<a href="https://pagosadailypost.com/2016/01/22/editorial-geothermal-holes/">Editorial: Geothermal Holes</a>,” <em>Pagosa Daily Post</em>, January 22, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lloyd Levy Consulting, Donna Graves, et al., “<a href="https://www.scan.org/uploads/swco_economic_drivers_study.pdf">Southwest Colorado Economic Drivers</a>,” October 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Paul M. O’Rourke, <em>Frontier in Transition: A History of Southwestern Colorado </em>(Denver: Colorado State Office, Bureau of Land Management, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pagosa.com, “<a href="http://pagosa.com/pagosa-hot-springs/">The Great Pagosa Hot Springs</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Springs Resort &amp; Spa, “<a href="https://www.pagosahotsprings.com/hot-springs/history-of-the-hot-springs/">History of the Great Springs</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Census Bureau, “QuickFacts—Archuleta County, Colorado,” 2015.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Helen Sloan Daniels, <em>The Ute Indians of Southwestern Colorado</em> (Lake City, CO: Western Reflections Publishing, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pagosa Springs, Colorado, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/9-things-love-about-pagosa-springs-hot-springs">9 Things to Love About Pagosa Springs' Hot Springs</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pagosa Springs, Colorado, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/10-things-do-pagosa-springs-summer">10 Things to Do in Pagosa Springs This Summer</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 27 Jun 2016 19:00:14 +0000 yongli 1512 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org