%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Waldo Canyon Fire http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/waldo-canyon-fire <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Waldo Canyon Fire</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3696--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3696.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/waldo-canyon-fire-june-26-2012"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Waldo_Canyon_Fire_-_Mountain_Shadows_Neighborhood_0.jpg?itok=QVpgx9Kp" width="1090" height="726" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/waldo-canyon-fire-june-26-2012" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Waldo Canyon Fire, June 26, 2012</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Waldo Canyon Fire descends toward the Mountain Shadows subdivision in <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> on June 26, 2012. The fire destroyed some 340 houses in the neighborhood and killed two people. Evacuation orders for the area came later than expected amid erratic fire behavior earlier in the day.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3697--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3697.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/us-air-force-academy-during-waldo-canyon-fire"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/120627-F-XX000-001.jpeg?itok=Dh1TjW8B" width="1090" height="554" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/us-air-force-academy-during-waldo-canyon-fire" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">US Air Force Academy during Waldo Canyon Fire</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Cadets march at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/united-states-air-force-academy"><strong>US Air Force Academy</strong></a> in <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> during the Waldo Canyon Fire of June 2012. On June 26, the fire reached subdivisions in the western part of the city, prompting evacuations close to the academy. The academy also lent firefighting personnel to fight the blaze.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3698--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3698.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/waldo-canyon-fire-satellite-image"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/NASAWaldoCanyon.2012178._lrg_0.jpg?itok=4vZNC41F" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/waldo-canyon-fire-satellite-image" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Waldo Canyon Fire, satellite image</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>This NASA image of the Waldo Canyon Fire near <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> in June 2012 shows a plume of smoke trailing off to the northeast. At more than 18,000 acres, the Waldo Canyon Fire was not as large as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado"><strong>others</strong></a> burning at the same time, but it was one of the most destructive in state history, claiming 340 houses and 2 lives.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3699--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3699.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/waldo-canyon-fire-smoke"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/WaldoCanyonSmoke.jpeg?itok=SoMAizWg" width="1090" height="1459" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/waldo-canyon-fire-smoke" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Waldo Canyon Fire Smoke</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Smoke from the Waldo Canyon Fire unnerved <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a><strong> </strong>residents in June 2012. The fire eventually ran through a neighborhood on the city's west side, killing two people and burning more than 100 houses.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-10-15T15:59:49-06:00" title="Thursday, October 15, 2020 - 15:59" class="datetime">Thu, 10/15/2020 - 15:59</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/waldo-canyon-fire" data-a2a-title="Waldo Canyon Fire"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwaldo-canyon-fire&amp;title=Waldo%20Canyon%20Fire"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>On June 22, 2012, the Waldo Canyon Fire ignited northwest of <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, perilously close to neighborhoods and businesses in one of the most populated areas on Colorado’s <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>. Although local and federal agencies immediately converged on the blaze, hot, dry, and windy conditions quickly pushed the flames east into the city, with catastrophic results. By the time the fire was fully contained on July 10, two people had died and 346 houses burned, even though the fired covered a relatively small area of 18,247 acres.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The property damage and loss of life made the Waldo Canyon Fire the most destructive in Colorado history at that point, until it was surpassed the following year by the nearby <a href="/article/black-forest-fire"><strong>Black Forest Fire</strong></a>, which burned more than 500 houses. The cause of the Waldo Canyon Fire was determined to be human activity, but investigators did not identify what exactly sparked it. On top of the destruction, allegations of mismanagement plagued city leaders in the fire’s aftermath, making the fire as controversial as it was destructive.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By late June 2012, Colorado’s Front Range was experiencing unseasonably hot and dry weather after a winter of below-average snowfall. By the time the Waldo Canyon Fire started on June 22, the <a href="/article/high-park-fire"><strong>High Park Fire</strong></a> in <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a> had killed one person and burned nearly 80,000 acres, while the Woodland Heights Fire threatened <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>. Across the state, several other fires burned simultaneously, from <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a> to <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a> to <strong>Mancos</strong> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/montezuma-county"><strong>Montezuma County</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On June 22, the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/el-paso-county"><strong>El Paso County</strong></a> Sheriff’s office received reports of smoke in the area of the Waldo Canyon Trailhead, just off US Highway 24 northwest of Colorado Springs. The fire was located the next day. The <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> took control of firefighting operations, which included local and federal agencies. Bulldozers dug out fire breaks on June 23 to protect several nearby neighborhoods, which received voluntary evacuation notices that switched to mandatory evacuation orders later in the day. The Colorado Springs Fire Department established a base of operations at a Safeway store on West Colorado Avenue, an indication of how close the fire was to the city.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On June 24, a full evacuation order was issued for the town of <strong>Manitou Springs</strong>, a popular tourist haven five miles northwest of Colorado Springs, and the <strong>Colorado State Patrol</strong> closed Highway 24. A local Red Cross chapter set up shelters for evacuees at Cheyenne Mountain High School and Woodland Park High School.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Community Devastation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>June 26 proved to be the deadliest day of the Waldo Canyon Fire. A Red Flag warning (for high winds) was issued for the area that morning, and gusts up to ninety-four miles per hour were reported at the US <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/united-states-air-force-academy"><strong>Air Force Academy</strong></a>. Fueled by incessant wind, the blaze crossed a ridge and rapidly descended into the Mountain Shadows subdivision, where it burned hundreds of houses. Later investigations showed that an evacuation plan for the neighborhood was hastily put in place that morning, which resulted in many residents not knowing they had to leave until it was too late. Two Mountain Shadows residents, William and Barbara Everett, died in their burning house as they tried to leave. Many others barely escaped.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the assistance of law enforcement from across the region, additional evacuations took place that day south of the Air Force Academy and west of <strong>Interstate 25</strong>. Meanwhile, crews worked to protect and remove flammables from the historic <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/glen-eyrie"><strong>Glen Eyrie</strong></a> property, which survived the blaze. Another Red Flag warning was issued the following day, but winds subsided on June 28, slowing the fire somewhat.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On June 29, President Barack Obama arrived in Colorado Springs, accompanied by Representative <strong>Doug Lamborn</strong> and Colorado senators <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mark-udall"><strong>Mark Udall</strong></a> and <strong>Michael Bennet</strong>. The president declared a National Emergency in Colorado, mentioning the “enormous devastation” he had seen in Mountain Shadows. Obama praised the “outstanding coordination” of response agencies and noted they were “starting to see progress” on containment.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thanks to that progress, many evacuees were able to return home that day. Some residents, including those in the town of Green Mountain Falls, came back to find their streets littered with trash, as <strong>bears</strong> and raccoons—likely fleeing the fire themselves—ransacked the abandoned community (a local marshal oversaw efforts to remove the bears).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the forecast turned over the next several days, flooding became an additional threat due to the burned-out landscape. On June 30, a flash flood caused a mudslide that damaged Ute Pass Elementary School in Cascade. The damage and threat of future flooding remained long after the Waldo Canyon Fire was finally contained on July 10.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Aftermath</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>At 18,247 acres, the Waldo Canyon Fire was dwarfed by other fires in terms of size, but its quick spread into Colorado Springs neighborhoods made it the costliest fire in state history to that point. Insurance claims totaled $352.6 million, nearly three times that of the much larger High Park Fire in the same month. More than 340 houses were destroyed, all of them in Mountain Shadows.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On April 3, 2013, the city of Colorado Springs released its Final After Action Report on the fire, which detailed several areas for improvement in fire response. In addition to improving real-time communication and deployment of staff and volunteers, the report recommended better implementation of the Incident Command System (ICS), a standardized system for coordinated emergency response developed after disastrous wildfires in California during the 1960s and 1970s. Bill Gabbert, a former firefighter who battled wildfire in 1970s California, opined that “roughly 75 percent of the problems identified” in official reports “could have been avoided if Colorado Springs had fully implemented the ICS.” To Gabbert, it was “difficult to understand” why Colorado Springs, with so much development in “a wildfire-prone area,” had not fully implemented the ICS by 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to its apparent lack of preparedness, the city’s response to the fire’s surge into Mountain Shadows was also criticized. Even though they had been warned of the potential for erratic fire behavior on June 26, local fire crews concentrated resources on what they believed was the fire’s most likely path—south into the Cedar Heights community—leaving few resources to defend Mountain Shadows. Moreover, the city failed to issue evacuations for the community when the fire entered Queens Canyon, a previously agreed-upon trigger point for evacuations in Mountain Shadows. Some residents believed these decisions directly led to the loss of life and property.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Following the fire, Colorado Springs mayor Steve Bach established Colorado Springs Together, a nonprofit intended to help fire victims get the resources they needed to rebuild. From 2012 to 2014, the group received more than $500,000 in donations, the bulk of which were spent on a new park in Mountain Shadows and a memorial for the fire and its victims.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition, the <strong>El Pomar Foundation</strong> and Pikes Peak United Way formed the Waldo Canyon Fire Assistance Fund, which raised more than $940,000 for local nonprofits involved in recovery and cleanup.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Fire damage in the Pike National Forest northwest of Colorado Springs was so extensive that the area remained closed to the public until 2017. That year, the city established June 26 as Waldo Canyon Fire Commemoration Day.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The following year, as hundreds of new houses were completed in Mountain Shadows, a coalition of local and federal agencies led by the Rocky Mountain Field Institute received a grant from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-parks-and-wildlife"><strong>Colorado Parks and Wildlife</strong></a> to launch Re-Imagine Waldo Canyon, a community-centric group that would come up with a plan for the burned area. In June 2020, the group published its final report outlining its plans for rebuilding a trail network, protecting wildlife, and restoring drainages and other important natural features in the burned area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Along with the other fires that burned near communities in 2012, the Waldo Canyon Fire served as a poignant and tragic reminder of the inherent dangers of the Wildland-Urban Interface—a term that describes urban and suburban sprawl into fire-prone mountain areas across the country. It also remains part of a large post-2000 fire portfolio that, in sum, points to the increased potential for devastating wildfires in an American West wracked by climate change.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/waldo-canyon-fire" hreflang="en">waldo canyon fire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-springs" hreflang="en">colorado springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/manitou-springs" hreflang="en">manitou springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/air-force-academy" hreflang="en">Air Force Academy</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wildfire" hreflang="en">wildfire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-wildfires" hreflang="en">colorado wildfires</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/2012" hreflang="en">2012</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mountain-shadows" hreflang="en">mountain shadows</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/barack-obama" hreflang="en">barack obama</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/michael-bennet" hreflang="en">michael bennet</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mark-udall" hreflang="en">mark udall</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>City of Colorado Springs, “<a href="https://cdpsdocs.state.co.us/coe/Website/Data_Repository/Waldo%20Canyon%20Fire%20Final%20After%20Action%20Report_City%20of%20Colorado%20Springs.pdf">Waldo Canyon Fire, 23 June to 10 July 2012, Final After Action Report</a>,” April 3, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>El Paso County Sheriff’s Office, “<a href="https://wildfiretoday.com/documents/Waldo_Canyon_Fire_Sheriff_Report.pdf">Waldo Canyon Fire After Action Report</a>,” 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>El Pomar Foundation, “<a href="https://www.elpomar.org/blog/detail/stories-of-impact-the-waldo-canyon-fire-assistance-fund/2265/">Stories of Impact: The Waldo Canyon Fire Assistance Fund</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bill Gabbert, “<a href="https://wildfiretoday.com/2013/04/05/another-report-released-for-colorado-springs-waldo-canyon-fire/">Another Report Released for Colorado Springs’ Waldo Canyon Fire</a>,” <em>Wildfire Today</em>, April 5, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>KKTV, “<a href="https://www.kktv.com/content/news/Flash-flooding-still-a-threat-5-years-after-Waldo-419942924.html">Flash Flooding Still a Threat 5 Years After Waldo</a>,” KTTV 11 News, April 20, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alexander Maranghides, Derek McNamara, Robert Vihnanek, Joseph Restaino, and Carrie Leland, “<a href="https://www.nist.gov/maintenance">A Case Study of a Community Affected by the Waldo Fire—Event Timeline and Defensive Actions</a>,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, US Department of Commerce, November 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2012/06/29/president-obamas-remarks-in-colorado-springs-on-waldo-canyon-fire/">President Obama’s Remarks in Colorado Springs on Waldo Canyon Fire</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, June 29, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Re-Imagine Waldo Canyon, “<a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b4931008ab7229d01998873/t/5ed814fb9779192cd7755681/1591219477426/20.06.01_RE-IMAGINE+WALDO+CANYON+Community+Vision+Report+%281%29.pdf">Re-Imagine Waldo Canyon Community Vision</a>,” June 1, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Melissa Stewart, “<a href="https://gazette.com/woodmenedition/after-waldo-canyon-fire-parkside-at-mountain-shadows-nearly-finished-with-home-rebuilds/article_56de5a40-e858-11e8-9b01-833b7aa30600.html">After Waldo Canyon Fire, Parkside at Mountain Shadows Nearly Finished With Home Rebuilds</a>,” <em>Colorado Springs Gazette</em>, November 21, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Andrew Wineke, “<a href="https://gazette.com/news/waldo-canyon-fire-most-expensive-in-state-history/article_d7826cf0-234e-57e8-a3fa-cc9e787f2171.html">Waldo Canyon Fire Most Expensive in State History</a>,” <em>Gazette </em>(Colorado Springs), July 17. 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pam Zubeck, “About That Waldo Canyon Fire Recovery Group…” <em>Colorado Springs Independent</em>, June 22, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pam Zubeck, “<a href="https://m.csindy.com/thewire/archives/2017/06/13/city-to-recognize-waldo-canyon-fire-commemoration-day-on-june-26/">City to Recognize Waldo Canyon Fire Commemoration Day on June 26</a>,” <em>Colorado Springs Independent</em>, June 13, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pam Zubeck, “<a href="https://m.csindy.com/coloradosprings/misfire/content/?oid=2598215">Misfire: How City Leadership Left Residents—and Their Heroes—Exposed During the Waldo Canyon Tragedy</a>,” <em>Colorado Springs Independent</em>, December 12, 2012.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Sean Cayton, “<a href="https://m.csindy.com/coloradosprings/photographing-the-waldo-canyon-fire/slideshow/3029297/3029299/">Photographing the Waldo Canyon Fire</a>,” <em>Colorado Springs Independent</em>, April 26, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.nifc.gov/fire-information/statistics">National Interagency Fire Center</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen J. Pyne, <em>Fire: A Brief History</em>, 2nd ed. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen J. Pyne, <em>The Interior West: A Fire Survey </em>(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2018).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.waldocanyonplanning.com/">Re-imagine Waldo Canyon</a>.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 15 Oct 2020 21:59:49 +0000 yongli 3437 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org