%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Trout Creek Archaeological Site http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trout-creek-archaeological-site <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Trout Creek Archaeological Site</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-01-14T15:13:05-07:00" title="Tuesday, January 14, 2020 - 15:13" class="datetime">Tue, 01/14/2020 - 15:13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trout-creek-archaeological-site" data-a2a-title="Trout Creek Archaeological Site"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ftrout-creek-archaeological-site&amp;title=Trout%20Creek%20Archaeological%20Site"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Trout Creek in east <a href="/article/chaffee-county"><strong>Chaffee County</strong></a> is an extensive archaeological site exhibiting natural outcrops of colorful jaspers that were used for thousands of years as raw material for toolmaking by many different groups of Native Americans. It is one of the best-known toolstone sources not only in central Colorado but in the whole of the Southern <strong>Rocky Mountains</strong>. Archaeologists have surveyed and documented rock outcrops, quarry pits, and workshop debris spread over more than 1,000 acres south of Trout Creek Pass on both private and public lands.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Geologic Context</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Outcrops at Trout Creek are mostly yellow brown to dusky red chert, often with black, green, or red inclusions. The rock can be described as a dendritic jasper—an iron-rich chert—because of the common presence of green to black lines in intricately branching patterns. Some Trout Creek materials have inclusions that are not dendritic forms, while others are solid colors lacking any patterning. Recent geologic mapping found that the material occurs in blocks of late Eocene or Oligocene age (23 to 38 million years old), whose movement slid sections of much more ancient rock northward down toward Trout Creek. A preliminary study in the 1980s identified the host rock as the Manitou formation, which is Early Ordovician (470–85 million years old) limestone and dolomite. More recent fieldwork suggests that some of the jasper also may occur in the Fremont dolomite of Middle and Late Ordovician age (443–70 million years old).</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Prehistoric Activities</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Artifacts found in the workshop areas and in the surrounding region show that people used Trout Creek jasper throughout the prehistoric era, beginning in the <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian period</strong></a> at least 10,000 years ago. Because jaspers and other cherts are quite durable and fracture into sharp-edged fragments, flintknappers were able to make many different kinds of tools, including spear points and arrowheads, knives, scrapers, drills, and choppers. Other artifacts not made from the local jasper were brought to the site to meet other needs, such as seed-milling tools and a few ceramic containers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although no evidence of ancient houses has been found at Trout Creek, smaller prehistoric features have been documented. These include several campfire pits and one somewhat different burned pit interpreted as a “heat-treatment” feature. When certain rock types, such as chert and jasper, are buried in shallow pits and then baked for several hours, the result is rock that is more brittle but fractures with even sharper edges than unheated rock. In effect, toolmakers were sacrificing the durability of the rock to create material that was easier to shape and provided sharper cutting edges.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Trout Creek Source Zone</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After decades of research, archaeologists now know that many other jaspers occur in the same general region as the Trout Creek source, especially to the south in the Arkansas Hills, and eastward into <strong>South Park</strong>. At last count, twenty-seven separate sources of jasper have been documented beyond Trout Creek, even though less than 10 percent of this area has been inventoried. Some of these materials have dendritic inclusions visually similar to Trout Creek, and artifacts made from them may be erroneously assumed to be from Trout Creek. There are other such “source zones” known to archaeologists in the American West, such as in western North Dakota and the Texas Panhandle, but these are the exception rather than the rule. Clearly, there is much more to be learned about this part of Colorado that was so heavily frequented by Native Americans. It is quite likely, however, that the Trout Creek site is the largest and most intensively utilized source in the region.<br />&#13;  </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/black-kevin" hreflang="und">Black, Kevin</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archaeology" hreflang="en">archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-archaeology" hreflang="en">prehistoric archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-native-americans" hreflang="en">prehistoric Native Americans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stone-tools" hreflang="en">stone tools</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stone-quarry" hreflang="en">stone quarry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chaffee-county" hreflang="en">chaffee county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chert" hreflang="en">chert</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jasper" hreflang="en">jasper</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/geology" hreflang="en">geology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-geology" hreflang="en">colorado geology</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Kevin D. Black, “Lithic Sources in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado,” in <em>Intermountain Archaeology</em>, ed. David B. Madsen and Michael D. Metcalf, Anthropological Papers 122 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kevin D. Black and Aaron Theis, “Progress and Prospects Geoarchaeological Research on Chert Sources in Central Colorado,” in “Rocky Mountain Archaeology: A Tribute to James Benedict,” ed. Kenneth P. Cannon, Judson Byrd Finley, and Molly Boeka Cannon, <em>Plains Anthropologist</em> 60, Memoir 43 (2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Collette Chambellan et al., “A Cultural Resource Evaluation of Site 5CF84, Salida Ranger District, Pike and San Isabel National Forests, Colorado,” unpublished ms. on file at History Colorado, Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Denver (Boulder, CO: Western Cultural Resource Management, 1984).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John W. Keller, James P. McCalpin, and Benjamin W. Lowry, <em>Geologic Map of the Buena Vista East Quadrangle, Chaffee County, Colorado</em>, Open-File Report 04-4 (Denver: Colorado Geological Survey, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>C. A. Wallace and John W. Keller, <em>Geologic Map of the Castle Rock Gulch Quadrangle, Chaffee and Park Counties, Colorado</em>, Open-File Report 01–1 (Denver: Colorado Geological Survey, 2003).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Kevin D. Black and Aaron Theis, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/2017/paac_antelopegulch_final.pdf">Archaeological Survey of a Portion of the Antelope Gulch Locality, Fremont County, Colorado</a>,” History Colorado, Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (Denver: Office of the State Archaeologist of Colorado, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.minerals.net/gemstone/jasper_gemstone.aspx">The Gemstone Jasper</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>T. G. Lovering, <em>Jasperoid in the United States—Its Characteristics, Origin, and Economic Significance</em>, Professional Paper 710 (Washington, DC: US Geological Survey, 1972).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barbara E. Luedtke, <em>An Archaeologist’s Guide to Chert and Flint</em>, Archaeological Research Tools 7 (Los Angeles: UCLA Institute of Archaeology, 1992).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 14 Jan 2020 22:13:05 +0000 yongli 3091 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org