%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Franktown Cave http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/franktown-cave <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Franktown Cave</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1467--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1467.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/middle-ceramic-period-moccasin-franktown-cave"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Franktown-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=Q9hDXC34" width="1000" height="733" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/middle-ceramic-period-moccasin-franktown-cave" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Middle Ceramic Period Moccasin from Franktown Cave</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Complete Promontory culture bison hide moccasin. This artifact was thought to have been manufactured by the ancestral Apache around AD 1160-1280.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1468--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1468.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/reconstructed-early-ceramic-period-pot"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Franktown-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=jFyDpjcI" width="1000" height="761" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/reconstructed-early-ceramic-period-pot" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Reconstructed Early Ceramic Period Pot</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Early Ceramic period reconstructed ceramic vessel from Franktown Cave. The exterior of the pot A sherd from this pot was AMS dated to AD 660-880.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1469--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1469.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/middle-archaic-period-sandal"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Franktown-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=0szAlUTY" width="1000" height="393" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/middle-archaic-period-sandal" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Middle Archaic Period Sandal</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>This sandal was woven from yucca leaves and dates to 3350-2880 BC.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1470--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1470.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/middle-ceramic-period-netted-hoop"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Franktown-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=4cTPBHPX" width="1000" height="395" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/middle-ceramic-period-netted-hoop" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Middle Ceramic Period Netted Hoop</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>This Promontory Culture hoop is made from a willow twig that was bent into a circle and used as a frame to weave a sinew net. This object may have been used to play the hoop game, where small feathered darts were thrown at the hoop as it rolled across the ground.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1471--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1471.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/franktown-cave-site-overview"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Franktown-Media-5_0.jpg?itok=19f88Exx" width="1000" height="1333" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/franktown-cave-site-overview" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Franktown Cave Site Overview</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Site overview looking west.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1472--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1472.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/franktown-cave-excavation-crew-1956"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Franktown-Media-6_0.jpg?itok=ctbJEnM3" width="1000" height="804" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/franktown-cave-excavation-crew-1956" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Franktown Cave Excavation Crew, 1956</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Franktown Cave excavation crew in upper shelter, 1956.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-06-22T13:17:42-06:00" title="Wednesday, June 22, 2016 - 13:17" class="datetime">Wed, 06/22/2016 - 13:17</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/franktown-cave" data-a2a-title="Franktown Cave"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffranktown-cave&amp;title=Franktown%20Cave"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located two and a half miles southwest of Franktown, Franktown Cave is a prehistoric archaeological site in a large <strong>rockshelter </strong>that contained artifacts from prehistoric occupations over 8,000 years. Some of the findings include rare perishable artifacts manufactured from hide, wood and fiber, and plant material. Preservation of perishable artifacts in archaeological sites is extremely rare in general and exceptional in eastern Colorado. This makes Franktown Cave a significant archaeological site that provides invaluable and unique information on prehistoric people not available from other sites.</p> <p>Franktown Cave is on the north edge of the Palmer Divide, an area of grassland, scrub oak, and open ponderosa <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/conifers"><strong>pine forest</strong></a> above 6,000 feet in elevation. The area forms the drainage divide between the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river">South Platte River</a> </strong>to the north and the <a href="/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> to the south. The cave developed at the contact between two sedimentary rock units: the harder Castle Rock Conglomerate above and the softer, finer-textured Dawson Arkose formation below. At Franktown Cave the softer Dawson Arkose eroded from under the Castle Rock Conglomerate, leaving an overhang that was attractive as a shelter to prehistoric people and dry enough to preserve delicate artifacts made from perishable materials.</p> <h2>Early Investigations</h2> <p>The Franktown Cave collection at the <strong>University of Denver</strong> <strong>(DU)</strong> contains materials from five episodes of archaeological investigation: four excavations and a one-day visit. Hugh Capps, a 1941 graduate of DU, was the first person to perform a scientific excavation at Franktown Cave. In 1949 and 1952, Professor Arnold Withers of DU’s Department of Anthropology supervised students in the excavation of two adjacent areas. From 1956 to 1957, Gerold Thompson, a graduate student working under Professor Withers’s supervision, led excavations within a grid system different from that of the previous Withers excavations.</p> <p>In 1976 a one-day investigation at the site was conducted under the supervision of Dr. Sarah Nelson of DU’s Department of Anthropology. The intention of this investigation was to determine if any remaining archaeological deposits were still intact, relocate and examine the walls of previous excavation units, and screen portions of the substantial back-dirt piles to recover artifacts and ecofacts (evidence of ancient environments, such as plant remains) that were missed during previous excavations or episodes of vandalism.</p> <p>In 2003 a National Science Foundation grant provided funding to <a href="/article/radiocarbon-dating-0"><strong>radiocarbon date</strong></a> many of the perishable artifacts using the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) method, which allows the dating of tiny amounts of organic material. This information was used in the nomination to list Franktown Cave on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p> <p>Much of the early work at Franktown Cave did not meet modern standards for scientific excavation, and no formal reports of these investigations were ever prepared. However, despite the lack of documentation of past work, research—using the available records regarding the excavations coupled with modern analysis of portions of the collections—continues to provide information important for understanding the prehistory of eastern Colorado.</p> <h2>Franktown Cave Collections</h2> <p>Based on AMS dates and artifact types that have been dated at other sites in the region, Franktown Cave was occupied periodically during the Early <a href="/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic</strong></a> (6400–3800 BC), Middle Archaic (3800–1250 BC), Late Archaic (1250 BC–AD 150), Early Ceramic (AD 150–1150), Middle Ceramic (AD 1150–1540), and Protohistoric periods (AD 1540–1860) as defined for northeastern Colorado. Only the earliest occupation at the site by Early Archaic people is defined solely by the presence of artifacts typical of these cultures and not by radiocarbon dates. Two projectile points characteristic of the Late <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a><a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"> period</a> (9400–7000 BC) may represent an even earlier occupation of the site, but because only two of these artifacts are present, it is uncertain whether they represent an occupation by these early people or items collected and reused by later people.</p> <p>More than 4,000 artifacts and samples recovered from excavations at Franktown Cave include chipped stone artifacts (including 160 projectile points and projectile point fragments), grinding stones for processing plants, and fragments of pottery vessels used for cooking and water storage. However, it is the perishable items that make Franktown Cave such an important site.</p> <p>Perishable artifacts in the collection include fragments of baskets, woven yucca sandals, one complete <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> hide moccasin and a fragment of a second, pieces of a possible rabbit fur robe, a small sinew net woven on a willow twig, the sewn seams of leather clothing that were cut from garments to recycle the leather for other uses, digging sticks, weaving tools, pieces of arrow and atlatl foreshafts, a bone tool with drilled holes used to straighten arrow shafts, possible wooden gaming pieces, and 140 pieces of cordage. The ecofacts include corncobs, kernels of corn, and what are thought to be portions of corn stalks, as well as tied bundles of grass and pine needles, reeds, cactus pads, and yucca fibers. Perishable artifacts and ecofacts are almost completely unknown from sites in eastern Colorado, and the quantity and variety of the materials found at Franktown Cave is unmatched in this part of the state.</p> <p>Although the information from all the occupations recorded at Franktown Cave is important and the perishable artifacts and ecofacts provide information unique for all the occupations at the site, two occupation periods are especially significant: the Middle <a href="/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic</strong></a> period and the Middle Ceramic period. This latter occupation represents what is possibly the first appearance of the ancestral <strong>Apache</strong> in Colorado.</p> <h2>Middle Archaic Period</h2> <p>Franktown Cave is the only rock-shelter site in the Palmer Divide that has provided Middle Archaic period dates. Twelve AMS radiocarbon dates on woven yucca sandals, coiled basket fragments, and a piece of a possible rabbit fur robe define several occupations between 3350 BC and 2500 BC. Abundant research over the past half century has conclusively demonstrated that basketry, textiles, sandals, and cordage are more useful for determining ethnic and linguistic affiliation than any other class of artifacts.</p> <p>The fragments of coiled baskets suggest a longer occupation of Franktown Cave by people of the same cultural tradition. The coils used to make baskets consist of a combination of one or more bundles of fiber (often grass) and can also contain one or more flexible wood rods, allowing for dozens of possible combinations of these two elements. The pattern used by any one group of people is consistent and can indicate cultural or ethnic affiliation. In the Franktown Cave collection, two pieces of coiled basket from the Middle Archaic period exhibit a single bundle within the coils, and an Early Ceramic period occupation ca. AD 670–870 also contains a fragment of single-bundle coiled basketry. Because the technology shared between these occupations is so similar, it could indicate a persistence of this technology for at least 3,500–4,000 years at Franktown Cave.</p> <h2>Middle Ceramic Period</h2> <p>A later occupation at Franktown Cave dates to around AD 1160–1280 and is affiliated with the Promontory Culture, defined at a few sites in Utah and Wyoming. The Promontory Culture is thought to represent the first entry of the ancestral Apache into the Intermountain West from their ancestral homeland in northern Canada and central Alaska. Their descendants in the Southwest became the Apache and <strong>Navajo</strong>. Although several perishable artifacts from Franktown Cave are quite similar to those found at Promontory Caves, the defining artifact of the Promontory Culture is a particular style of moccasin, two of which were found at Franktown Cave—one complete and one fragmentary. The complete moccasin is approximately eight inches long, which, based on a comparison of living Apache foot length and age, corresponds to a child of approximately seven years.</p> <p>Moccasins are artifacts produced through a complex and culturally specific manufacturing sequence. Therefore, similar moccasins found in different places reflect a shared cultural heritage between the people who made them. The Promontory Culture moccasins at Promontory Caves and Franktown Cave are also very similar to a moccasin dated AD 550–660 found in the Yukon (close to the homeland of the ancestral Apache), and likely made by the ancestors of the occupants of both sites.</p> <p>An important task for archaeologists is determining where and when events occurred in prehistory. Determining the timing and route taken by the ancestral Apache on their migration from their ancient homeland (where native people still speak languages closely related to those of the Navajo and Apache) is one such event. The similarity with the Promontory moccasins suggests that both sites were occupied very soon after the eastern (Plains Apache) and western (Navajo/Western Apache) groups divided on their migration south.</p> <p>The artifacts found in Franktown Cave demonstrate the importance of perishable artifacts in interpreting prehistory. Since these artifacts are extremely rare, archaeologists are by necessity forced to reconstruct past societies based on the stone, ceramic, and bone artifacts that are durable and therefore preserved at most archaeological sites. The collection from Franktown Cave and a handful of other sites containing perishable artifacts demonstrates that the vast majority of the things made and used by prehistoric people rarely survive into the present.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/gilmore-kevin" hreflang="und">Gilmore, Kevin</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archaeology" hreflang="en">archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-archaeology" hreflang="en">colorado archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-archaeology" hreflang="en">prehistoric archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historical-archaeology" hreflang="en">historical archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/apache-indian-tribe" hreflang="en">Apache Indian Tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archaic" hreflang="en">Archaic</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/formative-stage" hreflang="en">Formative stage</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/early-ceramic-period" hreflang="en">Early Ceramic period</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/protohistoric-period" hreflang="en">Protohistoric period</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>James M. Adovasio and D. R. Pedler, “A Tisket, a Tasket: Looking at the Numic Speakers Through the ‘Lens’ of a Basket,” in <em>Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa</em>, ed. David B. Madsen and David Rhode (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1994).</p> <p>Michael Billinger and John W. Ives, “Inferring Demographic Structure With Moccasin Size Data From the Promontory Caves, Utah,” <em>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</em> 156 (January 2015).</p> <p>Kevin P. Gilmore, <em>National Register of Historic Places Registration Form for the Franktown Cave Site (5DA272), Douglas County, Colorado</em> (Denver: Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, History Colorado, 2005).</p> <p>Kevin P. Gilmore, John Ives, and Sean Larmore, “Promontory on the Plains: An Examination of Material Culture Similarities Between the Great Basin and Eastern Colorado and the Implications for Apachean Migration” (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, Glenwood Springs, Colorado, March 22, 2014), DOI: 10.13140/2.1.3350.8800.</p> <p>Kevin P. Gilmore, Marcia J. Tate, Mark L. Chenault, Bonnie J. Clark, Terry McBride, and Margaret Wood, <em>Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Platte River Basin, </em>Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists Series (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>John W. Ives, Duane G. Froese, Joel C. Janetski, Fiona Brock, and Christopher Bronk Ramsey, “A High Resolution Chronology for Steward’s Promontory Culture Collections, Promontory Point, Utah,” <em>American Antiquity</em> 79 (October 2014).</p> <p>Anthony King, “Substance Dynamics and Stone Tools at Franktown Cave, Colorado” (master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Denver, 2006).</p> <p>Helen M. Pustmueller, “Notched Projectile Points From Franktown Cave: Classification and Traditional and Statistical Analysis” (master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Denver, 1977).</p> <p>Allison N. Rexroth, “Prehistoric Sandals of the Southern High Plains: Indicators of Cultural Affinity and Change” (master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Denver, 2010).</p> <p>University of Alberta, Institute of Prairie Archaeology, “<a href="https://sites.google.com/a/ualberta.ca/ipa/home/ipa-research-in-the-news">IPA Research In the News</a>.”</p> <p>University of Denver, “<a href="https://portfolio.du.edu/kegilmor">Kevin Gilmore, DU Portfolio</a>,” updated September 9, 2014.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 22 Jun 2016 19:17:42 +0000 yongli 1465 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Radiocarbon Dating http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/radiocarbon-dating-0 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Radiocarbon Dating</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1316--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1316.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/prehistoric-hearth-runberg-site-chaffee-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5CF_358-d_010_Runberg_site_Feature_2_plan__profile_06_06_1985_0.jpg?itok=O4Po8RwO" width="1000" height="685" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/prehistoric-hearth-runberg-site-chaffee-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Prehistoric Hearth, Runberg Site, Chaffee County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Charcoal, such as carbonized wood collected from a camp fire, is suitable for radiocarbon dating, but may represent multiple “dates” of the death of the trees used in the original firewood.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1317--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1317.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/dead-stand-tree-larimer-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5LR_MISC_007_Hermit_Park_area_overview_7_6_2007_0.jpg?itok=e2d4CKoA" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/dead-stand-tree-larimer-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Dead on the Stand Tree, Larimer County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Radiocarbon dating of wood from dead-on-the-stand trees will yield a date that may be much older than the archaeological feature that is being dated.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-02T16:39:09-06:00" title="Monday, May 2, 2016 - 16:39" class="datetime">Mon, 05/02/2016 - 16:39</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/radiocarbon-dating-0" data-a2a-title="Radiocarbon Dating"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fradiocarbon-dating-0&amp;title=Radiocarbon%20Dating"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Radiocarbon dating is the most common technique used in ascertaining the age of archaeological and paleontological sites during the last 45,000 years. Developed by a chemist born in Colorado, there are now commercial and academic laboratories across the globe that conduct radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dating has made a substantive contribution to our understanding of Colorado prehistory by allowing archaeologists to place excavated sites in chronological order and allowing comparison of contemporary archaeological cultures.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>While <a href="/article/willard-frank-libby"><strong>Willard Libby</strong></a> received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1960 for his contributions to the development of the radiocarbon dating method, the process that led to the discovery of this method began much earlier. The isotope, Carbon-14, abbreviated as <sup>14</sup>C (the isotope number is followed by the element) was isolated in 1940 by two of Libby’s students while working on the Manhattan Project. It had been shown that <sup>14</sup>C is continually being produced by cosmic rays colliding with atmospheric nitrogen. Libby surmised that traces of <sup>14</sup>C could always be found in carbon dioxide in the air. Carbon-14 is absorbed by plants through photosynthesis. After a plant died, it could no longer absorb <sup>14</sup>C. The plant’s remains gradually lost <sup>14</sup>C at a constant rate through radioactive decay to Nitrogen-14 (<sup>14</sup>N). The time that it takes for one half of the <sup>14</sup>C in a sample to decay to <sup>14</sup>N is about 5,730 years. This amount of time is known as the radioactive half-life. By measuring how much <sup>14</sup>C is left in the dead plant material, it is possible to determine when the plant died. Organic matter derived from animals can also be dated since animals absorb <sup>14</sup>C into their bodies by eating plants or by consuming animals that eat plants.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Libby also developed a detector sensitive enough to measure the amount of <sup>14</sup>C in a sample. The first radiocarbon studies conducted by Libby focused on a variety of organic materials whose age was known or suggested through previous research. The first dated materials included wood from Egyptian tombs, linen wrapping from one of the Dead Sea Scrolls, and heartwood from a California sequoia. Radiocarbon dating is useful for dating organic materials as old as 45,000 to 50,000 years, after which little <sup>14</sup>C remains in the sample.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The conventional method of radiocarbon dating involves counting beta particles, which are emitted when <sup>14</sup>C atoms in a sample decay. Sample sizes of one gram or greater are required for conventional dates. More recently, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) has become widely available. With this technique, a sample’s <sup>14</sup>C atoms are directly counted, meaning that samples can be much smaller. Recent developments in instrumentation have enabled radiocarbon dating to be conducted at archaeological sites rather than in a dedicated laboratory.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Challenges</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Since Libby’s pioneering work, various factors have been identified that affect the atmospheric carbon reservoir. Atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons in the late 1950s and early 1960s greatly increased the amount of radiocarbon in the atmosphere, so the decay rate of fourteen events per minute has more than doubled. Therefore, radiocarbon dates are calculated to a “pre-bomb” age of 1950. Other factors complicating the accuracy of radiocarbon dating include the burning of fossil fuels, volcanic eruptions, and fluctuations in the earth’s magnetic field, all of which alter the concentration of <sup>14</sup>C in the atmosphere. This makes it difficult to produce an accurate radiocarbon date for artifacts or other samples affected by these factors.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since the production of <sup>14</sup>C in the atmosphere is not consistent, scientists have addressed fluctuations in the global reservoir through time by using calibration curves calculated by dating materials of precisely known age. The best samples for the construction of calibration curves are <a href="/article/tree-ring-dating-0"><strong>tree rings</strong></a> where individual annual rings and annually laminated sediments are dated by AMS. Ocean corals and speleothems (cave deposits such as stalactites) dated by another radiometric method—Uranium-Thorium dating—have also helped to extend the calibration curve beyond the age of the most ancient tree-ring chronologies. Consequently, dates are expressed as radiocarbon years before present rather than as calendar years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The type of sample can also impact the results of the date. Archaeologists are interested in the absolute age that a specific event took place, thus the dating method should be as accurate and precise as possible. Dating a sample of wood charcoal from an archaeological feature such as a hearth might include pieces of wood of different ages. A radiocarbon date would then be an average of the range of ages of the different pieces of wood charcoal. Likewise, standing dead trees that may be over 1,000 years old have been documented in the American Southwest and northern Mexico. Dating charcoal that originated from such dead wood would result in a date that could be centuries older than the actual burning of the wood in a hearth. Dating seeds and annual plants using AMS dating is a common method of avoiding the problems in dating wood charcoal.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Radiocarbon has become the method of choice to determine the age of events in the <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a> and <a href="/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic</strong></a> periods of Colorado prehistory and for more recent occupations of the <a href="/article/formative-period-prehistory"><strong>Formative</strong></a>, Protohistoric, and Historic periods, to which tree-ring dating cannot be applied. Research continues to refine the calibration of radiocarbon dates to calendar dates, expand the range of organic materials that can be dated, and extend the period for which materials can be dated.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/hill-david-v" hreflang="und">Hill, David V.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/willard-libby" hreflang="en">Willard Libby</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/carbon-dating" hreflang="en">carbon dating</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archaeology" hreflang="en">archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dating-archaeology" hreflang="en">dating in archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chronometric-dating" hreflang="en">chronometric dating</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/paleoindians" hreflang="en">Paleoindians</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archaic" hreflang="en">Archaic</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ams" hreflang="en">AMS</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Sheridan Bowman, <em>Radiocarbon Dating</em> (London: British Museum Press, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Willard F. Libby, “Radiocarbon Dating,” <em>Science</em> 133 (March 1961).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Michael B. Schiffer, “Radiocarbon Dating and the ‘Old Wood’ Problem: The Case of the Hohokam Chronology,” <em>Journal of Archaeological Science</em> 13 (January 1986).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>R. E. Taylor and Ofer Bar-Yosef, <em>Radiocarbon Dating: An Archaeological Perspective, </em>2nd ed. (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2014).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas Higham, “<a href="https://c14dating.com/int.html">The Method</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Doug Macdougall, Nature’s Clocks: How Scientists Measure the Age of Almost Everything (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm">Radiocarbon Dating: An Introduction</a>,” Beta Analytic, n.d.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 02 May 2016 22:39:09 +0000 yongli 1315 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org The Archaic Period in Colorado http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Archaic Period in Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--595--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--595.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/draper-cave-colorado"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5CR_1-d_001_Draper_Cave_by_Ivol_Hagar_05_1972_0.jpg?itok=Bjwp-FUj" width="1090" height="788" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/draper-cave-colorado" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Draper Cave, Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even">Natural rockshelters such as Draper Cave in Custer County were popular camp site locations during the Archaic period.</div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-08-21T14:07:01-06:00" title="Friday, August 21, 2015 - 14:07" class="datetime">Fri, 08/21/2015 - 14:07</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado" data-a2a-title="The Archaic Period in Colorado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Farchaic-period-colorado&amp;title=The%20Archaic%20Period%20in%20Colorado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Archaic period is an era in the human history of Colorado dating from ca. 6500 BC–AD 200. It is one of the three prehistoric periods used by archaeologists to characterize broad cultural changes that occurred throughout the Americas. It was preceded by the <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian period</strong></a> (ca. 11,500–7000 BC), extending back into the late Ice Age, and was followed by the <a href="/article/formative-period-prehistory"><strong>Formative period</strong></a> (1000 BC–AD 1450), when horticulture based on corn first took place on a broad scale. Throughout the state and region, the lifeways of human populations involved nomadic to semi-nomadic hunting-and-gathering activities that varied depending on local environmental conditions. By any measure, the Archaic period represents a highly successful and long-lived cultural era in Colorado’s history, although it may also be the most obscure in the public eye.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Because Colorado’s inhabitants never established permanent settlements during the Archaic period, the physical evidence for their presence is commonly subtle and difficult to spot by the untrained eye. Temporary campsites, sometimes occurring in natural cliff-side alcoves or rock shelters, are common throughout the state and most often recognized by hearths associated with scatters of stone tools and tool-making debris. Longer-term seasonal dwellings also have been found and collectively preserve a surprisingly diverse architectural record. <strong><a href="/article/tipi-0">Tipis</a>,</strong> <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wickiups-and-other-wooden-features"><strong>wickiups</strong></a>, walled rock shelters, pithouses, and log-framed, mud-covered surface huts are among the house types recorded thus far. Abstract and representational forms of <a href="/article/rock-art-colorado"><strong>rock art</strong></a> are important resources that provide significant insights into ritual systems and beliefs and are locally abundant in southern and western Colorado. Other documented types of sites include material <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/prehistoric-stone-quarrying-colorado"><strong>quarries</strong></a> and manufacturing areas for stone tools, hunting-related lookouts, game animal kill sites, and vegetal processing stations. Although uncommon, human burial sites are typically isolated graves containing artifacts associated with gender-specific activities, such as hunting gear or seed-milling equipment.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Generally speaking, Archaic populations operated at a Stone Age level of technology. There were no metal or manufactured glass artifacts, and the only beasts of burden were domestic dogs. The spear thrown with a wood tool called an atlatl was the hunting weapon of choice; the bow and arrow did not appear until the end of the period. The flaked stone spear tips were made in a wide variety of styles. Containers were made from baskets or animal skins, as ceramic technology was not yet known. Milling implements made from abrasive rock such as sandstone were used to grind seeds into flour. Wild plants most favored for this purpose included lambsquarter and native grasses. Jewelry and other ornamentation are seldom preserved, but simple beads and pendants of bone and tooth have been found.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Several regional expressions of Archaic lifeways have been defined in Colorado and adjacent states based on patterned differences in artifact styles, architectural forms, campsite preferences, dietary emphases, and other cultural practices. Such cultural variation is recognized on the western plains, in the mountains, on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>, and in the southwestern canyon country. However, it is clear that the similarities in Archaic period archaeology across Colorado are far more important than the differences.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Unlike Formative period localities such as <a href="/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde National Park</strong></a> and, to a lesser degree, Paleo-Indian sites such as <a href="/article/lindenmeier-folsom-site"><strong>Lindenmeier</strong></a>, there are no prominent Archaic period sites where public interpretation is available. Perhaps the most heavily trafficked Archaic site is <strong>Vail Pass Camp</strong>, where the Colorado Department of Transportation maintains a rest stop along <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a>. However, few visitors to the rest stop likely realize that the CDOT facility co-occurs with a campsite containing an 8,000-year-long record of intermittent human use, including an exceptional Archaic period record. Indeed, many of the places where modern Coloradans enjoy visiting or camping were the sites of repeated use by Archaic period groups. These highly successful groups set the stage for the much better publicized peoples of the Formative period.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/black-kevin" hreflang="und">Black, Kevin</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archaeology" hreflang="en">archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archaic" hreflang="en">Archaic</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nomads" hreflang="en">nomads</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-native-americans" hreflang="en">prehistoric Native Americans</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>E. Steve Cassells, <em>The Archaeology of Colorado,</em> 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. (Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John D. Gooding, <em>The Archaeology of Vail Pass Camp: A Multi-Component Base Camp below Tree Limit in the Southern Rockies. </em>Highway Salvage Report 35 (Denver: Colorado Department of Highways, 1981).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips, <em>Method and Theory in American Archaeology</em> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958; reprint ed., Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>“<a href="http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.na.006">Archaic Period Sites</a>,” <em>Encyclopedia of the Great Plains</em> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, “<a href="https://lcontent.crowcanyon.org/EducationProducts/peoples_mesa_verde/archaic_overview.php">Archaic: 6000 to 500 B.C., Peoples of the Mesa Verde Region</a>” (Cortez, CO, 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Grant Noble, <em>Ancient Colorado: An Archaeological Perspective</em> (Denver: Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tammy Stone, <em>The Prehistory of Colorado and Adjacent Areas</em> (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 21 Aug 2015 20:07:01 +0000 yongli 594 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org