%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Lake County War http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lake-county-war <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Lake County War</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-03-13T15:28:16-06:00" title="Friday, March 13, 2020 - 15:28" class="datetime">Fri, 03/13/2020 - 15:28</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lake-county-war" data-a2a-title="Lake County War"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flake-county-war&amp;title=Lake%20County%20War"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Lake County War of 1874–75 grew out of a personal dispute over land and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> rights in an area where increasing settlement was making both resources relatively scarce. The conflict ultimately turned into a test of law, justice, and state legitimacy in a frontier community.</p> <p>After Elijah Gibbs was acquitted of the June 1874 murder of George Harrington, established ranchers in the upper <strong>Arkansas Valley</strong> formed an extralegal Committee of Safety that harassed and drove away residents sympathetic to Gibbs. This culminated in the vigilantes’ murder of Judge Elias Dyer in his courtroom in <strong>Granite</strong> on July 2, 1875. The violence in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lake-county"><strong>Lake County</strong></a> provoked debate throughout <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>, with some worrying that the lawlessness threatened Colorado’s chances of attaining <strong>statehood</strong>.</p> <h2>Origins</h2> <p>The Lake County War began on June 16, 1874, near Centerville, a town north of present-day <strong>Salida</strong>, which was still part of Lake County at the time. That day, rancher Elijah Gibbs and his hired hand, Stewart McClish, got into a disagreement with neighboring rancher George Harrington over fencing and water rights along a branch of Gas Creek. The disagreement escalated into a fight, with Gibbs brandishing a gun, but all three men walked away without serious injury. That night, however, someone set fire to an outbuilding on Harrington’s property, and when Harrington went outside to douse the flames, he was shot dead. Because of their earlier altercation with Harrington, Gibbs and McClish were arrested as suspects.</p> <p>The murder and subsequent arrests acted as a catalyst in a community riven by conflict. Gibbs was a newcomer to the region but had already become associated with the Regulators, a group allegedly formed earlier that spring to enrich its members through violence and robbery. Some locals wanted him lynched for the Harrington murder, but cooler heads prevailed, keeping Gibbs and McClish safely in custody as they awaited trial in Granite, the county seat. Nevertheless, emotions remained at such a feverish pitch that the trial was relocated to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> in an attempt to secure an impartial jury. After the trial that October, the lack of convincing evidence against Gibbs and McClish led the jury to acquit. McClish left the region, but Gibbs returned to his ranch.</p> <h2>Vigilante Justice</h2> <p>After Gibbs’s acquittal and return to Centerville in October 1874, Lake County appeared placid for the next few months. Beneath the surface, however, tensions between residents remained. They broke into the open on January 22, 1875, when a group of about fifteen locals secured a warrant for Gibbs’s arrest. Because Gibbs had already been cleared of the Harrington murder on June 17, the vigilantes charged him with intending to kill Harrington during their confrontation the previous day.</p> <p>The men armed themselves and went to Gibbs’s cabin late on January 22, supposedly to serve the warrant. When Gibbs refused to come out, the men set fire to his cabin. During the ensuing shoot-out, Gibbs and his family escaped while three vigilantes were killed—two by Gibbs, one by friendly fire. Gibbs turned himself in for the deaths but was quickly released because he was found to have acted in self-defense. He then fled to Denver.</p> <p>After Gibbs left Lake County, a group calling itself the Committee of Safety formed at the end of January. Composed of some of the most prominent men in the county, including merchant and rancher <strong>Charles Nachtrieb</strong>, the group seems to have represented early ranchers who feared and resented newcomers competing with them for water and other resources. It functioned as an extralegal judicial body opposed to Gibbs, the Regulators, and their supposed hold over the county’s normal channels of justice. Acting without any authority, the Committee of Safety questioned everyone passing through the area, detained anyone suspected of supporting Gibbs, threatened them with violence, and ordered those who refused to change their views to leave.</p> <p>The case of probate judge Elias Dyer, son of the well-known itinerant preacher <strong>John Lewis Dyer</strong>, was typical. On his way to hold court in Granite, Dyer was stopped by members of the committee and held for questioning at the Chalk Creek schoolhouse that served as the group’s headquarters. When he professed his belief in Gibbs’s innocence, he received a clear order: “You are hereby notified to resign your office as probate judge, and leave this county within thirty days, by order of the Committee of Safety.”</p> <p>Dyer complied with the order, heading straight to Denver to try to convince territorial officials to take action. But the territorial government did very little, in part because the territory had an interim governor while it awaited the arrival of <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-l-routt">John L. Routt</a></strong>. The acting governor, John W. Jenkins, issued a proclamation calling on “bodies of armed and lawless men” in Lake County to stop disturbing the peace. Jenkins also sent the head of the Colorado militia, David Cook, to investigate the situation. Cook’s report, published in the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> on February 18, declared that he had “found no disturbance or lawless elements among the citizens, but on the contrary peace and order restored.”</p> <p>Yet the charges and countercharges flowing out of the county and being published in Denver newspapers throughout February suggested that Cook’s investigation had been incomplete. The Committee of Safety did disband, as it had assured Cook it would, but the murder of supposed Gibbs supporter Charles Harding, found shot to death along with his dog on April 1 near what is now Salida, confirmed that authority in Lake County remained contested.</p> <h2>The Assassination of Elias Dyer</h2> <p>In May 1875, more than three months after the Committee of Safety forced him to leave Lake County, Elias Dyer returned to Granite to resume his role in the regularly constituted judicial system. He traveled the county to figure out who had been involved with the Committee of Safety’s reign of terror, and by the end of May he was ready to issue warrants. The judge held off, however, because he feared retaliation. In June he resolved to proceed with the warrants, deputizing a local man to round up the suspects.</p> <p>As news of the first few arrests spread, Lake County sheriff John Weldon, who had been allied with the Committee of Safety, gathered about thirty committee members, including most of the people named in Dyer’s warrants, and came to Granite on July 2. Backed by this armed posse, Weldon demanded that Dyer hold a hearing that night. Dyer reluctantly called court into session, but immediately declared a recess until the morning because no witnesses were willing to testify against the Committee of Safety.</p> <p>Guarded by Committee of Safety members overnight to ensure that he would not leave town, Dyer suspected that the next morning’s court session would go poorly. He was right. Again, no one proved willing to testify against the Committee of Safety, so Dyer had to dismiss the charges within minutes because of a lack of evidence. As the courthouse emptied around 8:30 am, five men went up an external stairway to the second-floor courtroom, where they shot Dyer—presumably for having the temerity to pursue justice—and then mingled into the crowd outside. The identity of the murderers seems to have been an open secret, but by this point everyone had learned not to risk the wrath of the Committee of Safety by leveling charges. The coroner could conclude only that “Elias Dyer Came to his death From a rifle or pistol Shot in the hand or hands of Some person or persons unknown.”</p> <h2>Aftermath</h2> <p>After Dyer’s assassination, accounts of the violence in Lake County once again dominated the territory’s newspapers. Some editors blamed Dyer for needlessly provoking people with his warrants, while others worried about how Colorado might be perceived in the rest of the country. “There are very few people,” the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> observed, “who will care to come to a country where probate judges are murdered by committees of safety headed by the sheriff of the county.” Members of Congress, too, might cast a skeptical eye on Colorado’s bid for statehood if it seemed that the territory had not yet attained basic standards of civilization.</p> <p>New governor John Routt, who had assumed his post in Denver, attempted to assert some semblance of authority despite having no organized militia and no money to raise one. On July 6, he issued a proclamation offering $200 for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the murderers, but it yielded no results. Routt also made a confidential request to US army commander William T. Sherman for a cavalry company to enforce the law in Lake County, but Sherman declined to send troops. Eventually, all Routt could do was ask the next legislative session to form a militia.</p> <p>Yet even without a trial for Dyer’s killers or soldiers to support local courts, the turmoil in Lake County quickly subsided after a new probate judge and a new justice of the peace with ties to the Committee of Safety were appointed, effectively instituting the former vigilantes as the county’s legally constituted authorities. However, some of those vigilantes ultimately faced retribution, with several Committee of Safety members, including Charles Nachtrieb, coming to violent deaths over the next few years. No clear evidence tied those deaths back to the events of 1874–75, but many locals believed otherwise.</p> <p>Newspapers at the time called the conflict the Lake County War, a term that subsequent journalists and historians have adopted even though it was really an instance of domestic terrorism. No matter the name, the violence revealed clear divisions within the Upper Arkansas Valley, and its consequences reverberated for years. Above all, it showed the need for a stronger judicial system and central authority in Colorado as a growing number of residents came into conflict over scarce resources.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lake-county-war" hreflang="en">Lake County War</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/charles-nachtrieb" hreflang="en">Charles Nachtrieb</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water" hreflang="en">water</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/upper-arkansas-valley" hreflang="en">Upper Arkansas Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/elias-dyer" hreflang="en">Elias Dyer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/committee-safety" hreflang="en">Committee of Safety</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Don L. Griswold and Jean Harvey Griswold, <em>History of Leadville and Lake County, Colorado: From Mountain Solitude to Metropolis</em>, 2 vols. (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1996).</p> <p>John Ophus, “The Lake County War, 1874–75,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 47, no. 2 (Spring 1970).</p> <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Upper Arkansas: A Mountain River Valley</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1990).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Eugene H. Berwanger, <em>The Rise of the Centennial State: Colorado Territory, 1861–76</em> (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2007).</p> <p>Mark Fiester, <em>Look for Me in Heaven: The Life of John Lewis Dyer</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1980).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 13 Mar 2020 21:28:16 +0000 yongli 3182 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Cleora Cemetery http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cleora-cemetery <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cleora Cemetery</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2892--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2892.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cleora-cemetery"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cleora-Cemetery-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=NniRPk6s" width="1000" height="583" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cleora-cemetery" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cleora Cemetery</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>With burials dating back to at least 1880, Cleora Cemetery is an example of a western "boot hill" cemetery that was established on a hill just south of the short-lived town of Cleora, which existed for a few years in the late 1870s before being overtaken by nearby Salida.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2893--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2893.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/william-bales-stage-stop"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cleora-Cemetery-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=PRDrkENB" width="1000" height="1156" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/william-bales-stage-stop" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">William Bale&#039;s Stage Stop</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The town of Cleora was established near William Bale's stage stop, which was an important social center throughout the 1870s. Cleora took its name from Bale's daughter.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2894--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2894.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/wood-grave-marker-cleora-cemetery"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cleora-Cemetery-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=jncevnVi" width="1000" height="581" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/wood-grave-marker-cleora-cemetery" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Wood Grave Marker, Cleora Cemetery</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Five historic wood grave markers have survived in Cleora Cemetery. Many other early markers have deteriorated or been replaced with metal or stone markers.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2895--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2895.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/grave-enclosures-cleora-cemetery"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cleora-Cemetery-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=Ec8d36Er" width="1000" height="581" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/grave-enclosures-cleora-cemetery" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Grave Enclosures, Cleora Cemetery</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Now maintained by relatives of the deceased, Cleora Cemetery includes a variety of historic wood and wrought-iron grave enclosures.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button 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'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2018-05-21T15:03:52-06:00" title="Monday, May 21, 2018 - 15:03" class="datetime">Mon, 05/21/2018 - 15:03</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cleora-cemetery" data-a2a-title="Cleora Cemetery"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcleora-cemetery&amp;title=Cleora%20Cemetery"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Cleora Cemetery is a historic four-and-a-half-acre burial ground located on a hill south of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> about two miles southeast of downtown <strong>Salida</strong>. Originally associated with the short-lived town of Cleora, the cemetery received its first burials around 1880 and was the only cemetery in the area for the rest of that decade, making it the final resting place for many early settlers. Regular burials continued until about 1910, followed by less frequent interments until 1948. Today the cemetery, which has five historic wood grave markers and at least 200 burials, is still maintained by relatives of the deceased.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cleora’s Brief History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Cleora Cemetery originally served the town of Cleora, which took shape near William Bale’s ranch and stage stop about a mile south of where the South Arkansas River meets the Arkansas River. In the 1860s, Bale had tried his hand at prospecting in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/california-gulch-superfund-site"><strong>California Gulch</strong></a> and farming near what is now <strong>Buena Vista</strong> before establishing his ranch along the Arkansas River by the end of the decade.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Taking advantage of their favorable location near roads heading in all directions, Bale, his wife, and their daughter Cleora soon started operating a stage stop where travelers could get a stiff drink and stay overnight. In the early 1870s, Bale’s Tavern, as it was known, filled with prospectors heading to the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> or the <strong>Gunnison</strong> area. An important and well-known social center, the tavern served as a meeting spot for vigilantes during the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lake-county-war"><strong>Lake County War</strong> </a>of 1874–75, a period of murder and property destruction among early settlers in the Upper Arkansas Valley. After the violence calmed down, a post office opened at Bale’s in December 1876. William Bale served as postmaster, and the office was named Cleora after his daughter.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The silver boom at <a href="/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a> in the late 1870s sparked an increase in traffic at Bale’s Tavern as well as a battle between the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande</strong> (D&amp;RG) and <strong>Atchison, Topeka &amp; Santa Fe</strong> (AT&amp;SF) Railroads over the route through the <a href="/article/royal-gorge"><strong>Royal Gorge</strong></a> to the Upper Arkansas Valley. In 1878 investors associated with the AT&amp;SF bought land from Bale and laid out the town of Cleora near his ranch, where they assumed the railroad would establish a division point for a spur line going up the South Arkansas River. Over the next two years, the town experienced a brief boom on the strength of hopes and speculations, attracting several hundred residents and a variety of businesses. A newspaper, the <em>Cleora Journal</em>, published its first issue in June 1879, and the town incorporated two months later.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>But the town of Cleora’s hopes had raced ahead of reality. In March 1880 the so-called Treaty of Boston resolved the railroad dispute in favor of the D&amp;RG, which had no interest in helping a town affiliated with its rival. The D&amp;RG bypassed Cleora and established its own town called South Arkansas (later Salida) about a mile and a half to the north. To drive the final nail in Cleora’s coffin, the D&amp;RG offered free lots to anyone from Cleora who moved a house or building to the new town. Soon Salida boasted a post office, a newspaper, and more than 1,000 residents, while Cleora emptied out and lost its post office in 1882.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1903 the D&amp;RG established a large stockyard at the former site of Cleora, which is now home to Rocky Mountain Livestock Sales. No original town buildings have survived, leaving Cleora’s cemetery as the town’s only remnant.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Local Cemetery Lives On</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1880 at the latest, Cleora had an informal cemetery on the side of a small hill south of town. Like many so-called boot hill cemeteries in the frontier West, Cleora Cemetery was established with almost no planning. Locals simply seized the nearest unclaimed hillside and started burying people there without bothering with formal landscaping, established paths, or designated gravesites. Worthless for farming because of its slope, the cemetery plot remained part of the public domain until the 1890s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It is possible that the first burial at Cleora took place as early as 1875, when Charles Harding was killed near Bale’s Tavern during the Lake County War. If Harding was not buried on the hill above where he was killed, then burials were almost certainly taking place there by 1880, when Matilda Hawkins, Cleora mayor’s twenty-two-year-old daughter, died. (In 1987 locals recorded the presence of a marker dated 1880, but it is no longer standing.) Soon the cemetery became well known and well used. Despite the decline of Cleora and the rise of Salida in the early 1880s, Cleora Cemetery continued to be used for most burials in the area because Salida did not have its own cemetery until the end of the decade.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As a boot hill cemetery, Cleora had no formal plan for burial sites and therefore no discernable segregation based on ethnicity, class, or religion. Graves were placed haphazardly around the cemetery wherever families found a spot they liked. As a result, the cemetery’s dry north end received few burials, while the higher south end was favored for gravesites because it had a few trees and was farther from the road. Some graves went unmarked. Most had simple markers or enclosures made of wood, wrought iron, or stone.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of the 1880s, Cleora’s distance from Salida and the cemetery’s lack of landscaping or any formal grave layout led Salida residents to push for a new cemetery that would be closer and prettier. But even after Salida opened its first two cemeteries, in 1889 and 1891, Cleora Cemetery continued to see frequent burials and host Memorial Day activities and grave-decoration services put on by groups such as the Grand Army of the Republic, Knights of Pythias, and Woodmen of the World.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Cleora Cemetery occupied land that remained part of the public domain until 1894, when James White bought a parcel that included the small cemetery. White allowed burials to continue under his ownership, as did Peter Veltrie, who bought the land in 1898. When Veltrie sold the land to <a href="/article/chaffee-county"><strong>Chaffee County</strong></a> for $75 in 1921, he included a provision that the cemetery should continue to be used as a free burial ground.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Burials at Cleora dropped off after 1910, as locals shifted to using Salida’s more convenient and better-maintained cemeteries. Nevertheless, a few interments continued to take place at Cleora each year until 1948, when Phillip Englebright was laid to rest beside his wife, Carrie, herself a 1936 burial; the couple had lived in the area since at least 1885. After that, Chaffee County declared an end to burials at Cleora Cemetery because officials had no record of prior grave locations and did not want to accidentally disturb any of them.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since Cleora Cemetery stopped being used for burials, it has been maintained primarily by the family members of the people interred there. The cemetery experienced some problems with vandalism in the 1970s and early 1980s, but in 1983–84 Dennis Morain, Wesley Cooper, and Scott Glenn led an effort to clean the site and restore grave markers that had been knocked down. Today five original wood grave markers still stand along with a variety of historic metal and stone markers, and the cemetery probably contains at least 200 burials. It is accessible via a short gravel road south of US 50 and is enclosed by a barbed-wire fence. In 2017 it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cleora" hreflang="en">Cleora</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-cemeteries" hreflang="en">historic cemeteries</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-bale" hreflang="en">William Bale</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/salida" hreflang="en">Salida</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lake-county-war" hreflang="en">Lake County War</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Thomas H. Simmons and R. Laurie Simmons, “Cleora Cemetery,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (November 10, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, The Upper Arkansas: A Mountain River Valley (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1990).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Annette Stott, Pioneer Cemeteries: Sculpture Gardens of the Old West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 21 May 2018 21:03:52 +0000 yongli 2889 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org