%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Sim Hudson Motor Company http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sim-hudson-motor-company <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Sim Hudson Motor Company</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-08-25T13:27:45-06:00" title="Friday, August 25, 2017 - 13:27" class="datetime">Fri, 08/25/2017 - 13:27</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sim-hudson-motor-company" data-a2a-title="Sim Hudson Motor Company"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsim-hudson-motor-company&amp;title=Sim%20Hudson%20Motor%20Company"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Sim Hudson Motor Company at Thirteenth Street and Senter Avenue in <strong>Burlington </strong> (1332 Senter Ave.,Burlington, Colorado), the <a href="/article/kit-carson-county"><strong>Kit Carson County</strong></a> seat<a href="/article/kit-carson-county">,</a> served as a car dealership and service center for more than eighty years. Built around 1919 as the Golden Belt Garage, it was soon acquired by Sim Hudson, who remodeled the building’s facade in the Art Deco style in 1932. An excellent example of early automobile sales and service facility, the property remained a car dealership until 2000 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p> <h2>Golden Belt Garage</h2> <p>At the end of the nineteenth century, the earliest automobiles in the United States were expensive toys rather than practical means of transportation. That changed with the introduction of mass-produced cars such as Ransom Olds’s Curved Dash Oldsmobile in 1901 and Henry Ford’s Model T in 1908, which made automobiles affordable for a much wider swath of Americans.</p> <p>As American car ownership swelled to more than 5 million by 1918, new businesses developed to offer sales, fuel, service, and storage. At first these were evolutions of existing establishments, such as horse liveries or blacksmith shops. In Burlington, for example, a blacksmith named Ed Hoskin performed car repairs at his shop at Thirteenth Street and Center (later Senter) Avenue, and he also operated an adjacent garage with a curbside gas pump.</p> <p>By the late 1910s and early 1920s, more businesses catering specifically to automobiles were starting to take shape. Around 1919, Hoskin installed a larger tank for his curbside gas pump and built a new sixty-car garage and adjacent shop called the Golden Belt Garage, probably named for the Golden Belt Highway (later US 24), which passed through town. Like most car-related businesses built before the 1950s, the garage was a one-story utilitarian building that stood near the street and was located close to downtown—much different from today’s dealerships and service centers, which tend to be in the suburbs, surrounded by a sea of asphalt and cars.</p> <h2>Sim Hudson’s Dealership and Garage</h2> <p>In 1922 Hoskin sold the Golden Belt Garage to Sim Hudson, who had previously operated a garage and repair shop around the corner on Thirteenth Street. Hudson acquired a franchise to sell Chevrolets in Burlington and turned the Golden Belt Garage into the Sim Hudson Motor Company, offering sales, repairs, parts, storage, and fuel from the curbside pump. By 1926 he installed a second gas pump out front and put up a canopy to keep rain and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a> off drivers getting their tanks refilled.</p> <p>Burlington had a handful of car dealerships in the late 1920s, but Hudson differentiated himself from the rest in 1932, when he commissioned a renovation of his utilitarian dealership into an Art Deco temple to the automobile. The Art Deco style had become popular for dealerships in the late 1920s because it conveyed a sense of luxury and modernity. At Hudson’s redesigned dealership, the canopy over the curbside gas pumps was removed to make the building lighter and more inviting. Pilasters of varying heights framed a row of enlarged windows along the Senter Avenue facade, enticing customers to step inside. A showroom with elaborate Art Deco finishes fronted the street on the west side of the building, with the shop in the rear. The east side of the building housed parts and service, with a roll-up garage door allowing vehicles to drive in. Hudson’s remodeled dealership was different from any other building in Burlington, and his grand reopening in June 1932 attracted a large crowd.</p> <p>With his recognizable dealership and his reputation for good promotions, Hudson weathered the Great Depression and World War II to enjoy the postwar American car-buying frenzy. By 1950 Americans owned nearly 40 million passenger cars. That year Hudson expanded his operation by adding a one-story body shop at the rear of the parking lot just east of his dealership. In a reflection of rising postwar prosperity, he also started selling Cadillacs to cater to customers who were moving up in social and economic status and wanted to drive a higher-end car. Meanwhile, curbside gas pumps fell out of favor as covered service stations took hold, and Hudson stopped selling gas at his curbside pump sometime in the 1950s. The pump was removed, but the Art Deco pylons marking its location remained standing in front of the building.</p> <h2>After Sim Hudson</h2> <p>After Sim Hudson’s death in 1960, his widow, Hazel, ran the dealership with longtime employee Eldon Snowbarger. They kept up the business until 1983, when they sold their Chevrolet, Oldsmobile, and Cadillac franchises to Vince and Jane Schreivogel. Hazel Hudson retained ownership of the historic Sim Hudson Motor Company buildings, which the Schreivogels used for their dealership, called Vince’s. In 2000 the Schreivogels bought additional General Motors franchises from another Burlington dealership and moved their operation to Rose Avenue.</p> <p>After Hazel Hudson’s death in 2005, Frank and Venita Lund acquired the Sim Hudson Motor Company. In 2007 they got the former car dealership listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The property is now home to Venita’s Ceramics.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/burlington" hreflang="en">burlington</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sim-hudson" hreflang="en">Sim Hudson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/golden-belt-highway" hreflang="en">Golden Belt Highway</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/car-dealerships" hreflang="en">car dealerships</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Frank Lund, “Hudson, Sim, Motor Company,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (March 3, 2007).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Robert Genat, <em>The American Car Dealership</em> (Osceola, WI: MBI Publishing, 1999).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 25 Aug 2017 19:27:45 +0000 yongli 2728 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Burlington Gymnasium http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/burlington-gymnasium <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Burlington Gymnasium</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-02T15:25:22-07:00" title="Thursday, February 2, 2017 - 15:25" class="datetime">Thu, 02/02/2017 - 15:25</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/burlington-gymnasium" data-a2a-title="Burlington Gymnasium"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fburlington-gymnasium&amp;title=Burlington%20Gymnasium"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Burlington Gymnasium was built by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in 1938–41 and served as a gym, auditorium, and community center until 1999. Located on Senter Avenue between Ninth and Eleventh Streets, the two-story Art Deco facility was originally next to the Burlington High School but is now adjacent to Burlington Elementary School, which replaced the old high school in 1965. The gymnasium is the only <a href="/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a>–era work-relief construction project left in <strong>Burlington</strong> and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p> <h2>New Deal, New Gym</h2> <p>The <a href="/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong></a> and <strong>Great Depression</strong> hit <a href="/article/kit-carson-county"><strong>Kit Carson County</strong></a> and the rest of Colorado’s eastern <a href="/article/colorado’s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a> especially hard in the 1930s. Federally funded New Deal construction projects provided jobs for unemployed workers while also building civic, recreational, and cultural infrastructure in rural towns. Gymnasiums were particularly popular New Deal projects on the eastern plains, where many rural towns had no gym at all or a gym too small to hold a regulation basketball court. Large new gyms allowed school districts to improve physical education instruction and host regional basketball games. In addition, the gyms often included a stage at one end so they could double as a performance and event space for the community.</p> <p>Before the late 1930s the only gymnasium serving Burlington schools was a small space with a low ceiling in the basement of the high school, which had been built in the early 1920s. To secure a better facility, in January 1938 the Burlington Board of Education submitted a WPA application for a new gymnasium and auditorium. The Board of Education took time to study other gymnasiums in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and eastern Colorado before blueprints for the project were approved in February. Construction started in March on a site just south of the high school.</p> <p>The original goal was to complete the gymnasium by summer 1939, but a variety of problems delayed construction. The building was supposed to have walls made of adobe blocks, but that was soon changed to concrete blocks, a standard WPA construction material in northeast Colorado. Work on the building continued throughout 1939. By January 19, 1940, the interior was ready to be used for a basketball game against Stratton. But construction was still in progress, and the building’s cost was exceeding initial estimates. The school district had to submit a second WPA application to get funding to finish the gym. The proposal was approved, and the gymnasium was completed on January 22, 1941.</p> <p>The Burlington Gymnasium provided the town’s first large indoor space for athletics and other events. Designed in a restrained Art Deco style by district WPA engineer Lloyd E. Heggenberger, the building’s exterior was made of concrete stucco. It had vertical pilasters and spare ornamentation consisting largely of a recurring ziggurat motif rising above the roofline. Inside, the building featured a full-size basketball court with a stage at the eastern end and balconies lining the north and south walls. The basement included a kitchen and dining room, meeting and storage rooms, shower and dressing rooms, and a five-room caretaker’s apartment. The school district later turned the apartment into additional meeting rooms. Over the next five decades, the building held physical education classes, athletic events, dances, and music and theater productions.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>In 1965 the high school next to the gym was torn down and replaced by an elementary school. The gym was connected to the new school by a walkway and continued to serve as a gymnasium, auditorium, and cafeteria until 1999, when the local school district built a new gymnasium and auditorium. The WPA gymnasium started to be used for storage. In 2008 and 2011, the school district received <strong>State Historical Fund</strong> grants for exterior restoration of the gymnasium, but the interior has not been altered or restored. Today the gym still stands beside the Burlington Elementary School but is not in active use.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/new-deal" hreflang="en">New Deal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/works-progress-administration" hreflang="en">Works Progress Administration</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Abbey Christman, “Burlington Gymnasium,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (February 23, 2007).</p> <p>Abigail D. Christman, <em>The Legacy of the New Deal on Colorado’s Eastern Plains</em> (Denver: Colorado Preservation, 2008).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Colorado Preservation Inc., <em>Drought, Depression, and Dust: The New Deal in Eastern Colorado, Phase I Survey Report</em> (2005).</p> <p>Kit Carson County History Book Committee, <em>History of Kit Carson County, Colorado</em> (Dallas: Curtis Media, 1988).</p> <p>James F. Wickens, <em>Colorado in the Great Depression</em> (New York: Garland, 1979).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 02 Feb 2017 22:25:22 +0000 yongli 2298 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Kit Carson County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kit-carson-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Kit Carson County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2665--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2665.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/kit-carson-county-courthouse"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Kit-Carson-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=0gMeFKxR" width="1000" height="563" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/kit-carson-county-courthouse" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Kit Carson County Courthouse</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Kit Carson County Courthouse in Burlington, c. 1921.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2046--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2046.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/kit-carson-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Kit_Carson_County_0.png?itok=aYUuPRoG" width="1024" height="741" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/kit-carson-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Kit Carson County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Kit Carson County, named for the famous trapper and Army scout Kit Carson, was formed in 1889 on Colorado's eastern plains.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2666--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2666.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/dust-storm-burlington-1934"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Kit-Carson-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=a53czgn2" width="1000" height="668" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/dust-storm-burlington-1934" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Dust storm in Burlington, 1934</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Dust Bowl was one of the most devastating periods in Colorado history, displacing thousands from the eastern plains. Here, a dust storm blackens the sky as it bears down on Burlington, the Kit Carson County seat, in 1934.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2667--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2667.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/old-town-museum-burlington"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Kit-Carson-Media-4_0_0.jpg?itok=TEKqfJu_" width="1000" height="661" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/old-town-museum-burlington" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Old Town Museum, Burlington</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Burlington's Old Town Museum, located at 420 S. Fourteenth Street, holds twenty-one fully restored historical buildings, each with a collection of historic artifacts.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-14T16:10:34-07:00" title="Monday, November 14, 2016 - 16:10" class="datetime">Mon, 11/14/2016 - 16:10</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kit-carson-county" data-a2a-title="Kit Carson County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fkit-carson-county&amp;title=Kit%20Carson%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Kit Carson County, named for fur trapper and Army scout <a href="/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a>, covers 2,162 miles of the <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> in eastern Colorado. One of the state’s most productive agricultural counties, Kit Carson is bordered to the north by <a href="/article/yuma-county"><strong>Yuma</strong></a> and <a href="/article/washington-county"><strong>Washington</strong></a> Counties, to the east by the state of Kansas, to the south by <a href="/article/cheyenne-county"><strong>Cheyenne County</strong></a>, and to the west by <a href="/article/lincoln-county"><strong>Lincoln County</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kit Carson County has a population of 7,758, more than half of whom live in the county seat of <strong>Burlington</strong>. Other communities include Stratton (population 658), Flagler (561), Bethune (237), Seibert (181), and Vona (106). All of these communities lie along <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a>, which is paralleled by US Highway 24; US Highway 385, the other major thoroughfare, meets the interstate at Burlington. Like much of eastern Colorado, Kit Carson County is arid but contains several important <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> sources, including the South Forks of the Arikaree and Republican Rivers and their tributaries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The county was established in 1889 and settled by Anglo-Americans, German Russians, and northern European immigrants. Before then it was inhabited by various Native American groups, including the <strong>Arapaho</strong>, <strong>Cheyenne</strong>, <strong>Comanche</strong>, <strong>Kiowa</strong>, and <strong>Pawnee</strong>. Today the county contains more than 700 farms and is one of the state’s leading wheat producers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>From around AD 1000 to 1400, members of the <a href="/article/upper-republican-and-itskari-cultures"><strong>Upper Republican and Itskari</strong></a> cultures occupied parts of northeast Colorado, including present-day Kit Carson County. These semi-sedentary people fished, farmed, and hunted<strong> buffalo</strong>, living in earthen lodges and crafting distinctive ceramic pots. While they were apparently able to thrive in eastern Colorado for nearly three centuries, it appears that environmental pressures—most likely drought—caused them to gradually abandon the region. There is little evidence of their presence in the area by the mid-fifteenth century.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The rapid expansion of the Lakota during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries displaced a number of other equestrian groups from the northern plains, including the Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Kiowa. The Pawnee also made occasional visits to eastern Colorado, although they mostly frequented present-day Kansas and Nebraska. By 1790 the Kiowa had moved onto the plains from the mountains of Montana. By 1800 the Lakota had forced both the Cheyenne and Arapaho out of present-day South Dakota, and over the next two decades they filtered southwest onto the plains of Nebraska, Wyoming, and Colorado. The Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Kiowa followed the buffalo herds across the plains, living in portable, cone-shaped dwellings called <a href="/article/tipi-0"><strong>tipis</strong></a>. During the notoriously harsh plains winters, they found shelter near bluffs and in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>cottonwood</strong></a> groves along the river bottoms. While the Cheyenne rarely left the plains, the Arapaho made a habit of venturing into the mountains during the spring to hunt game in the high country.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Anglo-American traffic across the Colorado plains increased during the 1840s and increased with the organization of the Oregon Territory and the California Gold Rush in 1848–49. In response to this incursion, Native Americans sometimes harassed or stole from wagon trains, and many whites began to fear these attacks as they crossed the plains. In 1851 the federal government sought to make the westward journey safer for white travelers with the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-laramie"><strong>Treaty of Fort Laramie</strong></a>, signed by leaders of the Cheyenne, Lakota, Arapaho, and other Indigenous nations. The treaty acknowledged Native American sovereignty across the plains, and each group would receive annual payments in exchange for guaranteeing safe passage for whites and allowing the government to build forts in their territory.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Relations between Colorado’s Native Americans and the US government deteriorated after the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> in 1858–59, with the latter pursuing an agenda that sought to strip away Native Americans’ rights to the land. In 1861 the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Treaty of Fort Wise</strong></a> relegated the Cheyenne and Arapaho to a small reservation in eastern Colorado between the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> and the Smoky Hill Trail. It was on that reservation, along <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek</strong></a> in present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kiowa-county"><strong>Kiowa County</strong></a>, that Col. <strong>John Chivington</strong> and the Third Colorado Volunteers slaughtered some 150 peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho—mostly women, children, and the elderly—in 1864.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Enraged by the massacre, groups of Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors, along with other Plains Indians, led reprisal attacks against the US Army and citizens in Colorado. The last major engagement between Native Americans and US troops in Colorado occurred in 1869 at <a href="/article/battle-summit-springs"><strong>Summit Springs</strong></a>, where the Cheyenne leader <strong>Tall Bull</strong> was killed. Most of the Cheyenne and Arapaho in the area of present-day Kit Carson County were removed to a reservation in Oklahoma per the <a href="/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong></a> of 1867.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>County Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1870s the Kit Carson County area was part of a popular cattle trail from Texas to Denver, and ranchers became the area’s first permanent white residents. In 1872 Jacob Scherrer and Tom Ireland founded the Bar T Ranch, named after the signature “T” brand found on its cattle. Joe Miskelly, another early rancher, set up his ranch at Crystal Springs, located on a branch of the Republic River about three miles east of present Flagler. More ranches arrived in the area during the 1880s, including Ed McCrillis’s ranch and one owned by Dr. Tuttle, an ex-Confederate Army surgeon.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Rock Island Railroad arrived from the east in the Kit Carson County area in 1887. In anticipation of the railroad’s arrival, Dan Kavanaugh and Chas H. Dicks founded Burlington in 1886, and the railroad reached the new community in 1888. The railroad also brought homesteaders, prompting land disputes between ranchers and homesteaders that sometimes resulted in violence.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Among Burlington’s first businesses were the Montezuma Hotel, Bucahana Cream Station, Wilson Printing, Dunn Cream Station, and the Burlington Lumber Company. As signs of both its maturity and likely permanence, by 1906 Burlington had installed cement sidewalks, and its windmill and water tanks were removed from Main Street.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Like most counties on the Colorado plains, Kit Carson County was hit hard by the Great Depression and <a href="/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong></a> of the 1930s. The number of farms reporting crop failure more than doubled between 1929 and 1934, going from 818 to 1,620. In 1930 the county population had reached an all-time high of 9,725, but as banks closed and farms folded over the ensuing decade, the population declined by more than 20 percent.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>President Franklin Roosevelt’s <a href="/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a> initiatives provided some relief for Kit Carson County during the Depression. Burlington High School received a new <a href="/article/burlington-gymnasium"><strong>gymnasium</strong></a> thanks to funds from the federal Works Progress Administration, and a soil conservation district helped residents better manage their land and avoid over-farming the prairie, which had helped create the Dust Bowl.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Agricultural Changes</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite the painful lesson of the Dust Bowl, agriculture in Kit Carson County and elsewhere on the Colorado plains continued to expand in the decades after World War II. Kit Carson County put an additional 131,430 acres under cultivation between 1945 and 1982—about 3,500 acres per year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1957 Kit Carson County farmers became late additions to the state’s <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet industry</strong></a>, securing a contract with the Great Western Sugar Company to produce beets in 300-acre allotments. By 1959 the county had 453 acres planted in beets, but by 1964 that amount had increased to 7,915 acres. A 1963 article in the <em>Fort Scott Tribune </em>(KS) reported that, “this fall’s 10,000-acre beet harvest in Sherman and Wallace counties in Kansas and Kit Carson County in Colorado is by far the largest the area has produced.” Beginning in 1967, beets raised in Kit Carson County were shipped to the Great Western processing plant just over the border in Goodland, Kansas. As it did elsewhere in the state, the sugar beet industry in Kit Carson County faded after the Great Western Sugar Company went bankrupt in 1985; by 1987 the US Census of Agriculture reported no significant acreage of sugar beets in the county.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The county’s agricultural expansion was fueled by a number of innovations that began to take hold in the mid-twentieth century and revolutionized American farming. Combines and other machinery, in conjunction with new herbicides and pesticides, allowed for larger yields, but they also prompted consolidation of farmland by those who could afford to invest in the new machinery and chemicals. This shift is visible in Kit Carson County, where between 1950 and 1982 the number of farms dropped from 1,067 to 763, but the average farm size increased from just over 1,100 acres to 1,700.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Along with machinery and chemicals, diesel and natural gas–powered pumps were essential to the expansion of farmland in the mid-to-late twentieth century because they allowed access to groundwater that was previously unreachable. In Kit Carson County, this technology unlocked the so-called Paleo-water of the Ogallala Aquifer, part of which sits below the eastern two-thirds of the county. Underlying much of the Great Plains, the aquifer is the region’s largest natural water source, stretching some 174,000 square miles from South Dakota to Texas. Beginning in the mid-twentieth century, farmers in Kit Carson County installed pumps that could bring 1,000 gallons of water per minute up to their fields, and with the new water source the county was able to irrigate an additional 635,259 acres between 1954 and 1978.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Expanded <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> allowed Kit Carson County farmers to produce more corn, which requires far more water than the county’s reliable staple, winter wheat. Today, the county ranks second in corn production and is the top wheat producer in the state, with nearly 225,00 acres of winter wheat. As of 2012 Kit Carson County is also one of the state’s top cattle producers, with more than 350,000 head.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The county’s agricultural prowess, now and in the future, is largely dependent on the vast but finite waters of the Ogallala Aquifer. A 2013 study by the US Geological Survey reported that total water levels in the aquifer, which supplies eight states, had declined by 8 percent since 1950. But the future of Ogallala water use in eastern Colorado (or in any other region) depends on the depth of the underlying portion of the aquifer and how quickly that portion recharges.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A 2016 study by civil engineers at Kansas State University showed that water draws from the aquifer under eastern Colorado have outpaced the regional recharge rate since 1999 or 2000. However, the study projects that Colorado’s annual depletion of the aquifer will peak in 2023 and then decline, on account of a growing public awareness and efforts to reduce water use.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Water conservation efforts are already under way in Kit Carson County. For instance, beginning in 2011 the Republican River Water Conservation District, in partnership with the federal Natural Resources Conservation Service, has provided incentives each year to farmers who implement water conservation measures, such as reducing the amount of irrigated acreage on their farms. These efforts appear to be succeeding, as the <a href="/article/colorado-foundation-water-education"><strong>Colorado Foundation for Water Education</strong></a> (CFWE) currently reports that rates of withdrawal from the aquifer “appear to have stabilized.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The CFWE’s assessment, along with current scientific studies, suggests that Kit Carson County will likely have enough water to support its agricultural economy in the near future. But future droughts may place increased pressure on the aquifer and alter current projections. In any case, residents of Kit Carson County will need to continue monitoring and managing water consumption.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Beyond agriculture, the Kit Carson County Fairgrounds is home to the <a href="/article/philadelphia-toboggan-company-carousel-6"><strong>Kit Carson County Carousel</strong></a>, originally built in 1905 by the <a href="/article/philadelphia-toboggan-company-carousel-6"><strong>Philadelphia Toboggan Company</strong></a> for Denver’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elitch-gardens"><strong>Elitch Gardens</strong></a>. The carousel, which was moved to Kit Carson County in 1928, remains the nation’s only antique carousel to feature original paint on both its animals and core.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/kit-carson-county" hreflang="en">kit carson county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/kit-carson-county-history" hreflang="en">kit carson county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/burlington" hreflang="en">burlington</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/kit-carson-county-carousel" hreflang="en">kit carson county carousel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/interstate-70" hreflang="en">interstate 70</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arikaree-river" hreflang="en">arikaree river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/new-deal" hreflang="en">New Deal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-plains" hreflang="en">Great Plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rock-island-railroad" hreflang="en">rock island railroad</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Arnold J. Boettcher, “<a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1819i/report.pdf">Ground-Water Development in the High Plains of Colorado</a>,” US Department of the Interior, Geological Survey (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1966).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James W. Borchert, “<a href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/colorado/kitcarsonCO2003/kitcarsonCO2003.pdf">Soil Survey of Kit Carson County, Colorado</a>,” US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2003.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>V.L. McGuire, “<a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5291/sir2012-5291.pdf">Water-Level and Storage Changes in the High Plains Aquifer, Predevelopment to 2011 and 2009-11</a>,” US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5291 (Reston, VA: US Geological Survey, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Republican River Water Conservation District, “<a href="https://republicanriver.com/Programs/AWEP/tabid/173/Default.aspx">Agricultural Water Enhancement Program</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Janice Salmans, Marlyn Hasart, and Dorothy Smith, <em>Kit Carson County Colorado </em>(Dallas, TX: Curtis Media Corporation, 1988).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David R. Steward and Andrew J. Allen, “<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377415301220">Peak groundwater depletion in the High Plains Aquifer, projections from 1930 to 2110</a>,” <em>Agricultural Water Management </em>170 (May 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1906&amp;dat=19631112&amp;id=v-EfAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=Q9kEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2489,3342650&amp;hl=en">Sugar Beets a Profitable Crop in Northwest Part of State</a>,” <em>Fort Scott Tribune</em>, November 12, 1963.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Kit Carson County Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/censusParts.do?year=1890">Colorado, Contd.</a>,” US Census of Agriculture (1890).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://usda.library.cornell.edu/">Colorado-Wyoming: Chapter B – Statistics for Counties</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Part 29 (1950).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/getVolumeOnePart.do?year=1964&amp;part_id=395&amp;number=41&amp;title=Colorado">Colorado</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Part 41 (1964).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/getVolumeOnePart.do?year=1982&amp;part_id=6&amp;number=6&amp;title=Colorado">Colorado</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Part 6 (1982).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/getVolumeOnePart.do?year=1987&amp;part_id=68&amp;number=6&amp;title=Colorado">Colorado</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Part 6 (1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elliott West, <em>The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://www.burlingtoncolo.com/">Burlington</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Burlington Old Town Museum, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/colorado-history-family-fun-burlington">Colorado History &amp; Family Fun in Burlington</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Abbey Christman, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/NRSR/5KC208.pdf">Burlington Gymnasium</a>,” US Department of the Interior, National Park Service Form 10-900 (Denver: History Colorado, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.colorado.gov/kitcarsoncounty">Kit Carson County</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Nov 2016 23:10:34 +0000 yongli 2047 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org