%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Lake Agnes Cabin http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lake-agnes-cabin <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Lake Agnes Cabin</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-19T10:10:45-06:00" title="Friday, May 19, 2017 - 10:10" class="datetime">Fri, 05/19/2017 - 10:10</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lake-agnes-cabin" data-a2a-title="Lake Agnes Cabin"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flake-agnes-cabin&amp;title=Lake%20Agnes%20Cabin"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Lake Agnes Cabin is a one-room log cabin about a half-mile north of Lake Agnes in the <strong>Never Summer Mountains</strong>. Built in 1925, the cabin was intended to provide accommodations for a boys’ summer camp and was later used by forest rangers in the area. Today it is in <strong>State Forest State Park</strong> and is maintained by park staff.</p> <p>Lake Agnes lies at an elevation of about 10,700 feet in a cirque flanked by Mt. Mahler, Mt. Richthofen, and the<strong> Nokhu Crags</strong> at the northern end of the Never Summer Mountains. In the 1920s, former <strong>Arapaho National Forest</strong> ranger Frank Poley started a boys’ summer camp based at the lake. According to a brochure, the rustic camp was designed to introduce boys aged twelve to twenty-one to “real pioneer life.” The boys spent all of July and August at the lake, where they rode horses, fished, camped, and cooked, all leading up to a long pack trip through nearby <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>.</p> <p>Poley built Lake Agnes Cabin in 1925 as part of the camp’s facilities. In keeping with the camp’s rustic style, the small log cabin measured about twenty-two feet by eighteen-and-a-half feet. Poley constructed it using peeled <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/conifers"><strong>lodgepole pine</strong></a> logs placed on top of rubble stone corner supports. He used a channel system for the corners of the cabin, meaning that the ends of the logs were attached to planks that formed an indented <em>V</em>. The channel system made construction easier and quicker because the log sizes did not need to match as closely as for notched and interlocked corners.</p> <p>The simple one-room cabin was probably used to house campers. It had a plank porch off the south wall, where the main entrance was located, and one window on each of the other walls. Inside, the cabin had exposed log walls, wood rafters, and roof boards. The floor was made of pine planks.</p> <p>Poley’s camp shut down after one of the campers drowned in Lake Agnes, but his facilities remained. For the rest of the twentieth century, rangers working with the <strong>National Park Service</strong>, <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a>, and State Forest State Park used the cabin in the summers, and it was also available for public rental. Originally in Arapaho National Forest, the cabin became part of State Forest State Park in the 1970s.</p> <p>Since 2000 the cabin has been closed to the public, but it continues to be maintained by state park staff and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. About a mile south of State Highway 14 on the west side of <strong>Cameron Pass</strong>, the cabin can be reached in the summer via a dirt road that runs to the cabin and forms a circular parking area beside the building. From there visitors can hike a short trail to Lake Agnes.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rustic-cabins" hreflang="en">rustic cabins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/summer-camps" hreflang="en">summer camps</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lake-agnes" hreflang="en">Lake Agnes</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/never-summer-mountains" hreflang="en">Never Summer Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/frank-poley" hreflang="en">Frank Poley</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><em>Lake Agnes Trail Camp: A Summer Camp for Boys</em> (n.p.: n.d.).</p> <p>Deborah McLachlan, “Lake Agnes Cabin,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (January 11, 2007).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 19 May 2017 16:10:45 +0000 yongli 2583 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Jackson County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jackson-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jackson County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2042--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2042.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/jackson-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Jackson_County_0.png?itok=ZAHZJsob" width="1090" height="789" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/jackson-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jackson County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Jackson County, named for former President Andrew Jackson, covers the mountain basin of North Park and was established in 1909.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-14T13:35:08-07:00" title="Monday, November 14, 2016 - 13:35" class="datetime">Mon, 11/14/2016 - 13:35</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jackson-county" data-a2a-title="Jackson County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fjackson-county&amp;title=Jackson%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Jackson County, named after former US President Andrew Jackson, covers 1,621 square miles in northern Colorado. It encompasses <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/walden-north-park"><strong>North Park</strong></a>, a large intermountain basin that holds the headwaters of the <strong>North Platte River</strong>. The North Platte flows north out of Jackson County into Wyoming. The county’s southern and western boundaries follow the <a href="/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a> along the <strong>Rabbit Ears</strong> and <strong>Park</strong> Ranges, separating it from <a href="/article/grand-county"><strong>Grand County</strong></a> to the south and <a href="/article/routt-county"><strong>Routt County</strong></a> to the west. To the east, the <strong>Medicine Bow Mountains</strong> separate Jackson County from <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>.</p> <p>With a population of just over 1,350, Jackson County is one of the most sparsely populated counties in the state. The area was the summer hunting ground of <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people for centuries before white ranchers and prospectors arrived in the 1870s. Since its establishment in 1909, the county has featured a largely pastoral economy, with its scenic landscapes and large wildlife populations drawing hundreds of visitors each year. Today, the county remains one of the best areas in the state to hunt, fish, and see <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/moose"><strong>moose</strong></a> and other wildlife. It also contains a number of mining <strong>ghost towns</strong>.</p> <p>The county seat and only incorporated town is <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/walden-north-park"><strong>Walden</strong></a>, surrounded by pasture in the heart of North Park. With a population of 608, Walden lies along the Illinois River, one of many tributaries to the North Platte. State Highway 14 traverses the county westward from <strong>Cameron Pass</strong> through Walden, and runs toward its southwestern corner, where it meets US Route 40. The unincorporated community of <strong>Cowdrey</strong> lies north of Walden along State Highway 125, which runs from the Wyoming border south to the tiny community of <strong>Rand</strong> and into the Rabbit Ears Range.</p> <h2>Native Americans</h2> <p>North Park has a long history of human occupation, owing to its historically large populations of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a>, antelope, <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a>, waterfowl, and other game. The animals could be hunted fairly easily due to the natural pen of mountains ringing the park. Evidence of occupation by <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/folsom-people"><strong>Folsom people</strong></a> dates to at least 9,000 years ago. At one North Park site archaeologists uncovered obsidian tools that matched obsidian found in an ancient quarry site in what is now <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a> (RMNP). It is believed that Paleo-Indian and Folsom people established seasonal migration patterns between North Park and RMNP, traveling to the high mountains during the summer.</p> <p>By AD 1400, Ute people began occupying North Park. A band of Utes called the Yamparika, or “root-eaters,” were the primary occupants of the area, although other Ute bands occasionally hunted and traveled throughout the park. The Yamparika—or Yampa Utes as they have come to be known—ranged widely, hunting in <a href="/article/grand-county"><strong>Middle Park</strong></a> to the south, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trappers-lake-and-flat-tops-wilderness"><strong>Flat Top Mountains</strong></a> to the southwest, and as far north as the Little Snake River in Wyoming. Like other native people in Colorado, Utes lived in mobile dwellings called <a href="/article/tipi-0"><strong>tipis</strong></a>, following the same seasonal migration routes as the Paleo-Indian people before them. Later, in the nineteenth century, <strong>Arapaho</strong> people also hunted in North Park, arriving via what is now known as Arapaho Pass between the Rabbit Ears and Park Ranges.</p> <h2>Arrival of Europeans</h2> <p>The present area of Jackson County was officially transferred to the United States via the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Possibly the first European to enter North Park was the French fur trapper Jacques LaRamée (La Ramie, Laramie), who explored the headwaters of the North Platte River in 1815. More French trappers began arriving around 1820, noting the abundance of <a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a> in the park’s many riparian areas. They were followed by American trappers such as <strong>Jim Bridger</strong>, <a href="/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a>, Jim Baker, and William “Old Bill” Williams. The American explorer <a href="/article/john-c-frémont"><strong>John C. Frémont</strong></a> traversed North Park in 1844 on his way back from the present Salt Lake City area. By then the nineteenth-century <a href="/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a> in Colorado was in decline, largely due to over-trapping and a change in fashion tastes abroad.</p> <h2>Early American Era</h2> <p>The <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59 brought thousands of prospectors to the Rocky Mountains in search of fortune and prompted the organization of the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> in 1861. The <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>Homestead Act</strong></a> of 1862 opened the supposedly unoccupied lands of North Park to white settlement, and homesteaders began setting up seasonal ranches. Prospecting parties also arrived, hoping to find the next big strike.</p> <p>Native Americans resisted any white claims to their land. In August 1865, for instance, Utes drove a party of prospectors out of North Park. One week later, the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> blamed several “Indian depredations” on a “large party of Lakota, Cheyennes, and Arapahoes” that “doubtless have their headquarters in the North Park.” Most of the Cheyenne and Arapaho were soon removed from Colorado after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong></a> of 1867. The <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a> supposedly guaranteed the United States rights to all Ute land east of the Continental Divide and created a large Ute reservation on the <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>. Neither of these treaties, however, prevented Native Americans from returning to their traditional hunting grounds in North Park. In August 1869 Utes again demanded that a prospecting party leave the park. According to a report in the <em>Laramie </em>(WY) <em>Sentinel</em>, the prospectors had spent all summer building mine infrastructure and cabins, but they were told “they must vacate or hostilities would follow.”</p> <p>Beyond their confrontations with Native Americans, the North Park prospectors of the 1860s had only limited success locating gold. By By July 1870, however, the gold diggings on Independence Mountain, in what is now northern Jackson County, were apparently extensive enough to sustain a lucrative mining operation. On July 8 that operation was dealt a severe blow when, after a nearby battle with Utes, a group of Cheyenne turned on the Independence Mountain miners, killing several of them. Mining at Independence Mountain would eventually resume and continue into the twentieth century.</p> <p>Even though the prospect of gold held the interest and attention of many, North Park was already showing potential for other enterprises besides mining. The area’s tourism potential was apparent as early as 1869, when the English adventurer Frederick Townshend traveled to Laramie on the transcontinental railroad and had a successful hunt in North Park.</p> <p>While the occasional traveler like Townshend could get away with a hunt, in the 1870s the threat of Native American attacks kept most whites away from North Park for at least part of the year. In 1874 <strong>James O. Pinkham</strong> was one of the first white prospectors to spend the winter in the park. When gold profits failed to materialize, he turned to ranching. In 1876 Pinkham brought cattle into the park, grazing them in the lush hay meadows. He built a home near what is today known as Pinkham Mountain and was the first person to sell North Park hay to other Colorado ranchers; today, hay is Jackson County’s largest and most distinctive crop.</p> <p>In 1878 the Fordyce family became the first white family to spend an entire winter in North Park, setting up a ranch near Pinkham’s. The Fordyces had a herd of milk cows and sold milk and butter in Laramie. More ranchers arrived in 1879, including C. B. Mendenhall and Ted G. Hoston.</p> <p>As the area’s first permanent ranches were being established, silver discoveries in 1879 sustained interest in North Park’s mineral resources. In June the <em>Colorado Transcript </em>reported that prospector John Harris of Berthoud located “plenty of rich silver-bearing quartz leads” on the west side of the park, and that “a town had been laid out” along the Michigan River, a tributary of the North Platte. Meanwhile, Teller City, another silver mining camp, was established in the Medicine Bow Mountains southeast of present-day Rand. By 1880 it had more than 1,000 residents. A toll road was built from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> to North Park in 1880, but transportation of ore from the park still proved costly. As a result, Harris’s town never quite developed into the boomtown he envisioned, and Teller City was abandoned by 1885.</p> <h2>County Development</h2> <p>When Colorado became a state in 1876, North Park was part of a larger Larimer County that stretched from the<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong> Cache la Poudre River</strong></a> in the east to the Continental Divide in the west. Conflict with Native Americans did not cease until the mid-1880s, when most of Colorado’s Ute population had either been removed to Utah or to a small reservation in southwest Colorado.</p> <p>The town of Walden was established in 1890 as a commercial hub for North Park’s ranchers. The town was named after Mark S. Walden, the postmaster of the nearby settlement of Sage Hen Springs. In 1899 local ranchers organized the North Park Stockgrowers Association, and by 1910 North Park had 165 farms and ranches that collectively owned more than 31,000 cattle and nearly 2,000 sheep.</p> <p>In addition to ranching, mining continued in North Park through the early twentieth century, although it never reached the production levels that many in the region had hoped. Between 1895 and 1917, mines in Larimer/Jackson Counties produced $66,435 in gold, silver, copper, and zinc, a paltry amount compared to the millions being pulled out of Colorado’s other metal-producing counties. However, in the early twentieth century a large deposit of coal was found in southwest Jackson County, and large-scale mining operations began after the railroad arrived in 1911. The town of <strong>Coalmont</strong> was established to service these mines.</p> <p>As North Park’s ranching and mining operations continued into the early twentieth century, it became clear that the area would need its own jurisdiction. The state legislature created Jackson County, with its current boundaries, in 1909. Walden, the only incorporated town, became the county seat. In 1911 the <strong>Laramie, Hahn’s Peak &amp; Pacific Railroad</strong> (LHP&amp;P) arrived in Walden from Laramie, Wyoming, finally allowing efficient transportation of North Park’s butter, hay, minerals, and other products. In 1926 North Park got another economic boost when work was completed on what is now State Highway 14, connecting Fort Collins to Walden.</p> <h2>Ranching</h2> <p>President Theodore Roosevelt established the Medicine Bow Forest Reserve (now the Medicine Bow National Forest) in 1902 and the Park Range Forest Reserve (now Routt National Forest) in 1905. The establishment of these two reserves protected the forests on the east and west sides of North Park from overdevelopment and overgrazing, but it also led to tension between cattle and sheep ranchers and to skepticism of federal land management.</p> <p>At its meeting on November 13, 1909, the North Park Stockgrowers Association declared that “this is not a sheep country” and that members “protest against the grazing of sheep within the North Park country, either upon the national forests or upon the public domain.” But by 1926 Jackson County still had thousands of sheep, and according to Arthur C. Johnson of the <em>Denver Daily Record Stockmen</em>, “North [P]ark on the whole . . . has been given its o.k. as a sheep section. Flocks can be wintered as successfully as can the cattle.” Later, in 1945, the Stockgrowers Association protested new federal grazing rules, arguing in the <em>Steamboat Pilot </em>that <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> officials “have made cuts in numbers and in time of grazing permits without consulting permittees.”</p> <p>To further guarantee the success of its industry, the Stockgrowers Association also encouraged eradication of predators. In 1910, for instance, the association offered bounties of twenty-five dollars for each gray wolf killed. That year, nine wolves were killed in North Park; by 1945, because of similar bounty programs and other eradication efforts across the state, the entire Colorado wolf population was eliminated.</p> <h2>Tourism and Wildlife</h2> <p>As ranchers dealt with the range of issues that came with federal land management, Jackson County’s public lands began drawing larger tourist crowds. North Park received its first major influx of tourists in 1926, after the completion of Highway 14 over Cameron Pass.</p> <p>Federal and state wildlife management has made possible a thriving outdoor tourism industry in North Park. The Colorado State Forest, now <strong>State Forest State Park</strong>, was established in 1938 on 70,980 acres southwest of Walden. Planned and developed as a multi-use forest, Colorado State Forest has accommodated ranchers, timber companies, and tourists since its founding. In 1967 the US Fish and Wildlife Service established Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge, which draws hundreds of hunters and anglers each year. Many come to hunt moose, which were rare in Colorado before <a href="/article/colorado-parks-and-wildlife"><strong>Colorado Parks and Wildlife</strong></a> (CPW) introduced a breeding herd of twenty-four male and female moose into North Park in 1978.</p> <h2>Extractive Industries</h2> <p>While ranching and tourism formed the backbone of the Jackson County economy, the twentieth century also saw the rise of extractive industries such as oil and timber.</p> <p>In 1925 the Continental Oil Company struck oil northeast of Walden, and in 1926 a well was completed on what became the North McCallum Oil Field. Soon this first well was only operating on a limited basis due to difficulties in handling its carbon dioxide output. Later, in 1935, gas wells were drilled into the same rock formation to the south, creating the South McCallum Field. Drilling in the North McCallum field resumed during World War II, when nine additional wells were completed by 1945. By 1960 the North McCallum Field was producing an annual $2.5 million in oil. Both fields currently host limited drilling operations today.</p> <p>The first timber sale in North Park occurred in 1906, after the creation of what is now the Routt National Forest. In 1936 the federal government sold 16,830 acres southeast of Walden to the Nebraska Bridge &amp; Lumber Supply Company, which organized the Michigan River Timber Company and built a sawmill on the Michigan River. The camp held German prisoners of war during World War II. Timber contracts continued to be awarded throughout the twentieth century; in 1950, for instance, the J. C. Johnson Timber Products Company received permission to log 1,433 acres of the Routt National Forest. Large-scale timber harvesting continued until the 1980s, when the Michigan River Timber Company shut down operations.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Today, as it has been in the past, Jackson County is one of the state’s top producers of hay and forage crops, with 51,885 acres. Its cumulative livestock herd includes more than 24,500 cattle, 859 horses, and 297 sheep. The North Park Stockgrowers Association remains active, hosting annual meetings and banquets and awarding academic and vocational scholarships to students at North Park High School. The association continues to advance and protect the interests of ranchers, especially in regards to federal land management policy.</p> <p>Jackson County also continues to draw many tourists and outdoor recreation enthusiasts. Fishing and hunting are two of the area’s most prominent activities. Ample spawning grounds for brown trout, such as the Delaney Buttes Lakes on the western end of North Park, make Jackson County one of the state’s hottest fishing destinations in the fall. The North Park Anglers, a large fishing outfitter business based in Walden, allows hunting and fishing on more than fifty square miles of land. For hunters, North Park features large herds of elk as well as more than 600 moose. The park is also the second-largest producer of waterfowl in Colorado and the second-largest migratory waterfowl area in the nation.</p> <p>After a long absence, a different species of hunter may soon be returning to Jackson County. In 2007 a gray wolf was spotted in North Park, the first sign of the predator in the area in sixty years. The wolf was a wandering member of the Yellowstone gray wolf population, reintroduced to the Wyoming park in 1995. It was the second sighting of a gray wolf in Colorado since the species’ reintroduction to Yellowstone. In 2015 another gray wolf was killed near <strong>Kremmling</strong>, just south of Jackson County. Faced with the possible return of wolves to Colorado’s high country, Colorado Parks and Wildlife adopted a wolf management plan in 2004. In the event of natural wolf reintroduction, places like North Park and other parts of the state with dense livestock populations would be primary stakeholders in the implementation of the CPW strategy.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jackson-county" hreflang="en">Jackson County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/north-park" hreflang="en">North Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/north-park-history" hreflang="en">north park history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jackson-county-history" hreflang="en">jackson county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/walden" hreflang="en">Walden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moose" hreflang="en">moose</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rabbit-ears-range" hreflang="en">rabbit ears range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/park-range" hreflang="en">park range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/medicine-bow-mountains" hreflang="en">medicine bow mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/northern-colorado" hreflang="en">northern colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jackson-county-courthouse" hreflang="en">jackson county courthouse</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/north-platte-river" hreflang="en">north platte river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/michigan-city" hreflang="en">michigan city</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/michigan-river" hreflang="en">michigan river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/teller-city" hreflang="en">teller city</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cameron-pass" hreflang="en">cameron pass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/highway-14" hreflang="en">highway 14</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=TWC19100421.2.28&amp;srpos=9&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22national+forest%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">Big Bounty Results in Killing of Nine Wolves</a>,” <em>Weekly Courier </em>(Fort Collins), April 21, 1910.</p> <p>Robert H. Brunswig, “<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286500233_Paleoindian_cultural_landscapes_and_archaeology_of_north-central_Colorado%27s_Southern_rockies">Paleoindian cultural landscapes and archaeology of north-central Colorado’s Southern rockies</a>,” in <em>Paleoindian Archaeology: From the Dent Site to the Rocky Mountains</em>, ed. Robert H. Brunswig and Bonnie L. Pitblado (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2007).</p> <p>Robert H. Brunswig, Sally McBeth, and Louise Elinoff, “<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263807782_Re-Enfranchising_Native_Peoples_in_the_Southern_Rocky_Mountains_Integrated_Contributions_of_Archaeological_and_Ethnographic_Studies_on_Federal_Lands">Re-Enfranchising Native Peoples in the Southern Rocky Mountains: Integrated Contributions of Archaeological and Ethnographic Studies on Federal Lands</a>,” in <em>Post-Colonial Perspectives in Archaeology: Proceedings of the 39th Annual Chacmool Archaeological Conference</em>, eds. Peter Bikoulis, Dominic Lacroix, and Meaghan Peuramaki-Brown (Calgary, Canada: 2009).</p> <p>Robert H. Brunswig, James P. Doerner, and David M. Diggs, “<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268109405_Eleven_Millennia_of_Human_Adaptation_in_Colorado's_High_Country_Modeling_Cultural_and_Climatic_Change_in_the_Southern_Rocky_Mountains_pp_273-286_Calgary_Canada">Eleven Millenia of Human Adaptation in Colorado’s High Country: Modeling Cultural and Climactic Change in the Southern Rocky Mountains</a>,” in <em>The Climates of Change—Proceedings of the 44th Annual Chacmool Conference</em> (Calgary, Canada: 2014).</p> <p>Bureau of Land Management, “<a href="https://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/co/programs/land_use_planning/rmp/kfo-gsfo/KRFODocuments.Par.2791.File.dat/KFO%20RFD%20with%20TC%20AND%20SIGNATURE%20PAGE%2001232012.pdf">Reasonably Foreseeable Development 2008-2027, Oil and Gas Activities in the Kremmling Field Office, Jackson, Larimer Grand, and Summit Counties Colorado</a>” (Kremmling, CO: BLM Kremmling Field Office, 2009).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=RCS19260604.2.12&amp;srpos=46&amp;e=--1920---1966--en-20--41-byDA-txt-txIN-%22north+park%22+%22tourists%27%22-------0-">Cameron Pass Road Takes Tourists to North Park</a>,” <em>Routt County Sentinel</em>, June 4, 1926.</p> <p>Thaddeus R. Carpin, “<a href="https://archives.datapages.com/data/rmag/NorthMid57/carpen.htm">North McCallum Field, Jackson County, Colorado</a>,” in <em>Guidebook to the Geology of the North and Middle Parks Basin, Colorado, 1957 </em>(Denver: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, 1957).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19260623.2.60">Cattle and sheep both raised in North Park</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, June 23, 1926.</p> <p>Center for Biological Diversity, “<a href="https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2015/gray-wolf-investigation-05-18-2015.html">Feds Investigating Whether Animal Killed in Colorado Was Endangered Gray Wolf</a>,” May 18, 2015.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=CLM18790215.2.2&amp;srpos=4&amp;e=--1879-----en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">Colorado News</a>,” <em>Colorado Miner</em>, February 15, 1879.</p> <p>Colorado Parks &amp; Wildlife, “<a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/WildlifeSpecies/Mammals/MooseReintroductionFactSheet.pdf">Moose Reintroduction</a>,” November 2013.</p> <p>Colorado State Forest Service, “<a href="https://csfs.colostate.edu/districts/colorado-state-forest/csf-history/">History of the Colorado State Forest</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Colorado Wolf Management Working Group, “<a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/WildlifeSpecies/SpeciesOfConcern/Wolf/recomendations.pdf">Findings and Recommendations for Managing Wolves that Migrate into Colorado</a>,” Colorado Parks &amp; Wildlife, December 28, 2004.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=DRC18700610.2.84&amp;srpos=36&amp;e=-------en-20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">Daily Register</a>,” <em>Daily Register Call</em>, June 10, 1870.</p> <p>Charles W. Henderson, <em>Mining in Colorado: A History of Discovery, Development and Production</em>, US Geological Survey (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1926).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=DMJ18650824.2.59&amp;srpos=7&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">Hostile Indians in the Parks</a>,” <em>Daily Mining Journal</em>, August 24, 1865.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=RMD18650831.2.1&amp;srpos=8&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">Indian Depredations</a>,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, August 31, 1865.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19501012.2.10&amp;srpos=10&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22national+forest%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">Jimmy Johnson Wins Timber Bid</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, October 12, 1950.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19341214.2.140&amp;srpos=46&amp;e=--1930---1966--en-20--41-byDA-txt-txIN-%22timber%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">Local News</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, December 14, 1934.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19360522.2.97&amp;srpos=158&amp;e=--1920---1966--en-20--141-byDA-txt-txIN-%22timber%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">Millions Of Feet Of Timber Sold In The Routt Forest</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, May 22, 1936.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19451213.2.39&amp;srpos=7&amp;e=--1930---1966--en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22michigan+river+timber+company%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">News of our Neighbors</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, December 13, 1945.</p> <p>North Park Anglers, “<a href="https://northparkanglers.com/about/who-we-are/">The North Platte Fly Fishing Shop is Not to Be Missed</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.visitnorthparkco.com/area-culture/north-park-jackson-county-timelinehistory">North Park – Jackson County Timeline/History</a>,” North Park, Jackson County, CO, n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19450621.2.47&amp;srpos=5&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22national+forest%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">North Park Group Protests Grazing Permit Reductions</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, June 21, 1945.</p> <p>North Park Pioneer Museum, “<a href="http://www.northparkpioneermuseum.com/">The History of Jackson County</a>,” n.d.</p> <p><a href="https://npstockgrowers.wixsite.com/npstockgrowers">North Park Stockgrowers’ Association</a>, updated 2016.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=FCC18800115.2.58&amp;srpos=4&amp;e=--1880---1890--en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22+-------0-">North Park Toll Road</a>,” <em>Fort Collins Courier</em>, January 15, 1880.</p> <p>Northwest Colorado Cultural Heritage, “<a href="http://www.newcastlecolorado.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Northwest-Colorado-Cultural-Heritage-Tourism-Sign-Project1.pdf">Community Gateway Interpretive Sign Project, Northwest Colorado Cultural Heritage Tourism Program</a>,” July 2014.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=TWC19100106.2.44&amp;srpos=7&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22national+forest%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">Opposed to Sheep Grazing on Open Range of the Park</a>,” <em>Weekly Courier </em>(Fort Collins), January 6, 1910.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=DRC18700708.2.6&amp;srpos=40&amp;e=-------en-20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">Startling Indian Massacre in North Park!</a>” <em>Daily Register Call</em>, July 8, 1870.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=RMD18700710.2.157&amp;srpos=45&amp;e=-------en-20--41-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">The Last Tragedy: Particulars of the North Park Affair—The Cheyennes do the Murder</a>,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, July 10, 1870.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=CTR18790625.2.18&amp;srpos=14&amp;e=--1879-----en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">The North Park Mines</a>,” <em>Colorado Transcript</em>, June 25, 1879.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=CTR18690915.2.1&amp;srpos=25&amp;e=-------en-20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">The Utes in North Park</a>,” <em>Colorado Transcript</em>, September 15, 1869.</p> <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Jackson County Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p> <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/getVolumeTwoPart.do?volnum=6&amp;year=1910&amp;part_id=1094&amp;number=1&amp;title=Reports%20by%20States:%20Alabama%20-%20Montana">Reports by States: Alabama – Montana</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol 6., Part 1 (1910).</p> <p>US Fish &amp; Wildlife Service, “<a href="https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Arapaho/about.html">About the Refuge</a>,” Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge, updated April 23, 2013.</p> <p>US Forest Service, “<a href="https://foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/2/routt/sec1.htm">In Ways of Greatest Service</a>,” updated November 19, 2010.</p> <p>US Forest Service, “<a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gjAwhwtDDw9_AI8zPyhQoY6BdkOyoCAGixyPg!/?navtype=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&amp;amp;cid=stelprdb5143512&amp;amp;navid=150140000000000&amp;amp;pnavid=150000000000000&amp;amp;ss=110206&amp;amp;position=Not%20Yet%20Determined.Html&amp;amp;ttype=detail&amp;amp;pname=Medicine%20Bow%20-%20Routt%20National%20Forests-%20History%20">Forest Service History: Medicine Bow National Forest</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> <p>Scott Willoughby, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/10/07/north-park-in-colorado-ideal-for-best-fishing-hunting-this-week/">North Park in Colorado ideal for best fishing, hunting this week</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, October 7, 2014.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=TWC19030107.2.50&amp;srpos=163&amp;e=--1900---1966--en-20--161-byDA-txt-txIN-%22north+park%22+%22coal%22-------0-">Wonderful Resources of North Park</a>,” <em>Weekly Courier </em>(Fort Collins), January 7, 1903.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Alice Riley Donelson, “The North Park Stockgrowers, 1899–1970” (Steamboat Springs, CO: <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, 1973).</p> <p>Hazel Gresham, <em>North Park </em>(Walden CO: Self-published, 1975).</p> <p><a href="https://jacksoncountycogov.com/">Jackson County</a></p> <p>“<a href="http://nwcoloradoheritagetravel.org/walden-north-park-colorado/">Walden &amp; North Park, Colorado</a>,” Northwest Colorado Cultural Heritage.</p> <p>Paul Willard Richard, <em>Colorado’s North Park: History, Wildlife, and Ranching </em>(Walden, CO: Walden Press, 2009).</p> <p><a href="https://www.visitnorthparkco.com/">Visit North Park</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Nov 2016 20:35:08 +0000 yongli 2043 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Sage grouse http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sage-grouse <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Sage grouse</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-17T11:07:14-06:00" title="Tuesday, May 17, 2016 - 11:07" class="datetime">Tue, 05/17/2016 - 11:07</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sage-grouse" data-a2a-title="Sage grouse"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsage-grouse&amp;title=Sage%20grouse"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Sage grouse are a group of chicken-sized birds with a unique breeding behavior and dependence on sagebrush shrubs (genus <em>Artemisia</em>) for food and shelter throughout their life cycle. In the last century, human population expansion throughout western North America has reduced the amount of sagebrush and degraded and fragmented the remaining areas. Vanishing sagebrush has resulted in sage grouse (genus <em>Centrocercus</em>) population declines and elevated conservation concern. Western Colorado is home to both species of sage grouse: greater sage grouse (<em>Centrocercus urophasianus</em>) and Gunnison sage grouse (<em>Centrocercus</em><em> minimus</em>). Populations in the state, and throughout their range, have declined sufficiently to warrant consideration for federal protection for both species under the Endangered Species Act.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Description</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The scientific name (genus) of sage grouse is <em>Centrocercus</em>. Both members of the genus have dark brown wings and bodies. Females of both species have dark gray, brown, and white feathers covering the body and head. In addition to being larger in body size, male sage grouse are “showier” with plumage (feather) markings females do not possess. Males have long, brown tail feathers with coarse black bars and scale like white feathers covering the breast and greenish-yellow air sacs on their chests used in mating displays. Male Gunnison sage grouse weigh approximately just under five pounds (females weigh approximately two and a half pounds), while male greater sage grouse weigh between five and seven pounds (females weigh between three and four pounds).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For many years, all sage grouse were thought to be of one species. Beginning in the 1970s scientists noticed differences in morphology, behavior, and genetics between sage grouse in southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah compared to the rest of the range. This led sage grouse in southern Colorado and southeastern Utah to be formally recognized as a separate species: Gunnison sage grouse. The larger-bodied sage grouse in the rest of the range were subsequently renamed greater sage grouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Historically, sage grouse occupied sagebrush rangelands in Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Arizona, and New Mexico in the United States and British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Alberta in Canada. In Colorado sage grouse occur only in the western portion of the state. The <strong><a href="/article/colorado-river">Colorado</a></strong>–<strong>Eagle River</strong> Valley seems to be the dividing line between the two species’ ranges, with greater sage grouse occupying sagebrush rangelands north of the river valley and Gunnison sage grouse to the south. Larger populations of greater sage grouse occur in <a href="/article/grand-county"><strong>Grand</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jackson-county"><strong>Jackson</strong></a>, and <strong><a href="/article/moffat-county">Moffat</a></strong> Counties. The largest population of Gunnison sage grouse occurs in <strong><a href="/article/gunnison-county">Gunnison County</a></strong>, with smaller populations in <strong>Saguache</strong>, <strong><a href="/article/delta-county">Delta</a></strong>, <a href="/article/montrose-county"><strong>Montrose</strong></a>, <a href="/article/mesa-county"><strong>Mesa</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dolores-county"><strong>Dolores</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/san-miguel-county"><strong>San Miguel</strong></a> Counties.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Breeding Behavior</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sage grouse have a lek mating system. A lek is typically formed in an area of short vegetation, surrounded by sagebrush, where males congregate during the spring to compete for breeding access to females by strutting. During the display, males fan their tail feathers while they inflate their air sacs, emitting a popping sound. The vocalizations produced by Gunnison sage grouse are structurally different and slower than that of greater sage grouse. Vocalizations are different enough that females from each species do not respond to the male vocalizations from the other. Sage grouse are typically elusive and difficult to observe, but lekking provides bird enthusiasts a seasonal opportunity to see both species in the wild. Colorado has designated viewing areas for greater sage grouse near the town of <strong>Walden</strong>, and for Gunnison sage grouse near the town of <strong>Gunnison</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Habitat Requirements</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although both species depend on sagebrush, their habitat needs vary throughout the year. In spring, sage grouse require areas of short vegetation for leks, but these areas must be surrounded by intact sagebrush rangelands. Sagebrush surrounding leks serves as cover for females to hide their nests from predators and as escape cover for displaying males when predators approach. For nesting, females generally select taller-than-average sagebrush shrubs with greater shrub canopies and grass cover for concealment. Females are the only parent to care for the brood of chicks. Sage grouse chicks rely on the surrounding area for food and are not directly fed by their parents. Early in the brooding period, hens and chicks are found in open shrub canopy areas that contain many different types of plants, including soft flowering plants or forbs, as well as abundant insects, which are eaten by chicks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the chicks grow and summer progresses, the hen moves the brood farther from the nest in search of food, usually into wetter, low-lying areas. In the fall, sage grouse seek lush forage upslope and on ridges. During the winter, sage grouse rely solely on sagebrush shrubs for food, eating the leaves. Sagebrush also provides shelter during harsh weather conditions; the birds may seek shelter by making <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a> burrows and caves. In the spring, sage grouse become more active and make their way back to lek sites. Over the course of a year, a sage grouse may move as far as sixty-two miles between seasonal areas, but not all sage grouse migrate. Regardless of movements, sage grouse usually return to the same general area each year to breed and nest.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Threats to Populations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Currently, greater sage grouse occupy approximately 56 percent of their former extent prior to European settlement, and Gunnison sage grouse occupy only 8 percent. There have been many contributing factors to observed population declines. The first was most likely the US westward expansion and settlement beginning in the 1800s. Conversion of land for agriculture, overgrazing by domestic livestock, an increase in nonnative plant species, and the development of towns all effectively reduced sage grouse habitat. Excessive hunting also had a significant role in decreasing some populations. While many of the threats are historical, current threats include oil and gas development, exurban sprawl, recreational activities, continued agricultural practices, and an increase in <strong>fire</strong> frequency. All of these threats reduce available sagebrush habitat either directly or by fragmenting and degrading habitats. For instance, sage grouse tend to avoid oil or gas wells and associated roads, which can make otherwise suitable habitat unsuitable. Invasive species, such as cheatgrass—in conjunction with climate change and drought—have led to an increase in fire frequency and intensity, which have reduced sagebrush habitat.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Populations of both species have declined enough to be considered for federal listing under the Endangered Species Act on multiple occasions. Federal protection for the greater sage grouse has been requested numerous times throughout its range, and in 2010 the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) found that classifying the greater sage grouse as endangered was “warranted but delayed” on account of higher conservation priorities. But in September 2015 the FWS deemed that federal protection was not warranted for greater sage grouse, due to extensive, collaborative efforts to protect sage grouse habitat. The effectiveness of these efforts will need to be evaluated in the future.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Gunnison sage grouse was removed from any federal protection in 2006, despite being recognized by the Audubon Society as one of the ten most-endangered bird species in North America. Protection of the Gunnison sage grouse was found warranted but delayed in 2010. The species was deemed endangered in 2013 but downgraded to threatened in 2014. As of fall 2015, the 2014 decision is being litigated. Greater sage grouse do not have a special status in Colorado, but Gunnison sage grouse is a species of special concern within the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Conservation and Management</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>There is a limited hunting season for greater sage grouse in Colorado, but Gunnison sage grouse cannot be legally harvested. Range-wide hunting is still allowed in eight of eleven states but banned in both Canadian provinces where the birds remain. Management agencies, such as <a href="/article/colorado-parks-and-wildlife"><strong>Colorado Parks and Wildlife</strong></a>, support maintaining and improving habitat through the alteration of grazing practices, restoration projects, and closing areas to hunting. Because much of the remaining sagebrush habitat is on private land, cooperation with private landowners is critical. In addition, federal funding aids habitat management and restoration projects on private lands through the enrollment of agricultural land for wildlife habitat or the establishment of conservation agreements to maintain or improve habitat for species under consideration for federal protection. Local working groups also help the Sage-grouse through voluntary changes in land-use regulations, area and road closures during sensitive seasons, public education, and other cooperation with federal and state agencies.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to conserving and improving habitat, local agencies and working groups monitor greater and Gunnison sage grouse during the breeding season. Lekking behavior in the spring provides a convenient opportunity to count males in order to track population size and yearly trends.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Without conservation, sage grouse may not be part of our future. Historically, sage grouse were an abundant resource for hunting and sustenance and may be able to return to the level of a stable resource with appropriate safeguards and actions. However, this could likely only occur in a few locations that feature vast expanses of undisturbed sagebrush habitat, which are increasingly difficult to find. From a recreational standpoint, viewing the early-morning breeding displays draws many bird watchers and nature enthusiasts. From a management and conservation standpoint, sage grouse are excellent indicators of sagebrush ecosystem health. If sage grouse populations are declining, other sagebrush-associated species are also likely to be declining.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/zimmerman-shawna-j" hreflang="und">Zimmerman, Shawna J. </a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/timmer-jennifer-m" hreflang="und">Timmer, Jennifer M. </a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/aldridge-cameron-l" hreflang="und">Aldridge, Cameron L. </a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/oyler-mccance-sara-j" hreflang="und">Oyler-McCance, Sara J. </a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/braun-clait-e" hreflang="und">Braun, Clait E. </a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/young-jessica-r" hreflang="und">Young, Jessica R. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sage-grouse" hreflang="en">sage grouse</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/endangered-species" hreflang="en">endangered species</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/threatened-species" hreflang="en">threatened species</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fish-and-wildlife" hreflang="en">fish and wildlife</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Cameron L. Aldridge, and M. S. Boyce, “Linking Occurrence and Fitness to Persistence: Habitat-Based Approach for Endangered Greater Sage-Grouse,” <em>Ecological Applications</em> 17 (2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Clait E. Braun, “Distribution and Status of Sage Grouse in Colorado,” <em>Prairie Naturalist</em> 27 (1995).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Clait E. Braun, Sara J. Oyler-McCance, J. A. Nehring, M. L. Commons, Jessica R. Young, and K. M. Potter, “The Historical Distribution of Gunnison Sage-Grouse in Colorado,” <em>Wilson Journal of Ornithology </em>126 (2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>J. W. Connelly and Clait E. Braun, “Long-Term Changes in Sage Grouse <em>Centrocercus</em></p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Urophasianus</em> Populations in Western North America,” <em>Wildlife Biology</em> 3 (1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>J. W. Connelly, M. A. Schroeder, A. R. Sands, and Clait E. Braun, “Guidelines for</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Management of Sage Grouse Populations and habitat,” <em>Wildlife Society Bulletin</em> 28  (2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>J. A. Crawford, R. A. Olson, N. E. West, J. C. Mosley, M. A. Schroeder, T. D. Witson, R. F. Miller, M. A. Gregg, and C. S. Boyd, “Ecology and Management of Sage Grouse and Sage-Grouse habitat,” Journal of Range Management 57  (2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>S. T. Knick and J. W. Connelly, <em>Greater Sage-Grouse: Ecology and Conservation of a Landscape Species and Its Habitats</em>, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>R. L. Patterson, <em>The Sage Grouse in Wyoming</em> (Denver: Sage Books, 1952).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>M. A. Schroeder, C. L. Aldridge, A. D. Apa, J. R. Bohne, Clait E. Braun, D. Bunnell, J. W. Connelly, P. Deibert, S. C. Gardner, M. A. Hilliard, S. M. McAdam, G. D. Kobriger,  C. W. McCarthy, J .J. McCarthy, D. L. Mitchell, E. V. Rickerson, and S. J. Stiver, “Distribution of Sage-Grouse in North America,” <em>Condor </em>106  (2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jessica R. Young, Clait E. Braun, S. J. Oyler-McCance, J. W. Hupp, and T. W. Quinn, “A New Species of Sage-grouse (Phasianidae: <em>Centrocercus</em>) From Southwestern Colorado,” <em>Wilson Bulletin</em> 112  (2000).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>All About Birds (Cornell University), “<a href="https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Gunnison_Sage-Grouse/id">Gunnison Sage-Grouse</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Birds of North America, <a href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/home">Sage-grouse account</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Parks and Wildlife, “<a href="http://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/Viewing/Watching-Grouse-Brochure.pdf%23search=sage-grouse%20viewing">Watching Grouse, Prairie Chickens &amp; Ptarmigan</a>,” June 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNpWNJhlzVI">Gunnison Sage-Grouse</a>,” YouTube video, 3:25, posted by LabofOrnithology on March 6, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZSttPGQM1E">The Male Display</a>,” YouTube video, 3:07, posted by LabofOrnithology on March 11, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Western State Colorado University, “<a href="https://western.edu/academics/undergraduate/biology/gunnison-sage-grouse">Gunnison Sage-grouse</a>.”</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Sage grouse are a group of chicken-sized birds. They have unique breeding behavior.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Western Colorado is home to both species of sage grouse. There is the greater sage grouse and the Gunnison sage grouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Description</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The scientific name of sage grouse is Centrocercus. Both birds have dark brown wings and bodies. Females of both species have dark gray, brown, and white feathers. Male sage grouse are larger and “showier.” Their feathers have markings females do not. Males have long, brown tail feathers with coarse black bars. Scale like white feathers cover the breast. They also have greenish-yellow air sacs on their chests used in mating displays. Male Gunnison sage grouse weigh about five pounds. Females weigh about two and a half pounds. Male greater sage grouse weigh between five and seven pounds. Female greater sage grouse weigh between three and four pounds.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For many years, all sage grouse were thought to be the same species. In the 1970s, scientists noticed differences. Scientists discovered the sage grouse in southern Colorado was a different species. Those birds were named the Gunnison sage grouse. The larger-bodied sage grouse in the rest of the range were renamed greater sage grouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sage grouse live in sagebrush rangelands across the Western United States. In Colorado, sage grouse live only in the western part of the state. The Colorado–Eagle River Valley seems to be the dividing line between the two species’ ranges. Greater sage grouse occupy sagebrush rangelands north of the river valley. Gunnison sage grouse live to the south. Larger populations of greater sage grouse occur in Grand, Jackson, and Moffat Counties. The largest population of Gunnison sage grouse occurs in Gunnison County.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Breeding Behavior</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sage grouse have a lek mating system. A lek is formed in an area of short vegetation surrounded by sagebrush. Males gather during the spring. They compete for females by strutting. During the display, males fan their tail feathers while they inflate their air sacs. The sacs emit a popping sound. The sounds produced by Gunnison sage grouse are different from the greater sage grouse. Females from each species do not respond to the male sounds from the other.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sage grouse are typically hard to find. However, lekking provides birders a chance to see both species in the wild. Colorado has viewing areas for greater sage grouse near the town of Walden.  The Gunnison sage grouse leks can be seen near the town of Gunnison.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Habitat Requirements</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Both birds’ habitat needs change throughout the year. In spring, sage grouse require areas of short vegetation for leks. These areas must be surrounded by sagebrush rangelands. The sagebrush surrounding leks helps females hide their nests from predators. They are the only parent to care for the brood of chicks. Sage grouse chicks rely on the surrounding area for food. They are not fed by their parents. The chicks eat insects.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the chicks grow, the hen moves the brood farther from the nest in search of food. During the winter, sage grouse rely solely on sagebrush shrubs for food. They eat the leaves. Sagebrush also provides shelter. The birds may make snow burrows and caves. In the spring, sage grouse become more active and make their way back to lek sites. Over the course of a year, a sage grouse may move as far as sixty-two miles between areas. Sage grouse usually return to the same general area each year to breed and nest.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Threats to Populations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Currently, greater sage grouse occupy about 56 percent of their habitat prior to European settlement. The Gunnison sage grouse occupies only 8 percent. Many factors have contributed to population decline. The first was most likely settlement beginning in the 1800s. Overgrazing by livestock and the development of towns also reduced sage grouse habitat. Excessive hunting decreased some populations. Current threats include oil and gas development and fires.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Both species have been considered for listing under the Endangered Species Act. In 2010, the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) found that classifying the greater sage grouse as endangered was “warranted but delayed”. But in September 2015, the FWS deemed that federal protection was not warranted due to efforts to protect habitat.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Gunnison sage grouse was removed from any federal protection in 2006. Protection of the Gunnison sage grouse was found warranted but delayed in 2010. The species was deemed endangered in 2013, but downgraded to threatened in 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Conservation and Management</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>There is a limited hunting season for greater sage grouse in Colorado. The Gunnison sage grouse cannot be legally harvested.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Parks and Wildlife supports improving habitat through restoration projects. Much of the remaining sagebrush habitat is on private land. This makes cooperation with private landowners important.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Local agencies track the greater and Gunnison sage grouse during breeding season. Lekking behavior in the spring provides a convenient time to count the birds.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Without conservation, sage grouse may not be part of our future. In the past, sage grouse were available for hunting. They may be able to return to that level one day. However, this would likely happen in a few places that have large areas of undisturbed sagebrush habitat. Such habitat is hard to find.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Sage grouse are a group of chicken-sized birds with a unique breeding behavior. They depend on sagebrush shrubs for food and shelter. In the last century, human expansion has reduced the amount of sagebrush. This has resulted in population decline.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Western Colorado is home to both species of sage grouse. There is the greater sage grouse and the Gunnison sage grouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Description</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The scientific name (genus) of sage grouse is Centrocercus. Both members of the genus have dark brown wings and bodies. Females of both species have dark gray, brown, and white feathers. Male sage grouse are larger and “showier.” Their plumage (feathers) has markings females do not. Males have long, brown tail feathers with coarse black bars and scale like white feathers covering the breast. They also have greenish-yellow air sacs on their chests used in mating displays. Male Gunnison sage grouse weigh about five pounds. Females weigh about two and a half pounds. Male greater sage grouse weigh between five and seven pounds. Female greater sage grouse weigh between three and four pounds.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For many years, all sage grouse were thought to be the same species. Beginning in the 1970s scientists noticed differences between sage grouse in southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah compared to the rest of the range. This led sage grouse in southern Colorado and southeastern Utah to be recognized as a separate species. They were named the Gunnison sage grouse. The larger-bodied sage grouse in the rest of the range were renamed greater sage grouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Historically, sage grouse occupied sagebrush rangelands across the Western United States. In Colorado, sage grouse live only in the western part of the state. The Colorado–Eagle River Valley seems to be the dividing line between the two species’ ranges. Greater sage grouse occupy sagebrush rangelands north of the river valley. Gunnison sage grouse live to the south. Larger populations of greater sage grouse occur in Grand, Jackson, and Moffat Counties. The largest population of Gunnison sage grouse occurs in Gunnison County. There are smaller populations in Saguache, Delta, Montrose, Mesa, Dolores, and San Miguel Counties.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Breeding Behavior</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sage grouse have a lek mating system. A lek is typically formed in an area of short vegetation, surrounded by sagebrush. Males congregate during the spring to compete for breeding access to females by strutting. During the display, males fan their tail feathers while they inflate their air sacs, emitting a popping sound. The vocalizations produced by Gunnison sage grouse are different from that of greater sage grouse. Females from each species do not respond to the male vocalizations from the other.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sage grouse are typically difficult to find. However, lekking provides birders a chance to see both species in the wild. Colorado has viewing areas for greater sage grouse near the town of Walden.  The Gunnison sage grouse leks can be seen near the town of Gunnison.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Habitat Requirements</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although both species depend on sagebrush, their habitat needs change throughout the year. In spring, sage grouse require areas of short vegetation for leks. However, these areas must be surrounded by intact sagebrush rangelands. Sagebrush surrounding leks serves as cover for females to hide their nests from predators. The plant is also escape cover for displaying males when predators approach. For nesting, females generally select taller-than-average sagebrush shrubs for concealment. Females are the only parent to care for the brood of chicks. Sage grouse chicks rely on the surrounding area for food. They are not directly fed by their parents. The chicks eat insects.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the chicks grow, the hen moves the brood farther from the nest in search of food. In the fall, sage grouse seek lush forage upslope and on ridges. During the winter, sage grouse rely solely on sagebrush shrubs for food. They eat the leaves. Sagebrush also provides shelter during harsh weather. The birds may make snow burrows and caves. In the spring, sage grouse become more active and make their way back to lek sites. Over the course of a year, a sage grouse may move as far as sixty-two miles between areas. Sage grouse usually return to the same general area each year to breed and nest.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Threats to Populations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Currently, greater sage grouse occupy about 56 percent of their habitat prior to European settlement. The Gunnison sage grouse occupies only 8 percent. There have been many contributing factors to population declines. The first was most likely settlement beginning in the 1800s. Overgrazing by domestic livestock and the development of towns reduced sage grouse habitat. Excessive hunting also had a decreased some populations. Current threats include oil and gas development and an increase in fire frequency. All of these threats reduce available sagebrush habitat. Sage grouse tend to avoid oil or gas wells, which can make otherwise suitable habitat unsuitable. Invasive species, such as cheatgrass—in conjunction with climate change and drought—have led to more fires. This has reduced sagebrush habitat.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Populations of both species have fallen enough to be considered for listing under the Endangered Species Act several times. In 2010, the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) found that classifying the greater sage grouse as endangered was “warranted but delayed”. But in September 2015, the FWS deemed that federal protection was not warranted due to efforts to protect habitat.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Gunnison sage grouse was removed from any federal protection in 2006. This was despite being recognized by the Audubon Society as one of the ten most-endangered bird species in North America. Protection of the Gunnison sage grouse was found warranted but delayed in 2010. The species was deemed endangered in 2013 but downgraded to threatened in 2014. Greater sage grouse do not have a special status in Colorado. However, the Gunnison sage grouse is a species of special concern within the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Conservation and Management</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>There is a limited hunting season for greater sage grouse in Colorado. The Gunnison sage grouse cannot be legally harvested. Range-wide hunting is still allowed in eight of eleven states.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Parks and Wildlife supports maintaining and improving habitat through restoration projects and closing areas to hunting. Because much of the remaining sagebrush habitat is on private land, cooperation with private landowners is critical. In addition, federal funding aids habitat management and restoration projects on private lands.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to conserving and improving habitat, local agencies monitor greater and Gunnison sage grouse during the breeding season. Lekking behavior in the spring provides a convenient time to count males in order to track population size.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Without conservation, sage grouse may not be part of our future. Historically, sage grouse were an abundant resource for hunting. They may be able to return to that level with appropriate safeguards and actions. However, this would likely happen in a few locations that have large areas of undisturbed sagebrush habitat. Such habitat is increasingly difficult to find.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Sage grouse are a group of chicken-sized birds with a unique breeding behavior. They depend on sagebrush shrubs (genus Artemisia) for food and shelter throughout their life cycle. In the last century, human population expansion throughout western North America has reduced the amount of sagebrush and degraded and fragmented the remaining areas. Vanishing sagebrush has resulted in sage grouse (genus Centrocercus) population declines and conservation concerns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Western Colorado is home to both species of sage grouse: greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and Gunnison sage grouse (Centrocercus minimus). Populations throughout their range have declined sufficiently to warrant consideration for federal protection for both species under the Endangered Species Act.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Description</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The scientific name (genus) of sage grouse is Centrocercus. Both members of the genus have dark brown wings and bodies. Females of both species have dark gray, brown, and white feathers covering the body and head. In addition to being larger in size, male sage grouse are “showier." They have plumage (feather) markings females do not possess. Males have long, brown tail feathers with coarse black bars. Scale like white feathers cover the breast and greenish-yellow air sacs on their chests are used in mating displays. Male Gunnison sage grouse weigh just under five pounds. Females weigh roughly two and a half pounds. Male greater sage grouse weigh between five and seven pounds. Females weigh between three and four pounds.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For many years, all sage grouse were thought to be of one species. Beginning in the 1970s, scientists noticed differences between sage grouse in southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah compared to the rest of the range. This led sage grouse in southern Colorado and southeastern Utah being recognized as a separate species: Gunnison sage grouse. The larger-bodied sage grouse in the rest of the range were renamed greater sage grouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Historically, sage grouse occupied sagebrush rangelands in Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Arizona, and New Mexico. In Colorado, sage grouse occur only in the western portion of the state. The Colorado–Eagle River Valley seems to be the dividing line between the two species’ ranges. Greater sage grouse occupy sagebrush rangelands north of the river valley. Gunnison sage grouse live to the south. Larger populations of greater sage grouse occur in Grand, Jackson, and Moffat Counties. The largest population of Gunnison sage grouse occurs in Gunnison County. There are smaller populations in Saguache, Delta, Montrose, Mesa, Dolores, and San Miguel Counties.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Breeding Behavior</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sage grouse have a lek mating system. A lek is typically formed in an area of short vegetation surrounded by sagebrush. Males congregate there during spring to compete for breeding access to females by strutting. During the display, males fan their tail feathers while they inflate their air sacs, emitting a popping sound. The vocalizations produced by Gunnison sage grouse are structurally different and slower than that of greater sage grouse. Vocalizations are different enough that females from each species do not respond to the male vocalizations from the other.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sage grouse are typically difficult to observe, but lekking provides bird enthusiasts am opportunity to see both species in the wild. Colorado has designated viewing areas for greater sage grouse near the town of Walden, and for Gunnison sage grouse near the town of Gunnison.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Habitat Requirements</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although both species depend on sagebrush, their habitat needs vary throughout the year. In spring, sage grouse require areas of short vegetation for leks. These areas must be surrounded by intact sagebrush rangelands. Sagebrush surrounding leks serves as cover for females to hide their nests from predators. Nesting females generally select taller-than-average sagebrush shrubs with greater shrub canopies and grass cover for concealment. Females are the only parent to care for the brood of chicks. Sage grouse chicks rely on the surrounding area for food. They are not directly fed by their parents. Early in the brooding period, hens and chicks are found in open shrub canopy areas that contain many different types of plants. These include soft flowering plants or forbs, as well as insects, which are eaten by chicks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the chicks grow, the hen moves the brood farther from the nest in search of food, usually into wetter, low-lying areas. In the fall, sage grouse seek lush forage upslope and on ridges. During the winter, sage grouse rely solely on sagebrush shrubs for food, eating the leaves. Sagebrush also provides shelter during harsh weather conditions. The birds may seek shelter by making snow burrows and caves. In the spring, sage grouse become more active and make their way back to lek sites. Over the course of a year, a sage grouse may move as far as sixty-two miles between seasonal areas. Regardless of movements, sage grouse usually return to the same general area each year to breed and nest.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Threats to Populations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Currently, greater sage grouse occupy about 56 percent of their former extent prior to European settlement. The Gunnison sage grouse occupies only 8 percent. There have been many contributing factors to observed population declines. The first was most likely the US westward expansion and settlement beginning in the 1800s. Conversion of land for agriculture, overgrazing by domestic livestock, an increase in nonnative plant species, and the development of towns all effectively reduced sage grouse habitat. Excessive hunting also had a significant role in decreasing some populations. While many of the threats are historical, current threats include oil and gas development, exurban sprawl, recreational activities, and an increase in fire frequency. All of these threats reduce available sagebrush habitat. For instance, sage grouse tend to avoid oil or gas wells and associated roads, which can make otherwise suitable habitat unsuitable. Invasive species, such as cheatgrass—in conjunction with climate change and drought—have led to an increase in fire frequency and intensity. This has reduced sagebrush habitat.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Populations of both species have declined enough to be considered for federal listing under the Endangered Species Act. Federal protection for the greater sage grouse has been requested numerous times throughout its range. In 2010, the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) found that classifying the greater sage grouse as endangered was “warranted but delayed” because there were higher conservation priorities. But in September 2015 the FWS deemed that federal protection was not warranted for greater sage grouse, due to extensive efforts to protect sage grouse habitat.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Gunnison sage grouse was removed from any federal protection in 2006, despite being recognized by the Audubon Society as one of the ten most-endangered bird species in North America. Protection of the Gunnison sage grouse was found warranted but delayed in 2010. The species was deemed endangered in 2013 but downgraded to threatened in 2014. Greater sage grouse do not have a special status in Colorado. Gunnison sage grouse is a species of special concern within the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Conservation and Management</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>There is a limited hunting season for greater sage grouse in Colorado, but Gunnison sage grouse cannot be legally harvested. Range-wide hunting is still allowed in eight of eleven states. Management agencies, such as Colorado Parks and Wildlife, support maintaining and improving habitat through the alteration of grazing practices, restoration projects, and closing areas to hunting. Because much of the remaining sagebrush habitat is on private land, cooperation with private landowners is critical. In addition, federal funding aids habitat management and restoration projects on private lands. Local working groups also help the Sage-grouse through voluntary changes in land-use regulations, area and road closures during sensitive seasons, and public education.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to conserving and improving habitat, local agencies and working groups monitor greater and Gunnison sage grouse during the breeding season. Lekking behavior in the spring provides a chance to count males. This helps track population size and yearly trends.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Without conservation, sage grouse may not be part of our future. Historically, sage grouse were an abundant resource for hunting. They may be able to return to the level of a stable resource with appropriate safeguards and actions. However, this could likely only occur in a few locations that feature vast expanses of undisturbed sagebrush habitat. These areas are increasingly difficult to find. From a management and conservation standpoint, sage grouse are excellent indicators of sagebrush ecosystem health. If sage grouse populations are falling, other sagebrush-associated species are also likely to be declining.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 17 May 2016 17:07:14 +0000 yongli 1397 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Jackson County Courthouse http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jackson-county-courthouse <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jackson County Courthouse</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--862--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--862.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mosman-store"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Jackson-County-2-X-13954_0.jpg?itok=OnyUf4is" width="1000" height="759" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mosman-store" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mosman Store</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Before the completion of the Jackson County Courthouse in 1913, county records were stored at the C. E. Mosman Store in Walden.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--864--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--864.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/jackson-county-courthouse-today"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/DSCN2559_jacksoncountycourthouse_600%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=VxJdbnt0" width="600" height="405" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/jackson-county-courthouse-today" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jackson County Courthouse Today</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Jackson County Courthouse is the most important building in the county and still serves most county functions.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-09T15:55:37-07:00" title="Monday, November 9, 2015 - 15:55" class="datetime">Mon, 11/09/2015 - 15:55</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jackson-county-courthouse" data-a2a-title="Jackson County Courthouse"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fjackson-county-courthouse&amp;title=Jackson%20County%20Courthouse"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1913, the three-story Jackson County Courthouse in <strong>Walden</strong> is the most important building in the county. Designed by the prominent early twentieth-century Denver architect <strong>William N. Bowman</strong> (1868–1944), the building continues to house most county functions today.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Incorporated in 1890, Walden is the only municipality in sparsely populated <strong>North Park</strong>, a high-elevation basin near the Wyoming border. When Walden was founded, North Park was still part of <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>. In 1909, however, North Park became its own county, initially known as North Park County but soon renamed <a href="/article/jackson-county"><strong>Jackson County</strong></a> to differentiate it from Park County. Walden became the county seat. The county courthouse was completed four years later, in 1913. In the few years before the courthouse opened, county records were kept at the Mosman Store.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Classical Revival courthouse was designed by William N. Bowman, who had opened his own practice in Denver in 1910, and it is a good example of his early work in Colorado. It features a facade of large buff-colored sandstone blocks quarried near Mendenhall Creek, about ten miles northeast of town. Four Ionic columns frame the main entrance. The building occupies a parklike setting at the intersection of Fourth and Lafever Streets, on land donated by Walden resident Archie Hunter. The construction cost was $28,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today the courthouse still performs most county functions. The basement serves as the sheriff’s office and county jail, including the original 1913 jail cells. County offices occupy the first floor, and the county court is located on the second and third floors. The building’s exterior remains largely unaltered. Much of the interior is also original, including the wood floors, wainscoting, plaster walls, ceilings, and doors.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/walden" hreflang="en">Walden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jackson-county" hreflang="en">Jackson County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/north-park" hreflang="en">North Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-bowman" hreflang="en">William Bowman</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Bruce Wilson, “Jackson County Courthouse,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form, ed. S. Doggett (March 11, 1997).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas J. Noel and Barbara S. Norgren, <em>Denver: The City Beautiful and Its Architects, 1893–1941</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365922974/">"Courthouses,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, December 29, 2016.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Jackson County Courthouse in <strong>Walden </strong>was built in 1913. It is the most important building in the county. It was designed by Denver architect <strong>William N. Bowman</strong> (1868–1944).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Walden was incorporated (organized) as a town in 1890. It was the only town in the lightly populated <strong>North Park</strong> near the Wyoming border. When Walden was founded, North Park was still part of Larimer County. In 1909 North Park became its own county and changed its name to <a href="/article/jackson-county"><strong>Jackson County</strong></a>. Walden became the county seat. The county courthouse was finished in 1913. County records were kept at the Mosman Store before the courthouse opened.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today the courthouse still does most county business. The basement serves as the sheriff’s office and county jail. It still has the original 1913 jail cells. County offices are on the first floor. The county court is located on the second and third floors. The building’s outside remains unchanged since it opened in 1913. Much of the inside is also original.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The three-story Jackson County Courthouse in <strong>Walden </strong>was built in 1913. It was designed by the prominent early twentieth-century Denver architect <strong>William N. Bowman</strong> (1868–1944).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Incorporated in 1890, Walden is the only official town in sparsely populated <strong>North Park</strong>, a high-elevation basin near the Wyoming border. When Walden was founded, North Park was still part of Larimer County. In 1909 North Park became its own county. Originally known as North Park County, it was soon renamed <a href="/article/jackson-county"><strong>Jackson County</strong></a>, and Walden became the county seat. The county courthouse was completed in 1913. In the few years before the courthouse opened, county records were kept at the Mosman Store.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Classical Revival courthouse was designed by William N. Bowman, who had opened his own practice in Denver in 1910. It is a good example of his early work in Colorado. It features a facade of large buff-colored sandstone blocks quarried near Mendenhall Creek, about ten miles northeast of town. The construction cost was $28,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today the courthouse still does most county business. The basement serves as the sheriff’s office and county jail, including the original 1913 jail cells. County offices occupy the first floor, and the county court is located on the second and third floors. The building’s exterior remains largely unchanged. Much of the interior is also original, including the wood floors, paneling, plaster walls, ceilings, and doors.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Built in 1913, the three-story Jackson County Courthouse in <strong>Walden</strong> is the most important building in the county. It was designed by the prominent early twentieth-century Denver architect <strong>William N. Bowman</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Incorporated in 1890, Walden is the only official town in sparsely populated <strong>North Park</strong>, a high-elevation basin near the Wyoming border. When Walden was founded, North Park was still part of Larimer County. In 1909 North Park became its own county, originally known as North Park County but soon renamed <a href="/article/jackson-county"><strong>Jackson County</strong></a>. Walden became the county seat. The county courthouse was completed in 1913. In the few years before the courthouse opened, county records were kept at the Mosman Store.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Classical Revival courthouse was designed by William N. Bowman, who had opened his own practice in Denver in 1910, and it is a good example of his early work in Colorado. It features a facade of large buff-colored sandstone blocks quarried near Mendenhall Creek, about ten miles northeast of town. Four Ionic columns frame the main entrance. The building occupies a parklike setting at the intersection of Fourth and Lafever Streets, on land donated by Walden resident Archie Hunter. The construction cost was $28,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today the courthouse still does most county business. The basement serves as the sheriff’s office and county jail, including the original 1913 jail cells. County offices occupy the first floor, and the county court is located on the second and third floors. The building’s exterior remains largely unaltered. Much of the interior is also original, including the wood floors, paneling, plaster walls, ceilings, and doors.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 09 Nov 2015 22:55:37 +0000 yongli 861 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org