%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Western Hotel http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-hotel <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Western Hotel</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2719--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2719.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/western-hotel"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Western%20Hotel%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=k_i7i_KL" width="614" height="1023" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/western-hotel" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Western Hotel</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Western Hotel in Glenwood Springs started in 1887 as a one-story brick restaurant and was expanded in phases over the next sixty years. It served as a saloon, grocery store, and soda shop before becoming a rooming house by the early 1920s.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-07-05T13:54:03-06:00" title="Wednesday, July 5, 2017 - 13:54" class="datetime">Wed, 07/05/2017 - 13:54</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-hotel" data-a2a-title="Western Hotel"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwestern-hotel&amp;title=Western%20Hotel"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Western Hotel at 716 Cooper Avenue in <strong>Glenwood Springs</strong> started in 1887 as a one-story brick restaurant building. In the early twentieth century, the building was expanded under the ownership of the Bosco family, which began renting rooms there by the early 1920s. Later owned and operated for decades by the Toniolli family, the Western Hotel is the last surviving early working-class hotel in Glenwood Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Glenwood Springs was established in the 1880s and quickly developed into a high-class resort area with the arrival of the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande </strong>and <strong>Colorado Midland</strong> Railroads (1887) and the opening of the <strong>Glenwood Hot Springs Pool</strong> (1888) and a cluster of large hotels such as the Hotel Glenwood (1886), Grand Hotel (1888), and <strong>Hotel Colorado</strong> (1893).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As Glenwood Springs developed in the late 1880s, Cooper Avenue served as the town’s main street because it ran by the railroad depot and had a bridge over the Grand River (now the <a href="/article/colorado-river">Colorado River</a>). The 700 block of Cooper Avenue, located just south of the river and the railroad depot, quickly filled with commercial buildings. Sometime in 1887, a one-story brick restaurant—the first phase of what became the Western Hotel—went up in the middle of the east side of the block. The owner and name of the restaurant are unknown. It closed by 1890, and the building remained vacant until at least 1898. Meanwhile, increasing traffic to the hot springs resort on the north side of the river led to the construction of a new bridge a block west on Grand Avenue, making it the town’s main street and relegating Cooper Avenue to secondary status.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Bosco Ownership</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime in the early 1900s, the one-story brick restaurant on Cooper Avenue passed into the hands of the Bosco family. Originally from Italy, the Boscos came to the United States in the 1880s and settled on land near Glenwood Springs. In the early 1900s, they moved to town and soon became major players in the local hospitality industry. By 1907 Edward Bosco was operating a saloon in the one-story brick building, and the Bosco family had built a two-story brick addition off the back, possibly for use as an owner apartment. Sometime over the next five years they also added a brick second story over the saloon. This section of the building may have been used as a rooming house or potentially a brothel; at the time, the blocks near the river had a reputation as a red-light district.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After <a href="/article/garfield-county">Garfield County</a> enacted <strong>prohibition</strong> in 1914, the saloons in Glenwood Springs closed and the red-light district were more strictly policed. By 1917 Edward Bosco had changed his former saloon on Cooper Avenue into a grocery store. By 1919 the building also had a soda shop.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Around the same time, the Boscos started renting furnished rooms on the building’s second floor. It is possible that they rented rooms as early as 1916. In 1920 one lodger was listed at the address, and around 1923 the building was known as the Bosco Rooms. By 1925 it was being called the Western Hotel. In contrast to large hotels like the Hotel Colorado, which catered to wealthy tourists, two-story hotels like the Western catered to working-class travelers and served as rooming houses for railroad and construction workers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Toniolli Ownership</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1939 the Bosco family, which also owned the nearby Hotel Denver, sold the Western Hotel to their friends John and Ida Toniolli. Like the Boscos, the Toniollis were Italian Americans. John had been born in Tyrol in 1900 and moved to the United States in 1921, while Ida had been born in the Boscos’ Star Hotel in Glenwood Springs in 1911 but soon moved back to Tyrol with her family and lived there until 1920, when the family returned to Garfield County. In 1932 John and Ida met in <strong>New Castle</strong> and soon married.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Toniolli worked as a miner, but Ida was concerned about the effects of mining on his health and convinced him to buy the Western Hotel for $5,000 when Marcus Bosco put it up for sale. Bosco helped ease the Toniollis into the hotel business by giving them tutorials on what to charge for short-term rentals and how to deal with long-term tenants.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Business at the Western Hotel thrived in the 1940s and 1950s. During World War II, the hotel hosted friends and family members of the veterans who were recovering at the US Naval Convalescent Hospital that had opened in the Hotel Colorado. Then, in 1953 construction workers who were building a new bridge over the Colorado River stayed at the Western Hotel.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The steady stream of business during these years allowed the Toniollis to expand and renovate the Western Hotel. In 1945 they built a two-story concrete addition covered with stucco on the back of the hotel. It had a garage on the first floor and a guest apartment with its own kitchen and bathroom on the second floor. In 1951 they remodeled the Cooper Avenue facade with tan brick and midcentury windows to give it a modern look.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Toniollis updated the building’s interior decor in the early 1950s, 1960s, and 1980s, but the configuration of the rooms remained largely the same throughout their ownership. Inside the front entrance, the northern part of the building was the lobby. The Toniollis had their own living space on the south side of the floor, and they also used three bedrooms off a hallway that ran toward the back of the building. A guest apartment with a kitchen occupied the far northeast (rear) corner of the floor. Upstairs, the building had a total of ten guest bedrooms and two shared bathrooms, plus the guest apartment that was added at the rear in 1945. There was also a basement under the original 1887 building; John Toniolli used the space to make wine for his family and the hotel’s guests.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to short-term visitors, the Western Hotel also hosted several long-term residents, including one tenant who lived there for thirty-three years and another who stayed for twenty-eight years. The Toniollis made friends with their long-term renters and with regulars who returned to the Western for yearly vacations in Glenwood Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After John Toniolli died in 1980, Ida Toniolli continued to own and operate the Western Hotel. She retired in 2012, at age 101, and closed the hotel. She kept living in the building for another year, but then she moved to nursing care and a hired caretaker, John Gonzalez, looked after the hotel.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ida Toniolli died in February 2016, at age 105, and in March 2016 the Western Hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Younger members of the Toniolli family hope to restore and reopen the hotel in the future.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-springs" hreflang="en">Glenwood Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-hotels" hreflang="en">historic hotels</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/italian-immigrants" hreflang="en">Italian immigrants</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Rosalind Toniolli Eberle and Scott Eberle, “Western Hotel,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (April 25, 2015; revised, September 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Stroud, <a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/local/western-hotel-nominated-for-national-historic-register/">“Western Hotel Nominated for National Historic Register,”</a> <em>Glenwood Springs Post Independent</em>, January 5, 2016.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Cynthia Hines and the Frontier Historical Society, <em>Early Glenwood Springs</em> (Charleston: Arcadia, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jim Nelson, <em>Glenwood Springs: The History of a Rocky Mountain Resort</em> (Ouray, CO: Western Reflections, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lena M. Urquhart, <em>Glenwood Springs: Spa in the Mountains</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1970).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 05 Jul 2017 19:54:03 +0000 yongli 2717 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado River Water Conservation District http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-river-water-conservation-district <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado River Water Conservation District</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-23T15:53:24-07:00" title="Monday, January 23, 2017 - 15:53" class="datetime">Mon, 01/23/2017 - 15:53</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-river-water-conservation-district" data-a2a-title="Colorado River Water Conservation District"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-river-water-conservation-district&amp;title=Colorado%20River%20Water%20Conservation%20District"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Colorado River Water Conservation District, generally known as “The River District,” is a public agency dedicated to protecting and developing Colorado’s share of the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins and Establishment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The River District’s origins lay in the depths of the Great Depression, with much of Colorado and the southern Rockies experiencing a serious drought. The drought hit hardest east of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a>, with both the <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a> and <a href="/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas</strong></a> River basins experiencing <a href="/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong></a> conditions in the early 1930s. President Franklin Roosevelt’s public works projects raised hopes that eastern Colorado would benefit from large <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> diversions from the watersheds on the <strong><a href="/article/western-slope">Western Slope</a> </strong>of the Rockies.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>There was, of course, opposition to this from Western Slope communities, who quickly organized the Western Colorado Protective Association, a forerunner to the River District. But politically astute leaders west of the divide, like longtime congressman <strong>Edward Taylor</strong>, knew there was ultimately no legal way to keep transmountain diversions from happening; their challenge was to make sure that such diversions reserved water for the Western Slope’s future development.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Even though it had a much smaller population, the Western Slope had considerable political strength in the ensuing negotiations, for two reasons. First, federal money was only available for projects that had statewide support, and second, after twenty-five years in office, Congressman Taylor had advanced to the chair of the House Appropriations Subcommittee that controlled Department of Interior funds.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite farsighted and patient leadership on both sides of the Continental Divide, it took three years of negotiation to develop the <a href="/article/colorado–big-thompson-project"><strong>Colorado–Big Thompson Project</strong></a> (C-BT). Presented to Congress in the spring of 1937 and passed that summer, the C-BT provided for a 310,000-acre-foot diversion from <strong>Grand Lake</strong> on the Western Slope through the <a href="/article/alva-b-adams-tunnel"><strong>Adams Tunnel</strong></a> to the South Platte Basin north of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. And for the Western Slope, the project included the <strong>Green Mountain</strong> Dam and its 150,000-acre-foot reservoir on the lower Blue River as compensatory storage. The dam and reservoir had to be completed before any water could be diverted to the Eastern Slope.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>That same spring, the Colorado General Assembly passed three bills to formally structure the negotiating processes for diversion projects: one created the Colorado Water Conservation Board to bring together parties to resolve other statewide water challenges, another created “water conservancy” taxing districts to work with the <a href="/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a> and assure repayment on water projects, and a third created the Colorado River Water Conservation District.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The assembly gave the River District a complex, potentially conflicting mission: it was to protect Colorado’s interstate interests in the Colorado River among the seven basins that share the river, and it was also to protect western Colorado’s interests within the state. Based in Glenwood Springs, the River District now serves all direct Colorado River tributaries in the state, with the exceptions of tributaries to the <strong>San Juan</strong> and <strong>Dolores</strong> Rivers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Role in Water Diversion Projects</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The River District began from the presumption that there would be other transmountain diversion proposals that could be dealt with in the same way as the C-BT, with compensatory Western Slope storage. The Colorado State Planning Association had in fact proposed two more big projects: one from the Blue River to the Denver area, and the other from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a> to the Arkansas River Basin. Rather than opposing these ideas, the River District leadership believed that collaboration across the divide was the only way for the thinly populated Western Slope to retain water for future growth.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Early efforts to work with the Bureau of Reclamation and Colorado Water Conservation Board in advancing those projects met with strong opposition. The Denver Water Board saw no legal, practical, or moral imperative to pay for Western Slope storage in exchange for water diverted to the city, and residents of the <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a> basin strenuously objected to any diversion and were uninterested in compensatory storage.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The idea of a transmountain diversion from the Gunnison basin was eventually dropped, due to a lack of unappropriated water in the Upper Gunnison tributaries. But the Denver Water Board went ahead with two major transmountain diversion projects: one from the Fraser River through the pilot bore of the <strong>Moffat Tunnel</strong> in the 1930s, and the other from the Blue River near <strong>Dillon </strong>through the Roberts Tunnel in the 1960s. Denver Water not only refused to compensate the Western Slope’s water loss, but it also tried for decades to co-opt the Green Mountain Reservoir, built as compensation for the Western Slope’s water loss through the C-BT.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Congressional authorization of the Colorado River Storage Project in 1956 brought federal money to the development of seven storage and power dams within the River District, but it also exacerbated the River District’s problems with the urban Eastern Slope, as it began a “filing war” on conditional water rights for any remaining unappropriated Western Slope water. This expensive courtroom struggle continued until the late 1980s, when cooler heads on both sides of the Divide began looking for collaborative projects such as the Wolford Mountain Reservoir near <strong>Kremmling</strong> that helped all parties statewide.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>From the late 1960s through the 1980s, the River District underwent a difficult “Old West to New West” transition, from its early decades serving mining, logging, farming and grazing, to a new era of environmental concerns such as the protection of endangered fish species and wilderness areas and the rapid development of a river-based recreational economy. Water quality became as important to protect as water quantity, and water came to be valued as much for in-stream needs as for out-of-stream diversion.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>A Cooperative Future</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The River District adapted, and the 1990s and early twenty-first century have been marked by a creative and cooperative approach in dealing constructively with former “enemies” across the Divide. Cooperative agreements with both Denver Water and the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District have enabled those entities to take additional water in above-average water years for existing diversions, in exchange for considerable financial assistance in addressing Western Slope quantity and quality problems. In most important respects, this fulfills the statewide cooperative vision that led to the creation of the River District in the 1930s.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/sibley-george" hreflang="und">Sibley, George</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-river" hreflang="en">colorado river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-river-history" hreflang="en">colorado river history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-river-management" hreflang="en">colorado river management</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-river-district" hreflang="en">colorado river district</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope" hreflang="en">Western Slope</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-big-thompson-project" hreflang="en">colorado-big thompson project</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/edward-t-taylor-0" hreflang="en">edward t taylor</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adams-tunnel" hreflang="en">adams tunnel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/green-mountain-dam" hreflang="en">green mountain dam</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-reclamation" hreflang="en">bureau of reclamation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gunnison-river" hreflang="en">gunnison river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moffat-tunnel" hreflang="en">Moffat Tunnel</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>George, Sibley, <em>Water Wranglers: The 75-Year History of the Colorado River District—A Story about the Embattled Colorado River and the Growth of the West </em>(Glenwood Springs: Colorado River District, 2012).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Bureau of Reclamation, “<a href="http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp">Colorado–Big Thompson Project</a>,” updated July 21, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bureau of Reclamation, “<a href="http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/index.html">Colorado River Storage Project</a>,” updated June 29, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.coloradoriverdistrict.org/">Colorado River District</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado River Water Conservation District Archives, Glenwood Springs, Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 23 Jan 2017 22:53:24 +0000 yongli 2204 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org De Beque House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/de-beque-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">De Beque House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2153--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2153.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/de-beque-house"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Wallace%20de%20Beque%20Media%201.jpg?itok=l0XBa_SR" width="1024" height="671" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/de-beque-house" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">De Beque House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1889 Wallace de Beque built the de Beque House at the south end of the new town of DeBeque, which had been organized and named for him the previous year. One of de Beque's sons lived in the house until 1998, and it remains largely unchanged since de Beque's death in 1930.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-12-20T14:05:12-07:00" title="Tuesday, December 20, 2016 - 14:05" class="datetime">Tue, 12/20/2016 - 14:05</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/de-beque-house" data-a2a-title="De Beque House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fde-beque-house&amp;title=De%20Beque%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The De Beque House was built in 1889 at 233 Denver Street in the town of <strong>De Beque, </strong><a href="/article/mesa-county"><strong>Mesa County</strong></a><strong>. </strong>It was the home of <strong>Wallace A.E. de Beque</strong>, one of the town’s founders. The wood-frame house has remained mostly unchanged since de Beque’s death in 1930 and is the last surviving property that demonstrates his contributions to the community. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p> <p>Born in New Brunswick, Canada, in 1841, Wallace de Beque studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania before coming to Colorado in 1875 because of persistent asthma and lung issues. By the early 1880s he was one of the only doctors in the newly established city of <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>. His practice was not thriving—he was paid primarily in goods and services instead of cash—so he decided to start a ranch.</p> <p>In 1884 de Beque explored the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> (then known as the Grand River) with a few friends and claimed a thirty-acre parcel of land along the river about thirty miles northeast of Grand Junction. He called his new ranch Ravensbeque and operated it with his brother, Robert. De Beque and others also started the Grand River Toll Road Company, which constructed a toll road linking Grand Junction and <strong>Glenwood Springs</strong>. Completed in December 1885, the road facilitated increased settlement in the <strong>Grand Valley</strong>.</p> <p>In January 1888, settlers near Ravensbeque organized a town and named it after Wallace de Beque. The new town of De Beque was platted that year on a town site just east of Ravensbeque. Wallace de Beque and his family soon moved to town, leaving his brother in charge of the ranch. De Beque’s wife, Marie, became the town’s postmaster, while de Beque constructed a log building to serve as his doctor’s office and drug store. (That building was torn down in 1936.)</p> <p>In 1889 de Beque designed and oversaw the construction of a one-and-a-half-story wood-frame house at the south end of town. It may have been the first house in De Beque with running water. When his wife died in 1890, he was left to care for their son, Wallace de Beque Jr. Despite this, he threw himself into civic activities in the early 1890s, serving as postmaster and briefly as a newspaper editor in addition to his other roles as doctor, drug store owner, and rancher.</p> <p>In 1899 de Beque started a new job as a medical inspector in Mexico for New York Life Insurance. He lived in Mexico City for much of the next decade. His brother moved into the De Beque House, and his nephew ran the drug store. De Beque continued to visit the town frequently and moved back permanently after he retired from New York Life in 1911. When he returned, he brought a new wife, Marie Louise de Lavillette, with whom he had two sons, Armand (1912) and Roland (1915).</p> <p>De Beque’s growing family led him to enlarge his house twice over the next decade. In 1918 he expanded the house by twelve feet to the rear, allowing him to add a new kitchen and dining room. Four years later, he added another ten feet to the rear of the house. During these years he saw patients at home and also made some house calls.</p> <p>Wallace de Beque died in 1930, and Marie Louise de Lavillette de Beque died in 1944. Their son Armand lived in the De Beque House until his death in 1998. At that point the house passed out of the de Beque family. It has remained largely unchanged since Wallace de Beque’s death and continues to serve as a private residence.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/debeque" hreflang="en">DeBeque</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wallace-de-beque" hreflang="en">Wallace de Beque</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-valley" hreflang="en">grand valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-houses" hreflang="en">historic houses</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><em>Mesa County, Colorado: A 100 Year History (1883–1983)</em> (Grand Junction, CO: Museum of Western Colorado Press, 1986).</p> <p>Juanita Moston and Kristen Ashbeck, “de Beque House,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (February 1995).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 20 Dec 2016 21:05:12 +0000 yongli 2154 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Kewclaw Archaeological Site http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kewclaw-archaeological-site <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Kewclaw Archaeological Site</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-24T16:22:41-06:00" title="Wednesday, August 24, 2016 - 16:22" class="datetime">Wed, 08/24/2016 - 16:22</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kewclaw-archaeological-site" data-a2a-title="Kewclaw Archaeological Site"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fkewclaw-archaeological-site&amp;title=Kewclaw%20Archaeological%20Site"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located in <strong>Battlement Mesa</strong>, the Kewclaw Archaeological Site contains the best-preserved <a href="/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic period</strong></a> (5500 BCE–150 CE) structure in Colorado. Dating to at least 1095 BCE, the Kewclaw pithouse was built in a resource-rich area that would have allowed a nuclear family to use it as a base for hunting and gathering. The site was discovered during surveys performed prior to construction of the Battlement Mesa community.</p> <h2>Discovery</h2> <p>With a mild <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>climate</strong></a>, year-round water from the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a>, and abundant local plants and animals, the area around <strong>Parachute</strong> and Battlement Mesa has been a favored spot for human settlement for thousands of years. Prehistoric people passed through the area from at least 5500 BCE through about 1700 CE, and European farmers and ranchers moved into the region in the 1880s.</p> <p>As the <strong>Colony Oil Shale Project</strong> developed in the 1970s, the oil companies involved with the project began to plan a residential community across the Colorado River from Parachute to provide housing for employees. Located on a northwest-sloping terrace above the river, the community was named Battlement Mesa after the large, lava-capped mesas to the southeast.</p> <p>As part of the planning process for Battlement Mesa, various surveys were carried out at the site of the proposed development. A 1974 reconnaissance survey identified several prehistoric and historic sites that could be affected by the construction of the community. In 1981 a follow-up survey designed to determine which sites were eligible for the National Register of Historic Places quickly discovered additional sites, bringing the total to eighteen prehistoric and nineteen historic sites in the development area. Four of these prehistoric sites, including the Kewclaw Site, were excavated in 1981–82, as the construction of Battlement Mesa began.</p> <h2>Description and Significance</h2> <p>Located on a terrace above the Colorado River, the Kewclaw Site is an open campsite and pithouse that contains two dense concentrations of prehistoric artifacts. Initial findings at the site indicated that it could date back to the Late Archaic period, leading to a full excavation by archaeologists Carl Conner and Danni Langdon starting in November 1981.</p> <p>The most important discovery at the site was a circular depression about fifteen feet in diameter and up to two feet deep, which was the floor of an Archaic pithouse. Eight small holes around the perimeter could have held the wooden poles that supported the pithouse’s roof and walls. Near the middle of the floor lay another depression that could have been either a storage pit or a hole for a central support pole. The floor also contained a hearth that was radiocarbon dated to 1260–923 BCE. Other hearths and artifacts at the site indicated that there were subsequent occupations around 903–431 BCE and during the Protohistoric or Historic periods (since 1540 CE).</p> <p>The large amount of time and effort that went into building the pithouse implies that it would have been occupied year-round or at least reused seasonally. It probably housed a nuclear family who used it as a base for gathering nearby resources at a variety of elevations from the Colorado River up to the Battlements.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/battlement-mesa" hreflang="en">Battlement Mesa</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archaic-period" hreflang="en">archaic period</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pithouses" hreflang="en">pithouses</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/parachute" hreflang="en">Parachute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colony-oil-shale-project" hreflang="en">Colony Oil Shale Project</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/carl-conner" hreflang="en">Carl Conner</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/danni-langdon" hreflang="en">Danni Langdon</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl E. Conner and Danni L. Langdon, <em>Battlement Mesa Area Cultural Resources Study</em> (Grand Junction, CO: Grand River Institute, 1987).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Kevin Black, “Archaic Period Architectural Sites in Colorado,” National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form (1990).</p> <p>Kevin D. Black, “Archaic Continuity in the Colorado Rockies: The Mountain Tradition,” <em>Plains Anthropologist</em> 36, no.133 (1991).</p> <p>E. Steve Cassells, <em>The Archaeology of Colorado</em>, rev. ed. (Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1997).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 24 Aug 2016 22:22:41 +0000 yongli 1770 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Arthur Carhart http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arthur-carhart <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Arthur Carhart</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1818--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1818.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/arthur-carhart-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/US%20Forest%20Media%204_0.jpg?itok=08opmuBm" width="1090" height="612" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/arthur-carhart-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Arthur Carhart</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Arthur Carhart where he was most at home - in the Colorado wilderness.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-06T14:37:19-06:00" title="Friday, May 6, 2016 - 14:37" class="datetime">Fri, 05/06/2016 - 14:37</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arthur-carhart" data-a2a-title="Arthur Carhart"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Farthur-carhart&amp;title=Arthur%20Carhart"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Arthur Hawthorne Carhart (1892–1978) was a novelist, <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> (USFS) official, and landscape architect known for developing a commonsense, nonpartisan, and democratic approach to conservation and natural resource management. His legacy lives on today in the Arthur Carhart National Wilderness Training Center in Missoula, Montana. In Colorado, Carhart is remembered for his role in the preservation of <strong>Trappers Lake </strong>in <a href="/article/garfield-county"><strong>Garfield County</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Whether he was writing about water, wilderness, or grazing, Carhart’s voice was distinctive and contrarian, as if he were a twentieth-century Walt Whitman transplanted to the West. Carhart openly questioned the administrative practices of the Bureau of Biological Survey, the USFS, the National Park Service (NPS), and the <strong><a href="/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado">Bureau of Reclamation</a></strong>, with a particular emphasis on maintaining healthy watersheds.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life and Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Carhart was born in 1892 in Mapleton, Iowa, and graduated from Iowa State College in 1916 with a degree in landscape architecture. He joined the US Army in 1917, and as an officer in the Sanitary Corps he developed layouts for military bases that prevented the spread of disease and promoted the health of soldiers. In 1919 he married Vera Van Sickle, his high school sweetheart. On March 1 that year, the USFS hired Carhart as a “recreation engineer”—the agency’s term for its first-ever landscape architect.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In his youth, Carhart struck up an alliance with Aldo Leopold, then assistant district forester for District 3 (Region 3) in New Mexico. There, Leopold helped create the Gila Wilderness, the world’s first designated wilderness area. After meeting with Leopold, Carhart wrote a far-reaching memorandum about wilderness management. “There is a limit to the number of lands of shoreline on the lakes,” Carhart wrote. “There is a limit to the number of lakes in existence; there is a limit to the mountainous areas of the world, and . . . there are portions of natural scenic beauty which are God-made, and . . . which of a right should be the property of all people.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Trappers Lake</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Early in his USFS career, Carhart surveyed a road surrounding Trappers Lake in the <strong>White River National Forest</strong> in Garfield County (now the <strong>Flat Tops Wilderness)</strong>. The road was part of the USFS plan to allow the construction of private homes by the lake. But Carhart urged his supervisor to prohibit development by the lake and instead proposed zoning the area for wilderness recreation. His recommendation was accepted. By 1920, Trappers Lake was declared off-limits for development, marking the first time in USFS history that the idea of “wilderness preservation” came to fruition.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Forest to City</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Carhart resigned from the USFS in 1922 but continued to advise the agency until the 1960s. In 1923 he joined the <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver </strong></a>landscape architecture firm McCrary, Culley and Carhart, where he worked on thirty-six major landscape projects throughout the West until 1930. Carhart also served on the Denver Planning Commission, helping to guide the development of <strong><a href="/article/civic-center">Civic Center</a> Park</strong>, among other projects.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although he did plenty of work in urban and suburban areas, Carhart continued to advocate for the protection of wild places. In 1938, for instance, he led the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Program in Colorado, helping to coordinate wildlife restoration efforts across the state. In the 1950s he was one of the most prominent local critics of a plan to build a <a href="/article/echo-park-dam-controversy"><strong>dam at Echo Park</strong></a> in northwestern Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Writings</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Carhart began a freelance writing career while working for the USFS and continued to author books, articles, and short fiction for the rest of his life. His publication list includes articles on home gardening and landscaping for <em>Better Homes and Gardens</em> and <em>Sunset</em> magazines, as well as the 1929 novel <em>The Last Stand of the Pack</em>, a critique of wolf extermination.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carhart’s view of civilization as inseparable from nature is apparent in his writing. In his magazine articles, for instance, he recommended that homeowners use plants native to their region in order to create an authentic, healthy garden. In 1932 he published <em>Colorado</em>, a guide to the state for automobile tourists, and in 1950 he wrote <em>Water—or Your Life</em>, which reminded readers that human health is directly connected to the health of forests and watersheds.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carhart’s 1952 novel, <em>Son of the Forest</em>, best encapsulated the major concerns of his entire career. The novel presents a richly peopled landscape somewhere along Colorado’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>, where the fictional Shavano National Forest serves as the watershed for Denver. It is the job of the Forest Service to restore the watersheds of the Shavano to health. Writing for young people freed Carhart to write about Forest Service bureaucrats who lacked the courage to oppose the small clique of politically powerful, land-grabbing ranchers who used mob rule tactics to privatize public grazing lands. Beyond the portrayals, Carhart used his novel to imagine better ranchers. <em>Son of the Forest</em> matches the daughter of a rancher with the son of a forester. Overseeing this match is a less bureaucratic Forest Service that stands up to interest groups (including narrow wilderness groups) and genuinely serves the people of small, watershed-based political units, which Carhart thought offered a more democratic and authentically American alternative to the vast, centrally controlled national forests. Today, watershed-wide conservation efforts are underway throughout the West, just as Carhart prophesied.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Carhart died in 1978 at the age of eighty-six. In 2000 the environmental organization Audubon Society recognized Carhart as one of the world’s most important conservationists along with his mentor, Aldo Leopold, and former President Theodore Roosevelt.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carhart’s ideas and work have undoubtedly helped people across the United States and around the world better understand and respect their connection to nature. But from his groundbreaking work at Trappers Lake to his Denver-based firm and the setting for one of his most influential books, Colorado clearly occupied a prominent and special place in the life and mind of Arthur Carhart. Indeed, all who enjoy the many scenic wonders of the Centennial State today do so in large part because of his efforts.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Adapted from Tom Wolf, <em>Arthur Carhart: Wilderness Prophet</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2008).</strong></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arthur-carhart" hreflang="en">arthur carhart</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trappers-lake" hreflang="en">Trappers Lake</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-forest-service" hreflang="en">U.S. Forest Service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aldo-leopold" hreflang="en">Aldo Leopold</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><a href="https://carhart.wilderness.net/">Arthur Carhart National Wilderness Training Center</a>, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://wilderness.net/learn-about-wilderness/arthur-carhart.php">Arthur Carhart</a>,” Wilderness.net, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/Guides/Architects_carhart.pdf">Carhart, Arthur H.</a>,” Architects of Colorado Biographical Sketch, Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, History Colorado (Denver: History Colorado, 2007).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://wilderness.net/learn-about-wilderness/arthur-carhart.php">Arthur Carhart</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/Guides/Architects_carhart.pdf">Architects of Colorado</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2012/07/14/trappers-lake-a-relatively-unknown-colorado-jewel-reaps-benefits-of-a-2002-fire/">Trappers Lake</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 06 May 2016 20:37:19 +0000 yongli 1334 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Garfield County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/garfield-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Garfield County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1106--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1106.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/garfield-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Garfield_County_Google_Map_2_0.jpg?itok=Iyr3i5KV" width="1083" height="457" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/garfield-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Garfield County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Garfield County, established in 1883, covers 2,956 square miles of Colorado's Western Slope.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2477--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2477.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/garfield-county-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Garfield_County_0.png?itok=uFZ3ZDM6" width="1024" height="741" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/garfield-county-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Garfield County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Garfield County in western Colorado includes some of the state's most popular natural attractions, including Hanging Lake, Trappers Lake, the Flat Tops Wilderness, Rifle Falls, and Glenwood Canyon.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-12-28T16:01:02-07:00" title="Monday, December 28, 2015 - 16:01" class="datetime">Mon, 12/28/2015 - 16:01</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/garfield-county" data-a2a-title="Garfield County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgarfield-county&amp;title=Garfield%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Named for former president James Garfield, Garfield County is a mountainous county in western Colorado. Covering 2,956 square miles, it is bordered to the north by&nbsp;<a href="/article/rio-blanco-county"><strong>Rio Blanco County</strong></a>, to the east by&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/routt-county"><strong>Routt</strong></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eagle-county"><strong>Eagle</strong></a>&nbsp;Counties, to the south by&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pitkin-county"><strong>Pitkin</strong></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-county"><strong>Mesa</strong></a>&nbsp;Counties, and to the west by the state of Utah. Garfield County has a population of 57,298. The county seat is the mountain resort city of&nbsp;<strong>Glenwood Springs</strong>, located at the confluence of the&nbsp;<strong>Roaring Fork</strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado</strong></a>&nbsp;Rivers. With a population of 9,614, it is also the county’s largest city. Other major towns include&nbsp;<strong>Rifle</strong>&nbsp;(pop. 9,172),&nbsp;<strong>Carbondale</strong>&nbsp;(6,427), and&nbsp;<strong>New Castle</strong>&nbsp;(4,518).</p> <p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a>, completed in 1992, follows the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> through picturesque&nbsp;<strong>Glenwood Canyon</strong>, meeting state route 82 in Glenwood Springs. Route 82 enters the county from the southeast corner, following the Roaring Fork River out of&nbsp;Pitkin&nbsp;County. In addition to the hot springs at&nbsp;Glenwood Springs, Garfield County is known for its remote mountain scenery and its abundant energy resources.</p> <h2>Native Americans</h2> <p>From about the mid-sixteenth century until the late nineteenth, the Garfield County area was inhabited by a band of&nbsp;Utes&nbsp;called the&nbsp;Parianuche, or “Elk People.” The&nbsp;Utes&nbsp;hunted&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>,&nbsp;<a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>deer</strong></a>, and other mountain game. They also gathered a wide assortment of roots, including the versatile yucca, and wild berries. In the summer, they followed game such as elk and <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a> into the high mountain parks, and in the winter they tracked the game back down to lower elevations. The&nbsp;Parianuche&nbsp;also returned each winter to soak in the hot, mineral-rich pools near present-day Glenwood Springs, a practice&nbsp; believed to revive&nbsp;both body and spirit.</p> <h2>Arrival of Europeans and Anglo-Americans</h2> <p>In 1776&nbsp;the Spanish friars&nbsp;Silvestre&nbsp;Escalante and Francisco Dominguez were the first Europeans to enter the Garfield County area, searching for a route from Santa Fe to Monterey, California. It took nearly eighty years for the next group of&nbsp;nonnatives&nbsp;to show up; in 1857&nbsp;US Army captain John B. Marcy and his men sought a direct route from Fort Bridger, Wyoming to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>. In 1860&nbsp;a group of gold seekers led by&nbsp;<strong>Richard&nbsp;Sopris</strong>&nbsp;arrived in the Roaring Fork Valley and were apparently the first whites to soak in the hot springs.</p> <p>The&nbsp;<a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>&nbsp;of&nbsp;1858-59—the primary impetus for the organization of the&nbsp;<a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>&nbsp;in 1861—had whetted Anglo-American appetites for valuable minerals and sent them scouring the rest of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rockies</strong></a> in search of the next big strike. Aimed at clearing the&nbsp;Utes&nbsp;from mining areas in the&nbsp;<a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>, the&nbsp;<a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a>&nbsp;reserved&nbsp;the&nbsp;western third of the territory for the Utes and prevented white settlement there. But the treaty did not prevent white surveying teams, such as&nbsp;<strong>Ferdinand V.&nbsp;Hayden</strong>’s in 1874, from gathering information on mineral deposits and other natural features on Ute lands.</p> <h2>Ute Removal</h2> <p>By 1876&nbsp;geographic data from the&nbsp;<strong>Hayden Survey</strong>&nbsp;produced the first accurate maps of the Garfield County area, and a few years later ranchers and miners were staking claims in the Roaring Fork Valley and mountain parks throughout the western Rockies. The&nbsp;Utes, who had relied on the game and other resources in these places as part of their 500-year-old seasonal migration pattern, now found their winter havens occupied by whites. The&nbsp;Utes&nbsp;were pushed closer to a breaking point as their resources dwindled and supplies promised by the US government rarely arrived on time or at all.</p> <p>The breaking point finally arrived in the summer of 1879, when&nbsp;Utes&nbsp;at the&nbsp;<a href="/article/white-river-ute-indian-agency"><strong>White River Agency</strong></a>&nbsp;in present-day&nbsp;Rio Blanco&nbsp;County killed&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agent</strong></a>&nbsp;<a href="/article/nathaniel-meeker"><strong>Nathan C. Meeker</strong></a>&nbsp;and his staff after Meeker tried to force the&nbsp;Utes&nbsp;to give up their way of life and become Christian farmers.&nbsp;The <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker-incident">Meeker Incident</a></strong>&nbsp;terrified whites all over Colorado and prompted swift retaliation by the US government. By 1882 the US Army forced&nbsp;the remaining Parianuche&nbsp;onto a new reservation in eastern Utah. However,&nbsp;Utes&nbsp;continued to visit the Garfield County area until 1887, when a Ute was allegedly murdered near&nbsp;Rangely, sparking the conflict known as "<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorow"><strong>Colorow</strong></a>'s War."</p> <h2>Defiance</h2> <p>A few months before the Meeker Incident, James M. Landis, a hay-hauling entrepreneur from&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a>, built a log cabin near the confluence of the Roaring Fork and Colorado Rivers. Landis was the first permanent white settler in the valley, but he would not be alone for long. Later in 1879, a group of prospectors had come to investigate rumors of silver carbonate deposits high in the mountains. They built a small settlement,&nbsp;<strong>Dotsero</strong>, near the mouth of the Colorado River Canyon.</p> <p>Although they were camped outside the Ute reservation, the men took no chances, building a log fort named Fort Defiance. Two years later, Landis and several others filed for the creation of a 640-acre townsite called Defiance. Although no significant mineral deposits were discovered, the founders were nonetheless convinced that people would swarm to the new town once it was advertised in newspapers. Few came. But that did not mean Coloradans could not be lured to a site by empty claims of mineral riches, as the story of Carbonate, Garfield County’s first seat, would show.</p> <h2>Carbonate Hoax</h2> <p>High in the&nbsp;<strong>Flat Top Mountains</strong>, the same year Defiance was founded, a swindler named “Scar Face” Bill Case (possibly Casa) planted silver ore from&nbsp;Leadville&nbsp;in an abandoned mine shaft. Bill knew that even the slightest whisper about the next big silver strike could whip people into a frenzy, and he was about to bring thousands to the county on a fraudulent rush.</p> <p>After convincing his naive partners that he had struck a huge silver deposit at a place called Carbonate, Bill went back to&nbsp;Leadville&nbsp;and tricked silver baron&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/horace-tabor"><strong>Horace Tabor&nbsp;</strong></a>into buying his “claim” for $100,000. Tabor’s purchase of the barren mine set off a bonanza of fraudulent sales, with empty claims sold and then resold for many times their original price. Carbonate sat above the tree line, and deep <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a> made it inaccessible for most of the year. Nevertheless, thousands of prospectors arrived to turn the high ancient lakebed into a bustling town, complete with shops, saloons, and even a post office.</p> <p>When Garfield County was finally organized in 1883, the frigid, fraudulent boomtown of Carbonate was named the county seat. Scar Face Bill had already spent his money when Carbonate miners began realizing there was no silver to be found. Tabor had also grown skeptical and sent inspectors to the camp, but by the time the hoax was discovered Bill had already left for Ute lands to the west.</p> <p>Meanwhile, Isaac Cooper, a Civil War veteran from Glenwood, Iowa, combined assets with some of the original founders of Defiance and moved the struggling town about six miles to the west. Sometime in the early 1880s, Cooper’s wife convinced him to rename the town Glenwood Springs, after their Midwestern home. An exceptionally harsh winter in 1883–84 brought a merciful end to the three-year hoax at Carbonate. Its remaining inhabitants moved down to Glenwood Springs, which was designated the new county seat in November 1883.</p> <p>Garfield County acquired its current size when its northern half was taken to form Rio Blanco County in 1889.</p> <h2>Carbondale and Rifle</h2> <p>As mining claims were being staked near present-day<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/aspen"><strong>&nbsp;Aspen&nbsp;</strong></a>during the late 1870s and early 1880s, many white families began moving into the Roaring Fork Valley to farm and supply the miners farther south. Raising stock or growing potatoes, twenty of these families settled in southeastern Garfield County and formed the basis for the town of Carbondale—named after Carbondale, Pennsylvania—and incorporated in 1888. Shortly after the town incorporated, Richard&nbsp;Sopris&nbsp;prospected the surrounding land for precious metals but found nothing; he did manage to leave his mark on the community as the namesake of&nbsp;<strong>Mt.&nbsp;Sopris</strong>, Carbondale’s most prominent landmark.</p> <p>In 1887 the&nbsp;<strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande</strong>&nbsp;was the first of several railroad lines to pass through Carbondale, and the town hosted as many as 500 railroad workers in its early years. Carbondale has a prominent ranching history and is still known for raising quality stock today. Events such as the Carbondale Wild West Rodeo, held every Thursday between June and late August, reflect the town’s strong ranching heritage.</p> <p>The town of Rifle, located west of Glenwood Springs at the confluence of Rifle Creek and the Colorado River, was also founded in 1882. The town incorporated in 1905. It developed as a hub for farming and ranching, sustained by the arrival of the Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad in 1890.</p> <h2>Hot Springs and Tourism</h2> <p>Along with ranching, tourism developed as another supporting leg of the Garfield County economy by the late nineteenth century. Used by the&nbsp;Utes&nbsp;for centuries, the hot, mineral-rich pools for which Glenwood Springs was named attracted the attention of whites beginning in 1860. Walter Devereux, a well-connected mining engineer who worked with the wealthy&nbsp;<strong>Jero</strong><strong>me B. Wheeler</strong>&nbsp;in Aspen, secured most of the capital for Glenwood Springs’ development in the 1880s. He had the first bathhouse and vapor cave built around the&nbsp;Yampa Spring in 1886. Devereux also invested in the&nbsp;<strong>Colorado Midland Railroad</strong>, which he and many others hoped would make Glenwood Springs into a resort destination. In October 1887, the Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad beat the Colorado Midland to Glenwood Springs, but the Colorado Midland followed in December. The railroads offered discounted rates to and from the mining camps scattered around Glenwood Springs and also carried visitors to Devereux’s massive bathhouse on the hot springs, completed in 1890.</p> <p>The bathhouse was an expensive, luxuriant building of red sandstone designed by Austrian architect Theodore Von Rosenberg. It cost more than $100,000 and featured two parlors, a doctor’s office, and thirty bathing rooms for men and a dozen for women. Its floors were made of imported mosaic tiles. A casino, requiring all its patrons to be dressed to the nines, occupied the second story. When wealthy patrons complained about sharing the large pool with other people, Devereux had a separate facility built. The wooden pool house offered a soak in the springs for half the price at the stone bathhouse.</p> <p>After the spa facilities were complete, Devereux began construction on a huge hotel to accommodate spa guests. He modeled his&nbsp;<strong>Hotel Colorado</strong>&nbsp;after a sixteenth-century Italian mansion, and when completed in 1893 it was at the pinnacle of luxury in the state. In the ensuing decades the hotel and spa complex would draw thousands of the nation’s wealthiest health seekers to Glenwood Springs.</p> <p>In addition to ranching, agriculture, and tourism, Garfield County has a long history of extractive energy industries, beginning in the late nineteenth century and continuing through the present. Although all have undergone periods of boom and bust, the coal, oil, and natural gas industries have nonetheless provided jobs, infrastructure, and other crucial economic development for Garfield County.</p> <h2>Coal Mines</h2> <p>By the 1880s, it was clear that Garfield County’s ancient rock beds did not hold the silver that would make it as rich as some places nearby, such as Aspen. But the county did possess large deposits of coal, the fuel that kept the silver mines running at Aspen and elsewhere. As early as 1881, coal-mining camps sprang up in Coal Basin, Spring Gulch, and Marion. By 1896&nbsp;ten coal mines employed 457 workers&nbsp;across the county. The town of Carbondale soon became the coal-shipping hub of the Roaring Fork Valley. Immigrants from Sweden, Austria, Italy, and Greece worked in most of the Garfield County mines, and some mines, such as the South Canyon mine, employed black miners. The fact that most workers were minorities or foreigners and most mine owners and bosses were native-born whites was a source of tension from the start.</p> <p>In their daily forays into the dark mine shafts, coal miners braved a slew of dangers, including gas leaks, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/avalanche"><strong>avalanches</strong></a>, explosions, and collapses. Large mining companies like&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-fuel-iron"><strong>Colorado Fuel &amp; Iron</strong></a>&nbsp;(CF&amp;I) made workers buy their own tools and paid them by the tonnage, meaning they had more incentive to spend their time mining instead of making their workspaces safer. Wages were paltry compared to what men risked to earn them, and they were often not issued in cash but in scrips. These pieces of paper could be traded for food and supplies at company-owned stores, making workers even more dependent on the company to survive.</p> <p>But the fact that the state’s entire economy depended upon their work also gave coal miners a tremendous amount of leverage. The scant pay and daily dangers endured by miners fostered a kind of subterranean brotherhood, one that helped them organize strikes to demand safer mines and fairer pay. By the 1890s, many miners joined nationwide unions like the&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/united-mine-workers-america"><strong>United Mine Workers</strong></a>.</p> <p>In 1893 near New Castle, missed paydays and safety concerns led to a strike at the Vulcan Mine. It ended after CF&amp;I&nbsp;threatened to permanently close the mine, and workers were forced to return to work for even lower wages than before. The next year, the company used the same tactics to beat another New Castle strike, this one a five-month holdout at Consolidated Mine.</p> <p>The failure of strikes allowed unsafe mining operations to continue, leading to mine disasters. In 1897&nbsp;the Sunlight Mine exploded, killing a dozen workers. A 1901 explosion at the Spring Gulch Mine killed six. A raging fire destroyed the Consolidated Mine in 1899, although no one was hurt. Perhaps no other mine better encapsulated the vicious cycle of the mining industry than the Vulcan Mine. The mine often filled&nbsp;with flammable methane gas, and it exploded three times between 1896 and 1918, killing a total of eighty-five workers. After the second explosion, in which eight of the thirty-three killed were men who survived the first blast, the state coal mine inspector found the Rocky Mountain Fuel Company guilty of negligence. However, the&nbsp;office also found the company’s $75 offer to families of the victims to be sufficient, and imposed no harsher penalties.</p> <p>Coal mines in Garfield County continued to operate until the end of the twentieth century. During that time, workers won improvements in pay and safety, and major disasters became less frequent. But the hazardous nature of the industry meant that it could never fully escape tragedy:&nbsp;major explosions or fires, most of them deadly, occurred in 1965, 1981, and 1990.</p> <h2>Oil Shale Development</h2> <p>In response to the energy crisis of the early 1970s, energy companies and the federal government began development of large deposits of oil shale in western Garfield County. When heated, oil shale produces crude oil at a rate of about twenty-five barrels per ton. The industry surrounding this new fuel source caused Garfield County’s population, which had grown slowly but steadily for the past few decades, to increase from 14,281 in 1970 to 22,514 in 1980. To accommodate the influx of oil workers, Exxon built a company town north of Parachute called Battlement Mesa in 1975.</p> <p>But the boom was not to last—development of oil shale proved too costly to sustain, and by 1982 Exxon was the last company to pull out of the Garfield County shale project, taking with it a payroll of about $85 million. Two thousand people immediately left the area, and the county economy fell back on its traditional pillars of ranching, agriculture, and tourism.</p> <h2>Energy Industry</h2> <p>Today, Garfield County is home to a burgeoning, if controversial, natural gas industry. The county’s more than 8,000 natural gas wells provide energy to homes and businesses across the region and support the Garfield County economy, but they have also been shown to pose a threat to public health and the local environment.</p> <p>In 2000&nbsp;gas companies began using&nbsp;<strong>hydraulic fracturing&nbsp;</strong>or "fracking," a process that uses a highly pressurized mix of water and chemicals to crack subterranean rock and release deposits of natural gas, to tap Garfield County’s natural gas reserves. By 2007&nbsp;thousands of wells were drilled. On the heels of the oil shale pullout, many welcomed the jobs and money that the gas companies brought. But county commissioner Tresi Houpt and others were concerned about potential environmental and community impacts, and they funded a study to analyze the industry’s impact.</p> <p>In 2008 public health specialist Jim Rada&nbsp;analyzed air samples from homes just beyond the mandated 150-foot radius from drilling rigs. He found large amounts of chemicals, including xylenes, which can irritate eyes and lungs, and benzene, a known carcinogen. Analysis of data collected by Rada found that in addition to trucks and rigs belching out diesel fumes, gas wells and storage tanks leaked methane and benzene. Other tests showed that drilling operations emitted a mixture of smog-creating chemicals. It was one of the first studies that analyzed the public health effects of fracking, and a follow-up investigation by the Colorado School of Public Health confirmed that drilling produced increased risks of cancer, headaches, and lung problems in the local population. Despite this study, regulators from the industry and Environmental Protection Agency noted that emission levels met EPA standards.</p> <p>David Ludlam, executive director for the West Slope Colorado Oil and Gas Association, questioned the test data and said those who claimed that fracking produced health risks were jumping to conclusions. For a brief period after 2009, the industry blocked subsequent local studies and refused to work with the Colorado School of Public Health. But in 2010 and 2011, other national studies on fracking found that the process uses up to 750 different chemicals, and endocrinologist Susan Nagel began renewed studies on water contamination in Garfield County. The results of the first phase of Nagel’s research were released in March 2014, and suggested a link between drilling spills and higher concentrations of hormone-disrupting chemicals nearby. Both Nagel’s research and drilling are ongoing in Garfield County today.</p> <h2>South Canyon Fire</h2> <p>Like its extractive energy industries, Garfield County’s large tracts of open space have proven to be both a boon and a hazard for county residents. Tourists and residents alike enjoy breathtaking views of Glenwood Canyon and hikes to wondrous sites such as&nbsp;<strong>Hanging Lake</strong>, but the splendid scenery can also be deadly, as illustrated by the&nbsp;<strong>South Canyon Fire</strong>&nbsp;in July 1994.</p> <p>On July 2, in the middle of an especially dry summer, a lightning strike ignited a fire on Storm King Mountain.&nbsp;By July 6, fifty&nbsp;firefighters were battling the blaze, their jobs made difficult by dry and windy conditions.&nbsp;On the afternoon of the next day, the wind picked up and changed direction,&nbsp;blowing the fire into an inferno that claimed the lives of fourteen firefighters (thirty-six made it to safety). The South Canyon Fire changed the Bureau of Land Management’s (BLM)&nbsp;approach to firefighting, forcing it to more carefully consider orders to send in fire crews. After the fire, the BLM built a memorial trail on the mountain to honor the sacrifices of the “Storm King 14,” as the deceased firefighters were called. In 2014&nbsp;Glenwood Springs held a memorial service to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of their sacrifice.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/garfield-county" hreflang="en">Garfield County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/garfield-county-history" hreflang="en">garfield county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/storm-king" hreflang="en">storm king</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/storm-king-14" hreflang="en">storm king 14</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-springs" hreflang="en">Glenwood Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-canyon" hreflang="en">glenwood canyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rifle" hreflang="en">rifle</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Andrew Gulliford, “Garfield County, Colorado: The First Hundred Years 1883–1983,” Grand River Museum Alliance, 1983.</p> <p>Nelson Harvey, “<a href="https://www.aspendailynews.com/section/home/162415/">Study cites possible link between drilling, health</a>,” <em>Aspen Daily News, </em>May 26, 2014.</p> <p>Willa Kane, “<a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/in-1883-garfield-county-seat-moved-from-carbonate-to-glenwood/">In 1883, Garfield County seat moved from Carbonate to Glenwood</a>,” Frontier Diary, <em>Post Independent </em>(Glenwood Springs), February 5, 2013.</p> <p>Mt. Sopris Historical Society, “<a href="https://www.mtsoprishistoricalsociety.org/about/carbondale-story">Sheltered by Sopris: The Carbondale Story</a>.”</p> <p>Jim Nelson, <em>Glenwood Springs: The History of a Rocky Mountain Resort</em> (Ouray, CO: Western Reflections, 1999).</p> <p>Elizabeth Shogren, “‘<a href="https://www.npr.org/2012/05/15/149998263/close-encounters-with-gas-well-pollution">Close Encounters’ With Gas Well Pollution</a>,” <em>NPR</em>, May 15, 2012.</p> <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5186394.pdf">Storm King Mountain Memorial Trail</a>,” United States Bureau of Land Management.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas Andrews, <em>Killing for Coal: America’s Deadliest Labor War </em>(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://carbondalerodeo.com/join-us-rodeo/">Carbondale Rodeo</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.garfield-county.com/oil-gas/">Garfield County Oil &amp; Gas</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>John N. Maclean, <em>Fire on the Mountain: The True Story of the South Canyon Fire</em> (New York: HarperCollins, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“New Castle, Colorado: A Brief History of New Castle,” New Castle Chamber of Commerce.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 28 Dec 2015 23:01:02 +0000 yongli 1063 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Interstate 70 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Interstate 70</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1252--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1252.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/i-70-near-genesee-park"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/I-70_GeneseePark_0_0.jpg?itok=QSEnWazP" width="1090" height="600" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/i-70-near-genesee-park" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">I-70 near Genesee Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The construction of Interstate 70 across Colorado's Rocky Mountains was one of the greatest engineering feats in US history and was essential to the growth of tourism in the high country.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-19T16:17:29-07:00" title="Thursday, November 19, 2015 - 16:17" class="datetime">Thu, 11/19/2015 - 16:17</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70" data-a2a-title="Interstate 70"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Finterstate-70&amp;title=Interstate%2070"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Interstate Highway 70 spans 2,100 miles across the United States, crossing the entire state of Colorado. The eastern end of the highway lies west of Baltimore, Maryland. From there it bisects&nbsp;the country until it reaches Cove Fort in Central Utah, where it merges into Interstate 15. In Colorado, I-70 crosses the <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a>, runs through <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, and crosses the Rocky Mountains, providing&nbsp;a direct route to many popular <strong>ski resorts</strong> and hiking trails. Because of its mountainous route, building I-70 through Colorado posed unique, often expensive, challenges to engineers and builders.</p> <p>The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 authorized the construction of Interstate 70 east of Denver, the first interstate highway to begin construction under the act. However, the initial route from Baltimore to Denver was deemed insufficient, as planners desired a more efficient connection between Southern California and the Northeast. Thus, the act was expanded in 1956, following the lobbying efforts of highway officials and road builders. The bill, passed under the title of “National Interstate and Defense Highways Act,” allocated $25 billion for enlarging and improving the highway system. The construction programs created by the 1956 act included the completion of the section of I-70 west of Denver into Central Utah, a monumental undertaking.</p> <p>The construction of I-70 was mostly started and completed during the 1960s and 1970s, although the final connection through Glenwood Canyon was not finished until 1992. The 449.5 miles of highway were built in phases in an east-to-west direction. After building across the flat plains east of Denver, builders faced the challenge of the high Rocky Mountain peaks. Engineers designed a complex system of tunnels and bridges to traverse this difficult terrain. One particularly problematic area was the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a> west of Denver. Engineers and construction crews had to cope with the high altitude, seemingly impassable mountain slopes, and harsh weather conditions. The solution was to build two tunnels—the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eisenhower-tunnel"><strong>Eisenhower Tunnel</strong></a>, which opened in 1973, and the Johnson Tunnel, which opened in 1979—both underneath <strong>Loveland Pass</strong>. These tunnels were named after President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Colorado governor <strong>Edwin C. Johnson</strong>, both of whom advocated for expanding the highway system and supported the 1956 highway act. The construction of the Eisenhower Tunnel cost twice the initial budget and ran two years over schedule, while construction of the Johnson Tunnel required $145 million and a work force of 800.</p> <p>The final piece of I-70, the section passing through <strong>Glenwood Canyon</strong>, did not begin until 1981. The first project plan was approved in 1975, but environmentalists denounced the plan as ecologically damaging, and construction was delayed until 1981. To mitigate damage to the canyon, the 12.4-mile stretch of highway was designed to flow with the natural geography of the canyon, using an incredible array of forty bridges, many tunnels, bike paths, and cantilevered lanes to weave gently between the soaring cliffs. Completed in 1992, the freeway through Glenwood Canyon was widely heralded as an environmental and engineering success, although it took a whopping $490 million and eleven years to build.</p> <p>Today, I-70 serves as a popular route for traveling across the Great Plains and through the mountains in Colorado, making it an important contributor to state and local economies. As a major east-west artery, the freeway is vitally important for interstate trade but is equally essential for drivers heading to the mountains for a variety of leisure activities. Its value to intrastate commerce is also noteworthy, as it accommodates trucks serving towns on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> and allows tourist dollars to filter into smaller mountain towns. Due to its economic and recreational importance, I-70 has become susceptible to heavy traffic congestion, especially west of Denver. The <strong>Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT)</strong> has attempted to ease traffic by funding carpool programs to ski areas, purchasing additional snowplows, and widening problem areas, but citizens remain dissatisfied. The highway will continue to face traffic issues as development continues along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> and as more drivers use I-70. Given the highway’s importance, CDOT will likely continue to fund projects aimed at improving safety and limiting congestion. Despite congestion issues, I-70 will continue to serve as the main gateway to the Rockies within Colorado as well as a major commercial artery connecting the eastern and western United States.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/i-70-colorado" hreflang="en">I-70 in Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/interstate-70-colorado" hreflang="en">interstate 70 Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-i-70-colorado" hreflang="en">history of I-70 in Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/building-i-70-colorado" hreflang="en">building I-70 in Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eisenhower-johnson-tunnels" hreflang="en">Eisenhower Johnson Tunnels</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/construction-i-70" hreflang="en">construction of I-70</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/i-70-rocky-mountains" hreflang="en">I-70 Rocky Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/i-70-glenwood-canyon" hreflang="en">I-70 Glenwood Canyon</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Associated Cultural Resource&nbsp;Experts, <a href="https://www.codot.gov/programs/environmental/archaeology-and-history/highways-to-the-sky"><em>Highways to the Sky: A Context and&nbsp;History of Colorado’s Highway System</em></a>, Colorado Department of Transportation (Littleton, CO: Associated Cultural Resource&nbsp;Experts, 2002).</p> <p>Colorado Department of Transportation, “<a href="https://www.codot.gov/about/CDOTHistory/50th-anniversary/interstate-70/construction-timeline.html">Construction Timeline</a>.”</p> <p>Colorado Department of Transportation, “<a href="https://www.codot.gov/about/CDOTHistory/50th-anniversary/interstate-70/eisenhower-johnson-memorial-tunnels.html">Eisenhower-Johnson Memorial Tunnels</a>.”</p> <p>Colorado Department of Transportation, “<a href="https://www.codot.gov/about/CDOTHistory/50th-anniversary/interstate-70">The History of I-70 in Colorado</a>.”</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.aaroads.com/interstate-guide/i-070.html">Interstate 70</a>,” AARoads’ Interstate Guide, June 8, 2014.</p> <p>Pat Mack, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/news/story/state-taking-steps-ease-i-70-traffic-congestion-mountains">State Taking Steps to Ease I-70 Traffic Congestion in Mountains</a>,”&nbsp;Colorado Public Radio, November 26, 2014.</p> <p>Monte Whaley, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/09/28/i-70-mountain-corridor-winter-travel-issues-to-get-extra-attention/">I-70 Mountain Corridor Winter Travel Issues to Get Extra Attention</a>,” <em>Denver Post</em>, August 29, 2014.</p> <p>Richard F. Weingroff, “<a href="https://highways.dot.gov/public-roads/marchapril-2006/essential-national-interest">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956: Creating the Interstate System</a>,” <em>Public Roads</em>, Summer 1996.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://i70solutions.org/">I-70 Coalition</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.wunderground.com/intellicast">I-70 Highway Conditions</a>, Intellicast.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.i-70east.com/index.html">I-70 East</a>, Colorado Department of Transportation, October 6, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Philpott, <em>Vacationland: Tourism and Environment in the Colorado High Country </em>(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://goi70.com/real-time-road-info/">Real-time Road info at GoI70.com</a> (I-70 Mountain Corridor Coalition)</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365611815/">"Gateway to the High Country,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 26, 2015.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Interstate Highway 70 spans 2,100 miles across the nation, crossing the entire state of Colorado. I-70 goes from east to west. The highway begins west of Baltimore, Maryland. It then cuts across most of the country until it reaches Cove Fort in Central Utah. There it connects with Interstate 15. The section of I-70 that is west of Denver winds through the Rocky Mountains. It provides a direct route to many popular ski resorts and hiking trails. Building I-70 through Colorado was difficult and expensive because of the mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The construction of Interstate 70 east of Denver was started because of The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944. This was the first interstate highway to begin construction under the act. The first route from Baltimore to Denver was not good enough. Highway planners wanted a better route between Southern California and the Northeast. The Highway Act was expanded in 1956. It provided $25 billion for enlarging and improving the highway system. Some of this money went toward finishing the section of I-70 west of Denver into Central Utah. This was a huge job.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>I-70 was built during the 1960s and 1970s. The last part of the highway, through Glenwood Canyon, was not finished until 1992. After going across the flat plains east of Denver, the builders faced the hard job of building through the high Rocky Mountains. Engineers designed a complex system of tunnels and bridges to cross the Rockies. It was very difficult to build the highway across the <strong>Continental Divide</strong> west of Denver. Engineers and construction crews had to cope with the high altitude. They also had to build on steep mountain slopes and deal with harsh weather conditions. The solution was to build two tunnels underneath <strong>Loveland Pass</strong>. The <strong>Eisenhower Tunnel</strong> was opened in 1973 and the Johnson Tunnel opened in 1979. These tunnels were named after President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Colorado governor <strong>Edwin C. Johnson. </strong>Both men wanted to expand the highway system. The construction of the Eisenhower Tunnel cost twice as much as it was supposed to, and it took two years longer to build than they thought it would. Construction of the Johnson Tunnel required $145 million and required 800 workers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The final piece of I-70 was the section passing through Glenwood Canyon. It did not begin until 1981. Environmentalists did not like the first plan. They felt it would damage the canyon. To lessen the damage to the canyon, the 12.4-mile stretch of highway was designed to match the natural geography of the canyon. Engineers built forty bridges, as well as many tunnels, bike paths, and supported lanes between the soaring cliffs. The freeway through Glenwood Canyon was completed in 1992. It was declared to be an environmental and engineering success. However, it took a whopping $490 million and eleven years to build.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, I-70 serves as a popular route for traveling across the Great Plains and through the mountains in Colorado. It is important to the state and local economies. It is a major east-west highway needed for business between states. I-70 is equally important for drivers heading to the mountains for many leisure activities. It also allows money from tourists to filter into smaller mountain towns. I-70 often has heavy traffic, especially west of Denver. The <strong>Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT)</strong> has tried to lessen traffic by starting carpool programs to ski areas. They have also purchased additional snowplows and widened problem areas. Citizens remain unhappy. CDOT will likely continue to fund projects to improve safety and help with the traffic problems. Despite the traffic, I-70 will continue to be the main gateway to the Rockies within Colorado. It will also remain a major business route connecting the eastern and western United States.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Along its 2,100-mile span, the east-west Interstate Highway 70 cuts across most of the nation and the entire state of Colorado. The highway begins west of Baltimore, Maryland, and bisects most of the country until it reaches Cove Fort in Central Utah, where it merges into Interstate 15. The section of I-70 that is west of Denver winds through the Rocky Mountains. It provides a direct route to many popular ski resorts and hiking trails. Because of its mountainous route, constructing I-70 through Colorado posed unique, often expensive challenges to engineers and builders.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 authorized the construction of Interstate 70 east of Denver. This was the first interstate highway to begin construction under the act. However, the initial route from Baltimore to Denver was deemed insufficient. Highway planners wanted a more efficient route between Southern California and the Northeast. Thus, the act was expanded in 1956, due to the efforts of highway officials and road builders. The bill was passed under the title of “National Interstate and Defense Highways Act.” It allocated $25 billion for enlarging and improving the highway system, including funds for the completion of I-70 west of Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The construction of I-70 was mostly started and completed during the 1960s and 1970s. The final connection through Glenwood Canyon was not finished until 1992. The 449.5 miles of highway were built in phases in an east-to-west direction. After building across the flat plains east of Denver, builders faced the challenge of the high Rocky Mountain peaks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Engineers designed a complex system of tunnels and bridges to traverse this difficult terrain. One particularly problematic area was the <strong>Continental Divide</strong> west of Denver. Engineers and construction crews had to cope with the high altitude, steep mountain slopes, and harsh weather conditions. The solution was to build two tunnels. The <strong>Eisenhower Tunnel</strong> opened in 1973, and the Johnson Tunnel opened in 1979. Both tunnels were underneath <strong>Loveland Pass</strong>. These tunnels were named after President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Colorado governor <strong>Edwin C. Johnson</strong>, both of whom advocated for expanding the interstate highway system. The construction of the Eisenhower Tunnel cost twice the initial budget. It also ran two years over schedule. Construction of the Johnson Tunnel required $145 million and a work force of 800.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Work on the final piece of I-70, the section passing through Glenwood Canyon, did not begin until 1981. The first project plan was approved in 1975. Environmentalists denounced that plan as ecologically damaging, so construction was delayed until 1981. To lessen the damage to the canyon, the 12.4-mile stretch of highway was designed to flow with the natural geography of the canyon. They built an array of bridges, tunnels, bike paths, and cantilevered lanes between the soaring cliffs. The freeway through Glenwood Canyon was completed in 1992 and was declared an environmental and engineering success. However, it took a whopping $490 million and eleven years to build.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, I-70 serves as a popular route for traveling across the Great Plains and through the Colorado mountains. It is an important contributor to state and local economies. As a major east-west artery, the freeway is vitally important for interstate trade. I-70 is equally essential for drivers heading to the mountains for a variety of leisure activities. It also allows tourist dollars to filter into smaller mountain towns. Due to its economic and recreational importance, I-70 often has heavy traffic congestion, especially west of Denver. The <strong>Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT)</strong> has attempted to ease traffic by funding carpool programs to ski areas. They have also purchased additional snowplows and widened problem areas, but citizens remain dissatisfied. The highway will continue to face traffic issues as development increases along the Front Range. Given the highway’s importance, CDOT will likely continue to fund projects aimed at improving safety and limiting congestion. Despite its current traffic issues, I-70 will continue to serve as the main gateway to the Rockies within Colorado, as well as a major business route connecting the eastern and western United States.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Along its 2,100-mile span, Interstate Highway 70 cuts across most of the nation and the entire state of Colorado. The highway begins west of Baltimore, Maryland, and bisects most of the country until it reaches Cove Fort in Central Utah, where it merges into Interstate 15. The section of I-70 west of <strong>Denver</strong> winds through the Rocky Mountains, providing a direct route to many popular ski resorts and hiking trails. Because of its mountainous route, constructing I-70 through Colorado posed unique and expensive challenges to engineers and builders.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 authorized the construction of Interstate 70 east of Denver. This was the first interstate highway to begin construction under the act. However, the initial route from Baltimore to Denver was deemed insufficient. Highway planners desired a more efficient connection between Southern California and the Northeast, so the act was expanded in 1956. The bill was passed under the title of “National Interstate and Defense Highways Act.” It allocated $25 billion for enlarging and improving the highway system. The construction programs created by the 1956 act included the completion of the section of I-70 west of Denver into Central Utah. This was a monumental undertaking.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The construction of I-70 was mostly started and completed during the 1960s and 1970s, although the final connection through Glenwood Canyon was not finished until 1992. The 449.5 miles of highway were built in phases in an east-to-west direction. After building across the flat plains east of Denver, builders faced the challenge of the high Rocky Mountain peaks. Engineers designed a complex system of tunnels and bridges to traverse this difficult terrain. One problematic area was the <strong>Continental Divide</strong> west of Denver. Engineers and construction crews had to cope with the high altitude, steep mountain slopes, and harsh weather conditions. The solution was to build two tunnels, the <strong>Eisenhower Tunnel</strong>, which opened in 1973, and the Johnson Tunnel, which opened in 1979. Both tunnels were underneath <strong>Loveland Pass</strong>. They were named after President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Colorado governor <strong>Edwin C. Johnson</strong>, both of whom supported expanding the highway system. The construction of the Eisenhower Tunnel cost twice the initial budget and ran two years over schedule. Construction of the Johnson Tunnel required $145 million and a work force of 800.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The final piece of I-70, the section passing through Glenwood Canyon, did not begin until 1981. The first project plan was approved in 1975, but environmentalists denounced the plan as ecologically damaging, and construction was delayed until 1981. To mitigate the damage to the canyon, the 12.4-mile stretch of highway was designed to flow with the natural geography of the canyon. Engineers built an incredible array of bridges, tunnels, bike paths, and cantilevered lanes between the soaring cliffs. Completed in 1992, I-70 through Glenwood Canyon was widely heralded as an environmental and engineering success. However, it took a whopping $490 million and eleven years to build.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, I-70 serves as a popular route for traveling across the Great Plains and through the Colorado mountains, making it an important contributor to state and local economies. As a major east-west artery, the freeway is vitally important for interstate trade but is equally essential for drivers heading to the mountains for a variety of leisure activities. Its value to intrastate commerce is also noteworthy. It accommodates trucks serving towns on the Western Slope and allows tourist dollars to filter into smaller mountain towns. Due to its economic and recreational importance, I-70 is prone to heavy traffic congestion, especially west of Denver. The <strong>Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT)</strong> has attempted to ease traffic by funding carpool programs to ski areas. They have also purchased additional snowplows, and widened problem areas, but citizens remain dissatisfied. The highway will continue to face traffic issues as development increases along the Front Range. Given the highway’s importance, CDOT will likely continue to fund projects aimed at improving safety and limiting congestion. Despite congestion issues, I-70 will continue to serve as the main gateway to the Rockies within Colorado, and will remain a major commercial artery connecting the eastern and western United States.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 19 Nov 2015 23:17:29 +0000 yongli 957 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Glenwood Springs Hydroelectric Plant (Glenwood Center for the Arts) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/glenwood-springs-hydroelectric-plant-glenwood-center-arts <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Glenwood Springs Hydroelectric Plant (Glenwood Center for the Arts)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--647--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--647.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/glenwood-springs-hydroelectric-plant"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/800px-Glenwood_Springs_Hydroelectric_Plant_0.jpg?itok=oeV_iyCw" width="800" height="498" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/glenwood-springs-hydroelectric-plant" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Glenwood Springs Hydroelectric Plant</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The restored hydroelectric plant in Glenwood Springs now serves as the Glenwood Center for the Arts.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-09-11T16:01:43-06:00" title="Friday, September 11, 2015 - 16:01" class="datetime">Fri, 09/11/2015 - 16:01</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/glenwood-springs-hydroelectric-plant-glenwood-center-arts" data-a2a-title="Glenwood Springs Hydroelectric Plant (Glenwood Center for the Arts)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fglenwood-springs-hydroelectric-plant-glenwood-center-arts&amp;title=Glenwood%20Springs%20Hydroelectric%20Plant%20%28Glenwood%20Center%20for%20the%20Arts%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1888, the Glenwood Springs Hydroelectric Plant building is one of the earliest hydroelectric plants still standing in Colorado. The plant made <strong>Glenwood Springs</strong> one of the first cities in the United States to be lit by hydroelectric power, and the plant continued to supply some of the city’s electricity for more than sixty years. After seeing a variety of uses in the late twentieth century, the building was renovated and restored around 2000 and now serves as the home of the Glenwood Center for the Arts.</p> <h2>Lighting Glenwood Springs</h2> <p>The Glenwood Springs Hydroelectric Plant building on the north side of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> was actually the city’s second power plant. The first—a coal-fired, steam-driven plant located just to the west—was built in 1886 by the former <a href="/article/aspen"><strong>Aspen</strong></a> mining engineer <strong>Walter B. Devereux</strong>, who was starting to develop the Glenwood hot springs into a resort and pool. The following year, the city of Glenwood Springs, which had just incorporated in 1885, signed a twenty-year franchise with Devereux’s Glenwood Light and Water Company to provide electricity for the whole city. With this development, Glenwood Springs became one of the first cities in Colorado to make electricity available to all its residents.</p> <p>In 1888 Devereux and the Glenwood Light and Water Company replaced their two-year-old steam-driven plant with a new hydroelectric plant powered by water-driven dynamos. Designed by architect Theodore von Rosenberg, who was also responsible for the hot springs pool and bathhouse around the same time, the hydroelectric plant was meant to blend in with the nearby resort buildings. Though it was built of brick instead of the stone used for the resort, the plant resembles a late nineteenth-century house or railroad depot rather than an industrial building.</p> <p>While the plant was under construction, new wires strung throughout the city helped connect more houses and businesses to the expanding electric grid. The new hydroelectric plant began operations in November 1888. It supplied electricity to the whole city, making Glenwood Springs one of the first US cities to use hydroelectric power to light its streets and houses.</p> <p>When it first opened, the hydroelectric plant used four water-powered dynamos. It soon added a fifth. By the middle of the 1890s, those dynamos were powering 30 arc lamps on the city’s streets and about 1,750 incandescent bulbs in its houses and businesses. The continually growing demand for electricity caused the plant to expand its capacity, regularly adding or upgrading its dynamos and generators during its first twenty-five years in operation. By 1912 the plant used one 200-kilowatt generator, one 22-kilowatt generator, and one dynamo to supply the city’s power.</p> <h2>Approaching Capacity</h2> <p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>Water</strong></a> for the hydroelectric plant came from No Name Creek. As demand for electricity grew, the creek proved insufficient. Its low levels meant the plant could not always generate enough electricity from its water-powered dynamos and sometimes had to fall back on steam power, especially in fall and winter. A new tunnel to Grizzly Creek was built in 1904 to ensure that the plant had access to a strong supply of water throughout the year.</p> <p>In 1906, Glenwood Light and Water’s initial twenty-year franchise to supply the city’s power was near its end. Instead of renewing the franchise, the city offered to buy the company for $60,000 and turn it into a municipal utility. The company refused the city’s offer. The result was nearly a decade of expensive litigation that changed nothing. Glenwood Light and Water continued to supply the city’s power using its hydroelectric plant along the Colorado River.</p> <p>What did change over these years was the company’s ownership. Walter Devereux had moved to New York in the 1890s, leaving management of Glenwood Light and Power to his local partners, F.H.A. Lyle and Clifford C. Parks. By the early 1910s, the company was being managed by Elmer E. Lucas. In 1914 Lucas, along with Charles McCarthy and Charles E. Hughes, bought Glenwood Light and Power and the hot springs resort, making himself both owner and manager. Business at the resort was not booming in these years, and steady income from Glenwood Light and Power helped keep Lucas in the black.</p> <p>The hydroelectric plant continued struggling to meet the city’s growing electricity needs. The aging infrastructure for transporting water to the plant led to low pressure by the time the water reached the dynamos. By the 1920s the problem was particularly acute during the summer months, when a greater amount of water was diverted for agriculture and other uses. A new tunnel connecting the plant to No Name Creek in 1924 helped some, but not enough. The city and Glenwood Light and Water had to make up for the deficit during shortfalls by buying extra electricity from the Colorado Power Company’s much larger <strong>Shoshone Plant</strong>. That plant, located several miles east in Glenwood Canyon, was completed in 1909 and acquired by the Public Service Company in 1924.</p> <p>Glenwood Light and Water owner Elmer Lucas died in 1927. His widow, Katherine, maintained control of the company—and the hydroelectric plant—until her death in 1945.</p> <h2>After the Power Plant</h2> <p>Katherine Lucas placed a provision in her will allowing for the city to buy the hydroelectric plant, which it did for $225,000 in 1947. Glenwood Springs operated the plant as a municipal utility, but it remained unable to meet the city’s power needs. In 1961 the city decommissioned the hydroelectric plant and arranged to buy its power from the Shoshone Plant in Glenwood Canyon.</p> <p>The hydroelectric plant’s interior was altered significantly after it was decommissioned and the generators were removed. The building served the city as a shop facility and an ambulance garage. The plant’s 200-kilowatt generator was housed for a time at the Electric Museum at Rocky Reach Powerhouse in Wenatchee, Washington, and is now at the Western Museum of Mining and Industry in Colorado Springs. The smaller 22.5-kilowatt generator is on display in Glenwood Springs at the Frontier Historical Museum.</p> <p>In 1989, when the old hydroelectric plant was vacant and scheduled to be demolished, the Glenwood Arts Council began to lease it for ten dollars per year. The Glenwood Center for the Arts opened in the building and began an extensive long-term renovation effort. Using grants from the City of Glenwood Springs, the Colorado Historical Society, and the Gates and Boettcher Foundations, as well as its own fundraising, the arts center completed the renovations and held a grand reopening ceremony in 2006. The arts center has converted the building’s large central open space into a gallery and uses other rooms for art classes, studios, and offices.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-springs" hreflang="en">Glenwood Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hydroelectric-power" hreflang="en">hydroelectric power</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/electricity" hreflang="en">electricity</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water" hreflang="en">water</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>April E. Clark, “<a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/5015904-113/center-arts-glenwood-mortell">Center for the Arts Will Celebrate a Grand Reopening</a>,” <em>Glenwood Springs Post Independent</em>, October 6, 2006.</p> <p>Colorado Historical Society, “Glenwood Electric Co. Hydroelectric Plant,” Historic Building Inventory.</p> <p>Niki Delson, “<a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/the-transformative-power-of-art/">The Transformative Power of Art</a>,” <em>Glenwood Springs Post Independent</em>, May 19, 2011.</p> <p>Ron Sladek and Willa Soncarty, “Glenwood Springs Hydroelectric Plant,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, May 29, 1998.</p> <p>Lena M. Urquhart, <em>Glenwood Springs: Spa in the Mountains</em> (Boulder: Pruett Publishing, 1970).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Jim Nelson, <em>Glenwood Springs: The History of a Rocky Mountain Resort</em> (Ouray, CO: Western Reflections, 1999).</p> <p>Angela K. Parkison with Donald H. Parkison, <em>Hope and Hot Water: Glenwood Springs from 1878 to 1891</em> (Glenwood Springs, CO: Glenwood Springs Legacy Publishing, 2000).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 11 Sep 2015 22:01:43 +0000 yongli 620 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Edward T. Taylor House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/edward-t-taylor-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Edward T. Taylor House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--640--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--640.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/edward-t-taylor-house"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/X-8861_0.jpg?itok=dGzaFrg8" width="1000" height="1015" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/edward-t-taylor-house" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Edward T. Taylor House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>With its symmetrical design and front porch supported by white columns, the Taylor House is often described as Southern in appearance.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--642--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--642.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/entryway-taylor-house"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/X-8862_0.jpg?itok=PkM2xKmy" width="1000" height="1008" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/entryway-taylor-house" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Entryway, Taylor House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The intricate woodwork in the Taylor House is done in mahogany from the Philippines and was supposedly dusted every day.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-09-10T16:45:00-06:00" title="Thursday, September 10, 2015 - 16:45" class="datetime">Thu, 09/10/2015 - 16:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/edward-t-taylor-house" data-a2a-title="Edward T. Taylor House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fedward-t-taylor-house&amp;title=Edward%20T.%20Taylor%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Longtime Colorado state senator and US Congressman <strong>Edward T. Taylor</strong> (1858–1941) built his house in downtown Glenwood Springs (903 Bennett Ave, Glenwood Springs, CO 81601)&nbsp;in 1904. Taylor lived in the house whenever he was in Colorado during the three decades he served in the US House of Representatives. The Taylor House was converted into apartments in the 1950s, and the building was completely renovated and sold as separate condominium units in the early 2000s.</p> <h2>Edward Taylor’s House</h2> <p>Originally from Illinois, Edward Taylor came to Glenwood Springs in the 1880s after getting a law degree at the University of Michigan. From 1887 to 1889, he served as referee of the district court adjudicating water rights along the Roaring Fork, Grand (Colorado), and White Rivers, earning him the title “father of water rights on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>.” He served three terms in the state senate, from 1896 to 1908, and seventeen terms in the US House of Representatives, from 1909 to his death in 1941.</p> <p>In 1900 Taylor bought the land in Glenwood Springs where his house currently stands. An earlier building already occupied the site, but it was torn down before Taylor built his house there in 1904. He originally planned to spend $8,000 on the house, but various changes and additions caused costs to balloon to $17,000.</p> <p>It was one of the most elegant houses in Glenwood Springs. The architects remain unknown, but Taylor once referred to them as an “eminent firm of Denver architects.” The Taylor House is a composite of Victorian Revival and Colonial Revival, with Western rural farmhouse details. Often described as vaguely Southern in appearance, the house has a symmetrical design, with white columns and a wide veranda on the front.</p> <p>It is a large house with more than 7,000 square feet of space. It consists of three floors plus a basement. The intricate wood trim in the entrance hall and elsewhere is done in Philippine mahogany, which a servant supposedly dusted every day while Taylor lived there. Taylor also included several conveniences that would have been novel in Glenwood Springs at the time, including an electric buzzer system for calling servants and a full bathroom on the second floor.</p> <h2>Taylor House Apartments/Condos</h2> <p>At the time of Taylor’s death in 1941, his house was offered to the city of Glenwood Springs for the token price of one dollar, with the idea that the city could turn it into a library or museum. The city turned down the offer. Because the house was too expensive to maintain as a private dwelling, it was converted into an apartment building.</p> <p>In 1943, the Taylor House was sold to John and Olive Haskell, who rented out two of the floors as separate apartments without making any significant alterations to the house. Around 1950, Torval and Grace Johnson bought the building and converted it into eleven separate apartments. They added extra kitchens and bathrooms on all the floors by redoing small rooms and closets. In general, however, the exterior and the main rooms on the first and second floors of the house kept their original character.</p> <p>In October 2006 a structural engineer named Israel Shapira bought the Taylor House for almost $800,000. He completely renovated the building, replacing old mortar between the bricks and restoring the interior details and exterior siding. He retained the eleven-unit configuration of the building and sold the separate units as condominiums after finishing the renovations in early 2008.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/edward-t-taylor" hreflang="en">Edward T. Taylor</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-springs" hreflang="en">Glenwood Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-water" hreflang="en">colorado water</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-houses" hreflang="en">historic houses</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Colorado Historical Society, “The Taylor House,” Historic Building Inventory Record.</p> <p>Sandra Dallas, <em>Gaslights and Gingerbread: Colorado’s Historic Homes</em>, rev. ed. (Athens, OH: Swallow Press, 1984).</p> <p>Pete Fowler, “<a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/glenwood-springs-renovation-taylor-made-for-engineer/">Glenwood Springs Renovation Taylor-Made for Engineer</a>,” <em>Glenwood Springs Post Independent</em>, March 25, 2008.</p> <p>Jerry and Dena Hammar, “Edward T. Taylor House,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form, May 13, 1986.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Jim Nelson, <em>Glenwood Springs: The History of a Rocky Mountain Resort</em> (Ouray, CO: Western Reflections, 1999).</p> <p>“<a href="http://history.house.gov/People/Detail/22724">Edward Thomas Taylor</a>,” History, Art, and Archives, US House of Representatives.</p> <p>Lena M. Urquhart, <em>Glenwood Springs: Spa in the Mountains</em> (Boulder: Pruett Publishing, 1970).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 10 Sep 2015 22:45:00 +0000 yongli 618 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org