%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Collegiate Peaks Stampede Rodeo Grounds http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/collegiate-peaks-stampede-rodeo-grounds <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Collegiate Peaks Stampede Rodeo Grounds</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-06-28T16:16:43-06:00" title="Wednesday, June 28, 2017 - 16:16" class="datetime">Wed, 06/28/2017 - 16:16</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/collegiate-peaks-stampede-rodeo-grounds" data-a2a-title="Collegiate Peaks Stampede Rodeo Grounds"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcollegiate-peaks-stampede-rodeo-grounds&amp;title=Collegiate%20Peaks%20Stampede%20Rodeo%20Grounds"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Collegiate Peaks Stampede Rodeo Grounds southwest of <strong>Buena Vista</strong> was built in 1940 using funds from the <strong>Works Progress Administration</strong>. The rodeo grew out of Buena Vista’s annual Head Lettuce Day celebration and gradually developed into a two-day event considered one of the top small-purse rodeos in the region. The rodeo grounds—which consist of a racetrack, rodeo arena, grandstand, and other facilities—have been updated since the 1990s but retain the look and feel of a small-town rodeo.</p> <h2>Origins in Head Lettuce Day</h2> <p>The Collegiate Peaks Stampede Rodeo grew out of Buena Vista’s annual Head Lettuce Day celebration, which was first held on September 4, 1922. Dreamt up by three locals, the one-day event marked the end of the growing season for head lettuce and other vegetables, whose cultivation was booming in the Upper Arkansas Valley in the years after <a href="/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>. The first festival featured a picnic, barbecue, baseball tournament, stock show, and horse and foot races. It was successful enough for the organizers to turn it into an annual event and establish the Head Lettuce Day Rodeo Association.</p> <p>The Head Lettuce Day celebration expanded in 1925, when it was held along with the <a href="/article/chaffee-county"><strong>Chaffee County</strong></a> Fair. To accommodate the larger event, organizers leased land from a golf course about a mile southwest of town, which became the early Head Lettuce Day rodeo grounds. Over the next fifteen years, the rodeo and horse races became the central events at Head Lettuce Day. The rodeo gained a reputation as the top one-day rodeo in Colorado, with local cowboys coming to town to participate and local ranchers donating beef for the barbecue and livestock for the competitions.</p> <h2>WPA Grounds</h2> <p>By 1940 the rodeo had grown so much that it needed expanded seating and more facilities. To help construct the new rodeo grounds, Buena Vista applied for a grant from the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which funded many outdoors and recreation projects in rural Colorado during the Great Depression. The application was approved, and construction started in May 1940 at a twenty-acre site across Gregg Drive, just southwest of the existing rodeo grounds. With a crew of about two dozen workers and a budget of just over $12,000, the project provided a boost to Buena Vista by providing employment and pumping cash into the economy. To save on the cost of materials, workers salvaged parts of the old rodeo grounds and used logs donated by local ranchers.</p> <p>Completed in September 1940, the new rodeo complex featured a half-mile racetrack, rodeo arena, and grandstand. The oval racetrack had a north-south orientation, with the rodeo arena occupying about an acre on the west side of the racetrack’s interior. The grandstand stood on the west side of the racetrack and could hold about 400 spectators on rows of painted board seats. It had a small concession building tucked under the seats in its northwest corner. A central balcony allowed judges to keep a close eye on the horse races.</p> <p>The cultivation of lettuce in the Upper Arkansas valley declined after World War II, but the rodeo retained the Head Lettuce Day name into the 1950s. In 1956 it was renamed the Collegiate Peaks Stampede, when it returned to local control after a brief affiliation with the Rodeo Cowboys Association. It included a horse parade through downtown Buena Vista, a square dance performed on horseback, and plenty of rodeo events and horse races. By the 1960s, under the leadership of the Buena Vista Lions Club, the rodeo developed into a two-day event regarded as one of the top amateur rodeos in the state, with bull riding, bareback riding, steer wrestling, roping, barrel racing, and mutton busting. To draw larger tourist crowds, the rodeo was moved from September to June.</p> <h2>Recent Changes</h2> <p>By the middle of the 1990s, the Collegiate Peaks Stampede Rodeo focused solely on rodeo events. Horse racing was dropped because it proved too difficult to continue, and the horse parade stopped in deference to the Buena Vista Chamber of Commerce’s new July Fourth parade, held just a few weeks after the rodeo. The Collegiate Peaks Rodeo Association took over the organization of the rodeo, which became affiliated with the Colorado Rodeo Cowboy Association.</p> <p>Starting in 1993, the rodeo received crucial financial assistance from the Buena Vista Lions Club and American Legion, which gave $6,000 each to help improve the rodeo grounds. Inmates at the nearby <strong>Buena Vista Correctional Facility</strong> built new corrals, outbuildings, a practice arena, and metal fencing. Bleachers were placed on the east side of the rodeo arena to increase the seating capacity by about 270; before that, people who could not fit in the grandstand had simply parked their trucks on that side of the arena to watch. In the late 1990s, lights were added to make night events possible, and in 2013 a new announcer’s booth was built at the south end of the arena after the original booth was destroyed by wind. A new concession stand opened east of the bleachers after the old concession stand tucked under the grandstand was condemned as a fire hazard.</p> <p>In 2016 the Collegiate Peaks Stampede Rodeo Grounds was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today the rodeo attracts about 1,500 spectators over two days and is often named the best rodeo on the small-purse circuit in Colorado and Wyoming.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buena-vista" hreflang="en">Buena Vista</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rodeos" hreflang="en">rodeos</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/works-progress-administration" hreflang="en">Works Progress Administration</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/upper-arkansas-valley" hreflang="en">Upper Arkansas Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/head-lettuce-day" hreflang="en">Head Lettuce Day</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/collegiate-peaks-stampede-rodeo" hreflang="en">Collegiate Peaks Stampede Rodeo</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Thomas H. Simmons and R. Laurie Simmons, “Head Lettuce Day / Collegiate Peaks Stampede Rodeo Grounds,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (May 3, 2016).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Kathryn Ordway, <em>Colorado’s Rodeo Roots to Modern-day Cowboys</em> (Virginia Beach, VA: Donning, 2004).</p> <p>June Shaputis and Suzanne Kelly, eds., <em>A History of Chaffee County</em> (Buena Vista, CO: Buena Vista Heritage, 1982).</p> <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Upper Arkansas: A Mountain River Valley</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1990).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 28 Jun 2017 22:16:43 +0000 yongli 2687 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Chaffee County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chaffee-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chaffee County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2238--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2238.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/chaffee-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/1280px-Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_Chaffee_County.svg__0.png?itok=Rnpo-yqV" width="1090" height="789" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/chaffee-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chaffee County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Chaffee County was formed in 1879 and named for Jerome Chaffee, a mining investor and one of Colorado’s first US senators.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-30T16:45:48-07:00" title="Monday, January 30, 2017 - 16:45" class="datetime">Mon, 01/30/2017 - 16:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chaffee-county" data-a2a-title="Chaffee County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fchaffee-county&amp;title=Chaffee%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Chaffee County lies in central Colorado on the eastern slope of the <strong><a href="/article/rocky-mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> </strong>and along the Upper Arkansas River valley. It is bordered by <a href="/article/lake-county"><strong>Lake</strong></a> and <strong><a href="/article/park-county">Park</a> </strong>Counties to the north, Park and <strong><a href="/article/fremont-county">Fremont</a> </strong>Counties to the east, <strong><a href="/article/saguache-county">Saguache County</a> </strong>to the south, and <a href="/article/gunnison-county"><strong>Gunnison County</strong></a> to the west. Chaffee County’s unique shape is due to the western boundary following the <a href="/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a> and the eastern boundary generally following the <a href="/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> and the <strong>Mosquito Range.</strong> The elevation in Chaffee county ranges from 7,000 feet to over 14,000 feet; the county is home to fifteen <a href="/article/fourteeners"><strong>Fourteeners</strong></a>—mountains rising over 14,000 feet—the most of any county in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chaffee County has a population of 17,809. <a href="/article/salida"><strong>Salida</strong></a> (population 5,236), along <strong>Highway 50 </strong>in the heart of the Arkansas Valley, is the county seat and largest town. <strong>Buena Vista</strong> (pop. 2,617) sits in central Chaffee County along <strong>Highway 24</strong> and is popular for whitewater rafting. The town of Poncha Springs lies in the southern part of the county at the junction of Highways 50 and <strong>285</strong>. Unincorporated towns include Granite, along Highway 24 in the north; Nathrop, along highway 24 between Buena Vista and Salida; and <strong>Monarch</strong> in the west along Highway 50.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>From about the fifteenth through the nineteenth centuries, <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people occupied present-day Chaffee County, primarily the Arkansas River valley. The Utes were hunter-gatherers who subsisted on various mountain roots and berries as well as on <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>deer</strong></a>, <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a>, and small game. The Utes followed seasonal migration patterns, tracking game into the high country during the summer and wintering along the foothills and in river bottoms. The Utes obtained horses through their interaction with the Spanish to the south, and the animals allowed Utes to expand their hunting grounds. By the early nineteenth century, the <strong>Arapaho</strong> and <strong>Cheyenne</strong> occasionally wintered near the Arkansas River.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Explorers, Trappers, and Gold Seekers</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The French first arrived in the Arkansas River valley in the eighteenth century. <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>Trading</strong></a> and trapping, particularly <a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a><a href="/article/beaver"><strong>s</strong></a>, began in the early nineteenth century, but the valley was considered dangerous for Europeans on account of the presence of Ute and Arapaho peoples. Despite this, early Coloradans, including <a href="/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a><strong>,</strong> trapped and wintered in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the start of the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> in 1859, thousands of prospectors traveled to Colorado with hopes of finding their fortunes in the Rocky Mountains. Cache Creek became the first notable white settlement in Chaffee County. It began in 1860 with a population of 300, and by the following year the town had 3,000 residents. This area included a three-mile stretch of river and an additional two miles on the Cache Creek. The Chalk Creek and Monarch areas quickly became other sites for gold seekers in the area. These sites produced high yields of gold during the Colorado Gold Rush period between 1859 and 1867.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the establishment of the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> in 1861, present-day Chaffee County became part of Lake County. It has since been split into a number of counties in the region.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Economic Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Following the end of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>gold panning</strong></a> and sluicing in the late 1860s, white homesteaders began to establish farms and ranches along the river. As more whites moved into the Arkansas River valley, relations with the Utes ranged from amicable to hostile. The Ute leader <a href="/article/ouray"><strong>Ouray</strong></a>, for example, was often friendly and even helped some homesteaders cross the river, but other Utes ordered whites off the land. The <strong><a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868">Treaty of 1868</a> </strong>relocated the Utes to a large reservation on Colorado’s <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>, allowing for the development of farms and ranches in the valley. Farmers grew hay, alfalfa, lettuce, oats, and vegetables. In the 1860s <a href="/article/otto-mears"><strong>Otto Mears</strong></a> built a toll road that ran over Poncha Pass to transport grains and produce to market. On Chalk Creek, Charles Nachtrieb built the area’s first water-powered grist mill.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado became a state in 1876. On February 8, 1879, the state government divided Lake County into northern and southern parts. The southern portion was named Chaffee County after <strong>Jerome Chaffee</strong>, a businessman and politician who had invested in local mines. The town of Granite, in northern Chaffee County, was designated the county seat, but later that year residents voted to move the county seat to Buena Vista, a more centrally located city.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Buena Vista was settled in 1864 and incorporated in 1879. People were drawn to the area for mining but settled in Buena Vista due to the valley’s fertile land. To the south, Nathrop began as the ranch of Charles Nachtrieb in 1865. In 1880 the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> (D&amp;RG) finished laying narrow-gauge tracks into Chaffee County, ending the line in the town of South Arkansas, later renamed Salida. Thereafter, Nathrop prospered as a railroad town between Buena Vista and Salida, developing a prosperous town center around the rail depot built just north of Nachtrieb’s ranch.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While the D&amp;RG continued west to <strong>Gunnison</strong> over Marshall Pass, <strong>Jay Gould</strong>’s Denver, South Park &amp; Pacific Railroad (DSP&amp;P) also completed a line into Chaffee County, running to Buena Vista and later north to <strong>Leadville</strong>. A third line, the Colorado Midland Railroad, was the first standard-gauge railway to run into the Arkansas valley, arriving in Buena Vista in 1887. It also eventually reached Leadville. These three primary railroads served passengers and brought supplies and minerals to and from the towns and mines in Chaffee County.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Mining</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout the late nineteenth century, numerous mines operated throughout Chaffee County, producing gold, silver, iron ore, copper, and zinc. The Mary Murphy Mine in the Chalk Creek District, operated by the Mary Murphy Gold and Silver Mining Company of St. Louis, was the most famous. It held deposits of gold, silver, zinc, and lead, and by 1881 it was producing thirty tons of ore per day. Located on Murphy Mountain, the mine was two miles from the D&amp;RG railroad and two miles from the town of <a href="/article/st-elmo"><strong>St. Elmo</strong></a>. Meanwhile, the Colorado Coal and Iron Company (CC&amp;I) ran the highly productive Calumet Iron Mine north of Salida. Mining in Chaffee County peaked between 1885 and 1888, when production of gold, silver, and lead totaled more than $1 million each year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The 1893 repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which guaranteed a market for silver, sent the Colorado economy into a downward spiral. The price of silver dropped from around $1 per ounce in 1890–91 to around $0.60 by the turn of the century. While the county’s gold and silver mines were able to continue production throughout the 1890s and into the twentieth century, the Panic of 1893, as it was known, caused a shift toward the production of more industrial materials such as coal and iron. Smelting also became an important part of Chaffee County’s economy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1900 independent smelters operated in Romley, which supported the Mary Murphy and Monarch Mines. Most other smelters were run by the American Smelting and Refining Company (ASARCO) from Denver, which merged with Guggenheim, an international smelting company, in 1901. Following World War I, the smelter in Smeltertown, northwest of Salida, shut down due to a reduction in mining.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On January 1, 1916, W. H. Boyer, an African American miner, staked a manganese ore claim in Wells Gulch. This twenty-acre deposit produced high-grade manganese, which was shipped to the steelworks in Pueblo to be made into steel for military use during World War I. In August 1916 William Hillzinger and Charles Fulford bought the mine, where they discovered a tungsten deposit. The auxiliary find set off a rush to the area, with numerous people staking out claims on the large tungsten deposit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Granite and ore mining continued into the 1920s. In 1928 the contract for granite for the Denver City and County Building was awarded to Mt. Princeton Granite, quarried at Mt. Princeton, east of Nathrop. The Salida Granite Company had its most productive era in the 1920s, and the pink granite of this quarry, located in the Turret District, north of Salida, was used in the construction of the Mormon Battalion Monument in New Mexico. The Great Depression of the 1930s slowed much of this industry, as the economic stagnation halted demand for construction materials.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Postmining Economy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early and middle twentieth century, mining companies consolidated throughout Chaffee County, decreasing the number of mines and jobs. In 1930 the Monarch Mine was bought by <a href="/article/colorado-fuel-iron"><strong>Colorado Fuel and Iron Company</strong></a> (CF&amp;I)—formerly Colorado Coal &amp; Iron—and it became the largest mining operation in Colorado and one of the few mines left in the county.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Over the course of the twentieth century the base of the Chaffee County economy gradually shifted from mining to a combination of new industries, including corrections and tourism. In 1925 Horace Frantzhurst built the <strong>Frantzhurst Fish Hatchery</strong> just north of Salida. The hatchery raised trout and operated from 1925 to 1953. In 1956 the <a href="/article/colorado-parks-and-wildlife"><strong>Colorado Division of Wildlife</strong></a> bought the hatchery and renamed it the Mt. Shavano Fish Hatchery and Rearing Unit. This hatchery helped to supply Colorado’s streams and rivers with fish where they had dwindled due to overfishing beginning at the turn of the century.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1928 Chaffee County voted to move the county seat for a second time, from Buena Vista to Salida, which was then the most populous city. In 1932 construction of the new Chaffee County Courthouse in Salida was completed. It was designed by Walter DeMordaunt and is one of only a few Colorado courthouses built in the art deco style. It was listed on the State Register of Historic Properties in 1996.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1939 a federal Works Progress Administration (WPA) project built the <strong>Salida Hot Springs </strong>complex. <strong>Monarch Ski</strong> <strong>Area</strong> represents another WPA project in the county. The ski area officially opened in 1939, though skiers had been using the mountain since 1914. The WPA built a rope tow on a slope called Gunbarrel, which was used to ferry skiers to the top of the slope. The WPA then gave the site to the city of Salida.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1950s the city sold Monarch for $100 to a private owner. This led to increased development. Electricity, water, and indoor plumbing were added to the lodge. The owners cut additional slopes and added a T-bar tow system. The 1960s brought a chairlift and additional changes. In 1968 Elmo Bevington purchased Monarch, and additional lifts, lodges, and expansions extended into the 2000s. In 2002 a group led by Bob Nicolls purchased the ski area and continued its development. Today, Monarch is worth over $7 million.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The corrections business had been a consistent employer in Chaffee County since 1891, when the first state reformatory was built near Buena Vista. The facility began as a reformatory for juvenile offenders and housed between 94 and 153 juvenile inmates in its first two decades of operation. A medical unit was added in 1920, and in 1947 an academic program was established for the juvenile inmates. In 1978 the reformatory became an adult, medium-custody facility: the Buena Vista Correctional Facility. In 1991 a boot camp was added. It was then officially named the Buena Vista Correctional Complex due to its capacity to hold both medium- and minimum-custody inmates. The site now has a capacity for up to 1,259 inmates and is one of the largest correctional facilities in the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, Chaffee County is a destination for outdoor adventure seekers. It hosts winter sports at the <strong>Monarch Ski Area</strong>. Each summer, hundreds of mountaineers arrive to climb the county’s fifteen Fourteeners, including Mts. Columbia, Harvard, Oxford, Princeton, and Yale, members of the famous <strong>Collegiate Peaks</strong>. Other activities include biking, river rafting on the Arkansas, and visits to local hot springs. A popular site for rafting, hiking, and fishing is the newly designated <a href="/article/browns-canyon-national-monument"><strong>Browns Canyon National Monument</strong></a>, located between Salida and Buena Vista. President Barack Obama established the monument in 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The largest employers in Chaffee County today are the tourism and recreation industry and federal and state agencies, including the Buena Vista Correctional Complex. While they were essential to the county’s early development, ranching and agriculture currently represent a very small portion of the county’s economy. Due to a relatively mild climate and affordable housing Chaffee County has recently attracted many retirees to its borders. Chaffee County represents a common shift in many local Colorado economies from mining to recreation and tourism.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chaffee-county" hreflang="en">chaffee county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lake-county" hreflang="en">Lake County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mining" hreflang="en">mining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ski-industry" hreflang="en">ski industry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fourteeners" hreflang="en">fourteeners</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.chaffeecountytimes.com/special_sections/summer_recreation/ers/article_c269f81a-23ac-11e5-82dc-7f47b5d795f2.html">14ers</a>,” <em>Chaffee County Times</em>, July 26, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Gerald Berry, “Monarch History,” Monarch Ski Area, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Buena Vista Chamber of Commerce, “<a href="https://buenavistacolorado.org/the-chamber/">Buena Vista Correctional Complex</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Buena Vista Chamber of Commerce, “<a href="https://buenavistacolorado.org/history/">Buena Vista History, Colorado Area History</a>,” June 5, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chaffee County Administration, “<a href="http://www.chaffeecounty.org/About-Chaffee-County">About Chaffee County</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chaffee County Visitors Bureau, “<a href="https://www.colorfulcolorado.com/">Buena Vista &amp; Salida: Hot Springs and Cool Adventures</a>,” <em>Buena Vista &amp; Salida Colorado</em>, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dick Dickson, “<a href="https://www.cozine.com:8443/1998-february/quarry-days-in-the-ute-trail-area">Quarry Days in the Ute Trail Area</a>,” <em>Colorado Central Magazine</em>, February 1, 1998.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Charles W. Henderson, “Mining in Colorado: A History of Discovery, Development and Production,” US Geological Survey (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1926).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Earle Kittleman, “<a href="http://salida.com/history/index.htm">Chaffee County Colorado 125th Anniversary Timeline</a>,” Salida, Colorado: Gem of the Rockies, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Salida Chamber of Commerce, “Welcome to: ‘<a href="http://www.salida.com/salida-colorado-about.html">Colorado’s Art of Adventure</a>,’” 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>June Shaputis and Suzanne Kelly eds., <em>A History of Chaffee County </em>(Marceline, Missouri: Walsworth Publishing Company, 1982).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>State Demography Offices, “<a href="https://www.gigshowcase.com/EndUserFiles/31046.pdf">Region 13: Chaffee, Custer, Fremont &amp; Lake Counties</a>,” Department of Local Affairs, October 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Forest Service, “<a href="https://www.fs.fed.us/visit/browns-canyon-national-monument">Browns Canyon National Monument</a>,” February 19, 2015.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/Programs/SHF_Survey_ChaffeeCounty2013.pdf">Chaffee County Historical Resources Survey</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/colorado-scenic-byway-collegiate-peaks">Colorado Scenic Byway: Collegiate Peaks</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>George G. Everett, <em>Under the Angel of Shavano</em> (Denver: Golden Bell Press, 1963).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jim and Louis Rowe, <em>Portal Into the Past</em> (Granite, CO: Clear Creek Canyon Historical Society of Chaffee County, 1976).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ruby G. Williamson, <em>Down With Your Dust: A Chronicle of the Upper Arkansas Valley, Colorado, 1860–1893 </em>(Gunnison, CO: B&amp;B Printer, 1979).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 30 Jan 2017 23:45:48 +0000 yongli 2240 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Rock Ledge Ranch (Buena Vista) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rock-ledge-ranch-buena-vista <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rock Ledge Ranch (Buena Vista)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2005--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2005.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/rock-ledge-ranch"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock_Ledge_Ranch-Franzel_Ranch_0.jpg?itok=rj9gyTfq" width="1000" height="763" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/rock-ledge-ranch" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rock Ledge Ranch</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Located four miles west of Buena Vista near the base of Mt. Princeton and Mt. Yale, Rock Ledge Ranch was settled in 1887 by Ernest Wilber and has been owned and worked by the Franzel family since 1908. It is representative of the long history of agriculture in the Upper Arkansas Valley.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-10-31T10:59:38-06:00" title="Monday, October 31, 2016 - 10:59" class="datetime">Mon, 10/31/2016 - 10:59</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rock-ledge-ranch-buena-vista" data-a2a-title="Rock Ledge Ranch (Buena Vista)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Frock-ledge-ranch-buena-vista&amp;title=Rock%20Ledge%20Ranch%20%28Buena%20Vista%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Established in 1887 by Ernest Wilber, Rock Ledge Ranch is a historic ranch four miles west of <strong>Buena Vista</strong> in the <strong>Upper Arkansas Valley </strong>(17975 Co Rd 338, Buena Vista, CO 81211). Since 1908 the ranch has been owned and operated by multiple generations of the Franzel family, which immigrated to the United States from Germany in the late nineteenth century. Still run by the Franzel family, in 2015 the ranch was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as an important example of the Upper Arkansas Valley’s long agricultural tradition.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Wilber <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>Homestead</strong></a></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On September 15, 1887, Ernest Wilber founded Rock Ledge Ranch. Originally from Michigan, Wilber had come to Colorado in 1880 as a conductor for the <strong>Denver, South Park &amp; Pacific Railroad</strong>. He was based in Buena Vista, where he married Belle Orr in 1882 and became active in local affairs. In 1883 he left his job with the railroad and entered the election for county clerk and recorder. He won the position and acquired a ranch near Buena Vista, but in 1885 he lost his bid for re-election because some thought he cared more about his ranch than his clerkship.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wilber clearly paid attention to his ranch work, for he quickly gained a reputation as a successful cattleman and vegetable grower. In the late 1880s he acquired Rock Ledge Ranch a few miles west of Buena Vista along Cottonwood Creek. He settled the land in September 1887, and his family followed in January 1888. That year the family built a log house on the land, and by 1890 they also had a barn, a cellar, and an <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> ditch. They were raising horses, cattle, and hogs, and had 160 acres planted in peas, potatoes, and hay.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1891 Wilber tried to win the county clerk and recorder position again but was defeated. At the ranch, he shifted his focus from cattle and vegetables to dairy cows and started to deliver milk in the area using a canvas-covered wagon. As the business grew, he switched his herd to Jersey cows, which were regarded as the best milk cows at the time. He also built an ice house and started selling ice.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ernest’s wife, Belle Wilber, spent her summers on the ranch but lived in Buena Vista during the winters. She also became politically active in the 1890s and was involved in the successful campaign for <a href="/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>women’s suffrage in Colorado</strong></a> in 1893.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Franzel Ranch</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1908 the Wilbers sold the ranch to Gustav Adolph “Gus” Franzel, a miner in <strong>Granite</strong> who had decided that he could make a better living selling food to miners. A German immigrant who came to the United States in 1890, Franzel had married fellow German immigrant Marie Baier in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a> in 1894. The couple had three children—Carl, Herman, and Erna—in the 1890s, and became naturalized citizens in 1903.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Franzel acquired Rock Ledge Ranch, the rest of his young family moved there from Granite on January 1, 1909. The Franzel family grew garden peas, lettuce, and potatoes, selling much of their produce in Leadville. They also raised hogs, using them to make German sausages such as liverwurst. Franzel became a leading local rancher, and in 1916 he helped organize the <a href="/article/chaffee-county"><strong>Chaffee County</strong></a> Cattle and Horse Growers Association.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Franzels gradually added new buildings to the ranch. In the 1920s Franzel brought an old brooder house from Leadville to have a heated building for raising chicks. He also moved another building from Leadville and used it to expand the original log ranch house.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Next Generations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As Gus Franzel got older, his son Carl took on more responsibility at the ranch, eventually becoming its owner after his father died in 1950. His duties shifted with the seasons: winter was for maintaining buildings, spring for herding cattle, summer for harvesting hay, and fall for rounding up cattle. After he acquired the ranch’s first tractor in 1940, other mechanized tools and appliances began to ease certain farm tasks. Carl and his wife, Lois, had three children—Lucia, Kenneth, and Jan—who helped with chores around the ranch in the 1940s and 1950s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Carl died in 1980, his son, Kenneth, retired from the Air Force and returned to the ranch with his wife, Grace. They helped Lois Franzel until her death in 1984, when they inherited the property. In 1987 they remodeled and expanded the ranch house, whose core still dates to the Wilber family’s original 1888 log house. They continue to raise cattle, keep a vegetable garden, and maintain the ranch’s buildings, fences, and fields.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buena-vista" hreflang="en">Buena Vista</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/upper-arkansas-valley" hreflang="en">Upper Arkansas Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-ranches" hreflang="en">historic ranches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agriculture" hreflang="en">agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ernest-wilber" hreflang="en">Ernest Wilber</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gustav-franzel" hreflang="en">Gustav Franzel</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>R. Laurie Simmons and Thomas H. Simmons, “Rock Ledge Ranch/Franzel Ranch,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (January 30, 2015).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>June Shaputis and Suzanne Kelly, eds., <em>A History of Chaffee County</em> (Marceline, MO: Walsworth, 1982).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Upper Arkansas: A Mountain River Valley</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1990).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 31 Oct 2016 16:59:38 +0000 yongli 2006 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Pedro-Botz House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pedro-botz-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Pedro-Botz House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2003--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2003.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/pedro-botz-house"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Pedro-Botz_House-%282%29_0.jpg?itok=5WU-73tn" width="1000" height="906" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/pedro-botz-house" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Pedro-Botz House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built by Stephen Pedro in 1904, the Pedro-Botz House in Smeltertown is a simple log house that housed first the Hungarian Pedro family and then the Yugoslavian Botz family, both of which found employment at the Ohio and Colorado Smelter in the early twentieth century.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-10-31T10:47:10-06:00" title="Monday, October 31, 2016 - 10:47" class="datetime">Mon, 10/31/2016 - 10:47</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pedro-botz-house" data-a2a-title="Pedro-Botz House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fpedro-botz-house&amp;title=Pedro-Botz%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1904, the Pedro-Botz House is a log dwelling in the working-class community of Smeltertown, which developed near the <strong>Ohio and Colorado Smelter</strong> northwest of <a href="/article/salida"><strong>Salida</strong></a>. Occupied initially by the Hungarian Pedro family and later by the Yugoslavian Botz family, the house serves as a reminder of the large number of southern and eastern European immigrants who worked at the smelter in the early twentieth century. One of the best-preserved original houses and the only log dwelling remaining in Smeltertown, the Pedro-Botz House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Smeltertown</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Smeltertown was established northwest of Salida in the early 1900s to house workers at the Ohio and Colorado Smelter, which extracted precious metals from ore mined in the surrounding mountains. The Ohio and Colorado Smelter was the offspring of the New Monarch Mining Company, which started in <a href="/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a> in 1897. The mining company, headed by John C. Kortz, wanted to avoid sharing its profits with ore-processing companies like American Smelting and Refining. New Monarch planned to build its own smelter, which it hoped to use for all of its own ores as well as ores from other mines in central Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1901 New Monarch formed the Ohio and Colorado Smelting Company, which had many of the same officers as the mining company. The smelting company chose a mesa near Salida as the location of its 1,200-ton smelter. The site had the advantage of being on a railroad line downhill from Leadville, making the shipment of ores from the mine to the smelter relatively cheap and easy. The smelter was announced in late 1901 and was in operation by November 1902. In 1903 it treated more than $1.3 million worth of gold, silver, lead, and copper ores.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The smelter employed about 150 workers by the end of 1902 and ramped up to 300 workers or more in full operation. Many of these workers were immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, especially the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Greece, and Italy. To house the workers, in 1902 a subdivision was laid out just east of the plant. About fifty houses were built in the area, which was officially named Kortz (after the company president) but which everyone called Smeltertown. Soon the area boasted saloons, boarding houses, a grocery, and general stores, and local businessman Louis Costello platted Costello’s Addition to provide additional housing.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Pedros</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In August 1904, Louis Costello sold two lots in Costello’s Addition to the Hungarian smelter worker Stephen Pedro. Born in Hungary in 1858, Pedro had come to the United States in 1890. In 1897 his wife Annie and their two children joined him in Leadville, where he worked at the Arkansas Valley Smelter. In 1904 the family moved to Salida, where Stephen found a job at the Ohio and Colorado Smelter and built a log house in Smeltertown.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Located on County Road 150, the Pedros’ house faced south toward the Arkansas River. It was a simple rectangular building with a stone and concrete foundation. The walls were made of round logs with daubing, which was unusual for the area; most houses in Costello’s Addition used wood-frame construction. It is unknown why the Pedros chose logs, but cost could have played a role. A full-length porch stretched across the front of the house, and inside there were two rooms and a coal-burning stove, but no plumbing. A chicken coop, also built in 1904, sat behind the house.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ore prices declined during the 1907 financial crisis and did not rebound until <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, leading to hard times for the Ohio and Colorado Smelter. Annie Pedro died sometime before 1910, and Stephen Pedro and his sons seem to have bounced around at different jobs for a few years before selling their house in 1912 to the Yugoslavian smelter worker Frank Botz.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Botzes</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Born in Yugoslavia in 1871, Botz had come to America in 1901 and moved to Salida in 1903. He got a job at the smelter and soon married another Yugoslavian immigrant, Josephine Botz. The couple moved to Utah for several years, then returned to Smeltertown in 1908 and bought the Pedros house in 1912. By 1920, when the Ohio and Colorado Smelter shut down, they had six children. Frank soon got a job at the creosote plant that opened on the site of the former smelter plant and worked there until the 1940s. For a while in the 1920s, Josephine ran a restaurant in Salida.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Frank and Josephine Botz became naturalized citizens but maintained ties to their native culture. They were members of St. Joseph Catholic Church in Salida and joined the South Slavonic Catholic Union, a mutual-aid society.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Botz family members continued to live in the house until 1979, when Josephine Botz died. Since then, the small house has been mostly vacant. Ownership has changed hands several times. Since 1994 it has been owned by David and Dora Jean Earl, who live in the larger house just to the east. The front porch has deteriorated somewhat, but the rest of the house remains largely in its original condition, providing a good example of immigrant housing in an industrial working-class community in the early twentieth century.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/salida" hreflang="en">Salida</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ohio-and-colorado-smelter" hreflang="en">Ohio and Colorado Smelter</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/smeltertown" hreflang="en">Smeltertown</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/kortz" hreflang="en">Kortz</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stephen-pedro" hreflang="en">Stephen Pedro</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/frank-botz" hreflang="en">Frank Botz</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mining-and-immigrants" hreflang="en">mining and immigrants</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>R. Laurie Simmons and Thomas H. Simmons, “Pedro-Botz House,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (January 30, 2015).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>George G. Everett and Wendell F. Hutchinson, <em>Under the Angel of Shavano</em> (Denver: Golden Bell Press, 1963).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James E. Fell Jr., <em>Ores to Metals: The Rocky Mountain Smelting Industry</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Upper Arkansas: A Mountain River Valley</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1990).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 31 Oct 2016 16:47:10 +0000 yongli 2004 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org St. Elmo http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-elmo <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">St. Elmo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1746--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1746.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/st-elmo-historic-district"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/St%20Elmo%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=3Ww9bnvU" width="1024" height="768" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/st-elmo-historic-district" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">St. Elmo Historic District</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In the 1870s prospectors settled in the area that became St. Elmo in Chalk Creek Canyon. The town's growth stalled in the late 1880s, then the population declined after fires and the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. By the 1940s the town had only two full-time residents.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1857--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1857.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/reconstructed-town-hall-and-jail-interior"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/St-Elmo-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=SZH8j2B0" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/reconstructed-town-hall-and-jail-interior" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Reconstructed Town Hall and Jail, Interior</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After a major fire burned the town hall in April 2002, Buena Vista Heritage reconstructed the building with financial help from the State Historical Fund and private donations. It reopened in 2008 as a museum of local history.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-24T11:09:29-06:00" title="Wednesday, August 24, 2016 - 11:09" class="datetime">Wed, 08/24/2016 - 11:09</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-elmo" data-a2a-title="St. Elmo"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fst-elmo&amp;title=St.%20Elmo"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located at an elevation of 10,000 feet in <strong>Chalk Creek Canyon</strong> southwest of <strong>Buena Vista</strong>, the historic <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a> town of St. Elmo was founded in 1880 and flourished for less than a decade. Although it is actually inhabited by a small handful of full-timers and dozens of summer residents, it is considered one of the best-preserved <strong>ghost towns</strong> in the West. The town attracts roughly 50,000 tourists annually, including many who use it as a base for hiking and four-wheeling.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Settlement</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1871 prospector Abner Ellis Wright became possibly the first to settle at the head of Chalk Creek Canyon where St. Elmo would be established. By 1875, he and his partner, John Royal, had discovered an unusually high-grade vein of silver ore on Chrysolite Mountain four miles south of the future site of St. Elmo. The claim would be named the Mary Murphy and eventually became the most successful mine in the Chalk Creek district.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Starting in 1878, the monumental <a href="/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a> silver strikes produced swarms of new prospectors in the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river">Arkansas River</a> </strong>valley. By 1880 Chalk Creek Canyon was benefiting from the boom. That year Griffith Evans and Charles Seitz hired a surveyor to lay out a townsite in the canyon called Forest City. That name was denied by the US Post Office department, however, because it was preceded by a Forest City in California, and the town was renamed St. Elmo. One story holds that Evans suggested the new name because he had recently read the novel <em>St. Elmo</em> by Augusta J. Evans (no relation).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The population of the St. Elmo area grew from a few prospectors in 1871 to estimates as high as 2,000 in 1881 (including residents in temporary shelters at various mine locations). The town was a dynamic place. New miners arrived around the clock to cash in on the bonanza. The Mary Murphy was extracting between 70 and 100 tons of silver and gold ore daily in 1881 and employed more than 250 men at the peak of production.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the rush of prospectors into the Chalk Creek area, St. Elmo’s business district quickly took shape. The <em>Denver Tribune</em> observed: “St. Elmo, a town of less than 6 months, has two sawmills, a smelter and concentrator, 3 hotels, 5 restaurants and several stores.” Other new businesses and civic institutions began appearing, including a surveyor’s office, a jeweler, an assayer, an attorney, a drug store, a meat market, several saloons, a feed store and clothing store, a blacksmith, a city hall, a post office, a firehouse, and a pair of banks. Several good silver strikes were made in nearby Grizzly Gulch, and by 1883 the district had fifty producing mines.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Boomtown Growth</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late 1870s St. Elmo still had canvas tents, pine-covered dugouts, and earth-roofed huts at the mine sites. These were followed by unsophisticated cabins built of the most plentiful materials to be found—spruce logs. As time passed, some of the early log structures—crude and often drafty—were boarded over with siding. Still other structures remained log, but false fronts were added to make them look more impressive. The most refined buildings in St. Elmo were balloon-frame stores and houses, which used vertical boards (studs) attached at both the foundation and roof plates to support the walls. More complex masonry structures of stone or brick, designed by professional architects, were not built in the St. Elmo camp.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Reporting on the early mining activities were the town’s first newspapers, beginning with the <em>Rustler</em> in September 1880; the paper was sold in 1881 and renamed the <em>St. Elmo Mountaineer</em>. Later a mining paper called the <em>Mineral Belt</em> took the <em>Mountaineer</em>’s place.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The road from the Arkansas River Valley to St. Elmo and beyond had been widened from what were supposedly original game trails and Indian footpaths. In the early 1880s the road could accommodate horse travel, ore wagons, and stagecoaches. J. L. Sanderson ran a fleet of passenger stagecoaches and freight wagons out of St. Elmo on the Chalk Creek and Elk Mountain Toll Road, the pioneer route to <a href="/article/aspen"><strong>Aspen</strong></a>. A toll road also was constructed for travel south into Maysville and the Mt. Shavano mining district.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Elmo was soon large and successful enough for a railroad connection. In 1880 the <strong>Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad</strong> completed a line up Chalk Creek into St. Elmo’s Fisher Railroad Station at the east edge of town, then proceeded with an ambitious and expensive effort to drive the 1,845-foot <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/alpine-tunnel-historic-district"><strong>Alpine Tunnel</strong></a> through the <a href="/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a> southwest of St. Elmo. Completed in 1882, the tunnel cost $250,000 and opened a new trade route to the Western Slope. The Alpine’s interior was lined with California redwood for durability in its cold and damp setting.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Decline</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/st-elmo-historic-buildings"><img alt="St. Elmo Historic Buildings" class="image-large" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/St-Elmo-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=Txcj-glG" style="float:left; height:443px; margin:15px; width:480px" /></a> St. Elmo’s growth stalled in the late 1880s. Several factors conspired to prevent the town from becoming one of Colorado’s rich mining camps. Even though it had early rail service, the town was sixteen miles off the principal routes, and it had difficulty obtaining the outside financing that was critical for new exploration and mining expansion. Its ores were of lower grade than those of more successful mining camps, which meant that the extraction and refining processes were slower and more expensive.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1890 a fire burned several buildings on the north side of Main Street and destroyed every business on the south side. After the fire many St. Elmo residents packed up and left, and the town’s population declined from 750 to 500 by 1891. The repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893 dealt another blow to the struggling town. Even the best silver mines on Chrysolite Mountain were nearly abandoned, and like most other silver camps, St. Elmo never fully recovered from the crash.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Later in the 1890s new gold discoveries began to revive St. Elmo’s faded economy, but in January 1898 fire again engulfed St. Elmo’s commercial district. By the end of the year some of the damaged structures had been rebuilt, but the town never completely regained what it lost.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1905 the Mary Murphy was reopened under the ownership of an English syndicate, but precious metals mining declined in the years before World War I in favor of iron and other ores for the war effort. After the war, precious metals prices did not justify a return to full-scale mining in St. Elmo. The Alpine Tunnel had been abandoned in 1910, and in 1922 trains stopped running up Chalk Creek Canyon to the town. Four years later the <strong>Colorado &amp; Southern Railroad</strong> pulled up the tracks despite the town’s legal steps to prevent the action. With the tracks gone, the old railbed on the south side of the canyon was converted into an automobile road. The Mary Murphy Mine closed in 1936.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Preservation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/st-elmo-town-hall"><img alt="St. Elmo Town Hall" class="image-large" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/St-Elmo-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=yPFRq4UT" style="float:right; height:324px; margin:15px; width:480px" /></a> By 1943 St. Elmo had only two full-time residents, siblings Annabelle and Tony Stark. As others left, the Starks had gradually accumulated many of the town’s remaining buildings and converted them to summer cabins for tourists. In 1960 the Starks willed their St. Elmo holdings to Marie Skogsberg, a family friend. Subsequently, Skogsberg’s granddaughter, Melanie Milam (later Melanie Roth), helped her family hold on to many of the better buildings in town, which became part of the Milam Family Trust. In addition, in the late 1950s St. Elmo property owners began to care for public buildings such as the schoolhouse and the town hall. After organizing as the St. Elmo Property Owners Association, they secured ownership of the schoolhouse in 1975 and of the town hall in 1989.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many of the town’s buildings have vanished from the wear of time, heavy <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a> loads, and wind, but roughly forty early structures remain intact. In addition to the Miner’s Exchange building (1892), which served as a bank and saloon before becoming a general store, surviving buildings include Pat Hurley’s Saloon (1892), the Pawnee Mining and Milling Company building (1880), and the Home Comfort Hotel/Stark Store (1885).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1979 Melanie Roth and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> architect Doug Hagen successfully got St. Elmo listed as a National Historic District. The goodwill of the Starks, Roth, and other local property owners over the past century has helped St. Elmo remain one of the West’s best-preserved ghost towns (though the town’s few full-time residents and its fifty or sixty summer residents might dispute the notion that it is a true ghost town).</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The National Register listing protects St. Elmo from federal projects, but nothing prevents private development in the area. In the 1960s, before St. Elmo was listed as a historic site, a development group called Consortium B bought property near the town with the hope of turning it into a ski resort. A multi-year drought derailed that plan, however, and the Milam Trust acquired much of the developer’s property. Later, with increases in gold and silver prices, the American International Metal Company leased the Mary Murphy Mine and planned to reopen it in the early 1980s. The company quickly demolished the historic mine buildings and mill, claiming that they were an insurance liability, but gave up on the project because the area received too much snow to make mining there financially viable.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perhaps the greatest threat facing the wooden buildings in St. Elmo is fire. In April 2002 a major fire destroyed five buildings in St. Elmo, including the town hall, which dated to the early 1890s and had survived several previous fires. After the fire, the St. Elmo Property Owners Association transferred ownership of the charred town hall and the schoolhouse to the nonprofit Buena Vista Heritage. With financial help from a State Historical Fund grant and private donations, in 2004–5 Buena Vista Heritage restored the schoolhouse, which opened to the public in June 2006 as the St. Elmo Schoolhouse Museum. In 2006 Buena Vista Heritage began to rebuild the burnt town hall. Completed in 2008, the new town hall building also operates as a museum of local history.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2010 Melanie Roth and others formed a new nonprofit called Historic St. Elmo and Chalk Creek Canyon to support further preservation work in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Adapted from Lawrence Von Bamford and Kenneth R. Tremblay Jr., “St. Elmo, Colorado: The Little Mining Camp that Tried,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> (Spring 2000): 2–18.</strong></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chalk-creek-canyon" hreflang="en">Chalk Creek Canyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ghost-town" hreflang="en">ghost town</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mary-murphy-mine" hreflang="en">Mary Murphy mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-south-park-pacific-railroad" hreflang="en">Denver South Park &amp; Pacific Railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alpine-tunnel" hreflang="en">Alpine Tunnel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/silver-mining" hreflang="en">silver mining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/melanie-roth" hreflang="en">Melanie Roth</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Clint Driscoll, “<a href="https://www.cozine.com:8443/2003-july/st-elmo-legacy-faces-a-variety-of-threats">St. Elmo Legacy Faces a Variety of Threats</a>,” <em>Colorado Central Magazine</em>, July 2003.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lisa Everitt, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2006/07/25/st-elmo-remains-a-real-town-frozen-in-time/">St. Elmo Remains a Real Town Frozen in Time</a>,” <em>Denver Post</em>, July 30, 2006.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.buenavistaheritage.org/St-Elmo-Projects">St. Elmo Projects</a>,” Buena Vista Heritage.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Peter Anderson, <em>From Gold to Ghosts</em> (Nathrop, CO: P. Anderson, 1983).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sandra Dallas, <em>Colorado Ghost Towns and Mining Camps</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The historic mining town of St. Elmo started in 1880. It is one of the best-preserved “ghost towns” in the West. People use it as a base for hiking and four-wheeling. It is in <strong>Chalk Creek Canyon</strong> near <strong>Buena Vista</strong>. It is high in the mountains at an elevation of 10,000 feet.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Settlement</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1871, Abner Wright settled in Chalk Creek Canyon. By 1875, he and his partner, John Royal, had discovered a rich vein of silver ore. They named their mine the Mary Murphy Mine. It would become the most successful mine in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1878, silver was discovered near Leadville. People came to the area hoping to strike it rich. By 1880 they were looking for silver in Chalk Creek Canyon. That year two men marked out land for a new town. They named it Forest City. However, that name was already taken by a city in California. The US Post Office asked them to pick a different name. They renamed it St. Elmo. It was named after a popular book called <em>St. Elmo</em> by Augusta Evans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1871 only a few people lived in the area. By 1881, the population was 2,000. The town was an exciting place. New miners kept arriving to search for silver and gold. Every day, tons of silver and gold were mined from the Mary Murphy. More than 250 men worked at the mine. Several silver strikes were made in nearby Grizzly Gulch. By 1883 the area had 50 gold and silver mines.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Elmo grew quickly. In less than 6 months it had 2 sawmills, a smelter, 3 hotels, 5 restaurants and stores. Soon, other businesses started. They included a surveyor’s office, a jeweler, an attorney, a drug store and plenty of saloons. There was a meat market, a feed store, a clothing store and a blacksmith. Finally, a city hall, a post office, a firehouse, and 2 banks were added.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Boomtown Growth</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1870s, people in St. Elmo lived in tents, dugouts, and huts. As the town grew, cabins were built of pine logs. Later, some of the cabins were covered with boards. Some buildings added “false fronts” to make them look more impressive. There were not any brick and stone buildings in St. Elmo.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The road to St. Elmo grew with the town. The original road was built on trails and Indian footpaths. In the 1880s the road was wide enough for horses and wagons. Later, passenger stagecoaches and freight wagons ran to St. Elmo.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Elmo was large and successful enough to have a railroad. In 1880 a train line was put into the town. In 1882, the railroad built a tunnel through the <strong>Continental Divide</strong>. It was called the <strong>Alpine Tunnel</strong>. It connected St. Elmo with the Western Slope.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Decline</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Elmo stopped growing in the late 1880s. The town never became one of Colorado’s rich mining camps. There were some reasons for this. The town was not on a major travel route. Also, it was hard for miners to get money to explore and expand the mines. And, the silver and gold were low grade. This meant the refining process was slow and more expensive. Then, in 1890 a fire burned through the town. It destroyed many businesses on Main Street. After the fire, many St. Elmo residents packed up and left.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1893 the government passed a new law. It made silver much less valuable than it had been. Silver mines in the area were abandoned. Like many other Colorado silver camps, the town was never the same. Then in 1898, another fire burned St. Elmo. Some of the damaged structures were rebuilt, but the town struggled even more.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1905 the Mary Murphy Mine was reopened. But gold and silver mining declined in the years around World War I. People were mining iron and other ores for the war. After the war, in 1936, the mine closed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Alpine Tunnel closed in 1910. In 1922 trains stopped running to St. Elmo. Four years later the railroad pulled up the tracks. With the tracks gone, the old rail bed was made into an automobile road.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Preservation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1943, only two people lived in St. Elmo. They were brother and sister, Annabelle and Tony Stark. The Starks bought many of the town’s buildings. They changed them to summer cabins for tourists. In 1960, Marie Skogsberg, a family friend, became the owner.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Skogsberg family wanted to care for the properties. One granddaughter, Melanie Milam Roth, started the Milam Family Trust. In the 1950s, the Milams and other property owners began to take care of the public buildings. They bought the schoolhouse in 1975. The bought the town hall in 1989.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>About 40 forty buildings are still standing in St. Elmo. One is the Miner’s Exchange building. It was a bank and saloon before it became a general store. Other buildings include a saloon, a mining company building, and a hotel.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1979 the town was listed as a National Historic District. The property owners have helped make St. Elmo into one of the West’s best-preserved ghost towns. A ghost town is a place that people don’t live anymore, but where buildings are still standing. St. Elmo is not really a ghost town. The town has a few people who live there all year. In the summer about 50 people live there.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1960s, some businessmen bought property near the town. They hoped to turn it into a ski resort. It was not successful. In the 1980s, a mining company reopened the Mary Murphy Mine. They tore down the historic mine buildings. They said that they were dangerous. But then, they left the area because it had too much <strong>snow</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2002 a fire destroyed five buildings in St. Elmo. It burnt down the town hall. It had been built in the 1890s. It had survived all the other fires. In 2005, a group fixed up the schoolhouse. It opened as the St. Elmo Schoolhouse Museum. In 2008, the burnt town hall was rebuilt. It is now a museum about St. Elmo’s history.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The historic mining town of St. Elmo was founded in 1880 and flourished for less than a decade. It is considered one of the best-preserved ghost towns in the West. It is located in <strong>Chalk Creek Canyon</strong> near <strong>Buena Vista </strong>at an elevation of 10,000 feet. The town attracts roughly 50,000 tourists a year. It is used as a base for hiking and four-wheeling.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Settlement</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1871 prospector Abner Wright settled in Chalk Creek Canyon. By 1875, he and his partner, John Royal, had discovered a high-grade vein of silver ore on Chrysolite Mountain. They named the claim the Mary Murphy Mine. It eventually became the most successful mine in the Chalk Creek district.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Starting in 1878, the <strong>Leadville</strong> silver strikes produced swarms of new prospectors in the <strong>Arkansas River Valley</strong>. By 1880 Chalk Creek Canyon was benefiting from the boom. That year Griffith Evans and Charles Seitz planned a town site. They named their new town Forest City. However, the US Post Office denied the name because it was the name of a town in California. The town was renamed St. Elmo. It was named for a popular novel called <em>St. Elmo</em> by Augusta J. Evans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The population of the St. Elmo area grew from a few prospectors in 1871 to 2,000 people in 1881. This included miners living in temporary shelters at their mines. The town was a dynamic place. New miners arrived around the clock to cash in on the bonanza. By 1881, the Mary Murphy extracted 70 to 100 tons of silver and gold ore each day. The mine employed more than 250 men at the peak of production. Several silver strikes were made in nearby Grizzly Gulch, and by 1883 the district had fifty producing mines.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the rush of prospectors into the Chalk Creek area, St. Elmo’s business district quickly took shape. <em>The Denver Tribune</em> observed: “St. Elmo, a town of less than 6 months, has two sawmills, a smelter and concentrator, 3 hotels, 5 restaurants and several stores.” New businesses and institutions began appearing. These included a surveyor’s office, a jeweler, an assayer, an attorney, a drug store, a meat market, several saloons, a feed store, a clothing store, and a blacksmith. Soon a city hall, a post office, a firehouse, and a pair of banks were built.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Boomtown Growth</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late 1870s St. Elmo still had canvas tents, pine-covered dugouts, and earth-roofed huts at the mine sites. These were followed by cabins built of the most plentiful material to be found—spruce logs. As time passed, some of the early log structures were boarded over with siding. Other structures remained log, but false fronts were added to make them look more impressive. The most refined buildings in St. Elmo were frame stores and houses. These used vertical boards attached at both the foundation and roof plates to support the walls. More complex buildings of stone or brick were not built in St. Elmo.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The early mining activities were reported in the town’s first newspapers. <em>The Rustler</em> started in September 1880. It was sold in 1881 and renamed the <em>St. Elmo Mountaineer.</em> Later a mining paper called the <em>Mineral Belt</em> took the <em>Mountaineer</em>’s place.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The road from the Arkansas River Valley to St. Elmo grew with the town. The original road was built over game trails and Indian footpaths. In the early 1880s the road could accommodate horse travel, ore wagons, and stagecoaches. J. L. Sanderson ran a fleet of passenger stagecoaches and freight wagons out of St. Elmo. The road was on the Chalk Creek and Elk Mountain Toll Road, the pioneer route to <strong>Aspen</strong>. A toll road also was constructed for travel south into Maysville and the Mt. Shavano mining district.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Elmo was soon large and successful enough for a railroad. In 1880 the <strong>Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad</strong> completed a line to St. Elmo The railroad built an ambitious and expensive tunnel through the <strong>Continental Divide</strong>. The <strong>Alpine Tunnel</strong> was completed in 1882. It cost $250,000 and connected St. Elmo with the Western Slope. The Alpine Tunnel’s interior was lined with California redwood to protect it from the harsh winter conditions.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Decline</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Elmo’s growth stalled in the late 1880s. Several factors kept the town from becoming one of Colorado’s rich mining camps. Even though it had early rail service, the town was miles off the principal routes. Miners had difficulty obtaining the financing for new exploration and mining expansion. The area’s ores were of lower grade than those of more successful mining camps. This meant that the extraction and refining processes was slower and more expensive.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1890 a fire burned through the town. It destroyed every business on the south side of Main Street and burned several buildings on the north side. After the fire many St. Elmo residents packed up and left. The town’s population declined from 750 to 500 by 1891.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893 dealt another blow to the struggling town. The new law made the value of silver fall to low levels. Even the best silver mines on Chrysolite Mountain were nearly abandoned. Like most other silver camps, St. Elmo never recovered from the crash.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Later in the 1890s new gold discoveries began to revive St. Elmo’s economy. But in January 1898, another fire engulfed St. Elmo’s main street area. By the end of the year some of the damaged structures had been rebuilt. Again, the town never regained what it lost.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1905 the Mary Murphy Mine was reopened under English ownership. But mining for gold and silver had declined. In the years around World War I, mining was focused on iron and other ores needed for the war effort. After the war, gold and silver prices did not justify a return to full-scale mining in St. Elmo. The Alpine Tunnel was abandoned in 1910. In 1922 trains stopped running up Chalk Creek Canyon to the town. Four years later the railroad pulled up the tracks despite the town’s legal steps to prevent the action. With the tracks gone, the old railbed on the south side of the canyon was converted into an automobile road. The Mary Murphy Mine closed in 1936.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Preservation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1943 St. Elmo had only two full-time residents, brother and sister Annabelle and Tony Stark. The Starks bought many of the town’s remaining buildings and converted them to summer cabins for tourists. In 1960 the Starks willed their St. Elmo properties to Marie Skogsberg, a family friend.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Skogsberg family wanted to preserve St. Elmo. Melanie Milam Roth, a granddaughter helped her family hold on to many of the better buildings in town. These became part of the Milam Family Trust. In the late 1950s, the Milams and other property owners began to take care of the public buildings. They organized the St. Elmo Property Owners Association. They bought the schoolhouse in 1975 and the town hall in 1989.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many of the town’s buildings have vanished from the wear of natural forces. However, roughly forty early structures remain. One is the Miner’s Exchange building (1892), which served as a bank and saloon before becoming a general store. Other surviving buildings include Pat Hurley’s Saloon (1892), the Pawnee Mining and Milling Company building (1880), and the Home Comfort Hotel/Stark Store (1885).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1979 the town was listed as a National Historic District. The property owners have helped St. Elmo become one of the West’s best-preserved <strong>ghost towns</strong>. A ghost town is a place that is totally abandoned, while the structures remain. St. Elmo is not really a true ghost town, since it has a few full-time residents and about fifty summer residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The National Register listing protects St. Elmo from federal projects. But it did not prevent private development in the area. In the 1960s, before St. Elmo was listed as a historic site, a development group bought property near the town. They hoped to start a ski resort. That plan was abandoned after a multi-year drought. Fortunately, the Milam Trust was able to acquire much of the developer’s property.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1980s, gold and silver prices increased. The American International Metal Company leased and planned to reopen the Mary Murphy Mine. They tore down the historic mine buildings and mill. They claimed that the buildings were an insurance liability. Then, they gave up on the project because the area had too much snow to make mining profitable.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The greatest threat facing the wooden buildings in St. Elmo is fire. In April 2002 a fire destroyed five buildings in St. Elmo. This included the town hall, which dated to the early 1890s and had survived several previous fires. A new preservation group called Buena Vista Heritage was formed. After the fire, the St. Elmo Property Owners gave ownership of the charred town hall and the schoolhouse to the group. In 2005, with financial help from a State Historical Fund grant and private donations, they restored the schoolhouse. It opened to the public as the St. Elmo Schoolhouse Museum in June 2006. The Buena Vista Heritage rebuilt the burnt town hall. It was completed in 2008 and also operates as a museum of local history. In 2010 Melanie Roth and others formed a new nonprofit called Historic St. Elmo and Chalk Creek Canyon. It supports further preservation work in the area.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The historic mining town of St. Elmo was founded in 1880 and flourished for less than a decade. It is located in <strong>Chalk Creek Ca</strong>nyon near <strong>Buena Vista</strong> at an elevation of 10,000 feet. It is considered one of the best-preserved <strong>ghost towns</strong> in the West. The town attracts roughly 50,000 tourists annually, including many who use it as a base for hiking and four-wheeling.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Settlement</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1871 prospector Abner Ellis Wright was the first to settle in Chalk Creek Canyon. where St. Elmo would be established. By 1875, he and his partner, John Royal, had discovered an unusually high-grade vein of silver ore on Chrysolite Mountain four miles south of the future site of St. Elmo. The claim would be named the Mary Murphy and eventually became the most successful mine in the Chalk Creek district.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Starting in 1878, the <strong>Leadville</strong> silver strikes produced swarms of new prospectors in the <strong>Arkansas River Valley</strong>. By 1880 Chalk Creek Canyon was benefiting from the boom. That year Griffith Evans and Charles Seitz laid out a townsite called Forest City. However, the name was denied by the US Post Office, because it was preceded by a Forest City in California. The town was renamed St. Elmo. One story holds that Evans suggested the new name because he had recently read the novel <em>St. Elmo</em> by Augusta J. Evans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The population of the St. Elmo area grew from a few prospectors in 1871 to estimates as high as 2,000 by 1881. This included residents in temporary shelters at various mine locations. The town was a dynamic place. New miners arrived around the clock to cash in on the bonanza. The Mary Murphy was extracting between 70 and 100 tons of silver and gold ore daily in 1881. The mine employed more than 250 men at the peak of production. Several silver strikes were made in nearby Grizzly Gulch and by 1883 the district had fifty producing mines.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the rush of prospectors into the Chalk Creek area, St. Elmo’s business district quickly took shape. <em>The Denver Tribune</em> observed: “St. Elmo, a town of less than 6 months, has two sawmills, a smelter and concentrator, 3 hotels, 5 restaurants and several stores.” Other new businesses and civic institutions began appearing. These included a surveyor’s office, a jeweler, an assayer, an attorney, a drug store, a meat market, several saloons, a feed store, a clothing store, a blacksmith, a city hall, a post office, a firehouse, and a pair of banks.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Boomtown Growth</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late 1870s St. Elmo still had canvas tents, pine-covered dugouts, and earth-roofed huts at the mine sites. These were followed by unsophisticated cabins built of the most plentiful materials to be found—spruce logs. As time passed, some of the early log structures—crude and often drafty—were boarded over with siding. Still other structures remained log, but false fronts were added to make them look more impressive. The most refined buildings in St. Elmo were balloon-frame stores and houses, which used vertical boards attached at both the foundation and roof plates to support the walls. More complex masonry structures of stone or brick, designed by professional architects, were not built in the St. Elmo camp.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Reporting on the early mining activities were the town’s first newspapers, beginning with the <em>Rustler</em> in September 1880. The paper was sold in 1881 and renamed the <em>St. Elmo Mountaineer</em>. Later a mining paper called the <em>Mineral Belt</em> took the <em>Mountaineer</em>’s place.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The road from the Arkansas River Valley to St. Elmo had been widened from what were original game trails and Indian footpaths. In the early 1880s the road could accommodate horse travel, ore wagons, and stagecoaches. J. L. Sanderson ran a fleet of passenger stagecoaches and freight wagons out of St. Elmo. The road was on the Chalk Creek and Elk Mountain Toll Road, the pioneer route to <strong>Aspen</strong>. A toll road also was constructed for travel south into Maysville and the Mt. Shavano mining district.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Elmo was soon large and successful enough for a railroad connection. In 1880 the <strong>Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad</strong> completed a line up in St. Elmo. Fisher Railroad Station was located at the east edge of town. The railroad began an ambitious and expensive effort to build the 1,845-foot <strong>Alpine Tunnel</strong> through the <strong>Continental Divide</strong>. The tunnel was completed in 1882 and cost $250,000 and opened a new trade route to the Western Slope. The Alpine Tunnel’s interior was lined with California redwood for durability in its cold and damp setting.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Decline</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Elmo’s growth stalled in the late 1880s. Several factors kept the town from becoming one of Colorado’s rich mining camps. Even though it had early rail service, the town was sixteen miles off the principal routes. Miners had difficulty obtaining the outside financing that was critical for new exploration and mining expansion. Its ores were of lower grade than those of more successful mining camps, which meant that the extraction and refining processes were slower and more expensive.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1890 a fire burned through the town. It destroyed every business on the south side of Main Street and burned several buildings on the north side. After the fire many St. Elmo residents packed up and left, and the town’s population declined from 750 to 500 by 1891. The repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893 dealt another blow to the struggling town. The new law devalued silver, leaving it worth much less than it had been previously. Even the best silver mines on Chrysolite Mountain were nearly abandoned. Like most other silver camps, St. Elmo never fully recovered from the crash.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Later in the 1890s new gold discoveries began to revive St. Elmo’s economy. But in January 1898 fire again engulfed St. Elmo’s commercial district. By the end of the year some of the damaged structures had been rebuilt. The town never completely regained what it lost.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1905 the Mary Murphy Silver Mine was reopened under the ownership of an English syndicate. But precious metals mining declined in the years before World War I in favor of iron and other ores for the war effort. After the war, precious metals prices did not justify a return to full-scale mining in St. Elmo.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Alpine Tunnel had been abandoned in 1910, and trains stopped running up Chalk Creek Canyon in 1922. Four years later the <strong>Colorado and Southern Railroad</strong> pulled up the tracks despite the town’s legal steps to prevent the action. With the tracks gone, the old railbed on the south side of the canyon was converted into an automobile road. The Mary Murphy Mine closed in 1936.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Preservation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1943 St. Elmo had only two full-time residents, siblings Annabelle and Tony Stark. As others left, the Starks bought many of the town’s remaining buildings and converted them to summer cabins for tourists. In 1960 the Starks willed their St. Elmo holdings to Marie Skogsberg, a family friend. Subsequently, Skogsberg’s granddaughter, Melanie Milam Roth, helped her family hold on to many of the better buildings in town. These became part of the Milam Family Trust. In the late 1950s, St. Elmo property owners began to take care of the public buildings, such as the schoolhouse and the town hall. After organizing as the St. Elmo Property Owners Association, they became the owners of the schoolhouse in 1975 and of the town hall in 1989.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many of the town’s buildings have vanished from the wear of time, heavy snow loads, and wind. However, roughly forty early structures remain intact. The Miner’s Exchange building (1892), which served as a bank and saloon before becoming a general store still stands. Other surviving buildings include Pat Hurley’s Saloon (1892), the Pawnee Mining and Milling Company building (1880), and the Home Comfort Hotel/Stark Store (1885).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1979 Melanie Roth and <strong>Colorado Springs</strong> architect Doug Hagen got the town listed as a National Historic District. The goodwill of local property owners over the past century has helped St. Elmo remain one of the West’s best-preserved ghost towns. A ghost town is a place that has been abandoned, but the structures still remain. The town’s few full-time residents and about fifty summer residents might dispute the notion that it is a true ghost town.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The National Register listing protects St. Elmo from federal projects. But nothing prevents private development in the area. In the 1960s, before St. Elmo was listed as a historic site, a development group called Consortium B bought property near the town. They hoped to turn it into a ski resort. That plan was abandoned after a multi-year drought. The Milam Trust was able to buy much of the developer’s property to enable its preservation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1980s with increases in gold and silver prices, the American International Metal Company leased the Mary Murphy Mine. They planned to reopen it and they demolished the historic mine buildings and mill. They claimed that they were an insurance liability. Then, they gave up the project because the area had too much snow to make mining there financially profitable.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perhaps the greatest threat facing the wooden buildings in St. Elmo is fire. In April 2002 a major fire destroyed five buildings in St. Elmo. This included the town hall, which dated to the early 1890s and had survived several previous fires.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the fire, the St. Elmo Property Owners Association transferred ownership of the charred town hall and the schoolhouse to the nonprofit Buena Vista Heritage. In 2005, with financial help from a State Historical Fund grant and private donations, they restored the schoolhouse. It opened to the public as the St. Elmo Schoolhouse Museum in June 2006. The Buena Vista Heritage began to rebuild the burnt town hall. It was completed in 2008 and also operates as a museum of local history. In 2010 Melanie Roth and others formed a new nonprofit called Historic St. Elmo and Chalk Creek Canyon to support further preservation work in the area.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 24 Aug 2016 17:09:29 +0000 yongli 1745 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Inter-Laken Hotel http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/inter-laken-hotel <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Inter-Laken Hotel</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1618--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1618.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/inter-laken-hotel"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/TwinLakesCO_InterlakenResortDistrict%20%281%29_0.jpg?itok=giKmRSYP" width="1024" height="680" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/inter-laken-hotel" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Inter-Laken Hotel</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In the 1880s James Dexter developed the Inter-Laken Hotel (right) into a high-class resort on the shore of Twin Lakes, south of Leadville. Dexter's distinctive cabin stands at left.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-25T14:53:58-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 25, 2016 - 14:53" class="datetime">Wed, 05/25/2016 - 14:53</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/inter-laken-hotel" data-a2a-title="Inter-Laken Hotel"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Finter-laken-hotel&amp;title=Inter-Laken%20Hotel"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Originally established in 1879 as the Lakeside Resort, the Inter-Laken Hotel was developed by James V. Dexter into a high-class, late nineteenth-century resort near <strong>Twin Lakes</strong>. Popular for about two decades, the hotel declined and eventually closed in the early twentieth century as a series of water storage and diversion projects transformed Twin Lakes from a pair of glacial lakes into a large reservoir. The hotel site, including the cabin Dexter built for himself in 1895, was restored in the early 2000s and now features interpretive signs for visitors.</p> <h2>Resort</h2> <p>In 1879 John A. Staley and Charles Thomas built a hotel called the Lakeside Resort on the southern shore of Twin Lakes. Although <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a>, about fifteen miles north, was in the midst of a mining boom, the hotel struggled financially. In 1883 it was acquired by James Viola Dexter, a wealthy mine owner in Leadville, who bought the hotel and eighty acres of land for $3,250.</p> <p>Dexter renamed the resort the Inter-Laken Hotel and quickly developed it into one of the finest resorts in the Rocky Mountains. He expanded the main hotel building, a two-story board-and-batten structure with two chimneys, and added Kentucky bluegrass lawns, fountains, a hotel annex, a dance pavilion, a stable, and a hexagonal privy.</p> <p>Designed primarily as a summer resort, the Inter-Laken Hotel offered sailboats, rowboats, canoes, and a fifty-foot steamboat called the <em>Idlewild</em>. Some winter amusements, such as ice skating and sleigh rides, also took place at the resort. With rates as high as four dollars a day, it was the most expensive hotel in the area, attracting wealthy visitors from Leadville, Denver, and Colorado Springs as well as a few international guests.</p> <p>In 1895 Dexter built himself a two-story cabin near the resort. A square building with an open veranda on all sides, the Dexter Cabin featured a bell-cast mansard roof, symmetrical gabled dormer windows, and an enclosed cupola flanked by two chimneys. Inside, the cabin had walnut finishes and elaborate birdseye maple furniture.</p> <h2>Reservoir</h2> <p>Since the 1890s, the main threat to the Inter-Laken Hotel has been the transformation of Twin Lakes from natural glacial lakes into a large reservoir. In 1896 the Twin Lakes Reservoir and Canal Company dammed Lake Creek to allow Twin Lakes to store an additional 54,000 acre-feet of water for use by farmers along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a>. The Inter-Laken remained on dry land, but the stagnant, shallow water of the reservoir contributed to its declining popularity in the early twentieth century, and the hotel was eventually abandoned.</p> <p>In 1972 the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>US </strong></a><strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado">Bureau of Reclamation</a></strong> took control of the Inter-Laken Hotel site and nearby areas as part of the <strong>Fryingpan-Arkansas Project</strong>, which was designed to provide additional water for the Arkansas River Basin. The project turned Twin Lakes into a reservoir for water diverted from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> and awaiting release into the Arkansas River, threatening to inundate some parts of the Inter-Laken site. At this time the hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p> <p>In 1981 the Bureau of Reclamation completed a new dam at Twin Lakes. Two years later several Inter-Laken buildings, including the hotel and Dexter Cabin, were moved to save them from the rising level of the reservoir. Several other hotel features—such as the dance pavilion, fountains, and lawns—are now underwater.</p> <h2>Restoration</h2> <p>By 2000 the Inter-Laken Hotel was suffering deterioration by neglect, with its buildings boarded up and inaccessible. In 2001 Colorado Preservation listed the site as one of the state’s Most Endangered Places. Starting in 2004, the hotel complex was restored in a four-year effort modeled on Habitat for Humanity projects. Most construction work was performed by volunteers, with architectural supervision by Harrison Goodall of Conservation Services. Funding and other assistance came from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a>, Colorado Preservation, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-mountain-club"><strong>Colorado Mountain Club</strong></a>, and the State Historical Fund. The Forest Service also erected interpretive signs.</p> <p>Located in the <strong>San Isabel National Forest</strong>, the Inter-Laken Hotel site is now managed by the Forest Service. Visitors can access the site by boat or on foot via the <strong>Colorado Trail</strong> and the <strong>Continental Divide Trail</strong>, which pass near the hotel.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lakeside-resort" hreflang="en">Lakeside Resort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/james-dexter" hreflang="en">James Dexter</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/twin-lakes" hreflang="en">twin lakes</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-colorado-hotels" hreflang="en">historic colorado hotels</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/interlaken-hotel" hreflang="en">Interlaken Hotel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/interlaken-resort" hreflang="en">Interlaken Resort</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Paul Andersen, <em>High Road to Aspen: Leadville to Aspen over the Continental Divide</em> (Aspen, CO: ERG Press, 2014).</p> <p>&nbsp;“<a href="https://www.leadvilleherald.com/leadville_life/chronicles/article_d239fb96-8622-11e4-887e-9738681fc0f0.html">Cloud City Chronicles—December 2004</a>,” <em>Leadville Herald Democrat</em>, December 17, 2014.</p> <p>Cynthia Emrick, “Interlaken Resort District,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (July 8, 1974).</p> <p>“<a href="https://coloradopreservation.org/programs/endangered-places/endangered-places-archives/inter-laken-resort/">Inter-Laken Resort</a>,” Endangered Places Archives, Colorado Preservation.</p> <p>Nancy Ward, “<a href="https://www.cozine.com:8443/2000-september/traveling-through-time-at-inter-laken-resort">Traveling Through Time at Inter-Laken Resort</a>,” <em>Colorado Central Magazine</em>, September 2000.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>“<a href="http://www.usbr.gov/gp/multimedia/archive/glimpse/interlaken.html">Late 1800s Resort at Twin Lakes, CO—Interlaken Hotel</a>,” Glimpses of the Past, Great Plains Region, US Bureau of Reclamation.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Inter-Laken Hotel was originally called the Lakeside Resort in 1879. It was a high-class, late nineteenth-century resort near <strong>Twin Lakes</strong>. It was developed by James V. Dexter. The hotel was popular for about two decades. It closed in the early twentieth century after it lost its popularity. Water storage and diversion projects changed Twin Lakes from a pair of glacial lakes into a large reservoir. The hotel site was restored in the early 2000s. It now features interpretive signs for visitors.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Resort</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1879 John A. Staley and Charles Thomas built a hotel called the Lakeside Resort on the southern shore of Twin Lakes. <strong>Leadville </strong>was about fifteen miles to the north. It was in the midst of a mining boom. Even so, the hotel struggled financially. In 1883 the hotel was purchased by James Viola Dexter. He was a wealthy mine owner in Leadville. He bought the hotel and eighty acres of land for $3,250.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dexter renamed the resort the Inter-Laken Hotel. He quickly made it into one of the finest resorts in the Rocky Mountains. He expanded the main hotel building. He also added Kentucky bluegrass lawns and fountains. He put in a dance pavilion, a stable, and a hexagonal privy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The hotel was built to be mainly a summer resort. The Inter-Laken Hotel had sailboats, rowboats, canoes, and a fifty-foot steamboat called the <em>Idlewild</em>. Some winter amusements, such as ice skating and sleigh rides, also took place at the resort. It was the most expensive hotel in the area. Its rates were as high as four dollars a day. Wealthy visitors from Leadville, Denver, and Colorado Springs came to the hotel. There were also a few international guests.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1895 Dexter built himself a two-story cabin near the resort. This was a square building with an open veranda on all sides. The Dexter Cabin featured a bell-cast mansard roof. It also had dormer windows and an enclosed cupola with a chimney on either side. Inside, the cabin had walnut finishes and elaborate birdseye maple furniture.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Reservoir</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Since the 1890s, the main threat to the Inter-Laken Hotel has been the changing of Twin Lakes from natural glacial lakes into a large reservoir. In 1896 the Twin Lakes Reservoir and Canal Company dammed the water in Lake Creek. This let Twin Lakes store an additional 54,000 acre-feet of water. This was to be used by farmers along the <strong>Arkansas River</strong>. The Inter-Laken remained on dry land. The dirty, shallow water of the reservoir led to its lack of popularity in the early twentieth century. The hotel was eventually abandoned.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1972 the <strong>US Bureau of Reclamation</strong> took control of the Inter-Laken Hotel site. It made the hotel and nearby areas part of the <strong>Fryingpan-Arkansas Project</strong>. The project was meant to provide more water for the Arkansas River Basin. The project turned Twin Lakes into a reservoir for water that came from the Western Slope. The water would later be released into the Arkansas River. This was water that threatened to flood some parts of the Inter-Laken site. At this time the hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1981 the Bureau of Reclamation completed a new dam at Twin Lakes. Two years later, several Inter-Laken buildings were moved to save them from the rising level of the reservoir. This included the hotel and Dexter Cabin. Several other hotel features—such as the dance pavilion, fountains, and lawns—are now underwater.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Restoration</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 2000 the Inter-Laken Hotel was becoming more run-down. Its buildings were boarded up and unusable. In 2001 Colorado Preservation listed the site as one of the state’s Most Endangered Places. Starting in 2004, the hotel complex was restored. This was done in a four-year project modeled on Habitat for Humanity projects. Most of the construction work was done by volunteers. Other help came from the <strong>US Forest Service</strong> and Colorado Preservation. The National Trust for Historic Preservation, the Colorado Mountain Club, and the State Historical Fund also provided help. The Forest Service put up interpretive signs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Located in the <strong>San Isabel National Forest</strong>, the Inter-Laken Hotel site is now managed by the Forest Service. Visitors can get to the site by boat. They can also get there on foot via the <strong>Colorado Trail</strong> and the <strong>Continental Divide Trail</strong>, which pass near the hotel.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Originally established in 1879 as the Lakeside Resort, the Inter-Laken Hotel was developed by James V. Dexter into a high-class, late nineteenth-century resort near <strong>Twin Lakes</strong>. It was popular for about two decades. The hotel declined and eventually closed in the early twentieth century. The hotel site, including the cabin Dexter built for himself in 1895, was restored in the early 2000s. It now features interpretive signs for visitors.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Resort</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1879 John A. Staley and Charles Thomas built a hotel called the Lakeside Resort on the southern shore of Twin Lakes. The hotel struggled financially even though nearby <strong>Leadville</strong> was in the midst of a mining boom. In 1883 the hotel was acquired by James Viola Dexter, a wealthy mine owner in Leadville. He bought the building and eighty acres of land for $3,250.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dexter renamed the resort the Inter-Laken Hotel. He quickly developed it into one of the finest resorts in the Rocky Mountains. He expanded the main hotel building, which was a two-story board-and-batten structure with two chimneys. He also added Kentucky bluegrass lawns, fountains, a hotel annex, a dance pavilion, a stable, and a privy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Designed primarily as a summer resort, the Inter-Laken Hotel offered sailboats, rowboats, canoes, and a fifty-foot steamboat called the <em>Idlewild</em>. The hotel also offered some winter amusements, such as ice skating and sleigh rides. With rates as high as four dollars a day, it was the most expensive hotel in the area. It attracted wealthy visitors from Leadville, Denver, and Colorado Springs, as well as a few international guests.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1895 Dexter built himself a two-story cabin near the resort. This was a square building with an open veranda on all sides. The Dexter Cabin featured a bell-cast mansard roof and symmetrical, gabled dormer windows. It had an enclosed cupola flanked by two chimneys. Inside, the cabin had walnut finishes and elaborate maple furniture.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Reservoir</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Since the 1890s, the main threat to the Inter-Laken Hotel has been the transformation of Twin Lakes from natural glacial lakes into a large reservoir. In 1896 the Twin Lakes Reservoir and Canal Company dammed Lake Creek. This allowed Twin Lakes to store an additional 54,000 acre-feet of water for use by farmers along the <strong>Arkansas River</strong>. The Inter-Laken remained on dry land, but the stagnant, shallow water of the reservoir added to its declining popularity in the early twentieth century. The hotel was eventually abandoned.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1972 the <strong>US Bureau of Reclamation</strong> took control of the Inter-Laken Hotel site and nearby areas as part of the <strong>Fryingpan-Arkansas Project</strong>. The project was designed to provide additional water for the Arkansas River Basin. The project turned Twin Lakes into a reservoir for water diverted from the Western Slope. The water would later be released into the Arkansas River. This water threatened to flood some parts of the Inter-Laken site. At this time, the hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1981 the Bureau of Reclamation completed a new dam at Twin Lakes. Two years later, several Inter-Laken buildings, including the hotel and Dexter Cabin, were moved to save them from the rising level of the reservoir. Several other hotel features—such as the dance pavilion, fountains, and lawns—are now underwater.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Restoration</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 2000 the Inter-Laken Hotel was suffering deterioration by neglect. Its buildings were boarded up and inaccessible. In 2001 Colorado Preservation listed the site as one of the state’s Most Endangered Places. Starting in 2004, the hotel complex was restored in a four-year effort modeled on Habitat for Humanity projects. Most construction work was performed by volunteers. The architectural work was supervised by Harrison Goodall of Conservation Services. Funding and other assistance came from the <strong>US Forest Service</strong>, Colorado Preservation, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the Colorado Mountain Club, and the State Historical Fund. The Forest Service also put up interpretive signs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Located in the <strong>San Isabel National Forest</strong>, the Inter-Laken Hotel site is now managed by the Forest Service. Visitors can access the site by boat or on foot via the <strong>Colorado Trail</strong> and the <strong>Continental Divide Trail</strong>, which pass near the hotel.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Originally established in 1879 as the Lakeside Resort, the Inter-Laken Hotel was developed by James V. Dexter into a high-class, late nineteenth-century resort near <strong>Twin Lakes</strong>. Popular for about two decades, the hotel declined and eventually closed in the early twentieth century. The hotel site, including the cabin Dexter built for himself in 1895, was restored in the early 2000s and now features interpretive signs for visitors.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Resort</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1879 John A. Staley and Charles Thomas built a hotel called the Lakeside Resort on the southern shore of Twin Lakes. the hotel struggled financially even though nearby <strong>Leadville</strong> was in the midst of a mining boom. In 1883 it was acquired by James Viola Dexter, a wealthy mine owner in Leadville. He bought the hotel and eighty acres of land for $3,250.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dexter renamed the resort the Inter-Laken Hotel and quickly developed it into one of the finest resorts in the Rocky Mountains. He expanded the main hotel building, a two-story board-and-batten structure with two chimneys. He also added Kentucky bluegrass lawns, fountains, a hotel annex, a dance pavilion, a stable, and a privy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Designed primarily as a summer resort, the Inter-Laken Hotel offered sailboats, rowboats, canoes, and a fifty-foot steamboat called the <em>Idlewild</em>. Some winter amusements, such as ice skating and sleigh rides, also took place at the resort. With rates as high as four dollars a day, it was the most expensive hotel in the area. It attracted wealthy visitors from Leadville, Denver, and Colorado Springs as well as a few international guests.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1895 Dexter built himself a two-story cabin near the resort. A square building with an open veranda on all sides, the Dexter Cabin featured a bell-cast mansard roof, symmetrical gabled dormer windows, and an enclosed cupola flanked by two chimneys. Inside, the cabin had walnut finishes and elaborate birdseye maple furniture.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Reservoir</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Since the 1890s, the main threat to the Inter-Laken Hotel has been the transformation of Twin Lakes from natural glacial lakes into a large reservoir. In 1896 the Twin Lakes Reservoir and Canal Company dammed Lake Creek to allow Twin Lakes to store an additional 54,000 acre-feet of water for use by farmers along the <strong>Arkansas River</strong>. The Inter-Laken remained on dry land, but the stagnant, shallow water of the reservoir contributed to its declining popularity in the early twentieth century. The hotel was eventually abandoned.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1972 the <strong>US Bureau of Reclamation</strong> took control of the Inter-Laken Hotel site and nearby areas as part of the <strong>Fryingpan-Arkansas Project</strong>. The project was designed to provide additional water for the Arkansas River Basin. The project turned Twin Lakes into a reservoir for water diverted from the Western Slope and awaiting release into the Arkansas River. This was water that threatened to inundate some parts of the Inter-Laken site. At this time the hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1981 the Bureau of Reclamation completed a new dam at Twin Lakes. Two years later several Inter-Laken buildings, including the hotel and Dexter Cabin, were moved to save them from the rising level of the reservoir. Several other hotel features—such as the dance pavilion, fountains, and lawns—are now underwater.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Restoration</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 2000 the Inter-Laken Hotel was suffering deterioration by neglect. Its buildings were boarded up and inaccessible. In 2001, Colorado Preservation listed the site as one of the state’s Most Endangered Places. Starting in 2004, the hotel complex was restored in a four-year effort modeled on Habitat for Humanity projects. Most construction work was performed by volunteers, with architectural supervision by Harrison Goodall of Conservation Services. Funding and other assistance came from the <strong>US Forest Service</strong>, Colorado Preservation, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the Colorado Mountain Club, and the State Historical Fund. The Forest Service also erected interpretive signs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Located in the <strong>San Isabel National Forest</strong>, the Inter-Laken Hotel site is now managed by the Forest Service. Visitors can access the site by boat or on foot via the <strong>Colorado Trail</strong> and the <strong>Continental Divide Trail</strong>, which pass near the hotel.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 25 May 2016 20:53:58 +0000 yongli 1435 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Browns Canyon National Monument http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/browns-canyon-national-monument <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Browns Canyon National Monument</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1198--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1198.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/arkansas-river-sawatch-range"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Browns-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=YMi8giAX" width="1000" height="718" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/arkansas-river-sawatch-range" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Arkansas River from Sawatch Range</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The famous American photographer, W.G. Chamberlain, took this photo of the southern Arkansas River, a large portion of which flows through Browns Canyon National Monument.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1201--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1201.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/rafting-arkansas-river"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Browns-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=3PaFA8fR" width="1000" height="642" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/rafting-arkansas-river" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rafting the Arkansas River</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>&nbsp;White-water rafters haul their boat down a series of steps at the Fisherman’s Bridge put-in on the Arkansas River.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-03-11T11:06:24-07:00" title="Friday, March 11, 2016 - 11:06" class="datetime">Fri, 03/11/2016 - 11:06</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/browns-canyon-national-monument" data-a2a-title="Browns Canyon National Monument"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbrowns-canyon-national-monument&amp;title=Browns%20Canyon%20National%20Monument"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>On February 19, 2015, President Obama designated 21,586 acres of scenic canyons, rivers, and backcountry forest in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chaffee-county"><strong>Chaffee County</strong></a>, Colorado, as the Browns Canyon National Monument. Browns Canyon is the eighth <strong>national monument</strong> designation within the state of Colorado. It provides visitors with varied recreational opportunities, from hiking to kayaking and white-water rafting and fishing, and has ensured the continued preservation of habitat important to ecologically sensitive species such as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bighorn-sheep"><strong>bighorn sheep</strong></a><strong> </strong>and <strong>pine marten</strong>.</p><h2>A Wild Landscape</h2><p>Stretching between the communities of <strong>Buena Vista</strong> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/salida"><strong>Salida</strong></a> in Chaffee County, the Browns Canyon area’s elevation ranges from 7,300 feet to 10,000 feet, offering stunning views of the Upper <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> Valley and the <strong>Sawatch Range</strong> of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>. The granite walls of the canyon stand like a series of a natural cathedral <a href="https://medium.com/@solar-power-systems/solar-companies-in-louisiana-b5f6a72726e2">spires</a> that change hues as daylight wanes. The range, formed more than 70 million years ago, is home to some of the highest peaks in the region, towering above 14,000 feet in elevation. The distinctive environmental features consist of mountains, glacial canyons, giant moraines (ridges of glacial debris), and gulches. Drainages interlace the canyon and empty in to the Arkansas River.</p><p>Browns Canyon provides clean <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a>, habitat for wildlife, biological diversity, outdoor recreational opportunities, and scenic beauty, as well as grazing and other permitted uses. The main natural resource of the monument is the Arkansas River, which provides such recreational activities as rafting, kayaking, biking, horseback riding, hiking, photography, and stargazing. The river is recognized as a gold-medal river for its world-class wild trout fishing. The Arkansas River has long been considered one of America’s most popular whitewater rafting destinations and features rapids with names like Canyon Doors, Zoom Flume, and Seidel’s Suckhole.</p><p>The land managed by the <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>United States Forest Service</strong></a><strong> </strong>(USFS) within the monument is remote and primitive, with rugged terrain and limited development.&nbsp;There are no developed camping sites and few roads, and dispersed camping opportunities are limited to locations reached by hiking, mountain biking, and horseback riding. There are about four miles of nonmotorized trails on the San Isabel National Forest portion of the monument that provide access for those activities.</p><p>Browns Canyon is also home to some of Colorado’s most emblematic animal species. It is winter range for big game such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a> and <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a>. A herd of bighorn sheep, first introduced to Chaffee County in the 1980s, continues to thrive in the area. Other wildlife includes the American <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/black-bear"><strong>black bear</strong></a>, bobcat, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mountain-lion"><strong>mountain lion</strong></a>, coyote, red fox, and American pine marten. The USFS considers the bighorn sheep and pine marten as “sensitive species,” those that are neither threatened nor endangered but whose population viability is a concern; thus, the agency accords these species significant protection through management decisions. The area’s designation as a national monument has provided even further protection for these sensitive species.</p><p>Surveys of the area date the presence of Native Americans for at least 13,000 years. Numerous archaeological sites, some containing stone artifacts, have been documented by archaeologists in the area. The archaeologists have attributed these early sites to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a> and early <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic</strong></a> periods. The general area is traditionally significant to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> as well as to the <strong>Jicarilla Apache</strong>. Evidence of modern humans is shown through the visits of early explorers and, by the late 1800s, of miners prospecting in the area. Cabins and other historically significant structures are generally located outside of the monument area.</p><h2>Debate Over Management</h2><p>Browns Canyon includes 11,836 acres of the San Isabel National Forest and 9,750 acres of <strong>Bureau of Land Management </strong>(BLM) land. The USFS and the BLM jointly manage the monument. Browns Canyon National Monument is the ninth monument managed by the USFS and the twenty-first managed by the BLM. The fact that Browns Canyon is technically part of the <strong>National Park Service</strong> (NPS) system but is being cooperatively managed by the USFS and BLM has drawn criticism.</p><p>The 1916 National Park Service Organic Act, which created the NPS, states that the “service thus established shall promote and regulate the use of the Federal areas known as national parks, monuments, and reservations … which purpose is to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.”</p><p>While the monument is partly managed by the National Park Service, effectively withdrawing Browns Canyon from future mineral leases and setting strict conservation priorities, critics fear that multiagency management jeopardizes conservation of the monument. The USFS and BLM have multiple-use mandates that include mineral development, logging, and road building. Critics believe that the NPS alone, with its conservation and recreation priorities, is best equipped to manage the monument.</p><p><strong>Adapted from US Forest Service, “</strong><a href="https://www.fs.fed.us/visit/browns-canyon-national-monument"><strong>President Designates Browns Canyon National Monument in Colorado’s Vibrant Upper Arkansas River valley</strong></a><strong>,” US Department of Agriculture, 2015.</strong></p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/browns-canyon" hreflang="en">browns canyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/browns-canyon-national-monument" hreflang="en">browns canyon national monument</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chaffee-county" hreflang="en">chaffee county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arkansas-river" hreflang="en">Arkansas River</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-forest-service-0" hreflang="en">US forest service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-land-management" hreflang="en">Bureau of Land Management</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Alex Carr Johnson, “<a href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/national-monument-designation-browns-canyon/">How Many More Monuments Will Obama Create?</a>” <em>High Country News</em>, March 5, 2015, web exclusive. .</p><p>“The National Park Service Organic Act of 1906,” Public Law 91-190, 64th Cong., 1st sess. (January 1, 1970).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/plan-your-visit-browns-canyon-national-monument">Plan Your Visit to Browns Canyon National Monument</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p><p>Horace Albright and Marian Albright Schenck, <em>Creating the National Park Service: The Missing Years</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999).</p><p>Denise D. Meringolo, <em>Museums, Monuments, and National Parks: Toward a New Genealogy of Public History</em> (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2012).</p><p>Gerald W. Williams, <em>The Forest Service: Fighting for Our Public Lands</em>, Understanding Our Government Series, (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 11 Mar 2016 18:06:24 +0000 yongli 1197 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Salida Steam Plant http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/salida-steam-plant <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Salida Steam Plant</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--994--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--994.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/salida-steam-plant"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/AUR-987_0.jpg?itok=ce9VdXC0" width="1000" height="669" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/salida-steam-plant" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Salida Steam Plant</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>An early Edison electric plant built in 1887, the Salida Steam Plant was converted into a theater and event center in 1989. The façade still boasts the names of the Salida Steam Plant and the Public Service Company of Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-12-02T14:30:45-07:00" title="Wednesday, December 2, 2015 - 14:30" class="datetime">Wed, 12/02/2015 - 14:30</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/salida-steam-plant" data-a2a-title="Salida Steam Plant"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsalida-steam-plant&amp;title=Salida%20Steam%20Plant"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Salida steam plant was one of the first Edison electric plants in the country. Built in 1887 by the Salida Edison Electric Light Company, it operated until the 1950s. After 1989 the building was renovated and converted into a city-owned theater and event center.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Bringing Electricity to Salida</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Salida Edison Electric Light Company was founded in August 1887, when a group of entrepreneurs who wanted to build an electric light plant in <a href="/article/salida"><strong>Salida</strong></a> raised $15,000 to establish the Electric Illuminating Company. Soon they adopted the relatively new Edison system of lighting, first used in New York City in 1882, changed the company’s name to the Edison Electric Light Company, and secured a franchise to provide the city with electric light.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Edison Electric Light Company soon began to build a steam plant, which introduced electricity to Salida. Construction started in September. The plant was located on the east bank of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a>, about a block from Salida’s main business district on F Street. The original steam plant was a single-story wood-frame building about twenty-eight square feet, with a seventy-five-foot smokestack. It housed one engine, two incandescent dynamos, and a boiler. The plant was completed in late November and first illuminated electric lights on the F Street Bridge on December 7, 1887.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Salida and the Edison Electric Light Company soon entered into a contract for the company to light the city for fifty dollars a month. New arc lights were installed throughout the city in 1889.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the use of electricity grew, the original plant proved insufficient; it was expanded rapidly in the 1890s and early 1900s. By 1892 the building had been bricked over and enlarged to fifty square feet, with two engines, six dynamos, a much larger boiler room, and two smokestacks. Another smokestack was added by 1904, and another addition by 1916. By that time the several smaller smokestacks had been consolidated into one huge smokestack. A final major addition across the back of the plant came in 1926.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, the plant had changed hands several times. Salida Edison Electric merged with the Salida Light, Power and Utility Company in the early 1900s. The Salida electric system was acquired by the <strong>Colorado Power Company</strong> in 1916, and then by the <strong>Public Service Company of Colorado</strong> in 1924.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The steam plant operated until the 1950s. In 1958 it was converted to a storage building and began to be used as a warehouse, workshop, and garage. The smokestack was removed in 1959.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Theater and Event Center</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1987 the Public Service Company of Colorado sold the steam plant for $40,000 to the Salida Enterprise for Economic Development, which later deeded the building to the city of Salida for ten dollars.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Renovations began in 1989. The building’s bricks were hand-brushed clean, the roof was fixed, and restrooms and handicapped facilities were added. The main body of the plant was converted into two large rooms with high ceilings, one for use as a theater and the other as a community and events room. In June 1989 the Powerhouse Players of Texas put on the first production in the theater room. Further renovations, including the addition of an outdoor sculpture garden, continued into the 1990s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Now called the SteamPlant Event Center, the building regularly hosts concerts, movie screenings, conferences, and private events. The plant remains basically in its original condition, with modifications primarily to make the building more accessible.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/salida" hreflang="en">Salida</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/electricity" hreflang="en">electricity</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/edison-electric-light-company" hreflang="en">Edison Electric Light Company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/public-service-company-colorado" hreflang="en">Public Service Company of Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/steamplant-theater-and-event-center" hreflang="en">SteamPlant Theater and Event Center</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Terry Barkett, “Edison Electric Light Plant,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (November 17, 1992).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>George G. Everett, <em>Under the Angel of Shavano</em> (Denver: Golden Bell Press, 1963).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cynthia J. Pasquale et al., <em>100 Years in the Heart of the Rockies</em> (Salida, CO: Arkansas Valley Publishing, 1980).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>June Shaputis and Suzanne Kelly, eds., <em>A History of Chaffee County</em> (Marceline, MO: Walsworth, 1982).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Upper Arkansas: A Mountain River Valley</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1990).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 02 Dec 2015 21:30:45 +0000 yongli 993 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org