%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Key Savings and Loan Association Building http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/key-savings-and-loan-association-building <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Key Savings and Loan Association Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2697--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2697.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/key-savings-and-loan-association-building"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Key%20Savings%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=xPLYFKYf" width="1024" height="532" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/key-savings-and-loan-association-building" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Key Savings and Loan Association Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Key Savings and Loan Association Building in Englewood was designed by Charles Deaton and constructed in 1966–67. The building's instantly recognizable concrete shell quickly became the company's advertising symbol.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-06-28T16:53:33-06:00" title="Wednesday, June 28, 2017 - 16:53" class="datetime">Wed, 06/28/2017 - 16:53</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/key-savings-and-loan-association-building" data-a2a-title="Key Savings and Loan Association Building"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fkey-savings-and-loan-association-building&amp;title=Key%20Savings%20and%20Loan%20Association%20Building"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Key Savings and Loan Association Building at the southwest corner of South Broadway and West Hampden Avenue in <strong>Englewood</strong> was designed by modernist architect <a href="/article/charles-deaton"><strong>Charles Deaton</strong></a> and constructed in 1966–67. A striking concrete ovoid shell with a glass curtain wall, the building is an excellent example of Deaton’s work as well as a reminder of American banks’ post-Depression embrace of modern architecture and Englewood’s midcentury prosperity. Now home to Community Banks of Colorado, the building remains largely in its original condition.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Sculpture as Architecture</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Born in New Mexico in 1921, Charles Deaton became an architect after World War II despite having no formal training. In contrast to most modern architecture at the time, which emphasized straight lines and rectangular forms, Deaton preferred an Expressionist style using organic shapes based on non-Euclidean geometry. Also in contrast to standard architectural practice, he initially conceived his buildings as sculptures and then drew up blueprints based on his models.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Deaton moved to <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> in 1955. At the time, the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> was gaining a reputation for landmark modernist designs such as the <a href="/article/us-air-force-academy-cadet-area"><strong>US Air Force Academy Cadet Area</strong></a> in <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, <strong>Mesa Laboratory</strong> in <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>, and <strong>Zeckendorf Plaza</strong> in Denver. Deaton soon thrived in a region open to architectural experimentation. His <strong>Central Bank and Trust</strong> (1959–60) in downtown Denver was his first sculptural building, and his Wyoming National Bank (1961–64) in Casper gained considerable attention for its petal-shaped concrete wedges around a central dome. His <a href="/article/sculptured-house"><strong>Sculptured House</strong></a> (1963–66) on <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/genesee-park"><strong>Genesee Mountain</strong></a> became a highly recognizable landmark thanks to its distinctive clamshell design.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Key Savings and Loan</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Deaton’s success with banks came as the American banking industry remade itself in the decades after the Great Depression with a new emphasis on consumer services. The industry replaced its traditionally conservative architecture with modernist designs that suggested progress and accessibility.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Englewood, First National Bank opened a new International Style building in 1954. The new First National Bank building formed part of a broader pattern of growth in Englewood during the middle of the twentieth century, as automobiles and suburbanization tied the area to the larger Denver metropolis. Englewood became home to important regional shopping destinations such as Park ’n Shop and, later, the giant Cinderella City Mall.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After First National Bank moved to a new building in the 1960s, the Englewood Savings and Loan Association bought its old building on South Broadway and commissioned Deaton to design a new headquarters on the lot. Deaton finished the plans in December 1965, and construction started in 1966. The southern part of the existing building was demolished to make way for Deaton’s building, while the northern portion remained open for business during construction. After the new building was finished in April 1967, the northern half of the old building was torn down to provide space for parking. Meanwhile, during construction, the Englewood Savings and Loan Association changed its name to the Key Savings and Loan Association.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The bank was clearly related to Deaton’s Sculptured House. Both used lots of glass set within curved concrete shapes supported on pedestal bases, which made them look like flying saucers. Both were built with the same engineer, Joseph Meheen, and both were expensive—about $135,000 in the case of the Key Savings Building—because of the specialized techniques and materials required for their construction.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Sculptured House has always garnered more attention—in part because of its highly visible location above <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a>—but the Key Savings and Loan Association Building was in many ways a superior design. The building’s concrete shell comfortably held two floors and 10,000 square feet of space within a single seamless shape that provided the Key Savings and Loan Association with an instantly recognizable advertising symbol. Because the concrete spiraled around in an oval that opened to the north, the bank offered customers an inviting entrance with a two-story, glass-walled central lobby. Private offices and conference rooms were arranged around the inner edges of the concrete shell, which had a large oval window cut into its south side and a petal-shaped window on its east side.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Key Savings building has changed hands several times since it was built, but it continues to serve its original purpose as a bank. For many years it was a Colonial Bank branch, and today it is home to Community Banks of Colorado. The exterior, which is still in good condition, gained increased visibility when the Little Dry Creek Greenway was built to the south in 1988. The building’s interior has been altered somewhat over the years—in 1987 a kitchen was added on the second floor, and in 2008 the main teller area was remodeled—but it has retained most of its original features.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2016 the Key Savings and Loan Association Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The original sculptural model for the building is housed in the Deaton collection at the <a href="/article/denver-public-library"><strong>Denver Public Library</strong></a>.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/charles-deaton" hreflang="en">Charles Deaton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/banks" hreflang="en">banks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/key-savings-and-loan-association" hreflang="en">Key Savings and Loan Association</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/englewood" hreflang="en">Englewood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/community-banks-colorado" hreflang="en">Community Banks of Colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Diane Wray Tomasso, “Key Savings and Loan Association Building,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (January 25, 2016).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Englewood Historical Society, <em>A History of Englewood, Colorado, and an Overview of Fort Logan, Colorado</em> (Dallas, TX: Curtis Media, 1993).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dave Hicks, <em>Englewood from the Beginning</em> (Denver: A-T-P Publishing, 1971).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 28 Jun 2017 22:53:33 +0000 yongli 2696 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Dransfeldt Building http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dransfeldt-building <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Dransfeldt Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2690--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2690.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/dransfeldt-building"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Dransfeldt-Media-1.jpg_0.jpg?itok=i4r4qd_P" width="1000" height="787" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/dransfeldt-building" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Dransfeldt Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built in 1924 by local farmer Hans Dransfeldt, the Dransfeldt Building on South Broadway in Englewood became an important hub for local residents who got their news from the Englewood Herald and Enterprise (right) and their milk and ice cream from the Puritan Creamery (left).</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-06-28T16:19:27-06:00" title="Wednesday, June 28, 2017 - 16:19" class="datetime">Wed, 06/28/2017 - 16:19</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dransfeldt-building" data-a2a-title="Dransfeldt Building"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdransfeldt-building&amp;title=Dransfeldt%20Building"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Dransfeldt Building at 3431–35 South Broadway in <strong>Englewood</strong> was built in 1924 by local farmer Hans Dransfeldt. The north side of the building was occupied by the <strong><em>Englewood Herald and Enterprise</em></strong> for nearly three decades, while the south side served as a popular dairy and creamery in the days before home refrigeration. After being sold to new owners in 2014, the building was restored to its original exterior configuration and listed on the State Register of Historic Properties in 2016.</p> <h2>Origins</h2> <p>The Dransfeldt Building is named for Hans Clausen Dransfeldt, a Danish farmer who came to the United States in 1900 and found work on the Camenisch family farm in Englewood. In 1905 Dransfeldt married Mary Gotz, a Camenisch family relative. They established a farm in an area called Melvin, located at the site of what is now the <strong>Cherry Creek Reservoir</strong>. There Dransfeldt became active in the community, donating land for the local school and serving on the school board.</p> <p>In 1924, with the Dransfeldt family still living on the farm in Melvin, Hans Dransfeldt financed a new commercial building in Englewood. Located on the 3400 block of South Broadway, in the heart of the city’s developing business district, the building was intended to generate rental income for the family. Like other commercial buildings going up along South Broadway at the time, it was a simple, one-story masonry structure. A facade of red bricks with buff brick details framed two storefronts with transom panels over doors flanked by large windows.</p> <p>After Hans and Mary Dransfeldt retired from farming, they moved to Englewood. Hans was an active member of the International Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF) and helped build the IOOF lodge just north of the Dransfeldt Building. The Dransfeldt Building remained in the Dransfeldt family for ninety years.</p> <h2>Englewood Herald and Enterprise</h2> <p>The Dransfeldt Building’s tenants soon made it an important social and cultural space in Englewood. One of its first and longest-lasting tenants was the city’s main local newspaper, the <em>Englewood Herald and Enterprise</em>, which moved into the north storefront in 1925.</p> <p>The <em>Herald</em> and the <em>Enterprise</em> had both existed as separate papers for several years before they were merged by owner William Maxwell in 1923. Two years later, the combined paper was acquired by former <strong><em>Greeley Tribune</em></strong> night editor <strong>Stuart Lovelace</strong> and printer Clark Page. They quickly decided to move the newspaper’s offices to Dransfeldt’s new building on South Broadway. Lovelace became the editor of the Englewood paper; Page was the business manager, and Lovelace’s wife, Eva, assumed the role of society editor.</p> <p>The Lovelaces bought out Page in 1929 and invested in the paper throughout the Depression, gradually expanding it from eight pages per weekly issue in the 1920s to at least twenty-eight pages per issue in the early 1950s. Meanwhile, in the days before television and Internet, the newspaper’s offices on South Broadway became a crucial hub of news and information. During and after <strong>World War II</strong>, when Englewood suffered from an acute housing shortage, crowds swarmed the office’s reception area to see rent ads as soon as they were phoned in.</p> <p>By the early 1950s, the <em>Herald and Enterprise</em> had strong advertising and circulation numbers, and the north half of the Dransfeldt Building was no longer large enough to accommodate the growing operation. In 1953 the Lovelaces decided to move the paper to a new headquarters a block east on South Acoma Street.</p> <h2>Puritan Creamery</h2> <p>While the north side of the Dransfeldt Building was home to the <em>Englewood Herald and Enterprise</em>, the south side was occupied starting in the late 1920s by Puritan Creamery. Founded by Bill Nystrom, Puritan Creamery bought raw milk from nearby Owens farm (located on West Belleview Avenue), pasteurized it, and used it to make cottage cheese, butter, ice cream, and other dairy products. Before the rise of home refrigeration, dairy stores like Puritan Creamery dotted the landscape and were a daily destination for most families. Puritan Creamery also had a soda fountain, which was popular among local workers and students.</p> <p>In 1938 Nystrom sold the creamery to O. W. Bauer. Within a few years, however, Bauer took a job as a manager at Robinson and Carlson-Frink Dairy. He sold Puritan Creamery, and the business left the Dransfeldt Building in about 1942.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>When the <em>Herald and Enterprise</em> moved out in 1953, the Dransfeldt Building received a brick addition off the back, which significantly expanded the building’s space. Over the next few decades, the building’s two storefronts were occupied by a wide variety of businesses, including Bill Owens Magnavox, Flash Formals, Lavell’s Café, Baby Bar, and Vaughan’s Music Center. The interiors were altered several times to accommodate new tenants, and the storefronts were redone with aluminum and plate glass. Throughout these changes, the north half of the building retained a historic painted sign for the <em>Englewood Herald and Enterprise</em> above the door.</p> <p>In 2014 descendants of the Dransfeldt family sold the building to new owners. The new owners soon restored the storefronts to their original look and found two tenants: a fitness center called Palango in the north half of the building, and a bar, the Englewood Grand, in the south half. In 2016 the building was listed on the State Register of Historic Properties.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/englewood" hreflang="en">Englewood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/south-broadway" hreflang="en">South Broadway</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hans-dransfeldt" hreflang="en">Hans Dransfeldt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/englewood-herald-and-enterprise" hreflang="en">Englewood Herald and Enterprise</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stuart-lovelace" hreflang="en">Stuart Lovelace</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/puritan-creamery" hreflang="en">Puritan Creamery</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Englewood Historical Society, <em>A History of Englewood, Colorado, and an Overview of Fort Logan, Colorado</em> (Dallas, TX: Curtis Media, 1993).</p> <p>Diane Wray Tomasso, “Dransfeldt Building,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (June 3, 2016).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Dave Hicks, <em>Englewood from the Beginning</em> (Denver: A-T-P Publishing, 1971).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 28 Jun 2017 22:19:27 +0000 yongli 2688 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Willowcroft Manor http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/willowcroft-manor <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Willowcroft Manor</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2567--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2567.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/big-building"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Willowcroft-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=IK2GVvpP" width="1000" height="666" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/big-building" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Big Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The so-called Big Building was a two-story stucco structure originally constructed as an addition to the main house in the 1920s but moved away from the house in the 1930s. It served at various times as a speakeasy dance hall, a mechanic's shop, and a horse barn.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-05T13:42:56-06:00" title="Friday, May 5, 2017 - 13:42" class="datetime">Fri, 05/05/2017 - 13:42</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/willowcroft-manor" data-a2a-title="Willowcroft Manor"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwillowcroft-manor&amp;title=Willowcroft%20Manor"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Willowcroft Manor was built in 1884 as the home of <strong>Littleton</strong>-area pioneer Joseph W. Bowles. Designed by early Colorado architect <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/robert-s-roeschlaub"><strong>Robert S. Roeschlaub</strong></a>, the two-story stone house was on Bowles’s property near the southwest corner of what is now West Bowles Avenue (which was named for Bowles) and Middlefield Road. The Wolf family bought the house in the 1940s and lived there until the 2000s, when it was sold to a <a href="https://medium.com/@solar-power-systems/solar-companies-in-indiana-60c44a9a25a1">developer</a> and torn down to make way for a new subdivision.</p><h2>Bowles Residence</h2><p>Originally from North Carolina, Joseph W. Bowles came to Colorado in the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Gold Rush of 1858–59</strong></a>. He worked in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gilpin-county"><strong>Gilpin County</strong></a> mines for three years before deciding that farming and ranching offered an easier path to prosperity. In 1862 he moved to the west side of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a>, about ten miles south of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, where farmers were using the flat land near the river to grow wheat, oats, corn, potatoes, barley, fruits, and vegetables for sale to prospectors in mining camps. In 1867 he worked with other local farmers—including Littleton founder <strong>Richard Sullivan Little</strong>—to establish the Rough and Ready Flour Mill on the east side of the South Platte near what is now the intersection of South Santa Fe Drive and West Bowles Avenue.</p><p>Bowles proved successful as a farmer and gradually accumulated roughly 2,000 acres of land stretching from the South Platte River to the Rocky Mountain foothills. He also owned a ranch near <strong>Wray</strong> for grazing cattle in the spring and summer as well as a ranch in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>. Active in local politics and civic affairs, he served as president of the Littleton Farmers Club and helped develop early irrigation projects in the area such as Harriman Ditch, Harriman Lake, and Bowles Lake. He was elected to the Colorado Territorial Legislature in 1868, later served two terms in the state legislature, and was an <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arapahoe-county"><strong>Arapahoe County</strong></a> commissioner.</p><p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/main-house-side-view"><img style="float:left;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/Willowcroft-Media-3.jpg" alt="Main House, Side View" width="480" height="305"></a>During his first two decades along the South Platte, Bowles lived in a two-story log house. In 1884 he hired prominent Colorado architect Robert S. Roeschlaub—probably best known for his work on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city-opera"><strong>Central City Opera House</strong></a> (1881)—to build him an elegant new house. Like many other well-appointed rural farmhouses at the time, the Bowles residence was designed in the Queen Anne style, with steeply pitched gables. Built using pink sandstone from <strong>Castle Rock</strong>, the two-story house featured high ceilings, hot water on every floor, and a large living room with a stained-glass window above an Italian fireplace. The estate became known as Willowcroft after the five black willow trees that Bowles planted on the property.</p><h2>Later History</h2><p>After Joseph Bowles died in 1906, Willowcroft passed to his youngest living son, Walter, who owned it at least until the 1930s. In the 1920s, the main house served as a Prohibition-era speakeasy, with a two-story stucco and wood addition that supposedly housed a dance floor. In the 1930s, the two-story addition was detached and moved east of the house, where it became known as the “Big Building” and served as a mechanic’s shop. Other outbuildings on the property dated back to the Joseph Bowles era, including a one-story stucco caretaker’s house, a brick smokehouse, and a clapboard horse barn.</p><p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/main-house-0"><img style="float:right;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/Willowcroft-Media-2.jpg" alt="Main House" width="480" height="319"></a>Walter Bowles and his brothers gradually sold off most of the 2,000 acres that their father had accumulated, eventually including the main house and farmstead. The ownership of Willowcroft during the late 1930s and early 1940s is uncertain, but by 1948 Paul and Cynthia Wolf acquired the property. They added a screened porch and an extra bathroom to the main house and converted the Big Building to a barn for their horses and livestock.</p><p>Meanwhile, the growth of Denver and Littleton after <strong>World War II</strong> surrounded the property with shopping centers and subdivisions full of high-priced houses. Eventually the Willowcroft property, which had shrunk to only nine acres, became part of the suburban town of Columbine Valley, although it still maintained a rural feel and agricultural zoning. In 1993 the Wolfs’ son Bruce, a local real estate agent, worked with Historic Littleton Inc. to list the house on the State Register of Historic Properties.</p><h2>Demolition</h2><p>Cynthia Wolf moved away from Willowcroft before her death in 2005. The property passed to Bruce, who planned to fix up Willowcroft and retire there with his wife. But after Bruce died in 2008, his half-brother, David Owen, became executor of the family estate. Owen had little interest in the old house and quickly sold the land for $1.43 million.</p><p>In 2010 <strong>Colorado Preservation Inc.</strong> named Willowcroft one of the state’s most endangered places to spur interest in saving the property from demolition and redevelopment. The organization hoped to convince the new owner to preserve the main house and other buildings as part of an urban farmstead, but strong financial incentives to place a subdivision on the property prevailed. In April 2013, the town of Columbine Valley approved developer Taylor Morrison’s plan to demolish Willowcroft—one of the town’s only significant historic sites—and erect more than forty houses on the property. The house and other buildings were torn down later that year. After town residents approved the development plan in a referendum, construction on the new subdivision started in early 2014. Houses in Willowcroft Manor at Columbine Valley were ready for purchase that fall.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/littleton" hreflang="en">littleton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/joseph-bowles" hreflang="en">Joseph Bowles</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/robert-roeschlaub" hreflang="en">Robert Roeschlaub</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-houses" hreflang="en">historic houses</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/endangered-places" hreflang="en">Endangered Places</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lost-historic-sites" hreflang="en">lost historic sites</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Mike Butler, <em>Littleton</em> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2015).</p><p>Karen Groves, <a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2013/05/05/willowcroft-project-would-see-historic-arapahoe-county-mansion-razed/">“Willowcroft project would see historic Arapahoe County mansion razed,”</a> <em>The Denver Post</em>, May 5, 2013.</p><p>Jennifer Smith, <a href="http://littletonindependent.staging.communityq.com/stories/Developer-tears-down-Willowcroft-Manor,60999">“Developer tears down Willowcroft Manor,”</a> <em>Littleton Independent</em>, June 25, 2013.</p><p><a href="https://coloradopreservation.org/programs/endangered-places/endangered-places-archives/willowcroft-manor-farm/">“Willowcroft Manor &amp; Farm,”</a> Colorado Preservation Inc., Endangered Places Archives.</p><p>Bruce F. Wolf, “Willowcroft Manor,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (1993).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Dave Hicks, <em>Littleton From the Beginning</em> (Denver: Egan Printing, 1975).</p><p>Robert J. McQuarie and C. W. Buchholtz, <em>Littleton, Colorado: Settlement to Centennial</em> (Littleton: Littleton Historical Museum and Friends of the Littleton Library &amp; Museum, 1990).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 05 May 2017 19:42:56 +0000 yongli 2564 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Celebrity Sports Center http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/celebrity-sports-center <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Celebrity Sports Center</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-17T14:04:23-07:00" title="Tuesday, January 17, 2017 - 14:04" class="datetime">Tue, 01/17/2017 - 14:04</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/celebrity-sports-center" data-a2a-title="Celebrity Sports Center"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcelebrity-sports-center&amp;title=Celebrity%20Sports%20Center"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Celebrity Lanes, later known as Celebrity Sports Center and then Celebrity Fun Center, was a relatively successful entertainment complex in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> from the 1960s through the 1980s. The center represented the rise of a national trend in centralized shopping and entertainment complexes during the 1960s and 1970s. Although the complex no longer stands today, Celebrity Sports Center reflects Denver’s development, growth, and success during the tumultuous decades of its operation.</p> <h2>Entertainment in Denver</h2> <p>By the late 1950s, Denver was one of the fastest-growing areas in the United States, and entertainment was something both new and old residents needed. There were plenty of options. For those seeking fast rides and other thrills, there were <strong>Lakeside Amusement Park</strong> and the old <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elitch-gardens"><strong>Elitch Gardens</strong></a>. Those more interested in sports had swimming, golf, the Denver Bears baseball team, and college sports teams, among many other choices. But the one problem with these forms of entertainment was that foul weather could spoil the fun. By 1959 Denver was sorely in need of amusement options for the winter, or at least options that were impervious to bad weather. In late 1959, a group of investors joined forces on a project that could offer hours of weather-impervious amusement while also improving the lives of the area’s young people, a priority for one of the investors.</p> <p>On November 15, 1959, <strong><em>The Denver Post</em></strong> announced that a “huge play center” was in the works for southeast Denver. According to the <em>Post</em>, the center was to include an eighty-lane bowling alley, a massive indoor swimming pool, restaurants, a lounge, and a health salon. The center would be owned and operated by Celebrity Bowling, Inc., a recently formed corporation based in Los Angeles. While none of these activities were especially original, what was unique about the future of the Celebrity Sports Center was its ownership. The facility took its name from the fact that it was owned by a number of Hollywood celebrities, among them Jack Benny, George Burns and Grace Allen, Burl Ives, Bing Crosby, Spike Jones, Art Linkletter, and John Payne. And there was one other major investor, whom visitors sometimes encountered at the site once construction got under way—Walt Disney.</p> <h2>Celebrity Bowling</h2> <p>After the investors organized Celebrity Bowling in Los Angeles, they started hunting for a suitable location for the new business. After several months of research, they decided to build their new sports center in the Denver area, eventually settling on seven acres of land in Glendale at Kentucky and Colorado Boulevards. They leased the land from owners Leonard and Dorothy Peavy, who had operated a veterinary clinic on the site that they relocated to another part of town after signing the deal. Under the terms of the ninety-nine-year lease, signed in May 1959, the new company was required to begin construction on a structure worth at least $275,000 within two years. Construction began less than six months later.</p> <p><em>The Denver Post</em> reported on December 13, 1959, that a group of the celebrity investors was set to arrive in Denver the next day for official groundbreaking ceremonies for the 122,600-square-foot facility. The newspaper also revealed more detailed plans for what the center was to include. The bowling equipment, which cost $1,250,000 alone, was “the largest single order for such equipment in U.S. history.” The bowling alley, as planned, would be capable of seating at least 2,000 people at the major bowling tournaments the owners expected to attract. The 165-foot-long swimming pool was to be housed in a building with a removable skylight and a retractable glass wall that allowed access to a patio for sunbathing and other activities. The parking garage, together with outdoor parking, was to provide space for 700 cars. Plans also called for the construction of the $1.25 million Aqua Bowl Motel across Colorado Boulevard from Celebrity, though for reasons known only to the investors, the motel was never built.</p> <p>The bowling alley was in business for nearly a year before the swimming pool, at first called “Olympic Swim,” finally opened in July 1961. The timing was also right for it, as the 1960s saw a boom in pool construction throughout the country. At 164 feet long by 75 feet wide and holding .5 million gallons of “constantly filtered and heated water,” it was Colorado’s biggest pool. Nicknamed “the swamp” by Celebrity employees, the pool had five diving boards and nine swimming lanes instead of the usual eight. Admission in 1961 was one dollar for children under sixteen and one dollar and fifty cents for adults. Like the bowling alley, the pool was a big draw from the moment it opened. One of its more popular attractions was the occasional visit by Goofy, the Disney character who enjoyed water skiing behind a motor boat in the pool. The opening of the swimming pool marked the completion of the $6 million Celebrity Lanes as called for in the original plans.</p> <p>In the years following the opening of the swimming pool, the recreational activities at Celebrity continued to expand as new and different phases of the project were added and completed. One of the major additions was an expanded video game arcade. Eventually, three arcades housed a total of 300 games. The billiard rooms, a late addition to the original plans, were another popular attraction. Subsequent owners added three water slides to the pool around 1980. After Celebrity opened, Walt Disney was a frequent visitor to the facility, checking the financial books and making routine appearances for anniversary celebrations, dedications, or simple inspection tours. A reporter for the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> wrote that “although Celebrity Center is a small part of the Disney enterprises it received a large share of [Disney’s] attention.”</p> <h2>End of the Disney Era</h2> <p>Walt Disney’s death on December 15, 1966, put an end to his direct influence at Celebrity, but the company continued to operate Celebrity as a training ground for future Walt Disney World employees for the next thirteen years. The Disney era at Celebrity came to an end in 1979. Ron Cayo, vice president of business affairs for the Walt Disney Company at the time, told the <em>Rocky Mountain Journal</em> that Celebrity was something that had never “fit into our overall operation,” though it had always been financially successful. The company decided to sell the property. On March 29, 1979, The Walt Disney Company sold Celebrity Sports Center to Griffin, Leavitt, and the Writer brothers for an undisclosed price.</p> <p>Throughout the early 1980s, Celebrity remained enormously popular. This was especially true of the arcade, which the owners spent a considerable sum expanding and improving. The bowling alleys also thrived through the 1970s and 1980s as schools and bowling leagues from around the state held tournaments there. Unfortunately, by the mid-1980s, the Writers found themselves running into a number of financial problems. One of the worst was having to return their Riverfront Shopping Center development in Littleton to the backers who had put up the money for it. Money issues left the Writers unable to meet their financial obligations to Celebrity, so Griffin and Leavitt bought out their share of it.</p> <h2>Decline</h2> <p>By the late 1980s, Celebrity Sports Center was beginning to decline. In addition to the ever-increasing interest in the land from retail stores, many people were starting to perceive Celebrity, which had been in part designed to combat social problems, as a social problem in itself. The city of Glendale, especially its police department, was particularly troubled by the center’s apparent attractiveness to young criminals.</p> <p>On May 20, 1994, Neil Griffin and Bob Leavitt announced the sale of Celebrity to a real estate investment group. The new owners, in turn, announced that they were going to tear down Celebrity and replace it with a $20 million retail center anchored by Builder’s Square and Best Buy stores. Reaction to the news was mixed. Longtime visitors were saddened by the news and planned final visits. Others, including Glendale’s then-mayor, Steve Ward, were pleased to know that it would soon be gone, eliminating what they perceived as the cause of growing crime and boosting the tax base for the city in the process. Celebrity Sports Center closed its doors for the last time at midnight on June 15, 1994. When Griffin and Leavitt announced the center’s eventual demise, they also stated that they hoped someone might buy the pieces of it, especially the bowling lanes. The wood from the bowling lanes found new life as the floor of the ballroom at the <strong>Oxford Hotel</strong> in Denver and one of the stars from the famous sign wound up at the city’s Lumber Baron Inn.</p> <p><strong>Adapted from David Forsyth, “Spares and Splashes: Walt Disney’s Celebrity Sports Center,” <em>Colorado Heritage Magazine</em> (2007).</strong></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/celebrity" hreflang="en">Celebrity</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sports" hreflang="en">Sports</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/center" hreflang="en">Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bowling" hreflang="en">Bowling</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/celebrity-sports-center" hreflang="en">Celebrity Sports Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/disney" hreflang="en">Disney</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/disney-sports-center" hreflang="en">Disney Sports Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/disney-bowling" hreflang="en">Disney Bowling</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>LeRoy Ashby,&nbsp;<em>With Amusement for All: A History of American Popular Culture since 1830</em> (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2012).</p> <p>Steven Watts,&nbsp;<em>The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life</em> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 17 Jan 2017 21:04:23 +0000 yongli 2160 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Comanche Crossing http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/comanche-crossing <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Comanche Crossing</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-12-19T14:24:18-07:00" title="Monday, December 19, 2016 - 14:24" class="datetime">Mon, 12/19/2016 - 14:24</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/comanche-crossing" data-a2a-title="Comanche Crossing"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcomanche-crossing&amp;title=Comanche%20Crossing"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>On August 15, 1870, the first permanent railroad link across the United States from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast was completed when the final spike was driven in the Kansas Pacific Railway at Comanche Crossing in northeast Colorado. The exact spot is just east of Strasburg, near railroad mile marker 602, and the event is commemorated with a monument in Strasburg’s Lyons Park. In 1970 the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places to honor the centennial of the railroad’s completion.</p> <h2>Coast-to-Coast Rail Service</h2> <p>Most people think that the first transcontinental railroad in the United States was completed on May 10, 1869, when the Union Pacific Railroad joined the Central Pacific Railroad in a famous celebration at Promontory, Utah. This is true, to a point. That railroad connected Omaha, Nebraska, to Sacramento, California, but there was not yet a permanent, continuous rail line from an Atlantic Coast port to a Pacific Coast port. Even after the Central Pacific extended its line to San Francisco Bay later that year, one major gap still existed between Omaha, Nebraska, and Council Bluffs, Iowa, where cargo had to be ferried across the Missouri River because there was no permanent railroad bridge. Ice bridges could be constructed across the river in the winter—as one was in early 1870, providing a temporary connection from coast to coast—but those lasted only a few months before the ice started to break up.</p> <p>Meanwhile, new railroad and bridge connections south of the main Union Pacific–Central Pacific line forged the first permanent rail link from coast to coast. On June 30, 1869, the first railroad bridge across the Missouri River opened in Kansas City. By that time the Kansas Pacific Railway was building west toward Denver, and the Denver Pacific Railroad was working to connect Denver to the main Union Pacific line in Cheyenne. In June 1870, the Denver Pacific completed its work. Crews started building east from Denver to meet the Kansas Pacific, which had already reached eastern Colorado. On August 14, the westbound crew reached Bennett and the eastbound crew reached Byers, leaving just over ten miles between them. The race to finish started at 5 am on August 15, and at 2:53 pm the two sides joined at a site 928 feet east of mile marker 602, near the crossing of Comanche Creek.</p> <p>By linking the east side of the Missouri River at Kansas City to the Union Pacific–Central Pacific line that reached the West Coast, the joining of the rails at Comanche Crossing completed the first permanent, unbroken stretch of rail across the continent. This route remained the only all-rail route from coast to coast until March 22, 1872, when the Union Pacific completed a permanent railroad bridge across the Missouri River at Omaha.</p> <h2>Monument to Comanche Crossing</h2> <p>In the early twentieth century, the town of Strasburg took shape less than a mile west of Comanche Crossing. In 1969 residents formed the Comanche Crossing Historical Society to promote local history, and in 1970 the community held a centennial celebration of the completion of the first coast-to-coast rail line. At that time the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The original rails have been replaced and there is no marker at the exact spot where the rails were joined, but the historical society has placed a monument in Strasburg’s Lyons Park and operates a small museum nearby that is open during the summer.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/kansas-pacific-railroad" hreflang="en">kansas-pacific railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/strasburg" hreflang="en">Strasburg</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-railroads" hreflang="en">Colorado Railroads</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“Comanche Crossing,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (1970).</p> <p>Emma Michell, <em>Comanche Crossing Centennial, 1870–1970: Commemorating the Completion of the First Permanent, Continuous Chain of Railroads Between the Atlantic and the Pacific Coasts</em> (Strasburg, CO: Eastern Colorado News, 1970).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Robert Collins, <em>Kansas Pacific: An Illustrated History</em> (David City, NE: South Platte Press, 1998).</p> <p>Waldo Crippen, “The Kansas Pacific Railroad: A Cross Section of an Age of Railroad Building” (master’s thesis, University of Colorado, 1932).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 19 Dec 2016 21:24:18 +0000 yongli 2121 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Swedish National Sanatorium http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/swedish-national-sanatorium <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Swedish National Sanatorium</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-09-21T15:39:08-06:00" title="Wednesday, September 21, 2016 - 15:39" class="datetime">Wed, 09/21/2016 - 15:39</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/swedish-national-sanatorium" data-a2a-title="Swedish National Sanatorium"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fswedish-national-sanatorium&amp;title=Swedish%20National%20Sanatorium"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Swedish National Sanatorium in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/Denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> was a <a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a> treatment center active throughout the 1900s. As tuberculosis swept the nation, thousands of consumptives turned to the dry mountain air of Colorado to alleviate their symptoms, and sanatoriums sprang up across the state. The Swedish National Sanatorium is an example of an ethnic sanatorium in the Denver community supported by Swedes across the country.</p> <h2>Tuberculosis, Denver, and the Swedes</h2> <p>Tuberculosis sanatoria sprang up around Denver at the end of the nineteenth century. Colorado’s sunlight and dry <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>climate</strong></a> seemed to give sufferers moderate relief from their symptoms. Most sanatoria had open sun porches, and many housed some patients in canvas-sided tents or small cabins. Episcopal leaders, including the Reverend Bishop John Spalding, founder of<strong> <a href="/article/st-luke%E2%80%99s-hospital">St. Luke’s </a></strong><a href="/article/st-luke%E2%80%99s-hospital"><strong>Hospital</strong></a>, opened the Oakes Home in the town of Highlands, west of Denver. The home took in patients who had a good chance of survival and who could pay the modest fee.</p> <p>In the early 1900s, some 3–4,000 Swedes lived in Denver, with an estimated 12–15,000 living across the state. Many farmed or did other labor in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> towns such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>, <strong>Lyons</strong>, and <strong>Loveland</strong>. Many also lived in Denver, including some successful business owners. Once in the United States, Swedes established churches, fraternal and women’s societies, and cultural organizations. These organizations reinforced their Swedish identity and helped them keep connections with Swedes across in the country.</p> <h2>Dr. Bundsen and the Ladies’ Aid Society</h2> <p>On March 13, 1905, a group of concerned Denver citizens led by Dr. Charles Bundsen founded the Swedish Consumptive Sanatorium. As a way of defraying start-up costs, each member bought shares in the charitable institution for one dollar each. In May John Newton informed the board that the Denver Swedish National Ladies’ Society was planning a picnic to benefit the proposed sanatorium. They hoped to raise $50,000 in pledges from attendees. Although they did not make their goal, they created an organization that would be a mainstay of the Swedish Consumptive Sanatorium for more than fifty years. In June 1905, the group renamed itself the Swedish Consumptive Ladies’ Aid Society, and in October the group announced plans for a second fund-raiser.</p> <p>The pioneer leadership of the Society fell to two remarkable women. Alma Hendryson was born in Denver and attended Longfellow Elementary and East High Schools before rheumatic fever forced her to drop out. Charles Bundsen was her physician and friend. When he proposed building a sanatorium for patients with tuberculosis, it was she who gathered her friends in the Swedish National Ladies’ Society and began organizing. The other woman was Ragna Anderson. Born in 1868 near Oslo, Norway, Ragna Petersen came to Colorado in 1885, when she was seventeen years old. She married August Carlson in Denver two years later. After Carlson’s death from typhoid fever she married Anton Anderson, a contractor who built homes in the <a href="/article/denver%E2%80%99s-capitol-hill"><strong>Capitol Hill</strong></a> and Park Hill neighborhoods. Ragna Anderson took on the presidency of the ladies’ aid society in 1911 and held the position until her death.</p> <h2>Bethesda</h2> <p>Reverend Nelson and Dr. John Lindahl established the Swedish-American Sanatorium, Bethesda, on five acres west of Denver, in Edgewater. Its board included a number of prominent Swedes. On July 10, 1906, the sanatorium accepted its first four patients, tended by matron Augusta Beckman. They housed the patients in cottages donated by friends of the association. The demand for tuberculosis care soon grew to the point that Bethesda added more cottages and fourteen more patients. In 1907 Bethesda hired the Reverend August A. Nordeen of Minneapolis as a field representative to solicit funds from Minnesota Swedes.</p> <p>The Swedish Consumptive Sanatorium, meanwhile, began buying small cabins to replace the tents that most of its patients were living in. It took in many patients who were gravely ill and often had little or no money to their name, which meant that basic fees rarely covered the cost of care. During solicitation campaigns, Swedish Consumptive representatives asked churches and lodges to contribute funds in order to defray the care of their members should they become ill.</p> <p>In 1907 fund-raising accelerated as the board continued to plan for the first permanent building at the sanatorium. In March the secretary filed amended incorporation papers to change the name from the Swedish Consumptive Sanatorium to the Swedish National Consumptive Sanatorium. The change reinforced the idea that the sanatorium served the national Swedish American population. At the new building’s dedication, Governor <strong>Henry Buchtel</strong> gave the keynote speech to a reported 15,000 attendees, who also learned that most of the bricks had been donated.</p> <p>In 1908 the sanatorium hired Zelma Krantz, a nurse trained in Sweden, as head nurse and matron at a salary of thirty-five dollars per month. Matrons handled food preparation duties in addition to their obligations as head nurses. Krantz worked in the sanatorium until her death on the operating table during a surgery at Mercy Hospital. In 1908 the sanatorium also hired a housekeeper for thirty dollars per month, the same as the nurses’ pay.</p> <p>In January 1907, Nelson had approached the Swedish Consumptive Sanatorium board to propose a merger with his Bethesda sanatorium. The board voted against the merger, but by March 1909, a merger seemed feasible. The new Swedish National Sanatorium would take over all land, buildings, and personal property of both organizations. The new partners decided that the Englewood land was the best site for the institution, since the building was well under way. They agreed to sell the Edgewater land to pay off the debts of both original organizations.</p> <h2>Development and Expansion</h2> <p>The Swedish National Sanatorium finally opened its first hospital building in 1909. It was a large brick stucco-covered house, initially with minimal facilities and equipment. It served as an administration building, as well as a patient ward, and provided staff housing, a kitchen, a dining room, a clinic, a laboratory, and a recreation room. The cottages supplied additional housing. In the first years, the grounds were bare and unlovely. Staff and volunteers planted trees, gardens, and bushes, but early photographs show grounds that were not particularly inviting. Still, the clear air and mountain views helped sell the institution as the staff worked to improve its surroundings. The park-like atmosphere that became a hallmark of the sanatorium came slowly over the next dozen years.</p> <p>The institution’s greatest expenses were food, medicines, salaries, and coal or oil for the stoves in winter months. The institution bought many items on account and paid off debts a bit each month as donations trickled in. Dairy products, which formed the basis of a tuberculosis patient’s diet, came from Peterson’s Dairy and the Littleton Creamery. J. G. Baeschlin provided most farm products. In the first years, Krantz traveled to surrounding farms to buy eggs and other food. Vendors made deliveries after 1910. Most of the sanatorium’s income came from the work of field representatives who solicited the sponsoring denominations and lodges. In the first five years, many representatives worked the small towns of Colorado as well as communities in the Swedish strongholds of Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Illinois, Minnesota, and Texas.</p> <p>In the late 1910s, an architect drew up plans for expansion of the sanatorium. The renderings showed six pavilions, but only three were built. The first opened in 1920. The walls of each room opened to allow a bed to be rolled out into the sunshine, greatly reducing the need for wheelchairs. The facility, in both function and structure, became the model for most future sanatorium buildings. By 1929, aggressive fund-raising campaigns had acquired enough money for another new building at the sanatorium: the Mayflower Pavilion. The two-story pavilion’s opening was the sanatorium’s big event of 1931. In the weeks before the dedication, grounds staff seeded a lawn between the new building and the Chicago Pavilion, planted pansies, and laid a graveled driveway to the building.</p> <h2>Later Years</h2> <p>During World War II, the Swedish National Sanatorium opened its doors in conjunction with other area hospitals to care for wounded soldiers, and it made spaces available for meetings and classes of the First Aid and Home Defense Committees. Wartime shortages plagued the sanatorium. Unlike the Great Depression, when the missing resource was money, this time patients could afford to pay, but rationing made it significantly harder to get food and supplies. New patients arrived when military physicals caught young men in the early stages of tuberculosis. Industrial workers, under considerable strain themselves, also fell ill. In early 1943, an article published in England described research into a group of drugs that had given hope to dealing with infections. These sulpha drugs were derivatives of sulphanilamide, developed in Vienna in 1908. The article closed with the hope that there might soon be breakthroughs in drug treatment for tuberculosis. Charles Bundsen’s 1944 annual report praised the doctors who had stayed on during wartime, and he reported that while research had not proven that penicillin or sulpha drugs could help in tuberculosis cases, they were increasingly useful in treating the secondary infections that plagued the average tuberculosis patient.</p> <p>In July 1959, the whole institution became the Swedish Medical Center, a reflection of the increasingly diverse set of services it provided to surrounding communities. The era of the Swedish National Sanatorium had come to an end. From this point on, the Swedish Medical Center would continue to grow and serve the surrounding south metro community. Over the years, it would pioneer many new programs and serve new audiences. The dream of Swedish community leaders in the early twentieth century had culminated in a medical center that could meet the challenges of the twentieth century and beyond.</p> <p><strong>Adapted from Rebecca Hunt, “Swedish National Sanatorium: Building Community in a Swedish-American Tuberculosis Sanatorium, 1905–1959,” <em>Colorado Heritage Magazine</em> 25, no. 3 (2005).</strong></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/swedish" hreflang="en">Swedish</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/national" hreflang="en">National</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sanatorium" hreflang="en">Sanatorium</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/swedish-national-sanatorium" hreflang="en">Swedish National Sanatorium</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/swedish-medical-center" hreflang="en">Swedish Medical Center</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Helen Bynum,&nbsp;<em>Spitting Blood: The History of Tuberculosis</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).</p> <p>Thomas Dormandy,&nbsp;<em>The White Death: A History of Tuberculosis</em> (New York: New York University Press, 2000).</p> <p>Rebecca Hunt and Sandy Durkin, <em>A Century of Caring: Swedish Medical Center 1905–2005</em> (Englewood, CO: Swedish Medical Center, 2005).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 21 Sep 2016 21:39:08 +0000 yongli 1872 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Seventeen Mile House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/seventeen-mile-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Seventeen Mile House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1238--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1238.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/seventeen-mile-house-today"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Seventeen-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=d6Qqz9me" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/seventeen-mile-house-today" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Seventeen Mile House Today</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Now one of only two "mile houses" in the Denver area that still exist in their entirety, Seventeen Mile House is owned by Arapahoe County and preserved as part of an open-space park.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-03-16T14:19:55-06:00" title="Wednesday, March 16, 2016 - 14:19" class="datetime">Wed, 03/16/2016 - 14:19</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/seventeen-mile-house" data-a2a-title="Seventeen Mile House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fseventeen-mile-house&amp;title=Seventeen%20Mile%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Named for its location seventeen miles from the intersection of Broadway and Colfax Avenue in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, Seventeen Mile House operated in the 1860s and 1870s as a tavern and inn along the southern branch of the <strong>Smoky Hill Trail</strong>. After the arrival of the railroad ended stage travel along the route, the property became primarily a farm and ranch for much of the twentieth century. Now owned by <a href="/article/arapahoe-county"><strong>Arapahoe County</strong></a> as part of an open-space park, it is one of only two “mile houses” in the Denver metropolitan area that still exist in their entirety.</p> <h2>Mile House</h2> <p>Following part of what was originally known as the Cherokee Trail along <strong>Cherry Creek</strong>, the southern branch of the Smoky Hill Trail was developed for stage travel in 1865 as an alternative to less direct routes to Denver along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas</strong></a> Rivers. Originally the route had six mile houses in the Cherry Creek Valley that offered travelers food, drink, and a place to stay: Four, Seven, Nine, Twelve, Seventeen, and Twenty. Aside from Seventeen Mile House, the only other original mile house still standing in the Denver area is <a href="/article/four-mile-house"><strong>Four Mile House</strong></a>.</p> <p>Like many other mile houses and inns along stage lines, Seventeen Mile House was basically a farm or ranch house that also served travelers. George Schleier probably built the oldest section of the house in the early or middle 1860s. Later that decade the house was owned at different times by Mary Hightower and the brothers William and George Clayton. In 1870 the Claytons sold the house for $800 to Nelson and Susan Doud, who also owned Twenty Mile House in <strong>Parker</strong>. In 1874 the Douds moved to Seventeen Mile House. They enlarged the house and added a barn. Throughout these years, Seventeen Mile House served as a tavern and inn for travelers along the Smoky Hill Trail, though it was not a stage stop.</p> <p>The nature of travel along the Smoky Hill Trail changed rapidly after the <strong>Denver Pacific</strong> and <strong>Kansas-Pacific</strong> Railroads reached Denver in 1870. The Smoky Hill Trail became a feeder line rather than a main transportation route. In 1872 the original trail, which ran west of the house and barn, was replaced by Highway 13 in the same location.</p> <h2>Farm</h2> <p>In 1881 the Douds sold Seventeen Mile House to George Cummings. The Cummings family owned the property until 1906, when they sold it to Henry and Julia Blesse. In 1915 it was acquired by S. J. Lindholm. Over the next two decades the property saw several changes. Lindholm built a brick silo and added a bunkhouse to the west side of the main house. In addition, the highway through the farm was rerouted twice. Originally running west of the house and barn near Cherry Creek, in 1914 the road was renamed Highway 83 and rerouted to run between the house and the barn. In 1937 the highway was rerouted again to its current path east of the buildings.</p> <p>In 1938 John and Dorothy Race bought the farm, which had been neglected for several years and was in bad need of repairs. The Races enlarged the property to 860 acres and operated a dairy farm on the land until the 1960s, when they shifted to raising beef cattle. About twenty-nine acres were planted with grains such as wheat, barley, and corn, with a small orchard of apple, plum, and pear trees near the house. In 1948 the property hosted a “Fitting the Farm for the Future” event that drew 15,000 people to see demonstrations of new farming and irrigation techniques.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>After John Race sold the farm in the late 1970s, developers began to eye the property. All the potential development plans called for tearing down the house and barn. After a public outcry, the new owner backed down and placed the property in a protective easement. In 1983 the Cherry Creek Historical Society got the property listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Some stabilization and maintenance work was performed on the house and barn in the late 1980s and early 1990s.</p> <p>To secure the future of the house and barn, in 2001 a large group of local governments and preservation groups—Arapahoe County, Douglas County, Aurora, Parker, Great Outdoors Colorado, the Gates Family Foundation, the State Historical Fund, the Trust for Public Land, and the Urban Drainage and Flood Control District—contributed money to acquire the property.</p> <p>The house and barn are now administered by Arapahoe County as Seventeen Mile House Farm Park. The park is adjacent to other parks and open spaces, helping to preserve the open feel of the area when wagons still rolled along the Smoky Hill Trail. Visitors and school groups can take tours offered by the Cherry Creek Historical Society, and the park also provides access to the <strong>Cherry Creek Regional Trail</strong>.</p> <p>In 2007 Arapahoe County developed a master plan for Seventeen Mile House Farm Park, which called for establishing a model farm at the site illustrating agricultural life in the early twentieth century. The plan also proposed a new multiuse building on one corner of the property that could be used for a museum and meeting space.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/smoky-hill-trail" hreflang="en">Smoky Hill Trail</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/seventeen-mile-house" hreflang="en">Seventeen Mile House</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="http://co-arapahoecounty.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/View/765">17 Mile House Farm Park Master Plan</a>,” Arapahoe County (October 2007).</p> <p>Ruth Dolan, <em>Tales from the 17 Mile House</em> (Denver: Ruth Dolan, 2002).</p> <p>Charles S. Dolezal, “Seventeen Mile House,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (March 31, 1983).</p> <p>Wayne C. Lee and Howard C. Raynesford, <em>Trails of the Smoky Hill: From Coronado to the Cow Towns</em> (Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1980).</p> <p>Margaret Long, <em>The Smoky Hill Trail</em>, 3rd ed. (Denver: Kistler, 1953).</p> <p>Larry T. Smith, “<a href="https://www.parkerhistory.org/">17 Mile House and Barn</a>,” Parker Area Historical Society.</p> <p>Lee Whiteley, “Pikes Peakward on the Smoky Hill Trail,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> (January/February 2010).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Seventeen Mile House operated in the 1860s and 1870s as a tavern and inn along the southern branch of the <strong>Smoky Hill Trail</strong>. It got its name because it was seventeen miles from where Broadway and Colfax Avenue crossed in <strong>Denver</strong>. When the railroad ended stage travel along the route, the property became a farm and ranch. It is now owned by <strong>Arapahoe County</strong> as part of an open-space park. It is one of only two “mile houses” in the Denver area that still exist.</p> <h2>Mile House</h2> <p>The Smoky Hill Trail was created for stage travel in 1865 to be another route to Denver along the <strong>South Platte</strong> and <strong>Arkansas </strong>Rivers. The route had six mile houses in the Cherry Creek valley that offered travelers food, drink, and a place to stay. They were named Four, Seven, Nine, Twelve, Seventeen, and Twenty. Seventeen Mile House and <strong>Four Mile House </strong>are the only ones still standing in the Denver area.</p> <p>Seventeen Mile House was basically a farm house that also served travelers. The oldest part of the house was built in the early or middle 1860s. In 1870 the house was sold to Nelson and Susan Doud, who also owned Twenty Mile House in <strong>Parker</strong>. In 1874 the Douds moved to Seventeen Mile House. They made the house larger and added a barn. During this time, Seventeen Mile House was a tavern and inn for travelers along the Smoky Hill Trail. It was not a stage stop.</p> <p>The <strong>Denver Pacific</strong> and <strong>Kansas-Pacific</strong> Railroads reached Denver in 1870. After that, the Smoky Hill Trail became a feeder line instead of a main route. In 1872 the original trail was replaced by Highway 13.</p> <h2>Farm</h2> <p>In 1881 the Douds sold Seventeen Mile House, and over the next fifty-six years the property saw several changes. A brick silo and a bunkhouse were added to the west side of the main house. The highway that ran through the farm was changed twice. The road was renamed Highway 83 in 1914. It has stayed in the same location since 1937.</p> <p>In 1938 John and Dorothy Race bought the farm. They added to the property and operated a dairy farm on the land until the 1960s. At that time, they changed to raising beef cattle. The farm was also used to grow wheat, barley, and corn. They also had apple, plum, and pear trees near the house.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>John Race sold the farm in the late 1970s. Builders became interested in the property. They wanted to tear down the house and barn. The community did not want that to happen. In 1983 the Cherry Creek Historical Society got the property listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This saved the house and barn from being torn down. Many local government and preservation groups raised money to buy the property.</p> <p>The house and barn are now known as Seventeen Mile House Farm Park. The park borders other parks and open spaces. These spaces help the area to feel like it did when wagons still rolled along the Smoky Hill Trail. Visitors and school groups can take tours offered by the Cherry Creek Historical Society.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Named for its location seventeen miles from the intersection of Broadway and Colfax Avenue in <strong>Denver</strong>, Seventeen Mile House operated in the 1860s and 1870s as a tavern and inn along the southern branch of the <strong>Smoky Hill Trail</strong>. The coming of the railroad ended stage travel along the route and the property became a farm for much of the twentieth century. Now owned by <strong>Arapahoe County</strong> as part of an open-space park, it is one of only two “mile houses” in the Denver metropolitan area that still exist.</p> <h2>Mile House</h2> <p>Following part of what was first known as the Cherokee Trail along <strong>Cherry Creek</strong>, the southern branch of the Smoky Hill Trail was developed for stage travel in 1865 as a substitute for less direct routes to Denver along the <strong>South Platte</strong> and <strong>Arkansas</strong> Rivers. Originally the route had six mile houses in the Cherry Creek valley. They offered travelers food, drink, and a place to stay. The six mile houses were named Four, Seven, Nine, Twelve, Seventeen, and Twenty. Aside from Seventeen Mile House, the only other original mile house still standing in the Denver area is <strong>Four Mile House</strong>.</p> <p>Like many other mile houses and inns along stage lines, Seventeen Mile House was basically a farm house that also served travelers. The oldest section of the house dates back to the early or middle 1860s. There were several owners of the house until, in 1870, the house was sold to Nelson and Susan Doud, who also owned Twenty Mile House in <strong>Parker</strong>. In 1874 the Douds moved to Seventeen Mile House. They enlarged the house and added a barn. Throughout these years, Seventeen Mile House served as a tavern and inn for travelers along the Smoky Hill Trail, though it was not a stage stop.</p> <p>The type of travel along the Smoky Hill Trail changed quickly after the <strong>Denver Pacific</strong> and <strong>Kansas-Pacific</strong> Railroads reached Denver in 1870. The Smoky Hill Trail became a feeder line rather than a main transportation route. In 1872 the original trail, which ran west of the house and barn, was replaced by Highway 13 in the same location.</p> <h2>Farm</h2> <p>In 1881 the Douds sold Seventeen Mile House and it was resold several more times until 1938, when John and Dorothy Race brought the property. The farm experienced a number of changes over that fifty-six-year period. A brick silo and a bunkhouse were added. Over the years, the highway through the farm was rerouted twice. Originally it ran west of the house and barn near Cherry Creek. In 1914 the road was renamed Highway 83 and rerouted to run between the house and the barn. In 1937 the highway was rerouted once more to its current path east of the buildings.</p> <p>When John and Dorothy Race bought the farm, it had been neglected for several years and was in need of repairs. The Races enlarged the property to 860 acres and operated a dairy farm on the land until the 1960s, when they shifted to raising beef cattle. About twenty-nine acres were planted with grains such as wheat, barley, and corn, with a small orchard of apple, plum, and pear trees near the house.</p> <h2><strong>Today</strong></h2> <p>After John Race sold the farm in the late 1970s, developers began to eye the property. All the potential development plans called for tearing down the house and barn. After a public commotion, the new owner backed down and placed the property in a protective easement. In 1983 the Cherry Creek Historical Society got the property listed on the National Register of Historic Places, which saved it from new development.</p> <p>To protect the future of the house and barn, in 2001 a large group of local governments and preservation groups contributed money to purchase the property. The house and barn are now administered by Arapahoe County as Seventeen Mile House Farm Park. The park is next to other parks and open spaces, helping to preserve the open feel of the area when wagons still rolled along the Smoky Hill Trail. Visitors and school groups can take tours offered by the Cherry Creek Historical Society.</p> <p>In 2007 Arapahoe County developed a master plan for Seventeen Mile House Farm Park, which called for establishing a model farm at the site illustrating agricultural life in the early twentieth century. The plan also proposed a new multiuse building on one corner of the property that could be used for a museum and meeting space.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Named for its location seventeen miles from the intersection of Broadway and Colfax Avenue in <strong>Denver</strong>, Seventeen Mile House operated in the 1860s and 1870s as a tavern and inn along the southern branch of the <strong>Smoky Hill Trail</strong>. After the arrival of the railroad ended stage travel along the route, the property became primarily a farm for much of the twentieth century. Now owned by <strong>Arapahoe County</strong> as part of an open-space park, it is one of only two “mile houses” in the Denver metropolitan area that still exist in their entirety.</p> <h2>Mile House</h2> <p>Following part of what was originally known as the Cherokee Trail along <strong>Cherry Creek</strong>, the southern branch of the Smoky Hill Trail was developed for stage travel in 1865 as an alternative to less direct routes to Denver along the <strong>South Platte</strong> and <strong>Arkansas</strong> Rivers. Originally the route had six mile houses in the Cherry Creek Valley that offered travelers food, drink, and a place to stay. The mile six mile houses were named Four, Seven, Nine, Twelve, Seventeen, and Twenty. Aside from Seventeen Mile House, the only other original mile house still standing in the Denver area is <strong>Four Mile House</strong>.</p> <p>Like many other mile houses and inns along stage lines, Seventeen Mile House was basically a farm house that also served travelers. The oldest section of the house was most likely built in the early or middle 1860s. Later that decade, the house had several owners at different times. In 1870 the house was sold for $800 to Nelson and Susan Doud, who also owned Twenty Mile House in <strong>Parker</strong>. In 1874 the Douds moved to Seventeen Mile House. They enlarged the house and added a barn. Throughout these years, Seventeen Mile House served as a tavern and inn for travelers along the Smoky Hill Trail, though it was not a stage stop.</p> <p>The nature of travel along the Smoky Hill Trail changed rapidly after the <strong>Denver Pacific</strong> and <strong>Kansas-Pacific</strong> Railroads reached Denver in 1870. The Smoky Hill Trail became a feeder line rather than a main transportation route. In 1872 the original trail, which ran west of the house and barn, was replaced by Highway 13 in the same location.</p> <h2>Farm</h2> <p>In 1881 the Douds sold Seventeen Mile House and it was resold several more times until 1938, when John and Dorothy Race bought the property. The farm experienced a number of changes over that fifty-six-year period. A brick silo and bunkhouse were added to the west side of the main house. In addition, the highway through the farm was rerouted twice. Originally running west of the house and barn near Cherry Creek, in 1914 the road was renamed Highway 83 and rerouted to run between the house and barn. In 1937 the highway was rerouted again to its current path east of the buildings.</p> <p>When the Races bought the farm, it had been neglected for several years and was badly in need of repairs. They enlarged the property to 860 acres and operated a dairy farm on the land until the 1960s, when they shifted to raising beef cattle. About twenty-nine acres were planted with grains such as wheat, barley, and corn, with a small orchard of apple, plum, and pear trees near the house. In 1948 the Races hosted a “Fitting the Farm for the Future” event that drew 15,000 people to see demonstrations of new farming and irrigation techniques.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>After John Race sold the farm in the late 1970s, developers began to eye the property. All the potential development plans called for tearing down the house and barn. After a public outcry, the new owner backed down and placed the property in a protective easement. In 1983 the Cherry Creek Historical Society got the property listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p> <p>To protect the future of the house and barn, in 2001 a large group of local governments and preservation groups contributed money to acquire the property. The house and barn are now administered by Arapahoe County as Seventeen Mile House Farm Park. The park is adjacent to other parks and open spaces, helping to preserve the open feel of the area when wagons still rolled along the Smoky Hill Trail. Visitors and school groups can take tours offered by the Cherry Creek Historical Society, and the park also provides access to the <strong>Cherry Creek Regional Trail</strong>.</p> <p>In 2007 Arapahoe County developed a master plan for Seventeen Mile House Farm Park, which called for establishing a model farm at the site illustrating agricultural life in the early twentieth century. The plan also proposed a new multiuse building on one corner of the property that could be used for a museum and meeting space.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 16 Mar 2016 20:19:55 +0000 yongli 1236 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Arapahoe County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arapahoe-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Arapahoe County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1288--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1288.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-freedom-memorial"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Arapahoe-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=V46F2hLZ" width="1000" height="747" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-freedom-memorial" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Freedom Memorial</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Colorado Freedom Memorial in Aurora was completed in 2013 to honor all Colorado veterans who were killed or missing in action. More than 6,000 names are etched into the memorial’s glass panes.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1111--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1111.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/arapahoe-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/ArapahoeCounty_0.png?itok=VWXmGjhB" width="800" height="579" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/arapahoe-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Arapahoe County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Arapahoe County, named for the Arapaho people, covers 805 square miles and is home to more than 572,000 Coloradans.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1718--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1718.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/arapahoe-county-google-map"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Arapahoe_0.jpg?itok=jrFIMdLz" width="1090" height="240" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/arapahoe-county-google-map" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Arapahoe County on Google Map</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="widget-pane-section-facts-description">Arapahoe County, stretching from&nbsp;the Denver Metro Area to the Great Plains,&nbsp;is the third-most populous county in Colorado. The county seat is Littleton, and the most populous city is Aurora.</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1592--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1592.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/arapaho-camp"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Arapahoe%20County%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=PXEnTSWt" width="593" height="838" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/arapaho-camp" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Arapaho Camp</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Arapahoe County is named for the Arapaho Native Americans, who frequented the area from the 1820s to the late 1860s. The Arapaho followed buffalo herds across the plains during the summer, hunted in the mountains of the Front Range in fall, and spent the winter along the foothills.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1259--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1259.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/arapaho-camp-1858"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Niwot-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=dkaJwxJr" width="1000" height="782" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/arapaho-camp-1858" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Arapaho Camp, 1858</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Arapaho camp across Cherry Creek from the gold seekers camp in 1858.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" 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field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-12-28T15:28:24-07:00" title="Monday, December 28, 2015 - 15:28" class="datetime">Mon, 12/28/2015 - 15:28</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arapahoe-county" data-a2a-title="Arapahoe County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Farapahoe-county&amp;title=Arapahoe%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Arapahoe County covers 805 square miles in north central Colorado, running east across the high plains from the southern edge of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. It is named for the <strong>Arapaho</strong>, who once inhabited the area. One of the oldest counties in the state, Arapahoe County is bordered on the north by Denver and <a href="/content/adams-county"><strong>Adams</strong></a> Counties, on the west by <a href="/content/jefferson-county-0"><strong>Jefferson County</strong></a>, on the east by <a href="/article/washington-county"><strong>Washington County</strong></a>, and on the south by <a href="/article/douglas-county"><strong>Douglas</strong></a> and <a href="/content/elbert-county-0"><strong>Elbert</strong></a> Counties. With a population of more than 572,000, it is the third-most populous county in the state. Most of the county’s inhabitants live in the south Denver metro area, in the communities of <strong>Aurora</strong>, <strong>Englewood</strong>, and<strong> Littleton</strong>; the eastern part of the county consists mainly of farms, ranches, and smaller towns such as <strong>Byers</strong> and Bennett.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arapahoe has the distinction of being Colorado’s first county, as it was created as part of the western limits of the Kansas Territory in 1855. The large, vertical rectangle that surveyors marked out in the middle of the plains certainly would have appeared strange to the Arapaho and <strong>Cheyenne</strong>, the two major Native American groups who followed the <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> herds across the plains from the early nineteenth century. After Kansas was admitted to the union in 1861, Arapahoe County was resized and named one of the first seventeen counties in the new <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>. The original borders of the county stretched from the current western edge of Denver to the Kansas border. After gold was discovered along Dry Creek in 1858, a continuous flow of migrants from the east prompted the creation of new counties, and Arapahoe County was gradually pared down to its current size.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Indigenous Inhabitants</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the early nineteenth century, the area now known as Arapahoe County was the territory of the Cheyenne and Arapaho people. Both groups began as farmers in the upper Midwest, and gradually made their way west in the late eighteenth century. Territorial struggles with other groups, such as the dominant Lakota in the Black Hills, pushed them farther away from their original homelands, and the prospect of horses lured them onto the plains and into a life of nomadic hunting. The Cheyenne and Arapaho struck an alliance in 1811, and they chased bison herds and smaller game across the short-grass prairies of what are now the eastern stretches of Arapahoe County. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>Cottonwood</strong></a> stands along Cherry Creek and other tributaries of the <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> provided the Native Americans with food and shelter during the plains’ scorching summers and frigid, snowy winters.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1820s, French fur trappers and traders were active in the region. The first <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading post</strong></a> on the South Platte River was established in 1832 along Cherry Creek. Rumors of gold along the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> of the <a href="/content/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>, circulated by trappers and mountain men, were common during this era, but no one paid much attention to them.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Discovery of Gold</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1848 a group of prospectors on the way to California stopped to pan a few streams just west of present-day Denver. They found gold near present-day Englewood, where Dry Creek ran into the South Platte River. This was the first important discovery of gold in Colorado, but a bonanza was already going on further west and Colorado was not politically organized, so the find did not attract many people.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>California-bound whites traveling through the area also feared attacks by Native Americans. In 1851 and 1853, the US government signed treaties with the Cheyenne and Arapaho, along with several other Plains groups, in which Native Americans agreed not to attack whites traveling along the overland routes. But white migration continued in the following years, and the Native Americans found their essential stands of cottonwoods depleted and huge swathes of their grazing grasses trampled by wagons or eaten by cattle. Many Cheyenne and Arapaho began to realize that the ceaseless flow of whites into their lands meant the complete destruction of their resource base; thus, the earlier treaties were broken and raiding resumed. Then, in 1857, Colonel Edwin V. Sumner of the US Army routed a group of Cheyenne in Kansas, and the small victory was enough to convince easterners that the westward routes were safe again.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The combination of Sumner’s victory and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which created Arapahoe County within the Kansas Territory, now allowed so-called gold strikes to be investigated. By the summer of 1858, the <strong>Cherokee Party</strong>, headed by <strong>William Green Russell</strong> and named for the contingent of Indians he had brought with him from Georgia, had been panning the tributaries of the South Platte near present-day Denver for weeks. Many of the party, including frustrated Cherokees and impatient Georgian farmers who expected a quick strike, had given up and headed back east. Finally, on July 6, 1858, Russell and the remaining members of the party found gold along Dry Creek, just downstream from where traces had been panned out ten years earlier. News of the find quickly raced east, and others quickly assembled their own gold-digging parties. Several months later, on the east side of Cherry Creek, <strong><a href="/content/william-larimer-jr">William Larimer, Jr.</a> </strong>founded Denver City, the first seat of Arapahoe County.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Removal of Indigenous People</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Farmers and ranchers soon followed the prospectors into what is now the southwest corner of Arapahoe County. Their houses, fences, and crops took wood and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> from the all-important groves along the tributaries, and their herds ate up acres of the Cheyenne and Arapaho’s best grazing lands. In 1861 a reservation was established in southeastern Colorado for the Cheyenne and Arapaho, but by this time the Indian bands were split between those who favored cooperating with the whites and those who favored resisting them.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Both paths led to the end of the nomads’ life on the plains as they knew it: the government rarely had the ability or the desire to take care of peaceful Indigenous groups, and warrior bands had to deal not only with the larger and better-equipped US military, but also with dwindling plains resources due to growing white settlements.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The unprovoked <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>massacre</strong></a> of more than 150 peaceful Arapaho and Cheyenne—mostly women, children, and the elderly—at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek</strong></a> in 1864 prompted more than a decade of warfare between the US military and resulted in an alliance of Arapaho, Cheyenne, Lakota, and other Plains Indians. In 1867, the <a href="/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong></a> established the Cheyenne-Arapaho Reservation in central Oklahoma, then known as “Indian Territory.” Though sporadic raiding by the Arapaho and their allies continued into the 1870s, by the end of the nineteenth century Arapahoe County was mostly cleared of the people it was named for.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Towns</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>, farming and ranching were the backbone of eastern Arapahoe County, while towns continued to develop around Denver. Englewood, established in 1864 by the Irish homesteader Thomas Skerritt, was connected to Denver via roads by the 1880s and featured a notorious skid row in an area known as Orchard Place. Meanwhile, G. A. Snow, a cattle rancher from New York, owned some 12,000 acres—almost half his ranch—in the eastern part of the county. The Snow family maintained the ranch from 1871 until 1957. Other large ranches included Parrett Ranch, Owens Ranch, and Price Ranch.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The town of Bijou was founded in 1870, and in 1889 the name was changed to Byers, in honor of <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> founder <a href="/content/william-n-byers"><strong>William Byers</strong></a>. In 1872, Richard Little, an engineer from New Hampshire who had come to Denver to map out <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> ditches during the gold rush, obtained a permit to develop his land into the village of Littleton. The arrival of the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad </strong>in 1871 brought more residents to the town, and in 1890 Littleton was incorporated with a population of 245. Englewood incorporated in 1903.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1902 the state legislature divided the old Arapahoe County into the current counties of Arapahoe, Adams, Denver, Washington, and <a href="/content/yuma-county-0"><strong>Yuma</strong></a>. Littleton was at first deemed the temporary county seat; an election in 1904 secured it as the permanent seat of the new Arapahoe County.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Like many other rural areas on the outskirts of major US cities, Arapahoe County experienced rapid growth after <strong>World War II</strong>, when housing developments sprang up and led to the suburbanization of the county. As both Littleton and Aurora began annexing more and more of these developments, communities in the western portion of the county faced many challenges associated with rapid growth, including effective urban planning and the provision of municipal services. As their communities grew, residents of Arapahoe County were also aware that they would likely have to decide whether they should link up with the city—then facing its own postwar dilemmas of a shrinking tax base and urban decay—or remain independent.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Disputes with Denver</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After World War II, the suburban communities of Littleton and Aurora found themselves at odds with the state capital over multiple issues, particularly water rights and land annexation. At the beginning of a seven-year drought in 1950, Denver sought to protect its water supply by prohibiting new hookups beyond a boundary drawn by members of the <strong>Denver Water Board</strong>. Both Littleton and Aurora were beyond this boundary and had to come up with their own water supplies.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Aurora pieced together its supply by purchasing rights to irrigation water from ranches on the South Platte River. Although the Littleton City Council purchased additional tanks in 1949 and 1951, in 1953 it still lacked enough water to adequately provide for residents. Littleton eventually entered into a tri-city agreement with Denver and Englewood to purchase and share additional water. The city reentered Denver Water’s service area in 1970 and continues to receive Denver water today. Aurora, meanwhile, continued to secure additional water on its own into the 1990s. In 1967 it brokered a $50 million agreement with Colorado Springs to share water from the Homestake Project, which diverted Homestake Creek—a tributary of the Eagle River—into Spinney Mountain Reservoir.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sources of tension between city and suburb were not limited to the drought crisis during the 1950s. In 1955, Arapahoe County residents in the subdivision adjacent to the University Hills Shopping Center petitioned for annexation to Denver, but county officials sought to retain the shopping center area for its important tax revenue. Arapahoe County won the first round of litigation but was ultimately unable to keep Denver from annexing the property.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Annexation was another major source of tension between Denver and its suburbs during the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1960s, Republican legislators from Arapahoe County were part of the core opposition to multiple efforts to create an “Urban County” that would have assimilated Littleton and Aurora into Denver. In 1972 Arapahoe County sued Denver, arguing that it should provide water to its residents even though they did not live within city limits. Although the suit had poor legal foundation and was settled out of court, it did prompt Denver to drop its condition that areas wishing to be served by Denver Water be annexed first. In 1973 Aurora countered Denver’s annexation campaign with its own, seizing some 4,000 acres (although it targeted many more) and securing the coveted Cherry Hills School District. The series of annexation disputes between Arapahoe and Denver Counties was finally put to an end in 1974, when the <strong>Poundstone Amendment</strong> to the state constitution froze Denver’s boundaries.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Aurora</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The town of Fletcher was incorporated in 1891 and received its current name of Aurora in 1902. The city, now supporting a population of more than 335,000, has a rich military heritage. Army General Hospital No. 21 was built on Aurora’s east side in 1918, and <strong>Lowry Air Force Base</strong> was established just southwest of the city in 1938. The general hospital, renamed <a href="/content/fitzsimons-general-hospital"><strong>Fitzsimons Army Hospital</strong></a>, was expanded in 1941 and treated soldiers injured during World War II. Aurora is also home to the <strong>Colorado Freedom Memorial</strong>, completed in 2013 and dedicated to all of Colorado’s deceased military veterans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Over the past few decades, Aurora has become one of Colorado’s most diverse cities, making it a destination for immigrants and refugees from around the globe. In 1990 Latinos made up just 7 percent of the city’s population, but today they account for nearly a third of its 353,000 residents. African Americans make up 4 percent of the state population but nearly 16 percent of Aurora residents, and Asians account for almost 5 percent of the city’s population as opposed to just 2.8 percent of Coloradans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The city’s diversity and economic opportunities have also made it attractive for immigrants and refugees. People from Bhutan and Ethiopia began arriving in larger numbers in the mid-2000s, and an estimated 4,000 refugees from Sudan and other nations arrived between 2012 and 2013. As of 2013, 21 percent of Aurorans were born in another country—the highest percentage in the Denver metro area. In response, the city opened the Immigrant Welcome Center in 2014 to help newcomers learn English, become citizens, and find employment and legal counsel.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2012 the city became nationally known because of the horrific Aurora theater shooting. On July 20, twenty-four-year-old James Holmes entered a midnight screening of <em>The Dark Knight Rises </em>at the Century Aurora 16 theater and opened fire on the audience with an AR-15 assault rifle, killing twelve and wounding fifty-eight. Police found that Holmes had been stockpiling weapons and ammunition for months, and he also apparently expected his apartment to be searched, leaving it rigged with booby traps. He obtained all his weapons and ammunition legally. The tragedy sent emotional shockwaves across the nation, and renewed a previously dormant conversation about gun control in the midst of a bitterly polarized presidential election season.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The western quarter of Arapahoe County is currently home to the expanding Denver metro area, with many subdivisions, parks, and businesses. Office complexes such as the <strong>Denver Technology Center</strong> and Greenwood Plaza house many local and international corporations. Farms and ranches occupy the rest of the county. Between 2007 and 2012, the county added 128 farms, and in 2012 Arapahoe was ranked in the top third of wheat-producing counties in the state.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapahoe-county" hreflang="en">arapahoe county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapaho" hreflang="en">arapaho</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aurora" hreflang="en">aurora</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/englewood" hreflang="en">Englewood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/littleton" hreflang="en">littleton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/byers" hreflang="en">byers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapahoe-county-history" hreflang="en">arapahoe county history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen Leonard, and Dave McComb, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State </em>3rd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.arapahoeco.gov/DocumentCenter/View/353">Arapahoe County History</a>,” Arapahoe County.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Aurora Water, “Water Supply Fact Book, 2010–2011.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eugene H. Berwanger, <em>The Rise of the Centennial State: Colorado Territory, 1861–76 </em>(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jennifer Brown, <a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2012/07/20/12-shot-dead-58-wounded-in-aurora-movie-theater-during-batman-premier/">“12 shot dead, 58 wounded in Aurora movie theater during Batman premier,”</a> <em>Denver Post, </em>July 21, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.englewoodco.gov/our-community/englewood-history">Englewood History</a>,” City of Englewood.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Charles C. Fisk, <a href="https://mountainscholar.orgwebclient/DeliveryManager/digitool_items/csu01_storage/2008/04/08/file_1/5649"><em>The Metro Denver Water Story: A Memoir</em></a> (Denver: n.p., 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.littletonco.gov/index.aspx?page=182">General History of Littleton</a>,” City of Littleton.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“History,” City of Aurora, Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Megan Mitchell, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/11/25/immigrant-welcome-center-opens-in-aurora-school-building-this-month/">Immigrant Welcome Center opens in Aurora school building this month</a>,” <em>Denver Post</em>, November 25, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Diane Wray Tomasso, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/Programs/SI_postWWII_Littleton_1949-1967.pdf">Historic Context of Littleton, Colorado 1949–1967</a>” (Littleton, CO: City of Littleton, Office of Community Development, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Arapahoe County Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Megan Verlee, “<a href="https://www.npr.org/2012/09/27/161885219/aurora-colo-tries-to-capitalize-on-its-ethnic-riches">Aurora, Colo., Tries To Capitalize On Its Ethnic Riches</a>,” <em>All Things Considered</em>, NPR, September 27, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elliot West, <em>Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.arapahoeco.gov/">Arapahoe County</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Aurora Welcome Center</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.auroragov.org/">City of Aurora</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.englewoodco.gov/">City of Englewood</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.littletonco.gov/">City of Littleton</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 28 Dec 2015 22:28:24 +0000 yongli 1061 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Englewood Post Office http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/englewood-post-office <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Englewood Post Office</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--899--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--899.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/englewood-post-office"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/englewood-1-X-8224_0.jpg?itok=YtvK3ZEz" width="1000" height="745" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/englewood-post-office" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Englewood Post Office</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Completed in 1938, the Englewood post office was the first federal building in Englewood and the only federal building constructed in Englewood as part of the New Deal. Its location on South Broadway helped push the city to grow north toward Denver.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1826--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1826.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-stock-sale"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Englewood%20Media%204_0.jpg?itok=Ll4ezf8k" width="300" height="225" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-stock-sale" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Stock Sale</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Boardman Robinson’s “Colorado Stock Sale” mural still occupies most of a wall in the Englewood post office lobby. The post office was threatened with closure in 2010 but was saved after an outcry from local residents and preservationists.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-10T12:45:02-07:00" title="Tuesday, November 10, 2015 - 12:45" class="datetime">Tue, 11/10/2015 - 12:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/englewood-post-office" data-a2a-title="Englewood Post Office"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fenglewood-post-office&amp;title=Englewood%20Post%20Office"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The 1938 Englewood post office building on South Broadway is notable for its large lobby mural by <strong>Boardman Robinson</strong> (1876–1952), an important art educator, political cartoonist, and founder of the American mural movement. The work is Robinson’s only post office mural and one of three major Robinson murals to survive intact in their original location.</p> <h2>New Post Office</h2> <p><strong>Englewood</strong> received its mail from the Denver post office until the 1930s. Talk of an independent Englewood post office started in 1929, then moved forward rapidly after 1935 because of lobbying efforts, Denver’s growth, and <a href="/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a> construction projects. Englewood was selected for a new post office in September 1936. At that time the city had a population of 8,600, with another 6,000 people in the surrounding area who would be served by the post office.</p> <p>The Englewood post office was built on the east side of South Broadway, on a lot that was probably vacant. Ground was broken in November 1937 at a celebration featuring speeches and the Englewood High School marching band. The cornerstone was laid the following March, and the post office was dedicated on September 22, 1938.</p> <p>The post office was the first federal building in Englewood and the only federal building constructed in the city as part of the New Deal. It cost about $94,000. At the time it was built, the one-story redbrick post office with Colonial Revival elements was one Englewood’s most architecturally sophisticated buildings.</p> <h2>Robinson’s Mural</h2> <p>Murals were popular in the 1930s as a democratic art form that could bring complex subjects to the public, and New Deal initiatives such as the Treasury Department’s Section of Fine Arts program were&nbsp;established in order to put artists to work painting murals in federal buildings across the country.</p> <p>In April 1939 Postmaster James Adams asked about getting a mural for the lobby of the Englewood post office. His request for a mural was approved in May 1939. By June the Section of Fine Arts&nbsp;had commissioned Boardman Robinson, then living in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, to do the mural. Along with his friend Thomas Hart Benton, Robinson is regarded as a founder of the American mural movement of the 1920s and 1930s. After working for decades as a political cartoonist in New York, Robinson moved to Colorado Springs in 1930 to join the faculty of the newly founded Fountain Valley School. In the mid-1930s he became director of art school at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs-fine-arts-center"><strong>Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center</strong></a>, which he made into a center of the mural movement.</p> <p>In July 1939 Robinson visited the Englewood post office. He submitted his preliminary sketch for the mural in September. It was not well received. The reviewer found Robinson’s subject for the mural inappropriate and “frivolous,” and wrote that it should be more serious and dignified.</p> <p>Robinson responded with a second sketch in October. This sketch received a positive review, and Robinson got to work. He completed the mural, called <em>Colorado Stock Sale </em>in August 1940. It was displayed for a few weeks at the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center, where Robinson served as art director, before being installed in the Englewood post office in October. The mural was one of sixteen placed in Colorado post offices between 1936 and 1942.</p> <p>The six-foot-by-twelve-foot <em>Colorado Stock Sale</em> was Robinson’s last mural. Depicting a horse auction in rural Colorado, it is Robinson’s only major mural to reflect the evolution of his style toward a naturalistic regionalism after his move to Colorado.</p> <h2>Postwar Developments</h2> <p>The post office stood on the northern edge of Englewood when it was built. Soon commercial development followed the post office north along Broadway. Englewood pushed north toward Denver, which in turn grew south to meet it. After World War II, Englewood developed as a suburb within the larger Denver metropolis.</p> <p>The Englewood post office survived without many changes. It continues to have the look and feel of a small-town New Deal post office. The building was originally in the middle of its block on South Broadway, but in the 1980s East Floyd Avenue was rerouted to alleviate traffic problems. As a result, the post office is now on a slightly larger corner lot, though the building has not moved.</p> <p>In January 2010 the US Postal Service listed the Englewood post office for closure. Strong opposition from hundreds of customers, preservationists, art enthusiasts, and government officials resulted in a quick reversal of the decision and led to a successful effort later that year to get the building listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/post-offices" hreflang="en">post offices</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boardman-robinson" hreflang="en">Boardman Robinson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/englewood" hreflang="en">Englewood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/new-deal" hreflang="en">New Deal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/murals" hreflang="en">murals</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-stock-sale" hreflang="en">Colorado Stock Sale</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Kyle MacMillan, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2010/01/22/public-outcry-saves-englewood-post-office-and-its-mural/">Public Outcry Saves Englewood Post Office and Its Mural</a>,” <em>Denver Post</em>, January 23, 2010.</p> <p>Diane Wray Tomasso, “Englewood Post Office,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (June 5, 2010).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Henry Adams, <em>Boardman Robinson: American Muralist and Illustrator, 1876–1952</em> (Colorado Springs: Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center, 1996).</p> <p>Karal Ann Marling, <em>Wall-to-Wall America: A Cultural History of Post-Office Murals in the Great Depression</em> (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 10 Nov 2015 19:45:02 +0000 yongli 898 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org