%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Lucile Berkeley Buchanan http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lucile-berkeley-buchanan <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Lucile Berkeley Buchanan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3725--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3725.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/lucile-berkeley-buchanan"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Lucile_berkeley_buchanan_0.jpg?itok=kj9HsWxd" width="524" height="654" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/lucile-berkeley-buchanan" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Lucile Berkeley Buchanan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A renowned educator whose life and teaching inspired generations of Black students, Lucile Berkeley Buchanan was the first Black woman to graduate from the University of Colorado-Boulder. After her 1918 graduation, Buchanan taught in public schools across the country until 1949.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-08-09T12:47:40-06:00" title="Tuesday, August 9, 2022 - 12:47" class="datetime">Tue, 08/09/2022 - 12:47</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lucile-berkeley-buchanan" data-a2a-title="Lucile Berkeley Buchanan"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flucile-berkeley-buchanan&amp;title=Lucile%20Berkeley%20Buchanan"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Lucile Berkeley Buchanan (1884–1989) was a gifted teacher and the first African American to graduate from the State Normal School of Colorado (today, the <strong>University of Northern Colorado</strong> in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a>) in 1905. Following graduation, she occasionally worked as a substitute teacher; race-based discrimination prevented her from getting a permanent teaching job. In 1916 she enrolled at the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> in Boulder, and two years later, she became the first Black woman known to have earned a bachelor’s degree there. Determined to become an educator, she took her Colorado teacher training to Arkansas, where she was able to teach in Black schools. She fulfilled her dream of becoming a classroom teacher in Kansas City and Chicago, where she taught in segregated schools.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Lucile Berkeley Buchanan was born in a shed on June 13, 1884, at 120 Platte Street in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, an area locally known as the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> bottoms. Her parents, James and Sarah Buchanan, were formerly enslaved people from Loudoun County, Virginia, who had arrived with their four children in 1882. Lucile was their first Colorado-born child. Life along the bottoms was rough. The river often flooded, filthy alleys, extreme noise, and dirt from the railroad tracks, and typhoid fever outbreaks were common. Reaching their limits, in 1886, the Buchanans moved to an unfinished property southwest of Denver that Sarah bought for $100 from the circus showman P. T. Barnum.</p> <p>After graduating in June 1901 from Villa Park High School, Lucile enrolled two years later in a teacher-training program at the State Normal School in Greeley. Students there received free tuition if they agreed to teach in public schools after graduation. Lucile had a largely positive experience in Greeley, where she lived with an abolitionist family and was able to participate in the school’s graduation ceremony.</p> <p>When she returned home from Greeley with an associate degree in 1905, Lucile began applying for permanent teaching positions. At every step, her applications were denied. She even applied for a position in Maitland, a coal-mining town in southern Colorado. Her application drew such attention that on July 25, 1905, the <em>Walsenburg World</em> ran an article titled “Colored Teaching Applicant.” Buchanan was rejected. The only positions she could secure were substitute teaching jobs in the few predominantly white schools with Black students.</p> <p>Over the years, Buchanan’s struggle to find a job did not go unnoticed. On June 13, 1908, <strong>Joseph D. D. Rivers</strong>, editor of the<em> Statesman</em>, Denver’s Black newspaper, penned a riveting editorial titled “We Shall Try Again.” It quoted a school board member who had “no objections of Colored teachers in mixed schools but feared the objections of white parents.” <strong>The<em> Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> also ran an article about Buchanan’s dilemma, “One of the Best Colored Girls of the West failed to make a difference.”</p> <h2>Work Outside Colorado</h2> <p>For her part, Buchanan did not dwell on her disappointment. In 1907 she contacted her pastor at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/zion-baptist-church"><strong>Zion Baptist Church</strong></a>, the Reverend John E. Ford, and within days she was offered a full-time teaching position at Arkansas Baptist College in Little Rock. When her contract expired in 1912, she landed a job at Langston High School in Hot Springs, Arkansas, where she remained until her return to Colorado in 1915 to attend the University of Colorado in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>, where she started the following year. In 1918 Buchanan earned a degree in German, although she was not allowed to walk on stage to accept it.</p> <p>After completing her bachelor’s degree, Buchanan was hired to teach English at Lincoln High School in Kansas City in 1919. Her last teaching job, where she taught from 1925 to her retirement in 1940, was at the Douglas School in Chicago’s Black Belt, a community that bore some similarities to Denver’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/five-points"><strong>Five Points</strong></a>.</p> <p>Buchanan focused on teaching her students decision-making and critical thinking skills, which she believed would help them navigate life in a segregated society. When the administration at Lincoln High School rejected her idea to introduce a global studies course, she created an after-school World News Club. In 1925, before she left for Chicago, she also started the first school newspaper at Lincoln High. Inspired by Black newspapers in Denver and Kansas City, <em>The Observer</em> was a four-page publication that sold for five cents a copy. By teaching about the world beyond the United States and empowering them to write about their communities from their own perspectives, Buchanan helped her Black students counteract the idea that they were inferior.</p> <h2>Later Life and Legacy</h2> <p>Lucile Buchanan regularly returned to Colorado, taking summer classes at the <strong>University of Denver</strong> to upgrade her salary. In 1949 she retired to the home her father built in the Barnum neighborhood in the 1890s, which still stands today. She eventually hired a German man named Herman Dick to care for her daily affairs as she aged. Lucile Buchanan died in 1989 at the age of 105. She is buried at Denver’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fairmount-cemetery"><strong>Fairmount Cemetery</strong></a>.</p> <p>Buchanan’s lifetime of struggle, achievement, and teaching inspired generations beyond her living years. In Buchanan’s time, it was nearly miraculous for a woman of color to pursue and obtain a college degree, and neither was it easy to instill that same kind of hope and self-worth in a generation of Black students who lived amid daily reminders that they were not considered full or equal citizens.</p> <p>Wherever she taught, Buchanan’s contributions have been lauded. Students at Lincoln High School in Kansas City lamented her departure in 1925, with one even predicting she would soon teach at Harvard. In 1970, in a story covering the 114th anniversary of Langston High School in Hot Springs, Arkansas, the local newspaper listed Buchanan among six teachers who “left a lasting impression on the community.” In April 2010, CU-Boulder established a scholarship in her name. In 2018 she was honored at the <strong>State Capitol</strong> by State Senator <strong>Rhonda Fields</strong>.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/mclean-polly-e-burgos" hreflang="und">McLean, Polly E. Burgos </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lucile-berkeley-buchanan" hreflang="en">lucile berkeley buchanan</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/first-black-woman-graduate-university-colorado" hreflang="en">first black woman to graduate university of colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-women-colorado" hreflang="en">black women colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-history-colorado" hreflang="en">black history colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lucile-buchanan" hreflang="en">lucile buchanan</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado-history" hreflang="en">university of colorado history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/african-americans-colorado" hreflang="en">african americans colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Polly E. Burgos McLean, <em>Remembering Lucile: A Virginia Family’s Rise from Slavery and a Legacy Forged a Mile High</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2018).</p> <p>Hannah Metzger, “<a href="https://www.coloradopolitics.com/education/cu-boulder-to-rename-buildings-after-first-black-woman-graduate-advocates-for-underrepresented-students/article_981f6b0c-24a2-51cd-995a-d512a3081818.html">CU Boulder to rename buildings after first Black woman graduate, advocates for underrepresented students</a>,” <em>Colorado Politics</em>, February 17, 2021.</p> <p>University of Colorado-Boulder, “<a href="https://www.colorado.edu/wgst/lucile-berkeley-buchanan-scholarship">The Lucile Berkely Buchanan Scholarship</a>,” College of Arts and Sciences, Women &amp; Gender Studies Department, n.d.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Polly E. Burgos McLean, “<a href="https://coloradosun.com/2019/11/08/remembering-lucile-polly-mclean/">A journey to chronicle the life of the first black female graduate from CU became a wider historical mission</a>,” <em>Colorado Sun</em>, November 8, 2019.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 09 Aug 2022 18:47:40 +0000 yongli 3723 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Julia Greeley http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/julia-greeley <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Julia Greeley</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2018-06-19T13:23:26-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 19, 2018 - 13:23" class="datetime">Tue, 06/19/2018 - 13:23</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/julia-greeley" data-a2a-title="Julia Greeley"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fjulia-greeley&amp;title=Julia%20Greeley"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Julia Greeley (c. 1840–1918) was born into slavery in Missouri. Around 1880 she moved to <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and became a Catholic. Despite being poor herself, Greeley spent the rest of her life doing good deeds for the impoverished. In 2016 the Catholic Church opened the Cause for Sainthood to determine whether she may someday be canonized.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Julia Greeley did not know her age or the full names of her parents. Estimates of the year of her birth range from the mid-1830s to the mid-1850s. What is known is that she was from Hannibal, Missouri, and that she was born into slavery. As a child, she was blinded in one eye by a slave master’s whip. She was free by 1865, when Missouri, which had not been subject to President Abraham Lincoln’s 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, passed an Emancipation Proclamation of its own.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By about 1871, Greeley was living in St. Louis, Missouri, and was employed by Dr. Gervais Paul Robinson and his wife, Lina Pratte Robinson. While working for the Robinsons, she met Lina’s sister, Julia Pratte Dickerson. A widow with four children, Julia Dickerson was courted by <a href="/article/william-gilpin"><strong>William Gilpin</strong></a>, former first territorial governor of Colorado. The two wed in 1874 and moved to Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late 1870s, Julia Greeley left her position with the Robinson family in St. Louis. She asked Dr. Robinson to write a letter for her to the Gilpins, asking for employment. According to the 1880 census, Julia Greeley was in Denver working for the Gilpin family. But marital relations between the Gilpins were strained, and by 1883 Julia’s service with them ended. She worked in both New Mexico and Wyoming during the next four years, but returned to Denver in 1887 to testify in the Gilpins’s bitter divorce trial. For the remainder of her life, Julia cooked, cleaned, and did odd jobs in the Denver area, all the while looking out for the city’s poor residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Charitable Work</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>A devout Catholic, Julia Pratte Gilpin introduced Julia Greeley to the Catholic Church. Greeley was baptized on June 26, 1880, at Sacred Heart Church on Larimer Street. In Catholic theology, the Sacred Heart represents Christ himself, and it was through the image of the Sacred Heart that Greeley dedicated her life to serving Christ .</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Her devotion to her Catholic faith took many forms. She fasted each day until noon, telling the priests “My communion is my breakfast.” Each month, she walked to all the fire stations in the city to hand out Catholic leaflets. She passed out the leaflets to Catholics and non-Catholics alike, saying, “They are all God’s children.” <strong>Denver Fire Station no. 1</strong>, at 1326 Tremont, was one of the stations Julia visited each month.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pulling a little red wagon, Julia would also deliver various goods to homes of the poor. She had almost no money herself, but she was exceptionally good at finding things that others needed. Julia did not limit herself to just the necessities of food, fuel, and clothing; one night, she was seen carrying a mattress on her back to deliver to a family. Another night, it was a baby carriage. And on another, it was a broken doll that she was taking home to fix for a child. Greeley asked girls in one part of the city to not wear their pretty clothes for too long, and to give them to her before the dresses were worn out. Then, she would deliver the dresses to poor girls in another part of the city so they could attend dances.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite finding lovely dresses for others, Greeley herself was known for the old, tattered dress she nearly always wore, and a wide-brimmed black hat. She was a small woman, around five feet tall. The right eye that had been blinded continually wept, and she always carried a cloth to wipe her face.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Greeley also loved to sing, and church music was a vital part of her life. In the late 1890s, she was working at <strong>Fort Logan</strong> as a cook. She was one of a small group who regularly attended services in a basement chapel. She also purchased an organ for the tiny church. At some point, Greeley learned how to play the piano. She would sometimes play and sing at church services at Sacred Heart. She was also a friend of Mother Pancratis Bonfils, a principal at St. Mary’s Academy and the founder of Loretto Heights College. After Mother Bonfils died, Greeley had a requiem high mass sung for her.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Catholic tradition, a Third Order is a group of people who live according to the ideals of a religious order, but who do not take religious vows. In 1901 Greeley joined the Third Order of Saint Francis at the St. Elizabeth of Hungary Parish at Eleventh and Lawrence. Saint Francis had been born into wealth, but gave it up to pursue his faith. By becoming a member of the Third Order of St. Francis, Greeley was making a spiritual commitment to continue doing what she had been doing for years: to live simply, to love God, and to think of all people as her brothers and sisters.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Love of Children</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Julia Greeley’s obituary noted that she “loved children with the intensity found in the saints.” She was always available to look after babies when they were sick or when their mothers needed to run errands. She even arranged picnics for children in Denver’s <a href="/article/city-park"><strong>City Park</strong></a>; Greeley would pack up a lunch, take ten or so children on a trolley ride to the park, and joke with the conductor that all the children were hers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>One day in 1914, Mrs. Agnes Urquhart asked Julia to mop her floor. Noticing religious pictures on the walls, Greeley asked if the Urquharts were Catholic. When Mrs. Urquhart said yes, Julia asked where the children were. There had only been one child, Mrs. Urquhart told her, and he had died from an inability to digest food. Mrs. Urquhart was unable to have any more children. Julia told Mrs. Urquhart that there would be “a little white angel running around the house. I will pray and you will see.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The only known photo of Julia Greeley shows her with baby Marjorie Urquhart, the “little white angel.” It was taken in April 1916, in Denver’s McDonough Park across Federal Boulevard from St. Catherine’s Church.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Death and Funeral</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Julia Greeley died on Friday, June 7, 1918, on the day of the Feast of the Sacred Heart, the ideal to which she had devoted her life. The tiny notice in the <strong><em>Denver Post</em></strong> stated that services would be Monday morning at the W.P. Horan &amp; Son funeral chapel. Sometime that Sunday, a decision was made to move the viewing to Loyola Chapel on Ogden Street. No one expected the large crowds that came to see her. For five hours, people from all walks of life in Denver filed past the body.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For more than thirty years, Julia had labored to care for the people of Denver. She had brought fuel to the poor, food to the hungry, and clothes to the needy. But most of her labors had been done at night, in secret. She had not wanted anyone to be embarrassed that it was a black woman coming to help.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It was not until her funeral, with the crowds that came in her honor, that people began to realize the full extent of Julia Greeley’s work. Her obituary in <em>The Denver Catholic Register</em>, complete with a five-tiered banner headline, acknowledged her extraordinary virtues with the line, “Her life reads like that of a canonized saint.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nearly a century later, the Catholic Church is exploring whether Julia Greeley might indeed be a saint. On December 18, 2016, Denver Archbishop Samuel J. Aquila presided over a special Mass that opened her case for canonization. Canonization is the act of declaring that a person who has died was a saint, and that he or she is included in the canon, or list, of saints. With the opening of her Cause for Sainthood, Julia Greeley is now considered to be a “Servant of God.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Road to Canonization</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The memory of Julia Greeley’s charity has endured nearly a hundred years later. The Archdiocese of Denver used her as their Model of Mercy and produced a short video of her life. The Archdiocese also commissioned an icon of Julia. Icons use a symbolic language of images to communicate a life. In Julia’s case, the pictures include the mountains of Colorado, a child, a firefighter hat and axe, a little red wagon, the Franciscan coat of arms, and a Sacred Heart image.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The process of becoming a saint is long. A special tribunal has begun to examine Julia Greeley’s life, and other commissions in Rome will further review the tribunal’s work. If she were found to have lived a life of “heroic virtue,” there would still need to be two separate instances of miracles, in which people prayed for her assistance and received a miracle, before she might be named a saint.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The actual process of canonization may take years, and its outcome is uncertain. Father Blaine Burkey devoted a full year to researching Julia Greeley’s life, publishing his findings in a book, <em>In Secret Service of the Sacred Heart.</em> As Father Burkey noted, “people have been saying ever since she died that she ought to be canonized.”</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/wroble-susan" hreflang="und">Wroble, Susan</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/julia-greeley" hreflang="en">julia greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/african-americans-colorado-0" hreflang="en">african americans in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/african-american-history" hreflang="en">african american history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-history-colorado" hreflang="en">black history colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/catholic-church" hreflang="en">catholic church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-history" hreflang="en">women&#039;s history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-women-colorado" hreflang="en">black women colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Archdiocese of Denver, “<a href="https://vimeo.com/151101683">Julia Greeley – Our Model of Mercy</a>,” Vimeo, January 7, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Blaine Burkey, <em>In Secret Service of the Sacred Heart: The Life &amp; Virtues of Julia Greeley, </em>2nd ed. (Denver: Julia Greeley Guild, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Melissa Keating, “Decoding the Julia Greeley Icon,” <em>Denver Catholic </em>(February 10, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Aaron Lambert, “Denver’s ‘Angel of Charity’ on road to Sainthood,” <em>Denver Catholic</em>, November 17, 2016.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://archden.org/">Archdiocese of Denver</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Julia Greeley (c. 1840–1918) was born a slave in Missouri. Around 1880 she moved to <strong>Denver</strong> and became a Catholic. Greeley spent the rest of her life helping the poor. The Catholic Church is deciding if Greeley can become a saint.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Julia Greeley did not know her age or the full names of her parents. She did not even know when she was born. She did know was that she was born a slave in Hannibal, Missouri. She was blind in one eye because of a slave master’s whip. Greeley became free in 1865.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1871, Greeley was living in St. Louis, Missouri. She worked for Dr. Gervais Paul Robinson and his wife, Lina. She met Lina’s sister, Julia Pratte Gilpin.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Julia began working for the Gilpin family in Denver. She also worked in both New Mexico and Wyoming after she left the Gilpin’s. For the rest of her life, Julia cooked, cleaned, and did odd jobs in Denver. She also looked out for the city’s poor people.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Charitable Work</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Greeley was baptized at Sacred Heart Church on June 26, 1880. Greeley spent her life serving Christ.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Greeley’s faith was strong. She did not eat until noon each day. Each month, she walked to all the fire stations in the city to hand out Catholic flyers. She gave the flyers to Catholics and non-Catholics alike, saying, “They are all God’s children.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Julia would deliver many things to the poor using a little red wagon. She delivered food, fuel, and clothing. Julia also delivered things like a mattress, a baby carriage, a broken doll that she had fixed for a child.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Greeley wore an old, ragged dress and a large black hat. She was around five feet tall. Her blind right eye always wept, and she carried a cloth to wipe her face.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Greeley loved to sing, and church music was an important part of her life. Julia went to church in the basement of <strong>Fort Logan</strong>. She bought an organ for the tiny church and learned to play the piano. She would sometimes play and sing at church services at Sacred Heart.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1901 Greeley joined the Third Order of Saint Francis. Greeley made a promise to live a simple life, to love God, and to think of all people as her brothers and sisters.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Love of Children</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Julia loved children. She was always available to look after babies when needed. Julia also planned picnics for children in Denver’s <strong>City Park</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1914, Julia met Mrs. Agnes Urquhart who told Julia that her only child had died and she could not have any more. Julia told Mrs. Urquhart that there would be “a little white angel running around the house. I will pray and you will see.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The only known photo of Julia Greeley, taken in April 1916, shows her with baby Marjorie Urquhart, the “little white angel” that she had prayed for.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Death and Funeral</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Julia Greeley died on June 7, 1918. No one expected the large crowds that came to see her. For five hours, people from all over Denver walked past the body.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For more than thirty years, Julia had cared for the people of Denver. She had brought fuel to the poor, food to the hungry, and clothes to the needy, most of the time in secret.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It was not until her funeral, with the crowds that came in her honor, that people understood the value of Julia Greeley’s work.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nearly a century later, the Catholic Church is deciding if Julia Greeley can become be a saint. Greeley is thought to be a “Servant of God.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Road to Canonization</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The memory of Julia Greeley’s charity has survived for nearly a hundred years. The Catholic Church in Denver used her as their Model of Mercy. An icon of Julia has been ordered an icon of Julia, using images of her life. These pictures include the mountains of Colorado, a child, a firefighter hat and axe, a little red wagon, the Franciscan coat of arms, and a Sacred Heart image.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The process of becoming a saint can take years. A special court has begun to decide if Julia Greeley lived a life of “heroic virtue.” There also needs to be proof of two miracles before she can be named a saint.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Julia Greeley (c. 1840–1918) was born into slavery in Missouri. Around 1880 she moved to <strong>Denver</strong> and became a Catholic. Greeley spent the rest of her life doing good deeds for the poor. In 2016 the Catholic Church began the process to decide if Greeley might someday be canonized.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Julia Greeley did not know her age or the full names of her parents. She did not even know what year she was born. What she did know was that she was born a slave in Hannibal, Missouri. As a child, she was blinded in one eye by a slave master’s whip. In 1865 Greeley became free when Missouri passed an Emancipation Proclamation of its own.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By about 1871, Greeley was living in St. Louis, Missouri, and was employed by Dr. Gervais Paul Robinson and his wife, Lina. She met Lina’s sister, Julia Pratte Dickerson, who married <strong>William Gilpin</strong>, a former governor of Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late 1870s, Julia left the Robinson family and began working for the Gilpin family in Denver. She stopped working for them by 1833. She worked in both New Mexico and Wyoming for four years. For the rest of her life, Julia cooked, cleaned, and did odd jobs in the Denver area. She also looked out for the city’s poor people.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Charitable Work</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Julia Pratte Gilpin introduced Julia Greeley to the Catholic Church. Greeley was baptized at Sacred Heart Church on June 26, 1880. Greeley devoted her life to serving Christ.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Greeley’s faith was strong. She did not eat until noon each day. Each month, she walked to all the fire stations in the city to hand out Catholic flyers. She passed out the flyers to Catholics and non-Catholics alike, saying, “They are all God’s children.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Julia would deliver various supplies to the poor using a little red wagon. She delivered food, fuel, and clothing. Julia also delivered things like a mattress, a baby carriage, a broken doll that she had fixed for a child, and hand-me-down dresses.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite finding lovely dresses for others, Greeley wore an old, tattered dress and a wide-brimmed black hat. She was a small woman, around five feet tall. Her blind right eye constantly wept, and she always carried a cloth to wipe her face.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Greeley loved to sing, and church music was an important part of her life. Julia attended services in the basement chapel of <strong>Fort Logan</strong>, where she worked as a cook. She purchased an organ for the tiny church and learned to play the piano. She would sometimes play and sing at church services at Sacred Heart. After Julia’s friend, Mother Pancratis Bonfils, died Greeley had a requiem high mass sung for her.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1901 Greeley joined the Third Order of Saint Francis at the St. Elizabeth of Hungary Parish. Greeley made a spiritual promise to continue doing what she had been doing for years: to live simply, to love God, and to think of all people as her brothers and sisters.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Love of Children</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Julia Greeley’s obituary noted that she “loved children with the intensity found in the saints.” She was always available to look after babies when needed. Julia also planned picnics for children in Denver’s <strong>City Park</strong>. She would pack up a lunch and take ten or so children on a trolley ride to the park.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1914, Julia met Mrs. Agnes Urquhart, who was also a Catholic. Mrs. Urquhart told Julia that her only child had died, and she was unable to have any more children. Julia told Mrs. Urquhart that there would be “a little white angel running around the house. I will pray and you will see.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The only known photo of Julia Greeley, taken in April 1916, shows her with baby Marjorie Urquhart, the “little white angel” that she had prayed for.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Death and Funeral</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On June 7, 1918, Julia Greeley died. No one expected the large crowds that came to see her. For five hours, people from all over Denver filed past the body.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For more than thirty years, Julia had cared for the people of Denver. She had brought fuel to the poor, food to the hungry, and clothes to the needy, most of the time in secret.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It was not until her funeral, with the crowds that came in her honor, that people began to realize the full extent of Julia Greeley’s work. Her obituary in <em>The Denver Catholic Register </em>says, “Her life reads like that of a canonized saint.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nearly a century later, the Catholic Church is exploring whether Julia Greeley might indeed be a saint. With the opening of her Cause for Sainthood, Julia Greeley is now considered to be a “Servant of God.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Road to Canonization</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The memory of Julia Greeley’s charity has survived for nearly a hundred years. The Archdiocese of Denver used her as their Model of Mercy and produced a short video of her life. The Archdiocese also ordered an icon of Julia, using images that represent her. These pictures include the mountains of Colorado, a child, a firefighter hat and axe, a little red wagon, the Franciscan coat of arms, and a Sacred Heart image.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The process of becoming a saint is long. A special tribunal has begun to examine Julia Greeley’s life to see if she lived a life of “heroic virtue.” There also needs to be proof of two separate miracles, in which people prayed for her assistance and received a miracle, before she might be named a saint. The actual process of canonization may take years, and its outcome is unsure.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Julia Greeley (c. 1840–1918) was born into slavery in Missouri. Around 1880 she moved to <strong>Denver</strong> and became a Catholic. Despite being poor herself, Greeley spent the rest of her life doing good deeds for the impoverished. In 2016 the Catholic Church opened the Cause for Sainthood to determine whether she may someday be canonized.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Julia Greeley did not know her age or the full names of her parents. Estimates of the year of her birth range from the mid-1830s to the mid-1850s. What is known is that she was from Hannibal, Missouri, and that she was born into slavery. As a child, she was blinded in one eye by a slave master’s whip. She was free by 1865, when Missouri, which had not been subject to President Abraham Lincoln’s 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, passed an Emancipation Proclamation of its own.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By about 1871, Greeley was living in St. Louis, Missouri, and was employed by Dr. Gervais Paul Robinson and his wife, Lina Pratte Robinson. While working for the Robinsons, she met Lina’s sister, Julia Pratte Dickerson. A widow with four children, Julia Dickerson was courted by <strong>William Gilpin</strong>, former first territorial governor of Colorado. The two wed in 1874 and moved to Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late 1870s, Julia Greeley left her position with the Robinson family in St. Louis. She asked Dr. Robinson to write a letter for her to the Gilpins, asking for employment. According to the 1880 census, Julia Greeley was in Denver working for the Gilpin family. But marital relations between the Gilpins were strained, and by 1883 Julia’s service with them ended. She worked in both New Mexico and Wyoming during the next four years, but returned to Denver in 1887 to testify in the Gilpins’s bitter divorce trial. For the remainder of her life, Julia cooked, cleaned, and did odd jobs in the Denver area, all the while looking out for the city’s poor residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Charitable Work</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>A devout Catholic, Julia Pratte Gilpin introduced Julia Greeley to the Catholic Church. Greeley was baptized on June 26, 1880, at Sacred Heart Church on Larimer Street. In Catholic theology, the Sacred Heart represents Christ himself, and it was through the image of the Sacred Heart that Greeley dedicated her life to serving Christ.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Her devotion to her Catholic faith took many forms. She fasted each day until noon, telling the priests “My communion is my breakfast.” Each month, she walked to all the fire stations in the city to hand out Catholic leaflets. She passed out the leaflets to Catholics and non-Catholics alike, saying, “They are all God’s children.” <strong>Denver Fire Station no. 1</strong>, at 1326 Tremont, was one of the stations Julia visited each month.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pulling a little red wagon, Julia would also deliver various goods to homes of the poor. She had almost no money herself, but she was exceptionally good at finding things that others needed. Julia did not limit herself to just the necessities of food, fuel, and clothing; one night, she was seen carrying a mattress on her back to deliver to a family. Another night, it was a baby carriage. And on another, it was a broken doll that she was taking home to fix for a child. Greeley asked girls in one part of the city to not wear their pretty clothes for too long, and to give them to her before the dresses were worn out. Then, she would deliver the dresses to poor girls in another part of the city so they could attend dances.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite finding lovely dresses for others, Greeley herself was known for the old, tattered dress she nearly always wore, and a wide-brimmed black hat. She was a small woman, around five feet tall. The right eye that had been blinded continually wept, and she always carried a cloth to wipe her face.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Greeley also loved to sing, and church music was a vital part of her life. In the late 1890s, she was working at <strong>Fort Logan</strong> as a cook. She was one of a small group who regularly attended services in a basement chapel. She also purchased an organ for the tiny church. At some point, Greeley learned how to play the piano. She would sometimes play and sing at church services at Sacred Heart. She was also a friend of Mother Pancratis Bonfils, a principal at St. Mary’s Academy and the founder of Loretto Heights College. After Mother Bonfils died, Greeley had a requiem high mass sung for her.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Catholic tradition, a Third Order is a group of people who live according to the ideals of a religious order, but who do not take religious vows. In 1901 Greeley joined the Third Order of Saint Francis at the St. Elizabeth of Hungary Parish at Eleventh and Lawrence. Saint Francis had been born into wealth, but gave it up to pursue his faith. By becoming a member of the Third Order of St. Francis, Greeley was making a spiritual commitment to continue doing what she had been doing for years: to live simply, to love God, and to think of all people as her brothers and sisters.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Love of Children</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Julia Greeley’s obituary noted that she “loved children with the intensity found in the saints.” She was always available to look after babies when they were sick or when their mothers needed to run errands. She even arranged picnics for children in Denver’s <strong>City Park</strong>; Greeley would pack up a lunch, take ten or so children on a trolley ride to the park, and joke with the conductor that all the children were hers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>One day in 1914, Mrs. Agnes Urquhart asked Julia to mop her floor. Noticing religious pictures on the walls, Greeley asked if the Urquharts were Catholic. When Mrs. Urquhart said yes, Julia asked where the children were. There had only been one child, Mrs. Urquhart told her, and he had died from an inability to digest food. Mrs. Urquhart was unable to have any more children. Julia told Mrs. Urquhart that there would be “a little white angel running around the house. I will pray and you will see.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The only known photo of Julia Greeley shows her with baby Marjorie Urquhart, the “little white angel.” It was taken in April 1916, in Denver’s McDonough Park across Federal Boulevard from St. Catherine’s Church.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Death and Funeral</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Julia Greeley died on Friday, June 7, 1918, on the day of the Feast of the Sacred Heart, the ideal to which she had devoted her life. The tiny notice in the <strong><em>Denver Post</em></strong> stated that services would be Monday morning at the W.P. Horan &amp; Son funeral chapel. Sometime that Sunday, a decision was made to move the viewing to Loyola Chapel on Ogden Street. No one expected the large crowds that came to see her. For five hours, people from all walks of life in Denver filed past the body.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For more than thirty years, Julia had labored to care for the people of Denver. She had brought fuel to the poor, food to the hungry, and clothes to the needy. But most of her labors had been done at night, in secret. She had not wanted anyone to be embarrassed that it was a black woman coming to help.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It was not until her funeral, with the crowds that came in her honor, that people began to realize the full extent of Julia Greeley’s work. Her obituary in <em>The Denver Catholic Register</em>, complete with a five-tiered banner headline, acknowledged her extraordinary virtues with the line, “Her life reads like that of a canonized saint.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nearly a century later, the Catholic Church is exploring whether Julia Greeley might indeed be a saint. On December 18, 2016, Denver Archbishop Samuel J. Aquila presided over a special Mass that opened her case for canonization. Canonization is the act of declaring that a person who has died was a saint, and that he or she is included in the canon, or list, of saints. With the opening of her Cause for Sainthood, Julia Greeley is now considered to be a “Servant of God.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Road to Canonization</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The memory of Julia Greeley’s charity has endured nearly a hundred years later. The Archdiocese of Denver used her as their Model of Mercy and produced a short video of her life. The Archdiocese also commissioned an icon of Julia. Icons use a symbolic language of images to communicate a life. In Julia’s case, the pictures include the mountains of Colorado, a child, a firefighter hat and axe, a little red wagon, the Franciscan coat of arms, and a Sacred Heart image.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The process of becoming a saint is long. A special tribunal has begun to examine Julia Greeley’s life, and other commissions in Rome will further review the tribunal’s work. If she were found to have lived a life of “heroic virtue,” there would still need to be two separate instances of miracles, in which people prayed for her assistance and received a miracle, before she might be named a saint.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The actual process of canonization may take years, and its outcome is uncertain. Father Blaine Burkey devoted a full year to researching Julia Greeley’s life, publishing his findings in a book, <em>In Secret Service of the Sacred Heart.</em> As Father Burkey noted, “people have been saying ever since she died that she ought to be canonized.”</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 19 Jun 2018 19:23:26 +0000 yongli 2940 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Elvin R. Caldwell http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elvin-r-caldwell <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Elvin R. Caldwell</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-02T10:38:47-06:00" title="Tuesday, May 2, 2017 - 10:38" class="datetime">Tue, 05/02/2017 - 10:38</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elvin-r-caldwell" data-a2a-title="Elvin R. Caldwell"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Felvin-r-caldwell&amp;title=Elvin%20R.%20Caldwell"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Elvin R. Caldwell Sr. (1919–2004) was one of the most significant African American policymakers in Colorado history. An accountant and businessman, Caldwell joined many community organizations before beginning his political career in 1950 in the Colorado House of Representatives. He later served on the <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> City Council. In both positions Caldwell worked to eliminate the routine injustices suffered by Colorado’s African American community.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Elvin Caldwell was born in Denver on April 11, 1919, to Wilba and Inez Caldwell. He grew up in Denver’s historic <a href="/article/five-points"><strong>Five Points</strong></a> neighborhood, the most prosperous black community in the West. Affluent African Americans began moving into the area in the early 1900s, and by 1911, upper-middle-class whites started moving out of the area to newer neighborhoods with modern technology such as indoor plumbing. By the time Elvin was born, Five Points was predominately a black community. At the local YMCA’s Colored Men’s Department, Elvin socialized with other boys, played billiards, read, exercised, and received help finding an apprenticeship. Five Points offered some opportunities for African Americans, but discrimination and exclusion from the true upper classes persisted, leading Wilba and Inez to protest inequality. This had a profound effect on Elvin’s determination to end inequality for minorities.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caldwell graduated from Eastside High School in 1937, excelling in track. He received a track scholarship to attend the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> and then the <strong>University of Denver</strong> for two years. In 1941 he married Frank “Frankie” Harriette Webb, a teacher. Their marriage lasted sixty years, and they had four children: Elvin Jr., John, Kenneth, and Frances. During <strong>World War II</strong>, Elvin Caldwell Sr. served as a chief statistician and the assistant superintendent for production at the <strong>Remington Arms Company</strong>, which manufactured .30-caliber ammunition, employed 19,500 workers, and produced 6.5 million rounds a day at the height of the war. After World War II, the <a href="/article/denver-ordnance-plant"><strong>Denver Ordnance Plant</strong></a> ceased operations and became a surplus plant employing only 600. Many blacks now found themselves unemployed while returning black servicemen faced discrimination. No longer content to live as second-class citizens, many engaged in demonstrations and sit-ins during the 1950s. For Elvin Caldwell Sr., the civil rights movement brought opportunities in the political arena. Where others participated in grassroots activism, Caldwell took his belief that all Americans are citizens who deserve full rights to the state legislature.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Politician and Organizer</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1950, at the age of thirty-one, Caldwell was elected to the Colorado House of Representatives. He served in the state legislature from 1950 to 1955 and as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1952. When he was elected to the Denver City Council in 1955, Caldwell became the first African American to serve on a city council seat west of the Mississippi. He served on the council for twenty-eight years (seven terms), with five spent as president of the council.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1958, the Colorado Urban Renewal Law was passed, and shortly thereafter the <strong>Denver Urban Renewal Authority</strong> (DURA) was created to eliminate slum housing with assistance from federal grants. Slum conditions came about in part because of the white exodus into the suburbs and discriminatory lending and housing policies by banks and homebuilders. For instance, the mortgages covered by the 1944 GI Bill were for new houses built in all-white neighborhoods, which meant that African Americans could not apply for them. Banks could legally discriminate by maintaining that home loans in black neighborhoods were not a good investment. It was not until 1968 that discriminatory lending practices became illegal under the federal Fair Housing Act. At this time, Caldwell’s leadership brought about funding for the Skyline Urban Renewal Project and the Denver General Hospital facility, both of which benefited Denver’s black neighborhoods.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caldwell fought and won against institutionalized discrimination in employment in Denver. Until the 1970s, nonwhites were barred from serving as judges or being promoted within the police force and could only serve in the one African American fire station. Caldwell proactively contested this unjust practice. Under Caldwell’s leadership, Colorado implemented its first Fair Employment Practices Act. On the city council, Caldwell also fought to end discrimination against minorities at the State Home for Dependent Children, Clayton College, and the Park Hill Golf Course. In 1980 Caldwell received his last political appointment when Denver mayor <strong>William H. McNichols Jr.</strong> named him manager of safety. Caldwell was the first black member of a Denver mayoral cabinet.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caldwell also took leadership roles in community organizations. He served as a board member for the Glenarm Branch of the YMCA, the Boy Scouts of America, and PAL of Denver, where he implemented programs to help youth. He also served on the board of directors for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the Opportunities Industrialization Center, the Denver Improvement Association, the Five Points Businessmen’s Association, and the Colorado Municipal League. Under both McNichols and Mayor <strong>Federico Peña</strong>, Caldwell was a member of the Commission on Community Relations, which addressed issues of race, ethnicity, and cultural diversity. He helped to create funding for the <strong>Denver Center of Performing Arts</strong> through tax initiatives. An accomplished businessman, Caldwell was one of the founders of the Equity Savings and Loan Association, the International Opportunity Life Insurance Company, and the Black Municipal League. He helped the poor and elderly as part of the Urban League, Senior Support Services, and as a member of the Shorter Community AME Church. These diverse organizations and institutions had a long-standing tradition of establishing African American self-help initiatives that emphasized economic opportunity, instilled morals, and encouraged racial solidarity in the black community.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Honors and Legacies</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Elvin R. Caldwell died on April 30, 2004, at the age of eighty-five. Before passing he was honored several times, beginning in 1990, when the Denver City Council created the Elvin R. Caldwell Community Service Plaza. On April 26, 2003, the creation of the <strong>Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library</strong> honored Caldwell’s many years of public service in conjunction with <strong>Omar Blair</strong>’s work to desegregate schools.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caldwell is remembered not only for working tirelessly to eradicate Jim Crow laws and dismantle institutionalized discrimination but for displaying patience with a US legal system that denied him and all minorities the rights entitled to all American citizens. This earned him the ire of more militant black advocacy groups; he once received threats from the <strong>Black Panthers</strong>. But Caldwell did not let any opposition, even from his own community, stop him. His faith and understanding that change does not come quickly kept him focused on his vision of a better America. He once said, “On life’s journey, it is better if you can resolve things in a calm, sensible manner . . . It may take longer, but you can usually get more done.” Throughout his life, he recognized the importance of family and community. Elvin R. Caldwell served as both a politician and a community leader, dedicating his life to obtaining equality for minorities.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/pirolo-monica" hreflang="und">Pirolo, Monica</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/elvin-r-caldwell" hreflang="en">elvin r. caldwell</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-history-colorado" hreflang="en">black history colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/discrimination" hreflang="en">discrimination</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/racism" hreflang="en">racism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-center-performing-arts-0" hreflang="en">denver center of performing arts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-general-hospital" hreflang="en">denver general hospital</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/skyline-urban-renewal" hreflang="en">skyline urban renewal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/blair-caldwell-african-american-library" hreflang="en">blair-caldwell african american library</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>American Folklife Center, “<a href="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/american-folklife-center/about-this-research-center/?coll_id=1027">Elvin R. Caldwell Papers</a>,” The Civil Rights History Project, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver Public Library, “<a href="http://eadsrv.denverlibrary.org/sdx/pl/doc-tdm.xsp?id=ARL1_d0e33&amp;fmt=text&amp;base=fa">Finding Aid: Elvin R. Caldwell Papers</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Diana DeGette, “<a href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2004-05-06/pdf/CREC-2004-05-06-pt1-PgE768.pdf">Tribute to Elvin R. Caldwell, Sr.</a>,” 150 Cong. Rec. E768 (May 6, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Moya Hansen, “<a href="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/denvers-five-points/">Denver’s Five Points</a>,” BlackPast.org, 2007.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ronald J. Stephens, La Wanna M. Larson, and the Black American West Museum, <em>African Americans of Denver</em> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2008).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/exhibit/blair-caldwell-african-american-research-library-western-legacies-tour">Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Elvin R. Caldwell Sr. (1919–2004) was one of the most important African American lawmakers in Colorado history. Caldwell began his political career in 1950 in the Colorado House of Representatives. He later served on the <strong>Denver</strong> City Council. Caldwell worked to eliminate injustices suffered by Colorado’s African American community.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Elvin Caldwell was born in Denver on April 11, 1919, to Wilba and Inez Caldwell. He grew up in Denver’s <strong>Five Points</strong> neighborhood. It was the most prosperous black community in the West. Wealthy African Americans began moving into the area in the early 1900s. By 1911, whites started moving out of the area. The whites went to newer neighborhoods with modern technology such as indoor plumbing. By the time Elvin was born, Five Points was mostly a black community. At the local YMCA’s Colored Men’s Department, Elvin met with other boys. They played billiards, read, and exercised. Five Points offered some opportunities for African Americans. However, discrimination persisted, leading Wilba and Inez to protest the disparity. This made Elvin determined to end inequality.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caldwell graduated from Eastside High School in 1937. He excelled in track. Caldwell received a track scholarship to attend college. In 1941 he married Frank “Frankie” Harriette Webb. Their marriage lasted sixty years. They had four children. During <strong>World War II</strong>, Caldwell served as the assistant superintendent for production at the <strong>Remington Arms Company</strong>. The company made .30-caliber ammunition. It employed 19,500 workers. The company produced 6.5 million rounds a day at the height of the war. After World War II, the <strong>Denver Ordnance Plant</strong> ceased operations. It became a surplus plant employing only 600. Many blacks found themselves unemployed. Returning black servicemen faced discrimination. Many engaged in protests and sit-ins during the 1950s.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Politician and Organizer</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1950, at the age of thirty-one, Caldwell was elected to the Colorado House of Representatives. He served in the state legislature from 1950 to 1955. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1952. Caldwell was elected to the Denver City Council in 1955. This made him the first African American to serve on a city council seat west of the Mississippi. He served on the council for twenty-eight years (seven terms). He spent five terms as president of the council.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1958, the Colorado Urban Renewal Law was passed. Shortly after, the <strong>Denver Urban Renewal Authority </strong>(DURA) was created. Its goal was to eliminate slum housing. Slum conditions were caused in part by white exodus into the suburbs. Discriminatory lending and housing policies by banks and home builders also contributed. For instance, mortgages covered by the 1944 GI Bill were for new houses built in all-white areas. This meant that African Americans could not apply for them. Banks could legally discriminate by saying that home loans in black neighborhoods were not a good investment. In1968 these lending practices became illegal under the federal Fair Housing Act. At this time, Caldwell’s leadership brought about funding for the Skyline Urban Renewal Project and the Denver General Hospital facility. Both helped Denver’s black communities.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caldwell fought against employment discrimination in Denver. Until the 1970s, nonwhites could not serve as judges. They also could not be promoted within the police force. Nonwhites could only serve in the one African American fire station. Under Caldwell’s leadership, Colorado created its first Fair Employment Practices Act. Caldwell also fought to end discrimination at Clayton College and the Park Hill Golf Course. In 1980 Caldwell received his last political appointment. Denver mayor <strong>William H. McNichols Jr. </strong>named him manager of safety. Caldwell was the first black member of a Denver mayoral cabinet.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caldwell took leadership roles in community groups. He served as a board member for the Glenarm Branch of the YMCA and the Boy Scouts of America. He put programs in place to help youth. Caldwell was a member of the Commission on Community Relations. The commission addressed issues of race and cultural diversity. He helped to create funding for the <strong>Denver Center of Performing Arts</strong>. Caldwell was one of the founders of the Equity Savings and Loan Association and the Black Municipal League. He helped the poor and elderly as part of the Urban League.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Honors and Legacies</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Elvin R. Caldwell died on April 30, 2004, at the age of eighty-five. In 1990, the Denver City Council created the Elvin R. Caldwell Community Service Plaza.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caldwell is remembered for working to get rid of Jim Crow laws. He was also patient with a US legal system that denied minorities their rights. This made more militant black advocacy groups angry. He once received threats from the <strong>Black Panthers</strong>. Caldwell did not let anything stop him. His stayed focused on his vision of a better America. He said, “On life’s journey, it is better if you can resolve things in a calm, sensible manner . . . It may take longer, but you can usually get more done.” Elvin R. Caldwell served as both a politician and a community leader. He dedicated his life to equality.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Elvin R. Caldwell Sr. (1919–2004) was one of the most important African American policymakers in Colorado history. Caldwell began his political career in 1950 in the Colorado House of Representatives. He later served on the <strong>Denver</strong> City Council. Caldwell worked to eliminate injustices suffered by Colorado’s African American community.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Elvin Caldwell was born in Denver on April 11, 1919, to Wilba and Inez Caldwell. He grew up in Denver’s historic <strong>Five Points</strong> neighborhood. It was the most prosperous black community in the West. Wealthy African Americans began moving into the area in the early 1900s. By 1911, whites started moving out of the area. The whites went to newer neighborhoods with modern technology such as indoor plumbing. By the time Elvin was born, Five Points was mostly a black community. At the local YMCA’s Colored Men’s Department, Elvin socialized with other boys. They played billiards, read, and exercised. Five Points offered some opportunities for African Americans. However, discrimination persisted, leading Wilba and Inez to protest the disparity. This made Elvin determined to end inequality.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caldwell graduated from Eastside High School in 1937. He excelled in track. Caldwell received a track scholarship to attend the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> and then the <strong>University of Denver</strong>. In 1941 he married Frank “Frankie” Harriette Webb. Their marriage lasted sixty years. They had four children. During <strong>World War II</strong>, Caldwell served as the assistant superintendent for production at the <strong>Remington Arms Company</strong>. The company made .30-caliber ammunition. It employed 19,500 workers, and produced 6.5 million rounds a day at the height of the war. After World War II, the <strong>Denver Ordnance Plant</strong> ceased operations. It became a surplus plant employing only 600. Many blacks found themselves unemployed. Returning black servicemen faced discrimination. Many engaged in protests and sit-ins during the 1950s. For Elvin Caldwell Sr., the civil rights movement brought political opportunity.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Politician and Organizer</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1950, at the age of thirty-one, Caldwell was elected to the Colorado House of Representatives. He served in the state legislature from 1950 to 1955. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1952. Caldwell was elected to the Denver City Council in 1955. This made him the first African American to serve on a city council seat west of the Mississippi. He served on the council for twenty-eight years (seven terms). He spent five terms as president of the council.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1958, the Colorado Urban Renewal Law was passed. Shortly after, the <strong>Denver Urban Renewal Authority </strong>(DURA) was created to eliminate slum housing. Slum conditions were caused in part by white exodus into the suburbs. Discriminatory lending and housing policies by banks and home builders also contributed. For instance, mortgages covered by the 1944 GI Bill were for new houses built in all-white areas. This meant that African Americans could not apply for them. Banks could legally discriminate by maintaining that home loans in black neighborhoods were not a good investment. In1968 discriminatory lending practices became illegal under the federal Fair Housing Act. At this time, Caldwell’s leadership brought about funding for the Skyline Urban Renewal Project and the Denver General Hospital facility. Both benefited Denver’s black communities.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caldwell fought against employment discrimination in Denver. Until the 1970s, nonwhites could not serve as judges or be promoted within the police force. They could only serve in the one African American fire station. Under Caldwell’s leadership, Colorado implemented its first Fair Employment Practices Act. Caldwell also fought to end discrimination against minorities at Clayton College and the Park Hill Golf Course. In 1980 Caldwell received his last political appointment. Denver mayor <strong>William H. McNichols Jr. </strong>named him manager of safety. Caldwell was the first black member of a Denver mayoral cabinet.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caldwell also took leadership roles in community groups. He served as a board member for the Glenarm Branch of the YMCA and the Boy Scouts of America. He implemented programs to help youth. Caldwell was a member of the Commission on Community Relations. The commission addressed issues of race and cultural diversity. He helped to create funding for the <strong>Denver Center of Performing Arts</strong> through tax initiatives. Caldwell was one of the founders of the Equity Savings and Loan Association and the Black Municipal League. He helped the poor and elderly as part of the Urban League.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Honors and Legacies</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Elvin R. Caldwell died on April 30, 2004, at the age of eighty-five. In 1990, the Denver City Council created the Elvin R. Caldwell Community Service Plaza.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caldwell is remembered for working to eradicate Jim Crow laws. He was also patient with a US legal system that denied minorities their rights. This earned him the ire of more militant black advocacy groups. He once received threats from the <strong>Black Panthers</strong>. Caldwell did not let anything stop him. His stayed focused on his vision of a better America. He once said, “On life’s journey, it is better if you can resolve things in a calm, sensible manner . . . It may take longer, but you can usually get more done.” Throughout his life, he recognized the importance of family and community. Elvin R. Caldwell served as both a politician and a community leader. He dedicated his life to equality.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Elvin R. Caldwell Sr. (1919–2004) was one of the most significant African American policymakers in Colorado history. An accountant and businessman, Caldwell joined many community organizations before beginning his political career in 1950 in the Colorado House of Representatives. He later served on the <strong>Denver</strong> City Council. Caldwell worked to eliminate injustices suffered by Colorado’s African American community.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Elvin Caldwell was born in Denver on April 11, 1919, to Wilba and Inez Caldwell. He grew up in Denver’s historic <strong>Five Points</strong> neighborhood. It was the most prosperous black community in the West. Affluent African Americans began moving into the area in the early 1900s. By 1911, whites started moving out of the area. The whites went to newer neighborhoods with modern technology such as indoor plumbing. By the time Elvin was born, Five Points was mostly a black community. At the local YMCA’s Colored Men’s Department, Elvin socialized with other boys. They played billiards, read, and exercised. Five Points offered some opportunities for African Americans. However, discrimination persisted, leading Wilba and Inez to protest inequality. This made Elvin determined to end inequality.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caldwell graduated from Eastside High School in 1937. He excelled in track. Caldwell received a track scholarship to attend the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> and then the <strong>University of Denver</strong>. In 1941 he married Frank “Frankie” Harriette Webb. Their marriage lasted sixty years, and they had four children. During <strong>World War II</strong>, Caldwell served as the assistant superintendent for production at the <strong>Remington Arms Company</strong>. The company made .30-caliber ammunition. It employed 19,500 workers, and produced 6.5 million rounds a day at the height of the war. After World War II, the <strong>Denver Ordnance Plant</strong> ceased operations. It became a surplus plant employing only 600. Many blacks found themselves unemployed. Returning black servicemen faced discrimination. No longer content to live as second-class citizens, many engaged in demonstrations and sit-ins during the 1950s. For Elvin Caldwell Sr., the civil rights movement brought opportunities in the political arena. Caldwell took his belief that all Americans are citizens who deserve full rights to the state legislature.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Politician and Organizer</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1950, at the age of thirty-one, Caldwell was elected to the Colorado House of Representatives. He served in the state legislature from 1950 to 1955 and as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1952. He was elected to the Denver City Council in 1955. This made him the first African American to serve on a city council seat west of the Mississippi. He served on the council for twenty-eight years (seven terms), with five spent as president of the council.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1958, the Colorado Urban Renewal Law was passed. Shortly thereafter the <strong>Denver Urban Renewal Authority </strong>(DURA) was created to eliminate slum housing with assistance from federal grants. Slum conditions came about in part because of the white exodus into the suburbs and discriminatory lending and housing policies by banks and homebuilders. For instance, the mortgages covered by the 1944 GI Bill were for new houses built in all-white neighborhoods. This meant that African Americans could not apply for them. Banks could legally discriminate by maintaining that home loans in black neighborhoods were not a good investment. It was not until 1968 that discriminatory lending practices became illegal under the federal Fair Housing Act. At this time, Caldwell’s leadership brought about funding for the Skyline Urban Renewal Project and the Denver General Hospital facility, both of which benefited Denver’s black neighborhoods.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caldwell fought and won against institutionalized discrimination in employment in Denver. Until the 1970s, nonwhites were barred from serving as judges or being promoted within the police force. They could only serve in the one African American fire station. Caldwell fought this unjust practice. Under Caldwell’s leadership, Colorado implemented its first Fair Employment Practices Act. On the city council, Caldwell also fought to end discrimination against minorities at the State Home for Dependent Children, Clayton College, and the Park Hill Golf Course. In 1980 Caldwell received his last political appointment when Denver mayor <strong>William H. McNichols Jr.</strong> named him manager of safety. Caldwell was the first black member of a Denver mayoral cabinet.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caldwell also took leadership roles in community organizations. He served as a board member for the Glenarm Branch of the YMCA and the Boy Scouts of America where he implemented programs to help youth. Under Mayor <strong>Federico Peña</strong>, Caldwell was a member of the Commission on Community Relations, which addressed issues of race, ethnicity, and cultural diversity. He helped to create funding for the <strong>Denver Center of Performing Arts </strong>through tax initiatives. An accomplished businessman, Caldwell was one of the founders of the Equity Savings and Loan Association and the Black Municipal League. He helped the poor and elderly as part of the Urban League, Senior Support Services, and as a member of the Shorter Community AME Church. These institutions had a long-standing tradition of establishing African American self-help initiatives that emphasized economic opportunity, instilled morals, and encouraged racial solidarity in the black community.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Honors and Legacies</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Elvin R. Caldwell died on April 30, 2004, at the age of eighty-five. Before passing he was honored several times. In 1990, when the Denver City Council created the Elvin R. Caldwell Community Service Plaza. On April 26, 2003, the creation of the <strong>Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library</strong> honored Caldwell’s many years of public service in conjunction with <strong>Omar Blair</strong>’s work to desegregate schools.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caldwell is remembered not only for working to eradicate Jim Crow laws but for displaying patience with a US legal system that denied minorities the rights entitled to all American citizens. This earned him the ire of more militant black advocacy groups. He once received threats from the <strong>Black Panthers</strong>. But Caldwell did not let any opposition stop him. His faith and understanding that change does not come quickly kept him focused on his vision of a better America. He once said, “On life’s journey, it is better if you can resolve things in a calm, sensible manner . . . It may take longer, but you can usually get more done.” Throughout his life, he recognized the importance of family and community. Elvin R. Caldwell served as both a politician and a community leader, dedicating his life to equality.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 02 May 2017 16:38:47 +0000 yongli 2519 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Lincoln Home http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lincoln-home <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Lincoln Home</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-12-20T09:21:24-07:00" title="Tuesday, December 20, 2016 - 09:21" class="datetime">Tue, 12/20/2016 - 09:21</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lincoln-home" data-a2a-title="Lincoln Home"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flincoln-home&amp;title=Lincoln%20Home"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Lincoln Home in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a> was started by the city’s Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs and became the only known Black orphanage in Colorado. Established in 1906, the home moved in 1914 to two connected brick houses on North Grand Avenue, where it remained until the city’s segregated orphanage system ended in 1963. In 1997 the Lincoln Home building on North Grand Avenue was listed on the State Register of Historic Properties, and in the early 2000s, the building housed the Martin Luther King Jr. Cultural Center.</p> <h2>The Colored Orphanage</h2> <p>Pueblo’s Black community traces its roots to the diverse residents of <a href="/article/el-pueblo"><strong>El Pueblo</strong></a>, the early trading post that was built near the present city in the 1840s. After the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> and the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a>, new Black residents arrived from border states such as Kentucky and Missouri. Between 1870 and 1880 <a href="/article/pueblo-county"><strong>Pueblo County</strong></a>’s Black population grew from 27 to 141. The area’s black population continued to grow over the next two decades. By the early 1900s, Pueblo’s Black community was developing its own institutions, including the city’s first black newspaper.</p> <p>At the time Black and white women’s social clubs across the country played a crucial role in promoting social and civic improvement in their local communities. Using money raised through bake sales, dances, and card parties, they tried to eliminate gambling and drinking and started a wide variety of social welfare institutions such as orphanages. In Pueblo, white women’s groups started two orphanages in the early 1900s, but those homes did not accept black children. As it became clear that neither the existing orphanages nor any city agencies would care for orphaned Black children, the Pueblo Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs decided to open its own home for seniors and orphaned children.</p> <p>The Pueblo Colored Orphanage and Old Folks Home—later known as the Lincoln Home—started in late 1906 at 306 East First Street. Its trustees came from among the most prominent members of the city’s black community. Initially the home was operated by the Pueblo Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, but within a year the federation incorporated the orphanage as a separate organization. By September 1907 the home was caring for eleven children and two seniors.</p> <h2>Larger Quarters</h2> <p>The Lincoln Home stayed on East First Street for more than seven years, but by 1914 its growing enrollment made a larger building necessary. That June the orphanage paid $3,300 for two adjacent brick houses at 2713 and 2715 North Grand Avenue. At the time, the property was still well north of the city limits. The house at 2713 was probably built in 1889–90. The one-and-a-half-story building was a rectangular Queen Anne with red brick walls on a rhyolite stone foundation. The similar house next door was built sometime before 1904.</p> <p>When the Lincoln Home bought the houses in 1914, it connected the adjacent buildings to make one large facility that shared a kitchen, dining room, and parlor on the main floor. Boys and men lived on the upper floor of 2713; girls and women on the upper floor of 2715. At the time of the move, the Lincoln Home had nineteen children between ages six and sixteen plus five adults, which was about as many people as the new building could hold. In 1920 it had fifteen children—who came from Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas, and New Mexico—and six adults. The institution remained at roughly maximum capacity through at least the first half of the 1920s.</p> <p>Because it was the only Black orphanage in Colorado, the Lincoln Home received financial support from more than a dozen federations of black women’s clubs across the state. The Pueblo Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, for example, sold small American flags on Abraham Lincoln’s birthday to raise money for the home. In 1923 the home became part of the newly organized Pueblo Community Chest, a joint fundraising effort for twelve social welfare agencies in the city. The Community Chest made fundraising easier, but the Lincoln Home received only about a quarter as much money from the chest as the city’s two other orphanages. One reason for this disparity was that the Lincoln Home was a smaller facility, but racial discrimination almost certainly played a role as well.</p> <h2>Closure</h2> <p>The Lincoln Home began to decline during the <strong>Great Depression</strong>. By the late 1940s it housed only seven children and one adult. When the Pueblo Community Chest campaign failed to raise enough money in 1950, the home cut services and staff and deferred building maintenance. The home’s board decided to start offering day care and foster care as a way to generate extra revenue, and for the next decade it functioned primarily as a foster home.</p> <p>In the 1960s orphanages were transformed by the growing role of government agencies in child welfare and by the civil rights movement, which made a segregated system of orphanages obsolete. The Lincoln Home closed in 1963.</p> <h2>Heritage Center and Museum</h2> <p>Over the next thirty years the Lincoln Home building gradually deteriorated. By the 1980s, however, historical interest in the old Black orphanage was starting to revive as Ruth Steele of the Pueblo Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday Commission led an effort to raise money to restore the building. In February 1992, more than seventy surviving black Pueblo residents who had lived at the Lincoln Home held a reunion. In 1994 the E. M. Christmas Foundation donated the former Lincoln Home building to the Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday Commission. The building was listed on the State Register of Historic Properties in 1997 and restored as a cultural center and museum of Black history in southern Colorado, which opened in 1999.</p> <p>In June 2014 the Martin Luther King Jr. Cultural Center lost its nonprofit status and was evicted from the building. A separate Martin Luther King Jr. organization soon formed with the goal of buying the building and opening a heritage center and museum. In July 2016 the new organization opened the Martin Luther King Jr. Heritage Center and Museum, but it was in a downtown building rather than in the former Lincoln Home building. The future of the Lincoln Home building was unclear.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/city-pueblo" hreflang="en">city of pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/orphanages" hreflang="en">orphanages</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/african-americans" hreflang="en">African Americans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-community-pueblo" hreflang="en">black community pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-history-pueblo" hreflang="en">black history pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-history-colorado" hreflang="en">black history colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Joanne West Dodds, <em>They All Came to Pueblo: A Social History</em> (Virginia Beach, VA: Donning, 1994).</p> <p>Lena Howland, <a href="https://www.koaa.com/story/27777444/two-organizations-dispute-over-martin-luther-king-museum">“Two Organizations Dispute Over Martin Luther King Museum,”</a> KOAA.com, January 6, 2015.</p> <p>Kerry Kramer, “Pueblo Colored Orphanage and Old Folks Home,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (August 1997).</p> <p>Jenny Paulson, <a href="http://www.southerncoloradoindependent.com/martin-luther-king-heritage-center-and-museum-and-the-lincoln-house-has-colorful-history/">“Martin Luther King Heritage Center and Museum and the Lincoln House Has Colorful History,”</a> <em>Southern Colorado Independent Magazine</em>, January 19, 2016.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Joanne West Dodds, <em>Pueblo at a Glance</em> (Pueblo, CO: Focal Plain, 2003).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 20 Dec 2016 16:21:24 +0000 yongli 2147 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org