%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en The Civil War in Colorado http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civil-war-colorado <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Civil War in Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3825--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3825.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/battle-glorieta-pass"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass_Action_at_Apache_Canyon_0.jpg?itok=6GBX4Ujn" width="1090" height="728" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/battle-glorieta-pass" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Battle of Glorieta Pass</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Referred to as the "Gettysburg of the West," the Battle of Glorieta Pass pitted Union troops from Colorado against Confederates from Texas. The battle took place south of Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the spring of 1862. Although it was a stalemate on the field, the Colorado troops destroyed the Confederate supplies, ending the Confederacy's ambition to take the western territories.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3826--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3826.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/civil-war-soldier-statue-denver"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Denver_Civil_War_Monument_by_Jakob_Otto_Schweizer_%28cropped%29_0.jpg?itok=yO_VvKJz" width="1090" height="2080" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/civil-war-soldier-statue-denver" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Civil War Soldier Statue, Denver</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>From 1909 to 2020, a statue honoring the Coloradans who fought in the American Civil War stood outside the State Capitol building in Denver. It incorrectly listed the Sand Creek Massacre, in which Colorado troops slaughtered more than 200 women, children, and elderly Indigenous people, as a "battle" in the war. Civil Rights protesters took down the statue during demonstrations against police abuses and institutional racism in 2020.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-09-13T14:14:34-06:00" title="Tuesday, September 13, 2022 - 14:14" class="datetime">Tue, 09/13/2022 - 14:14</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civil-war-colorado" data-a2a-title="The Civil War in Colorado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcivil-war-colorado&amp;title=The%20Civil%20War%20in%20Colorado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Colorado’s role in the American Civil War (1861–65) was part of a broader geopolitical contest: control of the American Southwest. The war began in 1861, just two years after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> and mere months after Congress established the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>. Although the territory was largely pro-Union, the Confederacy and its <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/reynolds-gang"><strong>local sympathizers</strong></a> immediately realized Colorado's strategic and monetary value and wanted to take advantage of it.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Federal troops from Colorado turned back the Confederate invasion in New Mexico, ensuring that the Rocky Mountain <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>gold mines</strong></a> remained under US control. This paved the way for further conquest and development in Colorado and the rest of the West. The Civil War had wide-reaching effects, especially on Indigenous people. The <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead"><strong>Homestead Act</strong></a>, passed during the war in part to promote free labor over slave labor in western territories, was a direct assault on Indigenous people’s sovereignty that increased tensions between whites and Native nations. Before the war was even over, Union troops committed the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a>, one of the worst atrocities on US soil and an event that would influence future conflicts between Americans and Indigenous people.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As it has elsewhere, the Civil War left a complicated legacy in Colorado, one that laid the foundation for the successes and struggles of the state to the present day. </p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The tensions that eventually placed Colorado in the western theatre of the Civil War were tied to the same issue that caused the war: the expansion of slavery. In 1848 the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treaty-guadalupe-hidalgo"><strong>Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</strong></a> ended the Mexican-American War and added almost one million square miles to the United States. Southern politicians and elites wanted to expand slavery into this newly acquired land. The California Gold Rush followed in 1849, leading to the Compromise of 1850: Congress admitted California into the Union as a free state but reinforced the Fugitive Slave Act to satisfy southern complaints. In 1853 President Franklin Pierce appointed Jefferson Davis as Secretary of War. In that role, Davis, who would later become president of the Confederacy, wanted to create a southern transcontinental railroad that would cross New Mexico on its way to California.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, the Colorado Gold Rush of 1858–59 had put the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a> on the map for many Americans. The resulting influx of white gold seekers and the myriad enterprises accompanying them created a need for law and order. After establishing a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>treaty with the Cheyenne and Arapaho</strong></a>, the federal government organized Colorado Territory in February 1861, about a month and a half before the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter and ignited the Civil War in the east.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the outbreak of war, gold in Colorado and California and the latter’s Pacific ports represented valuable prizes for the new Confederacy. To win those prizes, the Confederates would need control of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a>, whose Mountain Branch followed the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> through Colorado before turning south over <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/raton-pass-0"><strong>Raton Pass</strong></a> and into New Mexico<strong>. </strong>The trail was one of the major commercial routes in the West, and it was protected by Fort Union, the Army’s major supply depot north of Santa Fe. In addition, the scattered villages and towns of New Mexico territory were protected in the south by Fort Bliss near present-day El Paso, Texas, Fort Craig south of Albuquerque, and Fort Marcy at Santa Fe. The Confederate strategy was to invade north from Texas, take New Mexico and Colorado, and then turn west toward California.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Choosing Sides</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The outbreak of war east of the Mississippi River led the US government to relocate federal troops from the West for service in the East. Some officers resigned from the US Army to fight for the Confederacy. One was Major <strong>Henry Hopkins Sibley</strong>, who resigned on May 13, 1861. Colonel William Loring, Commander of the Military Department of New Mexico, quit on the same day, leaving Lt. Colonel <strong>Edward R. S. Canby</strong> of the Tenth Infantry to command federal troops in New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1860 Colorado had 30,000 non-Indigenous residents, 70 percent of whom were from northern states and territories. The territory was largely pro-Union. But as Colonel Canby begged for reinforcements, Territorial Governor <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-gilpin"><strong>William Gilpin</strong></a> explained that a “malignant secession element” of 7,500 Confederate sympathizers had to be controlled. In <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver City</strong></a>, Charley Harrison’s Criterion Bar was the pro-Confederacy headquarters, while other sympathizers from across the territory secretly gathered at Mace’s Hole north of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Harrison was eventually arrested, fined, and exiled from the territory. Scattered skirmishes and other clashes between Union- and Confederate-aligned Coloradans continued throughout the war, although no major battles were fought in the territory.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Battle Lines</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In May 1861, Canby received orders to send four infantry companies from Colorado and New Mexico to Fort Leavenworth in eastern Kansas. He kept troops to garrison Albuquerque and Forts Craig, Marcy, Union, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-garland-0"><strong>Fort Garland</strong></a> in southern Colorado. In September, he appointed <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a> as Colonel of the First Regiment of New Mexico volunteers, newly recruited from the territory’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/terminology-latino-experience-colorado"><strong>Hispano</strong></a> population. Canby left some troops at Fort Union to build an earthwork; the rest he sent to Albuquerque. But Sibley, now a Confederate Brigadier General, led an army out of Texas and up the Rio Grande, intending to take Colorado. Canby needed more troops.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>He appealed to Gilpin for volunteer troops to replace and support his garrisons. Gilpin was newly appointed by President Abraham Lincoln. Before he left Washington for Colorado, Secretary of War Simon Cameron assured Gilpin that the federal government would cover the costs of raising troops to defend the territory. Upon arriving in Denver City in May 1861, Gilpin raised two companies of volunteers, which grew by August to become the First Regiment of <strong>Colorado Volunteers</strong>. He appointed Denver lawyer John Slough as Colonel.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With their own weapons and civilian clothes, the recruits assembled at Camp Weld along the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> upstream from Denver City. Gilpin covered their expenses by issuing $375,000 in promissory notes, payable by the federal government, earning First Colorado the nickname “Gilpin’s Pet Lambs.” Treasury Secretary Salmon Chase refused to honor Gilpin’s promissory notes, and Denver merchants went to Washington to demand payment. Gilpin followed to explain his actions. The Treasury Department honored the notes, but President Lincoln fired Gilpin on March 18, 1862, and replaced him with <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>.     </p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fortunately for Canby, Gilpin had other troops to send. Independent of the First Colorado, two companies of volunteers assembled in August at <strong>Cañon City</strong>, led by Captains Theodore Dodd and James Ford. In September, Gilpin ordered them to Fort Garland in the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>. They arrived in December 1861 and mustered into federal service, rounding out Colorado’s federal forces.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Battle of Valverde    </h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sibley’s Confederate force entered New Mexico on February 7, 1862, with 2,515 men, most of them Texans, and fifteen artillery pieces. While in overall command, Sibley was derided by his soldiers as “a walking whiskey keg” who somehow managed to be sick in a wagon during every battle in New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The wagon road from Fort Bliss to Santa Fe ran along the east side of the <strong>Rio Grande River</strong>. Fort Craig lay on the west side of the river. Canby had a garrison of 3,810 soldiers, a mix of regular US army troops, New Mexico militia volunteers, and Dodd’s company of Colorado troops. On February 21, 1862, Canby tried to block Sibley’s advance near the abandoned village of Valverde, resulting in a day-long battle that claimed more than 100 casualties on both sides.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sibley’s men won the battle of Valverde, but Canby still had 3,000 men in a strong position, and the Confederates had to give up on the food and fodder in Fort Craig, provisions they had counted on for their advance.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, federal forces abandoned Albuquerque and Santa Fe, falling back up the Santa Fé Trail to Fort Union. The Texans occupied Santa Fe on March 10, 1862, and turned their sights on Fort Union. Acting Governor <strong>Lewis Weld</strong> of Colorado sent the First Colorado Volunteers to reinforce Fort Union’s garrison of 800 men. On March 11, the Volunteers arrived at Fort Union, which they found in a dangerous position. The fort was tilted toward the hills to the west, where Confederate artillery could shoot exploding shells straight into the star-shaped earthwork. Believing the only possible defense was offense, Colonel Slough outfitted and resupplied his men, marching them down toward Santa Fe on March 22, 1862.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Battle of Glorieta Pass         </h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Slough led a combined force of 1,342 men, including assorted regulars and volunteers from Colorado and New Mexico. Unaware of the Union reinforcements, Confederate Major Charles Pyron probed forward from Santa Fe with a smaller battalion of 400 men and two six-pounder cannons. Slough sent an advance force of 418 infantry and cavalry, led by Major <strong>John Chivington</strong>, to try to find the Texans. On the night of March 25, the federals captured four Texans at Kozlowski’s Ranch, east of Glorieta Pass. Advancing west the next morning into Apache Canyon, Chivington captured thirty-two more Texans, opening the Battle of Glorieta Pass.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pyron set up his cannons on the road in Apache Canyon but soon had to pull back as the Union forces threatened to surround his position. Pyron’s new position was behind an arroyo, spanned by a bridge that the Confederates burned. In front of his guns, with the arroyo at their front, Pyron’s cavalry formed a defense.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the most dramatic moment in Colorado’s Civil War, Company F of the First Colorado mounted a cavalry charge, leaping its horses over the arroyo and rolling over the Confederate line. In hand-to-hand fighting, Pyron got his cannons away to the rear. Night fell, ending the fighting in Apache Canyon and the first day of the Battle of Glorieta Pass. The federals lost five killed and fourteen wounded. Of Pyron’s 420 men, four were killed, twenty wounded, and seventy-one taken prisoner, the costliest single day of battle in the New Mexico campaign.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Texans withdrew to Johnson’s Ranch at the west end of Apache Canyon, and Chivington’s command pulled back for water to Pigeon’s Ranch at the east end. Both sides agreed to a truce for the night and prepared to repel an assault by the enemy the next day. Neither side attacked.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chivington did move farther east, to Kozlowski’s Ranch, for more water.  Slough arrived there at 11:00 pm with the rest of the regiment. Then, at 3:00 am on the 27<sup>th</sup>, Confederate Colonel Scurry reinforced Pyron, taking command of the now 1,000 men at Johnson’s Ranch. Unaware of Scurry’s arrival, Slough planned a two-pronged attack for the 28<sup>th</sup>. Chivington was to lead 490 men on a sixteen-mile march over the mesa that formed the southern flank of Apache Canyon. His guide would be New Mexican volunteers led by Lt. Colonel Manuel Chaves. As Slough fought the Confederates on the Santa Fé Trail, Chivington’s command would fall upon the Texans’ rear.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On the early morning of the 28<sup>th</sup>, the Colorado troops advanced, with Chivington’s command splitting off to the south just before Pigeon’s Ranch. At the same time, the Texans left their supplies behind at Johnson’s Ranch as they struck at the federals. At 11:00 am, the two forces met west of Pigeon’s Ranch and began a six-hour artillery duel, with infantry pushing against each other’s lines. Without Chivington, Slough had 850 men to Scurry’s 1,000. Outnumbered, the federal forces had to fall back to avoid encirclement by the Texan infantry slowly. The Union position was eventually forced back five miles to Kozlowski’s Ranch. By about 5 pm, the Texans held the field at Pigeon’s Ranch, and the day was a tactical victory for the Confederates.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, in the meantime, Chivington’s command had arrived on the bluff above Johnson’s Ranch and found that the Texans had left the entire Confederate supply train undefended below them. At 4 pm, they swept down into the canyon, captured the guards, and destroyed eighty wagons, a cannon, all the Texans’ food and supplies, and 500 mules and horses. Freeing federal prisoners, the Colorado troops retraced their steps, arriving at Kozlowski’s Ranch at 10 pm on the 28th.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Slough was ordered to return to Fort Union, where he resigned, and Chivington took command. Casualty counts vary, but contemporary sources estimate that the federal troops lost forty-nine killed, sixty-four wounded, and twenty-one taken prisoner. On the Confederate side, Scurry reported thirty-six Texans killed, sixty wounded, and twenty-five captured.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Without food and ammunition, the Texans could go no farther. They retreated to Santa Fe, and then south to Albuquerque. They headed back to Texas, loosely pursued by federal forces. An afternoon sandstorm ended an inconclusive artillery duel at the village of Peralta on April 16. Canby saw no reason to engage the retreating Confederates, and the last defeated Confederates straggled into Texas on July 8.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Later Engagements</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, now-Colonel Chivington was put in charge of the Military District of Colorado. The Colorado Volunteers shifted from patrolling for Confederates to patrolling for Indigenous parties who sought to repel the invaders from their homelands. In November 1862, the First Colorado was converted into cavalry. Chivington kept them in Colorado, centered on <strong>Fort Lyon</strong> (formerly Fort Wise), but that post’s commander sent some of the garrison east to Kansas. The First spent the rest of the war guarding wagon trails in Colorado and Kansas; in July of 1863, Major <strong>Ned Wynkoop</strong> led four companies to patrol the Oregon Trail all the way to Fort Bridger in southeastern Wyoming.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dodd’s and Ford’s Companies of the Second Colorado arrived at Fort Lyon from New Mexico in April 1863, joining six companies recruited by Colonel Jesse Leavenworth; Theodore Dodd became second in command. On April 11, 1863, Lt. George Shoup and a recruiting party of eleven men encountered a camp of three Confederate “guerrillas” near present-day <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, killing one, wounding one, and capturing the last. The War Department soon authorized a Third Colorado Infantry regiment. The Third Infantry later merged with the Second Infantry and was sent to Missouri to fight irregular enemy forces there. After outfitting as cavalry near St. Louis in December of 1863, Second Colorado deployed across Missouri, combatting Confederate guerrillas known as “bushwhackers.” Over the next year, the volunteers fought in several pitched battles as they defended St. Louis and Kansas City from advancing Confederates.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Colorado, assorted pro-Confederate guerrillas tried to operate, but territorial troops and vigilantes hunted them down as outlaws.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Saving the Union to Massacring the Innocent        </h2>&#13; &#13; <div>&#13; <p>In 1864 Governor Evans and Chivington wanted to remove the Cheyenne and Arapaho people from Colorado’s eastern plains. This objective arose from increased tensions after the 1851 <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treaty-fort-laramie"><strong>Treaty of Fort Laramie</strong></a> was revised in 1861. The Homestead Act of 1862 gave white immigrants “free” land that many Cheyenne and Arapaho still considered theirs. Following the directives of the 1861 treaty, <strong>Moketaveto</strong>’s Cheyenne and <strong>Hossa</strong>’s Arapaho camped near Fort Lyon in November 1864. They had an American flag raised over the camp, indicating their allegiance to the treaty and distinguishing their camp from other warrior groups who resisted the new treaty.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In early June 1864, a party of Indigenous warriors—possibly Arapaho—<strong>killed a young family</strong> who worked for a homesteader on the plains outside of Denver. The murders were most likely reprisals from the earlier killing of an Indigenous man that day, but Denver residents blamed the Cheyenne and Arapaho. With a family killed and scattered attacks on wagons and homesteads occurring throughout the summer, Evans saw in the fears of the trespassing white population an opportunity to rid the territory of both the Cheyenne and Arapaho. He authorized Chivington to enlist a new Third Colorado Cavalry for 100 days, and Chivington, who hated Indigenous people as much as he hated Confederates, went on the warpath. On November 29, 1864, he found and attacked the peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho camp at Fort Lyon, killing more than 200 women, children, and elders in what became known as the Sand Creek Massacre.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Praised as heroes in Denver, Chivington and the Third were seen as bloodthirsty murderers in the eastern United States. Chivington resigned to avoid a military court martial while war exploded across the plains. On January 7, 1865, 1,000 Cheyenne and Lakota fell on <strong>Julesburg</strong>, and on February 2, they burned the town before moving north out of Colorado. The so-called “<strong>Colorado War</strong>” resumed in March through July. President Andrew Johnson fired Evans over his role in precipitating Sand Creek.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado’s experience in the Civil War can best be described as a successful defense of empire. When the war started, the territory was essentially defenseless and held a vast amount of vulnerable wealth; as the war came to its doorstep, Coloradans mounted a furious and successful defense of that wealth, even as Confederate sympathizers sought to sabotage it from the inside.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the successful defense of the gold fields came federal military activity on a scale never before seen in the territory. With Indigenous people already facing <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/impact-disease-native-americans"><strong>disease</strong></a> and starvation due to poorly understood and enforced <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/indigenous-treaties-colorado"><strong>treaties</strong></a> and the contempt of white settlers and politicians, the militarization of Colorado after the Civil War led to destruction and disaster for the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and eventually the Nuche (<a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people) who lived in the Rocky Mountains. Eventually, the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Treaty of Medicine Lodg</strong>e</a> in 1867 forced Colorado’s Cheyenne and Arapaho to cede their remaining land in the territory and assigned them to reservations in Oklahoma.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, for Colorado’s invading American population, the Civil War had dried up eastern sources of capital needed to fund mining, even as it helped them feel more secure in what was still a fledgling territory. Foreign technology arrived with <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nathaniel-p-hill"><strong>Nathaniel Hill</strong></a>’s <strong>smelter </strong>in 1867, reviving the mining industry. With North and South at peace, the transcontinental<strong> railroad</strong> was finished and linked to Denver in 1870. Emancipation and a growing mining economy caused Colorado’s Black population to increase substantially from 1870 to 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado achieved statehood in 1876. In 1898, as troops boarded trains in Denver to fight in the Spanish-American War, Union veterans lined one side of Seventeenth Street and Confederate veterans assembled on the other side. As a show of unity, they boarded the train together, seemingly burying the hatchet.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The past is still with us, of course. Despite the train station moment and other reconciliation between whites, the racism that brought the Civil War to Colorado has lingered in the state to the present. <strong>Redlining</strong>, or excluding Black residents from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, persisted throughout Denver and other cities, as did institutional discrimination in housing, education, and employment. Several Colorado towns, including <strong>Golden</strong>, <strong>Louisville</strong>, <strong>Loveland</strong>, and parts of Colorado Springs, were known at various times as “Sundown” towns—places where Black people were not welcome and would be run out of town at sundown. Police violence is still disproportionately aimed at Colorado’s Black residents and people of color.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Sand Creek Massacre was later erroneously listed as a “battle” on the plaque of a statue commemorating Colorado’s Civil War veterans. Chivington’s actions were considered horrific even during his time, but the plaque remained, igniting controversy until activists removed the statue during the 2020 <strong>Civil Rights</strong> demonstrations in Denver. As of this writing, streets, university buildings, and even mountains once named for those associated with the Sand Creek Massacre have either been renamed or are being evaluated for renaming in an ongoing reconciliation process.</p>&#13; </div>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/geoffrey-hunt" hreflang="und">Geoffrey Hunt</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civil-war-colorado-0" hreflang="en">civil war in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-civil-war-history" hreflang="en">colorado civil war history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/confederates-colorado" hreflang="en">confederates in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/confederate-history-colorado" hreflang="en">confederate history colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-gold-rush" hreflang="en">Colorado Gold Rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-territory" hreflang="en">Colorado Territory</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/maces-hole" hreflang="en">maces hole</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/julesburg" hreflang="en">julesburg</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sand-creek-massacre" hreflang="en">Sand Creek Massacre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne" hreflang="en">cheyenne</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapaho" hreflang="en">arapaho</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nuche" hreflang="en">nuche</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute" hreflang="en">ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/treaty-fort-wise" hreflang="en">Treaty of Fort Wise</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/treaty-fort-laramie" hreflang="en">Treaty of Fort Laramie</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/santa-fe-trail" hreflang="en">Santa Fe Trail</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moketaveto" hreflang="en">moketaveto</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hossa" hreflang="en">hossa</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-kettle" hreflang="en">black kettle</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hungate-murders" hreflang="en">hungate murders</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/redlining" hreflang="en">redlining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/george-floyd-protests" hreflang="en">george floyd protests</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sundown-towns" hreflang="en">sundown towns</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/golden" hreflang="en">golden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/louisville" hreflang="en">louisville</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland" hreflang="en">loveland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-springs" hreflang="en">colorado springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/battle-glorieta-pass" hreflang="en">battle of glorieta pass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-chivington" hreflang="en">John Chivington</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-evans" hreflang="en">John Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-gilpin" hreflang="en">William Gilpin</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-volunteers" hreflang="en">colorado volunteers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-army-colorado" hreflang="en">us army colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indigenous-history" hreflang="en">indigenous history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indigenous-removal" hreflang="en">indigenous removal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/treaties" hreflang="en">treaties</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-lyon" hreflang="en">Fort Lyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ned-wynkoop" hreflang="en">ned wynkoop</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rio-grande-river" hreflang="en">rio grande river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lewis-weld" hreflang="en">lewis weld</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/apache-canyon" hreflang="en">apache canyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/henry-hopkins-sibley" hreflang="en">henry hopkins sibley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/edward-canby" hreflang="en">edward canby</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ers-canby" hreflang="en">ers canby</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hh-sibley" hreflang="en">hh sibley</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Don E. Alberts, <em>The Battle of Glorieta: Union Victory in the West</em> (College Station, Texas: Texas A&amp;M University Press, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Don E. Alberts, <em>Rebels on the Rio Grande: the Civil War Journal of A. B. Peticolas </em>(Albuquerque: Merit Press, 1993).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ovando Hollister, ed. Richard Harwell, <em>Colorado Volunteers in New Mexico, 1862 </em>(Chicago: R.R. Donnelly and Sons Co., reprinted 1962).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nolie Mumey, <em>Bloody Trails Along the Rio Grande: the Diary of Alonzo Ferdinand Ickis </em>(Denver: Old West Publishing Co., 1958).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Christopher M. Rein, <em>The Second Colorado Cavalry: A Civil War Regiment on the Great Plains</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2020).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Micah Smith, “<a href="https://www.denver7.com/news/local-news/sundown-towns-uncovering-colorados-dark-past-dangers-for-black-people-staying-out-after-sunset">Sundown towns: Uncovering Colorado’s dark past, dangers for Black people staying out after sunset</a>,” <em>Denver 7</em>, February 26, 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Clarke Whitford, <em>Colorado Volunteers in the Civil War: the New Mexico Campaign in 1862 </em>(Denver: State Historical and Natural History Society, 1906).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Flint Whitlock, <em>Distant Bugles, Distant Drums: The Union Response to the Confederate Invasion of New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, 9 </em>(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880; reprinted 1985 by Historical Times, Inc.).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Eugene H. Berwanger, <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=ti%3A%22The%20Rise%20of%20the%20Centennial%20State:%20Colorado%20Territory,%201861-76%20%22" title="Find in a library with WorldCat"><em>The Rise of the Centennial State: Colorado Territory, 1861–76 </em></a>(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ray C. Colton, <em>The Civil War in the Western Territories: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 13 Sep 2022 20:14:34 +0000 yongli 3823 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Albina Washburn http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/albina-washburn <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Albina Washburn</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-10-14T13:42:43-06:00" title="Wednesday, October 14, 2020 - 13:42" class="datetime">Wed, 10/14/2020 - 13:42</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/albina-washburn" data-a2a-title="Albina Washburn"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Falbina-washburn&amp;title=Albina%20Washburn"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Albina Washburn (1837–1921) was an important early resident of what is now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/downtown-loveland-historic-district"><strong>Loveland</strong></a> and later an influential proponent of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>women’s suffrage</strong></a> and temperance across Colorado. In 1876 she advocated for women’s suffrage at the state constitutional convention, and in 1880 she cofounded the Colorado branch of the <strong>Women’s Christian Temperance Union</strong>. In addition to her roles in the suffrage campaign and the founding of Loveland, today Washburn is also remembered for the American flag she made soon after her arrival in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>, which is displayed in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> on special occasions.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Relatively little is known about Albina Washburn’s early life. Born Albina Holcomb in Illinois in 1837, she married John E. Washburn in Chicago in 1853. In 1855 they had a daughter, Winona. Five years later, the Washburn family left Freeport, Illinois, to farm in Colorado. Arriving in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> in May 1860, they moved north to St. Louis (now <strong>Loveland</strong>) by 1862. By 1864 John Washburn had been appointed a county judge by Territorial Governor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building Up St. Louis (Loveland)</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After arriving in St. Louis, Albina and John Washburn set up the town’s first post office with him as the postmaster and her as his assistant. In 1864 Albina started the town’s first school in a log cabin. She taught ten students for ten dollars a month. She continued to make her mark in the community by making an American flag to fly on July 4, 1864—the first time an American flag was flown in Larimer County. Her flag continues to be flown today on special occasions in Fort Collins.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Working for Women’s Suffrage</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1870s, Washburn decided that she wanted to play a larger role in politics. In 1875 she wrote a letter to <em>Woman’s Journal</em> explaining that she had successfully voted twice in school elections in Colorado. In 1874 she had provided documentation showing that she had paid a tax in her own name and owned ponies, making her eligible to vote in a school board election. The election official did not know how to react and let her cast her vote. She met some resistance when attempting to vote again in a school election the next year but was able to convince the official that she had the right to vote because she was a citizen, based on the dictionary definition of the term.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In January 1876, Washburn and four other well-known suffragists—<strong>Alida Avery</strong>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/margaret-w-campbell"><strong>Margaret W. Campbell</strong></a>, <strong>Ione Hanna</strong>, and <strong>Mary Shields</strong>—spoke at the state constitutional convention in Denver to advocate for including women’s suffrage in the final document. Women did not attain full voting rights in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-constitution"><strong>Colorado Constitution</strong></a>, but suffragists formed the Colorado Woman Suffrage Association to try to maintain their momentum. Washburn and suffragists from across the country campaigned for a Colorado women’s suffrage referendum in 1877, but the measure was defeated.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Washburn was starting to push for women’s suffrage at the national level as well. As a member of the Grange, a national advocacy group for farmers, she pressed the organization to support women’s right to vote. At the National Grange Convention in Chicago in 1877, she promoted a resolution in favor of women’s suffrage. The Grange agreed with the idea of women being considered equals but postponed any discussion of suffrage. Washburn registered her frustration in a fiery minority report that played on the Grange’s antimonopoly politics: “If any of my brothers know of a more extensive monopoly than the monopoly of the elective franchise by the men of this country, I do not.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1880 Washburn and fellow suffragist Mary Shields founded the Colorado branch of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union. The organization focused primarily on reducing male alcohol consumption, but many members were also suffragists who used it as a platform to push for women’s rights.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Washburn’s husband was also politically active. He supported his wife and other suffragists by running for office as a member of the Greenback Party, which fully supported women’s right to vote. He did not win any elections. John E. Washburn passed away in 1887.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Washburn continued to campaign for women’s suffrage in Colorado. Throughout her years of activism, she reported regularly on meetings and events for local publications such as the <em>Denver Labor Enquirer</em> as well as national groups such as the Grange and the American Woman Suffrage Association. A hardworking supporter who could rally people with her words in person and in print, she was a sought-after speaker who impressed audiences with her dedication to making her communities and Colorado a more equal place to live and work. At the Colorado <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/populism-colorado"><strong>People’s Party</strong></a> convention in July 1892, she read a resolution calling for the equality for all citizens regardless of sex, which the party adopted. A year later, under Populist Governor <strong>Davis Waite</strong>, Coloradans approved a referendum for women’s suffrage.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Washburn died on March 5, 1921, and was buried at Lakeside Cemetery in Loveland. She is remembered for her early work with her husband to develop the town of Loveland and her efforts on behalf of women’s suffrage, especially her boldness in voting before women had the legal right to do so. She is also admired for her tireless work reporting on the movement, which helped share information among suffragists and build a broad constituency for change.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/huntley-crystal" hreflang="und">Huntley, Crystal</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/albina-washburn" hreflang="en">Albina Washburn</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-louis" hreflang="en">St. Louis</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland" hreflang="en">loveland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">colorado women&#039;s history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s Suffrage</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage-colorado" hreflang="en">women&#039;s suffrage colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-christian-temperance-union-0" hreflang="en">women&#039;s christian temperance union</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wctu" hreflang="en">wctu</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.nationalgrange.org/about-us/">About Us</a>,” National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/41085659/albina-louise-washburn">Albina Louise Washburn</a>,” Find a Grave, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://fchc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/sc/id/563/rec/2">Albina Washburn and Winona Washburn Taylor Collection</a>,” Fort Collins Museum Local History Archive Inventory Form, Fort Collins History Connection, inventoried August 2008.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://fortcollinshistoricalsociety.org/2017/06/28/2017-6-28-a-z-fort-collins-firsts/">A–Z Fort Collins Firsts</a>,” Fort Collins Historical Society, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://sparedshared15.wordpress.com/2018/02/08/1866-john-eric-washburn-to-albina-holcomb-washburn/">John Eric Washburn to Albina (Holcomb) Washburn, June 16 and June 24, 1866</a>, transcribed at Spared &amp; Shared 15: Saving History One Letter at a Time.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://archives.colostate.edu/">Guide to the Papers of the Washburn-Taylor Family</a>, Colorado State University Archives and Special Collections, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://archives.colostate.edu/">Guide to the Records of the Colorado State Grange</a>,” Colorado Agricultural Archive, Colorado State University, 2005.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://fortcollinshistoricalsociety.org/2017/06/20/2017-6-20-january-in-early-fort-collins/">January in Early Ft. Collins</a>,” Fort Collins Historical Society, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kenneth Jessen, “<a href="https://www.reporterherald.com/2015/09/03/cliff-cottage-still-standing/">Cliff Cottage Still Standing</a>,” Loveland Reporter Herald, September 3, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Suzanne M. Marilley, <em>Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States, 1820–1920</em> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Corrine M. McConnaughy, <em>The Woman Suffrage Movement in America: A Reassessment</em> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cheryl Miller, “<a href="https://sites.google.com/site/fchistoricalsociety/chronologyofearlywomeninfortcollins">Chronology of Early Women in Fort Collins</a>,” Fort Collins Historical Society, April 19, 2004.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Museum of Boulder, “<a href="https://blog.elevationscu.com/womens-suffrage-colorado/">Women’s Suffrage in Colorado</a>,” Elevations Credit Union blog, November 6, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Albina L. Washburn, “<a href="https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1000684125">Annual Meeting, American Woman Suffrage Association: Colorado Report (1876)</a>,” in <em>Why Did Colorado Suffragists Fail to Win the Right to Vote in 1877, but Succeed in 1893?</em>, by Jennifer Frost et al. (Greeley: University of Northern Colorado, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Albina L. Washburn, “<a href="https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1000674733">Colorado Suffrage Items (1892)</a>,” in <em>Why Did Colorado Suffragists Fail to Win the Right to Vote in 1877, but Succeed in 1893?</em>, by Jennifer Frost et al. (Greeley: University of Northern Colorado, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Albina L. Washburn, “<a href="https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1000687376">Minority Report of Committee on Woman Suffrage (1877)</a>,” in <em>Why Did Colorado Suffragists Fail to Win the Right to Vote in 1877, but Succeed in 1893?</em>, by Jennifer Frost et al. (Greeley: University of Northern Colorado, 2002).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Gail M. Beaton, <em>Colorado Women: A History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joseph G. Brown, <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbnawsa.n1331/?st=gallery"><em>The History of Equal Suffrage in Colorado, 1868–1898</em></a> (Denver: News Job Printing, 1898).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 14 Oct 2020 19:42:43 +0000 yongli 3431 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org September 2013 Floods http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/september-2013-floods <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">September 2013 Floods</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3298--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3298.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/2013-colorado-floods"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/September%202013%20Floods%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=8LMrY2Vk" width="1090" height="726" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/2013-colorado-floods" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">2013 Colorado Floods </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Colorado residents who were evacuated due to flooding arrive at Boulder Municipal Airport in Boulder, September 13, 2013, after being rescued by National Guard and civilian rescue personnel. Colorado and Wyoming National Guard units were activated to provide assistance to people affected by massive flooding along Colorado's Front Range.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3300--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3300.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/jamestown-colorado-cut-2013-colorado-floods"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/September%202013%20Floods%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=pv-S2fnN" width="1090" height="726" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/jamestown-colorado-cut-2013-colorado-floods" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jamestown, Colorado Cut Off by 2013 Colorado Floods</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In September 2013, the small mountain town of Jamestown (population 300) was cut off by flooding in Boulder County.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3302--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3302.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/national-guard-soldiers"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/September%202013%20Floods%20Media%203_0.jpg?itok=rnpjxY6K" width="1090" height="724" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/national-guard-soldiers" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">National Guard Soldiers</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Soldiers with the Colorado National Guard respond to floods in Boulder County on September 12, 2013. The Colorado National Guard was activated to provide assistance to people affected by massive flooding along Colorado's Front Range.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-06-09T14:45:08-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 9, 2020 - 14:45" class="datetime">Tue, 06/09/2020 - 14:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/september-2013-floods" data-a2a-title="September 2013 Floods"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fseptember-2013-floods&amp;title=September%202013%20Floods"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>In September 2013, Colorado’s <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a><strong>, </strong>from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> south to <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, experienced some of the most dramatic and devastating <a href="/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flood</strong></a><a href="/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>s</strong> </a>in state history. In the hardest-hit areas, the rainfall beginning September 9 and ending September 16 matched or exceeded annual averages. Across the region, swollen creeks and rivers jumped their banks, destroying houses, bridges, and roads, and stranding individuals and communities. The floods ultimately killed eight people and caused more than $4 billion in damages across seventeen counties.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Between Mountain and Plain</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Along the Front Range, home to a majority of Colorado’s population, destructive flooding is not new. Centuries before the arrival of Anglo-American immigrants, American Indians seasonally hunted, foraged, and grazed horses along the nutrient-rich bottomlands of Colorado’s rivers and creeks. When whites arrived on the Front Range during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> (1858–59), Native peoples warned of the region’s tendency to flood, but the newcomers often ignored these warnings—perhaps because they thought of the area as a “<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/%E2%80%9Cgreat-american-desert%E2%80%9D"><strong>Great American Desert</strong></a>.” They sought to overcome the region’s inconsistent rainfall by farming nutrient-rich, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigable</strong></a> floodplains in such places as <a href="/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a>, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>, and Fort Collins. Heavy snowmelt, powerful cloudbursts, and stalled storms, however, periodically punished such intrusions.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The area’s location as a transition zone between the rolling <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> and the jagged peaks of the <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rockies</strong></a> explains the potential for extreme rains. During spring and summer months, moisture-rich air from the Gulf of Mexico comes across the Great Plains and abruptly runs into the Rocky Mountains. As the mountains push the moisture-rich air upward, storm clouds occasionally form and then rupture over the Eastern Slope of the Rockies. These downpours are usually highly localized, short, and intense, dumping inches of rain over a small area in a matter of hours. In the case of most deadly floods on the Front Range, such as the <strong>Big Thompson Flood of 1976</strong> and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/spring-creek-flood-1997"><strong>Spring Creek Flood of 1997</strong></a>, heavy rainfall drained into creeks and rivers, overwhelming their carrying capacity and flooding cities and surrounding areas.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In some ways, the 2013 floods fit into similar Front Range flood patterns. As in 1976 and 1997, west-moving moisture coalesced into storm clouds, fell as rain, and overwhelmed east-running waterways. In other ways, 2013 was unique. The devastating fires of 2012, especially the <a href="/article/high-park-fire"><strong>High Park Fire</strong></a> west of Fort Collins and the <a href="/article/waldo-canyon-fire"><strong>Waldo Canyon Fire</strong></a> near Colorado Springs, cleared the landscape of vegetation that slows and absorbs excess water. Additionally, while cloudbursts were responsible for previous floods, the rainstorms that flooded the Front Range in September 2013 dumped rain not just over a few miles, but from Colorado Spring to Fort Collins, and the storms lasted not hours but days.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Merciful Rain to Raging Rivers</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The rain began across eastern Colorado on September 9, 2013, as a slow-moving, low-pressure system settled over the southwest, pulling moist air from the Pacific Ocean and the west coast of the Gulf of Mexico toward the Front Range. Rain was initially a welcome respite for the region’s residents, who had seen an unusually warm first week of September, a drought-plagued summer, and a series of recent <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado"><strong>forest fires</strong></a>. However, relief turned to worry as rain continued through September 10 and the low-pressure system stayed put, pulling more moisture toward the Front Range. With no immediate end in sight, the National Weather Service issued flash flood warnings in <a href="/article/boulder-county"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/el-paso-county"><strong>El Paso</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer</strong></a> counties on September 11.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On the night of September 11, torrential rainfall pounded the fire-scarred, oversaturated foothills. In Boulder, the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> began its first wave of evacuations and the city activated sirens along Boulder Creek, urging those in earshot to find higher ground. Throughout the night, rockslides, debris flows, and the surging St. Vrain, <strong>Big Thompson,</strong> and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong>Cache la Poudre</strong></a> rivers destroyed sections of US Highway 34, US Highway 36, Colorado Highway 14, and numerous county roads, stranding many mountain and foothill communities. The unrelenting downpour continued through September 12, forcing thousands living along the floodplains from <strong>Estes Park</strong>, Fort Collins, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/downtown-loveland-historic-district"><strong>Loveland</strong></a>, south to <strong>Lyons</strong>, Boulder, and Jamestown, to evacuate.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the rain briefly relented on September 13, army, national guard, and private helicopters began evacuating those stranded in mountain communities. After authorizing the use of <strong>Colorado National Guard</strong> helicopters in Boulder County the morning of the September 13, Governor <a href="/article/john-hickenlooper"><strong>John Hickenlooper</strong></a> signed an executive order declaring a disaster emergency across fourteen Front Range counties, providing resources for search-and-rescue operations and immediate highway repair. Through an emergency declaration on September 12, then a major disaster declaration two days later, President Barack Obama released federal funding to supplement the local and state response.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Overflowing waterways fueled by sustained precipitation also caused destruction east of the foothills. On the plains, floodwater rushing east forced evacuations, damaged agricultural land, overwhelmed wastewater facilities, and flooded oil wells. As in the foothills, swollen tributaries of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong> River</strong></a>—along with the South Platte itself—wiped out bridges, undercut roads, and tore buildings off their foundations. In the early hours of September 13, the Big Thompson River spilled over and temporarily closed <strong>Interstate 25</strong>. Just hours later in Weld County, the South Platte and the Cache la Poudre Rivers began to flood low-lying neighborhoods in Evans and Greeley, forcing evacuations.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Farther east, in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/morgan-county"><strong>Morgan County</strong></a>, the surging South Platte, usually running two feet high in September, reached thirteen feet high on the evening of September 14, damaging infrastructure and forcing evacuations. By the time the storm finally relented on September 16, the week of rain—totaling twenty inches in Boulder, nine in Estes Park, six in Loveland, and six in Fort Collins—had reshaped natural areas and river channels all the way to the state border, destroying nearly 2,000 houses, damaging 28,000 dwellings, and killing 8 people. Pouring into western Nebraska, the South Platte remained at a moderate flood stage through September 23.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Aftermath</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On Monday, September 16, as the storm cleared and helicopters continued to evacuate those stranded, students returned to classes at the University of Colorado. In the following days, grade schools in Larimer County reopened, road crews opened mountain roadways to flood-isolated towns, and response teams restored access to potable water and electricity from Evans to Estes Park. These steps toward recovery highlighted the resiliency of the afflicted communities and the experience and capability of responders, emergency planners, and disaster-relief crews. Decades of increasingly proactive zoning, modernized warning systems, and floodplain management helped minimize loss and streamline emergency response. Still, no town or city along the Front Range and the South Platte was fully prepared for that week of extreme rainfall, as illustrated by the expensive, prolonged recovery, the flooding of uninsured houses, and the tragic loss of life.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After sheriff’s offices accounted for missing persons, relief organizations provided shelter for the displaced, and road crews reached previously stranded communities, efforts shifted to long-term reconstruction. Relying on reimbursements from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the Federal Highway Administration, federal block grants, and state disaster funds, the Front Range began multiyear road reconstruction and neighborhood redevelopment projects. Slowed by the complicated contracts and price vetting that came with federal assistance, some of the hardest-hit mountain roadways did not reopen until 2016. US Highway 34—connecting Loveland, Estes Park, and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>—did not reopen until 2018. When it did, the reconstructed highway exemplified the region-wide response to the flooding: it reopened within its traditional corridor, the Big Thompson Canyon, but now followed a slightly different path to minimize washouts in the event of another storm.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With future flooding a primary concern, municipalities across the Front Range sought to rebuild in a manner that better prepared them for the next storm. Engineers designed roadways to better deflect and avoid floodwater, and city planners turned hard-hit, low-lying neighborhoods and mobile-home parks into greenspaces, sometimes to the detriment of those who relied on the now-vanished affordable housing. The enormity of the rainfall’s destruction, along with the difficulties that came with government shutdowns, accessing federal funds, congressional alterations to FEMA aid guidelines, and the varied needs of those affected by the floods ensured that the road to recovery was anything but straight.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Flooding in the Future</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Population growth, urban expansion, and increasingly volatile weather patterns associated with climate change mean that flooding will remain a pressing issue on the Front Range in the future. Scientists have not concluded that the abnormal rainfall from September 9 to 16, 2013, was the direct result of climate change, but aspects of the flood’s development—an abundance of moisture-rich air and increased storm volatility, both stemming from warmer temperatures—suggest that instances of heavy rainfall may increase across the region in the coming decades.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/purdy-tristan" hreflang="und">Purdy, Tristan</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/september-2013-floods" hreflang="en">september 2013 floods</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/front-range-floods" hreflang="en">front range floods</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/larimer-county" hreflang="en">larimer county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/weld-county" hreflang="en">weld county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/flooding-colorado" hreflang="en">flooding in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/flood-history" hreflang="en">flood history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/2013" hreflang="en">2013</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland" hreflang="en">loveland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder" hreflang="en">boulder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-collins" hreflang="en">fort collins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/greeley" hreflang="en">greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/estes-park" hreflang="en">Estes Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>John Aguilar, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2018/09/09/colorado-floods-2013-recovery/">‘We're About to Wake Up’: Victims of Colorado's 2013 Flood Look to End of Recovery</a>,” <em>The</em> <em>Denver Post</em>, September 9, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Aguilar and Charlie Brennan, “<a href="https://www.dailycamera.com/2013/09/21/eight-days-1000-year-rain-100-year-flood/">Eight Days, 1,000-Year Rain, 100-Year Flood</a>,” <em>Daily Camera </em>(Boulder), September 21, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ruth M. Alexander, “<a href="https://mountainscholar.org/bitstream/handle/10217/167378/2013ColoradoFloodOralHistoryFinalReport.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y">2013 Northern Colorado Flood Oral History Project: Final Report</a>” (Fort Collins: Northern Colorado Flood Oral History Collection, Water Resources Archive, Colorado State University Libraries, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kathleen A. Brosnan, <em>Uniting Mountain and Plain: Cities, Law, and Environmental Change Along the Front Range</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Terri Cook, “<a href="https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/disaster-strikes-along-colorados-front-range">Disaster Strikes Along Colorado’s Front Range</a>,” <em>EARTH Magazine</em>, January 20, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Michael deYoanna, “<a href="https://www.coloradoindependent.com/2019/09/19/parked-mobile-home-dwellers-left-behind-after-2013-colorado-floods/">Parked: Mobile-Home Dwellers Left Behind After 2013 Colorado Floods</a>,” <em>Colorado Independent, </em>September 19, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nolan J. Doesken, Roger A. Pielke, Sr., and Odilia A. P. Bliss, “<a href="https://climate.colostate.edu/climate_long.html">Climate of Colorado</a>,” Colorado Climate Center (Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dan England, “<a href="https://www.greeleytribune.com/2013/09/28/something-wicked-this-way-came-flood-brings-devastation-but-weld-endures/">Something Wicked This Way Came: Flood Brings Devastation but Weld Endures</a>,” <em>Greeley Tribune</em>, September 28, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert Follansbee and Leon R. Sawyer, <a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0997/report.pdf"><em>Floods in Colorado</em></a>, US Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 997 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1948).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jenni Grubbs, “<a href="https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2013/09/23/morgan-county-roads-bridges-see-damage-from-flood-2/">Morgan County Roads, Bridges See Damage From Flood</a>,” <em>Fort Morgan Times, </em>September 23, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wallace R. Hansen, John Chronic, and John Matelock, <a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1019/report.pdf"><em>Climatography of the Front Range Urban Corridor and Vicinity, Colorado</em></a><em>, </em>US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1019 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1978).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sarah Hines, “<a href="https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/science-application-integration/docs/science-you-can-use/2014-03.pdf">Our Relationship With a Dynamic Landscape: Understanding the 2013 Northern Colorado Flood</a>,” <em>Science You Can Use Bulletin</em> (March/April 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert A. Kimbrough and Robert R. Holmes, Jr., <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155119"><em>Flooding in the South Platte River and Fountain Creek Basins in Eastern Colorado, September 9–18, 2013</em></a><em>, </em>US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5119 (Virginia, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Danielle Langevin and Tessa Sullivan, “<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/spring-creek-flood-1997">Spring Creek Flood of 1997</a>,” <em>Colorado Encyclopedia</em>, last modified October 24, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Patricia N. Limerick and Jason Hanson, <em>A Ditch in Time: The City, the West and Wate</em>r (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jacy Marmaduke, “<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2019/05/03/big-thompson-flood-fema-hasnt-funded-road-bridge-repairs/3651296002/">6 Years After Big Thompson Flood, FEMA Hasn’t Paid Up: Lack of Reimbursement Has Delayed Road Repairs</a>,” <em>Coloradoan</em> (Fort Collins), May 6, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>National Weather Service, “<a href="https://www.weather.gov/lbf/southplatte_platte_flooding_2013#NebraskaFlooding">South Platte/Platte River Flooding of 2013</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Office of the Governor, “<a href="https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/archives/governor-hickenlooper-executive-orders">Executive Order D 2013-026 Declaring a Disaster Emergency Due to the Flooding in Adams, Arapahoe, Broomfield, Boulder, Denver, El Paso, Fremont, Jefferson, Larimer, Logan, Morgan, Pueblo, Washington, and Weld Counties (Front Range Flooding)</a>,” September 13, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Geoff Plumlee, “<a href="https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/when-water-gravity-and-geology-collide-firsthand-observations-impacts-2013-colorado-floods">When Water, Gravity and Geology Collide: Firsthand Observations of the Impacts of the 2013 Colorado floods</a>,” <em>EARTH Magazine, </em>January 21, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Katie Schimel, “<a href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/47.17/how-2013s-front-range-floods-changed-the-face-of-the-region">How 2013’s Front Range Floods Changed the Face of the Region</a>,” <em>High Country News, </em>October 12, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.reporterherald.com/2018/09/08/the-2013-flood-a-timeline/">The 2013 Flood: A Timeline</a>,” <em>Loveland (CO) Reporter-Herald</em>, September 8, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Daniel Tyler, <em>Silver Fox of the Rockies: Delphus E. Carpenter and Western Water Compacts </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Louis W. Uccellini, <a href="),%20https:/prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/atoms/files/NWS_CO_FSA.pdf"><em>The Record Front Range and Eastern Colorado Floods of September 11–17, 2013</em></a><em>,</em> US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Service Assessment (Silver Spring, MD, June 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Homeland Security, “<a href="https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2013/09/15/fema-continues-support-response-colorado-flooding">FEMA Continues to Support Response to Colorado Flooding</a>,” September 15, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Homeland Security, “<a href="https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2013/09/12/president-obama-signs-colorado-emergency-declaration">President Obama Signs Colorado Emergency Declaration</a>,” September 12, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Monte Whaley, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/09/13/flood-damaged-colorado-roads-are-getting-a-makeover/">Flood-Damaged Colorado Roads Are Getting a Makeover</a>,” <em>The</em> <em>Denver Post, </em>September 13, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Will Wright, “<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado">Flooding in Colorado</a>,” <em>Colorado Encyclopedia,</em> last modified October 23, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Wyckoff, <em>Creating Colorado: The Making of a Western American Landscape, 1860–1940 </em>(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Robert Crifasi, <em>A Land Made From Water: Appropriation and the Evolution of Colorado's Landscape, Ditches, and Water Institutions </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Darla Sue Dollman, <em>Colorado’s Deadliest Floods </em>(Charleston, SC: History Press, 2017).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jared Orsi, <em>Hazardous Metropolis: Flooding and Urban Ecology in Los Angele</em>s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ted Steinberg<em>, Acts of God: The Unnatural History of Natural Disaster in America</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 09 Jun 2020 20:45:08 +0000 yongli 3272 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org William A.H. Loveland http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-ah-loveland <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">William A.H. Loveland</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-01-15T15:14:31-07:00" title="Wednesday, January 15, 2020 - 15:14" class="datetime">Wed, 01/15/2020 - 15:14</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-ah-loveland" data-a2a-title="William A.H. Loveland"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwilliam-ah-loveland&amp;title=William%20A.H.%20Loveland"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>William Austin Hamilton Loveland (1826–94) was a leading businessman, railroad executive, and politician in early Colorado. A well-traveled man by early adulthood, Loveland arrived in Colorado during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>. He played a critical role in the development of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden"><strong>Golden</strong></a>, putting up the city’s first buildings and the area’s first wagon road. He is also said to have established the state’s first coal mine and its first pottery works.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland went on to establish the <strong>Colorado Central Railroad</strong>, run for governor of Colorado, and even a nomination for the presidency of the United States. The city of <strong>Loveland</strong>, founded along his railroad in southern <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a><strong>,</strong> is named after him, as is <strong>Loveland Pass</strong>, which he explored on one of his many surveying trips. Today, Loveland is remembered as a seasoned, energetic leader who was responsible for some of the most important developments in Colorado history.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>William A.H. Loveland was born in 1826 in Chatham, Massachusetts. Little is known about his mother, but his father, Rev. Leonard Loveland, was a Methodist minister and veteran of the War of 1812. A year after he was born, William’s family moved to Rhode Island, where at the age of eight he began work in a cotton factory. In 1837 his father again moved the family to the fledgling town of Alton, Illinois, where they started a farm. William, known to his friends as “Bill,” worked the family farm until his late teens, when he enrolled in McKendree College, a nearby Methodist school. He spent a year there before moving on to Shurtleff College in Alton in 1846.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>That year, Loveland developed pleurisy, a painful lung affliction. His doctor recommended he relocate to a warmer climate, but Loveland did not have money to move. However, the Mexican-American War, which had begun that year, offered Loveland three things he desperately needed: pay, relocation, and—in the footsteps of his seafaring father—adventure. He answered an ad for government teamsters in a St. Louis newspaper, moved to the city, and began working for the army. He worked in St. Louis for a short time, was sent to New Orleans, and from there embarked for Veracruz, Mexico, in 1847.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Teamster, Prospector, Traveler</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although he was a teamster, not a soldier, Loveland saw plenty of action in the Mexican-American War. Defending critical supplies in hostile territory repeatedly put him in harm’s way, and outnumbered American commanders occasionally called teamsters into battle. At the Battle of Chapultepec in September 1847, Loveland was wounded by artillery, and he spent months recovering in Mexico City before he was cleared to go home. </p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland returned to Illinois in 1848 intending to finish college. One year later, however, the lure of gold drew him to California. He prospected in Grass Valley, north of Sacramento, and built the first house there. Loveland had only minimal luck prospecting. He eventually gave his tools, cabin, and claim to three other prospectors from Boston and moved to San Francisco. His health was again in decline, to the point where he later told a New York newspaper, “I had given up all hope of living any longer.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>But then Loveland’s kindness caught up with him; by chance, he ran into those same Boston men in a San Francisco saloon, and to repay Loveland’s earlier gifts, they gave him some medicine and paid for his transport to Central America, where he hoped to regain his health. In 1851 Loveland arrived at Lake Nicaragua, where he made a full recovery. He worked with the local government on a canal project there, but it was never completed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In July 1851, Loveland returned to Brighton, Illinois, where he began a merchandising business. In 1852 he married his first wife, Phelena Shaw. The couple had no children, and Phelena died in 1854. Loveland remarried in 1856, wedding Miranda Ann Montgomery of Alton. The couple welcomed their first child, a son named Francis William, in 1857, and another son, William Leonard, in 1859.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Life in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Having regained his health and started a family, Loveland again became restless. In May 1859, he joined the Colorado Gold Rush and made his way to present-day Golden, where he saw an immense business opportunity. He opened the fledgling town’s first general store, built the first house, and began surveying new transportation routes that would ease commerce in the area. In 1863–64, Loveland built the first wagon road up <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clear-creek-canyon"><strong>Clear Creek Canyon</strong></a>. By that time, coal-fired stamp mills had begun to replace stream-panning prospectors, and Loveland capitalized on the fuel needs of the newly industrialized mining industry by opening the state’s first coal mine.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland’s experience with roads and coal undoubtedly contributed to his awareness of Golden’s other great need—a railroad connection. In 1865 Loveland formed the Colorado &amp; Clear Creek Railroad company, which was eventually renamed the Colorado Central. Construction could not begin until financial stability was achieved in 1868, but by the end of that year the Colorado Central had completed eleven miles of grade from Golden up to the mines along Clear Creek.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thanks in large part to Loveland’s enterprise and leadership, Golden became the economic hub of Colorado in the early 1860s. In 1862 Golden was named capital of the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>, and the territorial legislature met in a building erected by Loveland. As a hub for the state’s first major railway, Golden remained the territorial capitol until 1867, when wealthy Denverites secured funds to build a railroad (the <strong>Denver Pacific</strong>) that would link to the transcontinental line at Cheyenne, Wyoming.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The capital may have shifted to <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, but Loveland remained loyal to Golden. He and his wife donated six blocks of land for the establishment of a Presbyterian church. In 1874, after pressuring the legislature to pass a bill establishing a mining college in Golden, Loveland was named first president of <strong>Colorado School of Mines</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The following year, the Colorado Central was absorbed by the Kansas Pacific Railroad, which had already taken over the Denver Pacific. By 1876, however, Loveland was back in charge, and as the railroad branched out along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>, the new town of <strong>Loveland</strong> was named after him. By 1879 the Colorado Central had again fallen into bankruptcy, and the railroad was leased to the Union Pacific for fifty years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Politics</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1878, two years after Colorado achieved statehood, Loveland ran for governor on the Democratic ticket. Upon receiving the party’s nomination, Loveland promised to represent “all interests, mineral, agricultural, and pastoral.” A newspaper article covering the election described Loveland as “emphatically a man of the people and in sympathy with the working classes.” “His splendid executive ability,” it went on, “is acknowledged by even his worst enemies and should he be elected to the office of governor, there is no danger but all the interests of the state will be safe in his hands.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite his popularity and reputation, Loveland lost the contest to <strong>Frederick W. Pitkin</strong>. One year later, the Democrats nominated Loveland for the office of US senator, but the seat instead went to Republican <a href="/article/nathaniel-p-hill"><strong>Nathaniel P. Hill</strong></a>. Still, in 1880 Colorado Democrats evidently had enough faith in Loveland to name him as their choice for presidential candidate at the national convention in Cincinnati, Ohio. The 5–1 vote among the state’s delegates was the first time Coloradans of either party had put forward one of their own as a presidential candidate. However, Loveland was brushed aside at the national level, as the Democrats chose Winfield Scott Hancock of Pennsylvania as their nominee.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Death and Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland spent his later years in Lakewood, Colorado. After enduring the loss of a young grandson, he died on December 17, 1894. An obituary in the <em>Denver Times</em> gushed that “a no more glorious wreath can be laid upon the tomb of any man than that which symbolizes his leadership among Colorado pioneers.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, most Coloradans know William Loveland via the city and mountain pass that bear his name. Yet his contributions to the state went far beyond railroads and surveys—he was a superstar personality whose gentlemanly reputation and active leadership not only steered the physical development of Colorado, but also helped its meteoric rise in the national consciousness of late nineteenth-century America.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-loveland" hreflang="en">william loveland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland" hreflang="en">loveland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-central-railroad" hreflang="en">Colorado Central Railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland-pass" hreflang="en">Loveland Pass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gold-rush" hreflang="en">gold rush</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><em>Denver Times</em>, December 18, 1894.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kenneth Jessen, “<a href="https://www.reporterherald.com/2018/11/10/wah-loveland-was-a-pioneer-railroad-builder/">W.A.H. Loveland Was a Pioneer Railroad Builder</a>,” <em>Loveland Reporter-Herald</em>, November 10, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Mexican War: An Interview,” <em>New York Daily Graphic</em>, March 8, 1879.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mid-Continent Railway Museum, “<a href="https://www.midcontinent.org/rollingstock/CandS/cc-passenger/ColoradoCentralChron.htm">Chronology of the Colorado Central Railroad</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, December 18, 1894.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sarah Nichole Russell, “<a href="http://digital.auraria.edu/content/AA/00/00/14/18/00001/AA00001418_00001.pdf">William Austin Hamilton Loveland: Lifelong Pioneer</a>,” MA thesis, University of Colorado, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>UtahRails.net, “<a href="https://utahrails.net/up/colorado-central.php">Colorado Central Railroad</a>,” updated June 1, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> “<a href="https://archives.denverlibrary.org/repositories/3/archival_objects/789302">W.A.H. Loveland Biography, circa 1952</a>,” Denver Public Library Western History Collection, Harold Marion Dunning Papers, MSS WH911, Box 4, FF 24–25.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Loveland Chamber of Commerce, “<a href="http://www.ci.loveland.co.us/departments/library/discover/local-history-genealogy">History</a> of Loveland.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.goldenhistory.org/">Golden History Museum and Park</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>William Austin Hamilton Loveland (1826–94) was a businessman and railroad executive in early Colorado. Loveland arrived in Colorado during the Colorado Gold Rush. He played a role in the development of Golden. Loveland put up the city’s first buildings and the area’s first wagon road. He established the state’s first coal mine.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland went on to build the Colorado Central Railroad. He also ran for governor of Colorado. The city of Loveland is named after him. So is Loveland Pass, which he explored on one of his many surveying trips. Loveland was responsible for some of the most important developments in Colorado's history.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>William A.H. Loveland was born in 1826 in Chatham, Massachusetts. Little is known about his mother. His father, Rev. Leonard Loveland, was a Methodist minister and veteran of the War of 1812. A year after he was born, William’s family moved to Rhode Island. At the age of eight he began work in a cotton factory. In 1837 his father moved the family to the town of Alton, Illinois. They started a farm. Loveland worked the family farm until his late teens when he enrolled in McKendree College. He spent a year there before moving on to Shurtleff College in Alton in 1846.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>That year, Loveland developed a painful lung affliction. His doctor recommended he move to a warmer climate. Loveland did not have money. However, the Mexican-American War had begun that year. The war offered Loveland pay, relocation, and adventure. He answered an ad for government teamsters in a St. Louis newspaper. Loveland moved to the city and began working for the army. He was sent to New Orleans. From there he went to Veracruz, Mexico, in 1847.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Teamster, Prospector, Traveler</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although he was not a soldier, Loveland saw plenty of action in the Mexican-American War. Defending supplies in hostile territory put him in harm’s way. Outnumbered American commanders sometimes called teamsters into battle. In September 1847, Loveland was wounded by artillery. He spent months recovering in Mexico City before he was cleared to go home.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland returned to Illinois in 1848 to finish college. One year later, the lure of gold drew him to California. He prospected in Grass Valley, north of Sacramento. Loveland built the first house there. He didn't have much luck prospecting. Loveland gave his tools, cabin, and claim to three other prospectors from Boston. He moved to San Francisco. His health was again in decline. He later told a New York newspaper, “I had given up all hope of living any longer.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland’s kindness caught up with him. By chance, he ran into those same Boston men in a San Francisco saloon. To repay Loveland’s earlier gifts, the men gave him medicine. They also paid for him to go to Central America. There, Loveland hoped to regain his health. In 1851 Loveland arrived at Lake Nicaragua. He made a full recovery. Loveland worked with the local government on a canal project. However, it was never completed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In July 1851, Loveland returned to Brighton, Illinois. He began a merchandising business. In 1852, he married his first wife, Phelena Shaw. The couple had no children. Phelena died in 1854. Loveland remarried in 1856. The couple welcomed their first child in 1857. Another son was born in 1859.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Life in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland again became restless. In May 1859, he joined the Colorado Gold Rush. Loveland made his way to present-day Golden where he saw a business opportunity. He opened the town’s first general store. Loveland built the first house. He began surveying new transportation routes. In 1863–64, Loveland built the first wagon road up Clear Creek Canyon. By that time, coal-fired stamp mills had begun to replace stream-panning prospectors. Loveland capitalized on the fuel needs of the newly industrialized mining industry. He opened the state’s first coal mine.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland’s experience with roads and coal made him aware of Golden’s need for a railroad connection. In 1865 Loveland formed the Colorado &amp; Clear Creek Railroad company. The company was renamed the Colorado Central. By the end of 1868, the Colorado Central had completed eleven miles of grade from Golden up to the mines along Clear Creek.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thanks in part to Loveland’s leadership, Golden became the economic hub of Colorado in the early 1860s. In 1862 Golden was named capital of the Colorado Territory. The territorial legislature met in a building erected by Loveland. Golden remained the territorial capitol until 1867. That's when wealthy Denverites secured funds to build a railroad that would link to the transcontinental line at Cheyenne, Wyoming.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland remained loyal to Golden. He and his wife donated six blocks of land for the creation of a church. Loveland pressured the legislature to pass a bill establishing a mining college in Golden. In 1874, Loveland was named first president of Colorado School of Mines.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The following year, the Colorado Central was absorbed by the Kansas Pacific Railroad. By 1876, Loveland was back in charge. As the railroad branched out, the new town of Loveland was named after him. By 1879 the Colorado Central had fallen into bankruptcy. The railroad was leased to the Union Pacific for fifty years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Politics</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1878, two years after Colorado achieved statehood, Loveland ran for governor on the Democratic ticket. He promised to represent all interests. A newspaper article covering the election described Loveland as “a man of the people and in sympathy with the working classes.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite his reputation, Loveland lost to Frederick W. Pitkin. One year later, the Democrats nominated Loveland for the office of US senator. The seat went to Republican Nathaniel P. Hill. In 1880 Colorado Democrats named Loveland as their choice for presidential candidate at the national convention. It was the first time Coloradans of either party had put forward one of their own as a presidential candidate. Loveland was brushed aside. The Democrats chose Winfield Scott Hancock as their nominee.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Death and Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland spent his later years in Lakewood, Colorado. He died on December 17, 1894. An obituary in the Denver Times gushed that “a no more glorious wreath can be laid upon the tomb of any man than that which symbolizes his leadership among Colorado pioneers.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, most Coloradans know William Loveland for the city and mountain pass that bear his name. His contributions to the state went far beyond railroads and surveys. He helped shape Colorado's rise in the national awareness.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>William Austin Hamilton Loveland (1826–94) was a businessman and railroad executive in early Colorado. Loveland arrived in Colorado during the Colorado Gold Rush. He played a role in the development of Golden. Loveland put up the city’s first buildings and the area’s first wagon road. He established the state’s first coal mine.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland went on to build the Colorado Central Railroad. He also ran for governor of Colorado. The city of Loveland is named after him. So is Loveland Pass, which he explored on one of his many surveying trips. Loveland is remembered as an energetic leader who was responsible for some of the most important developments in Colorado's history.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>William A.H. Loveland was born in 1826 in Chatham, Massachusetts. Little is known about his mother. His father, Rev. Leonard Loveland, was a Methodist minister and veteran of the War of 1812. A year after he was born, William’s family moved to Rhode Island. At the age of eight he began work in a cotton factory. In 1837 his father moved the family to the town of Alton, Illinois. They started a farm. He worked the family farm until his late teens when he enrolled in McKendree College. He spent a year there before moving on to Shurtleff College in Alton in 1846.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>That year, Loveland developed pleurisy, a painful lung affliction. Loveland's doctor recommended he move to a warmer climate. Loveland did not have money. However, the Mexican-American War had begun that year. The war offered Loveland three things he needed: pay, relocation, and adventure. He answered an ad for government teamsters in a St. Louis newspaper. Loveland moved to the city and began working for the army. He was sent to New Orleans. From there he went to Veracruz, Mexico, in 1847.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Teamster, Prospector, Traveler</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although he was a teamster, not a soldier, Loveland saw plenty of action in the Mexican-American War. Defending supplies in hostile territory put him in harm’s way. Outnumbered American commanders sometimes called teamsters into battle. In September 1847, Loveland was wounded by artillery. He spent months recovering in Mexico City before he was cleared to go home.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland returned to Illinois in 1848 to finish college. One year later, the lure of gold drew him to California. He prospected in Grass Valley, north of Sacramento. Loveland built the first house there. He didn't have much luck prospecting. Loveland gave his tools, cabin, and claim to three other prospectors from Boston. He moved to San Francisco. His health was again in decline. He later told a New York newspaper, “I had given up all hope of living any longer.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland’s kindness caught up with him. By chance, he ran into those same Boston men in a San Francisco saloon. To repay Loveland’s earlier gifts, the men gave him medicine. They also paid for him to go to Central America. There Loveland hoped to regain his health. In 1851 Loveland arrived at Lake Nicaragua. He made a full recovery. Loveland worked with the local government on a canal project there. However, it was never completed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In July 1851, Loveland returned to Brighton, Illinois. He began a merchandising business. In 1852, he married his first wife, Phelena Shaw. The couple had no children. Phelena died in 1854. Loveland remarried in 1856, wedding Miranda Ann Montgomery of Alton. The couple welcomed their first child in 1857. Another son was born in 1859.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Life in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland again became restless. In May 1859, he joined the Colorado Gold Rush. Loveland made his way to present-day Golden where he saw a business opportunity. He opened the town’s first general store. Loveland built the first house. He began surveying new transportation routes. In 1863–64, Loveland built the first wagon road up Clear Creek Canyon. By that time, coal-fired stamp mills had begun to replace stream-panning prospectors. Loveland capitalized on the fuel needs of the newly industrialized mining industry. He opened the state’s first coal mine.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland’s experience with roads and coal made him aware of Golden’s need for a railroad connection. In 1865 Loveland formed the Colorado &amp; Clear Creek Railroad company. The company was renamed the Colorado Central. By the end of 1868, the Colorado Central had completed eleven miles of grade from Golden up to the mines along Clear Creek.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thanks in large part to Loveland’s leadership, Golden became the economic hub of Colorado in the early 1860s. In 1862 Golden was named capital of the Colorado Territory. The territorial legislature met in a building erected by Loveland. Golden remained the territorial capitol until 1867. That's when wealthy Denverites secured funds to build a railroad that would link to the transcontinental line at Cheyenne, Wyoming.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland remained loyal to Golden. He and his wife donated six blocks of land for the creation of a church. In 1874, after pressuring the legislature to pass a bill establishing a mining college in Golden, Loveland was named first president of Colorado School of Mines.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The following year, the Colorado Central was absorbed by the Kansas Pacific Railroad. By 1876, Loveland was back in charge. As the railroad branched out along the Front Range, the new town of Loveland was named after him. By 1879 the Colorado Central had fallen into bankruptcy. The railroad was leased to the Union Pacific for fifty years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Politics</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1878, two years after Colorado achieved statehood, Loveland ran for governor on the Democratic ticket. He promised to represent all interests. A newspaper article covering the election described Loveland as “a man of the people and in sympathy with the working classes.” “His splendid executive ability,” it went on, “is acknowledged by even his worst enemies and should he be elected to the office of governor, there is no danger but all the interests of the state will be safe in his hands.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite his reputation, Loveland lost to Frederick W. Pitkin. One year later, the Democrats nominated Loveland for the office of US senator. The seat went to Republican Nathaniel P. Hill. Still, in 1880 Colorado Democrats had enough faith in Loveland to name him as their choice for presidential candidate at the national convention in Cincinnati, Ohio. The 5–1 vote among the state’s delegates was the first time Coloradans of either party had put forward one of their own as a presidential candidate. However, Loveland was brushed aside at the national level. The Democrats chose Winfield Scott Hancock of Pennsylvania as their nominee.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Death and Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland spent his later years in Lakewood, Colorado. He died on December 17, 1894. An obituary in the Denver Times gushed that “a no more glorious wreath can be laid upon the tomb of any man than that which symbolizes his leadership among Colorado pioneers.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, most Coloradans know William Loveland via the city and mountain pass that bear his name. His contributions to the state went far beyond railroads and surveys. He helped shape Colorado's meteoric rise in the national consciousness.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>William Austin Hamilton Loveland (1826–94) was a businessman, railroad executive, and politician in early Colorado. Loveland arrived in Colorado during the Colorado Gold Rush. He played a role in the development of Golden. Loveland put up the city’s first buildings and the area’s first wagon road. He is also said to have established the state’s first coal mine.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland went on to establish the Colorado Central Railroad. He also ran for governor of Colorado. Loveland was even nominated for the presidency of the United States. The city of Loveland, founded along his railroad in southern Larimer County, is named after him. So is Loveland Pass, which he explored on one of his many surveying trips. Loveland is remembered as an energetic leader who was responsible for some of the most important developments in Colorado history.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>William A.H. Loveland was born in 1826 in Chatham, Massachusetts. Little is known about his mother. His father, Rev. Leonard Loveland, was a Methodist minister and veteran of the War of 1812. A year after he was born, William’s family moved to Rhode Island. At the age of eight he began work in a cotton factory. In 1837 his father moved the family to the fledgling town of Alton, Illinois. They started a farm. William was known to his friends as “Bill.”  He worked the family farm until his late teens when he enrolled in McKendree College. He spent a year there before moving on to Shurtleff College in Alton in 1846.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>That year, Loveland developed pleurisy, a painful lung affliction. His doctor recommended he relocate to a warmer climate. Loveland did not have money to move. However, the Mexican-American War had begun that year. The war offered Loveland three things he needed: pay, relocation, and adventure. He answered an ad for government teamsters in a St. Louis newspaper, moved to the city, and began working for the army. He was sent to New Orleans. From there he went to Veracruz, Mexico, in 1847.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Teamster, Prospector, Traveler</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although he was a teamster, not a soldier, Loveland saw plenty of action in the Mexican-American War. Defending supplies in hostile territory put him in harm’s way. Outnumbered American commanders sometimes called teamsters into battle. At the Battle of Chapultepec in September 1847, Loveland was wounded by artillery. He spent months recovering in Mexico City before he was cleared to go home.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland returned to Illinois in 1848 intending to finish college. One year later, however, the lure of gold drew him to California. He prospected in Grass Valley, north of Sacramento, and built the first house there. Loveland had only minimal luck. He gave his tools, cabin, and claim to three other prospectors from Boston and moved to San Francisco. His health was again in decline. He later told a New York newspaper, “I had given up all hope of living any longer.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>But then Loveland’s kindness caught up with him; by chance, he ran into those same Boston men in a San Francisco saloon, and to repay Loveland’s earlier gifts, they gave him some medicine and paid for his transport to Central America, where he hoped to regain his health. In 1851 Loveland arrived at Lake Nicaragua, where he made a full recovery. He worked with the local government on a canal project there, but it was never completed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In July 1851, Loveland returned to Brighton, Illinois, where he began a merchandising business. In 1852 he married his first wife, Phelena Shaw. The couple had no children, and Phelena died in 1854. Loveland remarried in 1856, wedding Miranda Ann Montgomery of Alton. The couple welcomed their first child, a son named Francis William, in 1857, and another son, William Leonard, in 1859.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Life in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Having regained his health and started a family, Loveland again became restless. In May 1859, he joined the Colorado Gold Rush and made his way to present-day Golden, where he saw an immense business opportunity. He opened the fledgling town’s first general store, built the first house, and began surveying new transportation routes that would ease commerce in the area. In 1863–64, Loveland built the first wagon road up Clear Creek Canyon. By that time, coal-fired stamp mills had begun to replace stream-panning prospectors, and Loveland capitalized on the fuel needs of the newly industrialized mining industry by opening the state’s first coal mine.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland’s experience with roads and coal undoubtedly contributed to his awareness of Golden’s other great need—a railroad connection. In 1865 Loveland formed the Colorado &amp; Clear Creek Railroad company, which was eventually renamed the Colorado Central. Construction could not begin until financial stability was achieved in 1868, but by the end of that year the Colorado Central had completed eleven miles of grade from Golden up to the mines along Clear Creek.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thanks in large part to Loveland’s enterprise and leadership, Golden became the economic hub of Colorado in the early 1860s. In 1862 Golden was named capital of the Colorado Territory, and the territorial legislature met in a building erected by Loveland. As a hub for the state’s first major railway, Golden remained the territorial capitol until 1867, when wealthy Denverites secured funds to build a railroad (the Denver Pacific) that would link to the transcontinental line at Cheyenne, Wyoming.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The capital may have shifted to Denver, but Loveland remained loyal to Golden. He and his wife donated six blocks of land for the establishment of a Presbyterian church. In 1874, after pressuring the legislature to pass a bill establishing a mining college in Golden, Loveland was named first president of Colorado School of Mines.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The following year, the Colorado Central was absorbed by the Kansas Pacific Railroad, which had already taken over the Denver Pacific. By 1876, however, Loveland was back in charge, and as the railroad branched out along the Front Range, the new town of Loveland was named after him. By 1879 the Colorado Central had again fallen into bankruptcy, and the railroad was leased to the Union Pacific for fifty years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Politics</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1878, two years after Colorado achieved statehood, Loveland ran for governor on the Democratic ticket. Upon receiving the party’s nomination, Loveland promised to represent “all interests, mineral, agricultural, and pastoral.” A newspaper article covering the election described Loveland as “emphatically a man of the people and in sympathy with the working classes.” “His splendid executive ability,” it went on, “is acknowledged by even his worst enemies and should he be elected to the office of governor, there is no danger but all the interests of the state will be safe in his hands.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite his popularity and reputation, Loveland lost the contest to Frederick W. Pitkin. One year later, the Democrats nominated Loveland for the office of US senator, but the seat instead went to Republican Nathaniel P. Hill. Still, in 1880 Colorado Democrats evidently had enough faith in Loveland to name him as their choice for presidential candidate at the national convention in Cincinnati, Ohio. The 5–1 vote among the state’s delegates was the first time Coloradans of either party had put forward one of their own as a presidential candidate. However, Loveland was brushed aside at the national level, as the Democrats chose Winfield Scott Hancock of Pennsylvania as their nominee.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Death and Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland spent his later years in Lakewood, Colorado. After enduring the loss of a young grandson, he died on December 17, 1894. An obituary in the Denver Times gushed that “a no more glorious wreath can be laid upon the tomb of any man than that which symbolizes his leadership among Colorado pioneers.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, most Coloradans know William Loveland via the city and mountain pass that bear his name. Yet his contributions to the state went far beyond railroads and surveys—he was a superstar personality whose gentlemanly reputation and active leadership not only steered the physical development of Colorado, but also helped its meteoric rise in the national consciousness of late nineteenth-century America.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 15 Jan 2020 22:14:31 +0000 yongli 3116 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Loveland C&S Rail Depot http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/loveland-cs-rail-depot <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Loveland C&amp;S Rail Depot</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-19T13:01:56-06:00" title="Friday, May 19, 2017 - 13:01" class="datetime">Fri, 05/19/2017 - 13:01</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/loveland-cs-rail-depot" data-a2a-title="Loveland C&amp;S Rail Depot"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Floveland-cs-rail-depot&amp;title=Loveland%20C%26S%20Rail%20Depot"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Whether it was stagecoaches on the <a href="/article/overland-trail">Overland Trail</a>, steam locomotives bringing crops to market, or automobiles carrying tourists to nearby <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park">Rocky Mountain National Park</a>, the city of <strong>Loveland</strong> has long served as a transportation hub along Colorado’s <a href="/article/front-range">Front Range</a>. The city’s Colorado &amp; Southern Railway Depot, built in 1902 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, is a testament to Loveland’s transportation history. Today the historic depot at East Fifth Street and Railroad Avenue houses two local businesses—Sports Station American Grill, which opened in 2006, and The Armory, a community office space that opened in 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland was built around its first train station, a single-story red brick building that went up in 1878 to serve <a href="/article/william-ah-loveland"><strong>William A.H. Loveland</strong></a>’s <strong>Colorado Central Railroad</strong> (CCR). The city quickly developed into a shipping hub for the region’s agricultural products, and by the turn of the century, it had outgrown the original station. In 1901 the <strong>Great Western Sugar Company</strong> built a beet factory in Loveland, resulting in a huge increase in freight traffic to and from the city. While the factory was being built, the Colorado &amp; Southern Railway (C&amp;S), the CCR’s successor, laid a spur line to the factory. C&amp;S officials also announced that a new depot was in the works.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado &amp; Southern architect Charles B. Martin drew up plans for a new two-building depot in the Romanesque Revival style, with arches playing a prominent role in the design. Bricks from the original CCR depot were included in the new station’s platform, and the new buildings—one for passengers and one for freight—were completed in November 1902. Great Western Sugar incorporated its own rail line that year, building northeast from Loveland to Eaton and south to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>. This put the Loveland C&amp;S depot at the heart of the Front Range <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet industry</strong></a>, but sugar beets were not the only precious cargo unloaded at the depot.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1910s, the Loveland C&amp;S depot served as a launch point for tourists traveling west to the mountains. Beginning in 1906, the Loveland-Estes Park Transportation Company used Stanley Steamers—steam-powered automobiles invented by Freelan Stanley—to shuttle passengers from the C&amp;S depot to Estes Park. By 1912 the C&amp;S was running four passenger trains daily from Denver, two trains from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a>, and one from Cheyenne, Wyoming, to its Loveland depot, where passengers were then driven to the <strong><a href="/article/stanley-hotel">Stanley Hotel</a> </strong>and other destinations. Travel to Estes Park increased after the establishment of <strong><a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park">Rocky Mountain National Park</a></strong> in 1915.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the rise in automobile ownership over the next few decades, passenger train travel dropped off sharply. Loveland’s freight traffic also declined as the regional economy diversified, and the depot closed in 1980. Since then, the depot buildings have housed a variety of businesses, including restaurants, shops, and offices. The Loveland C&amp;S depot was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today the former passenger building of the Loveland depot houses Sports Station American Grill, and the former freight building is home to The Armory, a shared workspace for freelancers and other professionals. The restaurant kept the original benches lining the building’s interior perimeter but transformed the platform into an enclosed play area for children.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-southern-railroad" hreflang="en">colorado &amp; southern railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland" hreflang="en">loveland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland-history" hreflang="en">loveland history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland-colorado-southern-depot" hreflang="en">loveland colorado &amp; southern depot</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/railroads" hreflang="en">railroads</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland-cs-depot" hreflang="en">loveland C&amp;S depot</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland-railroad-depot" hreflang="en">loveland railroad depot</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>C. W. Buchholtz, “<a href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/romo/buchholtz/chap5.htm">For the Benefit and Enjoyment of the People</a>,” in <em>Rocky Mountain National Park: A History </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1983; online version published by the National Park Service, updated December 26, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Clayton B. Fraser and Jennifer H. Strand, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/crforms_edumat/pdfs/625.pdf">Railroads in Colorado 1858–1948</a>,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (March 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Historical Society (History Colorado), “Colorado and Southern Railway Depot,” Historic Building Inventory Form, 1982.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“How to Reach Estes Park,” <em>Estes Park Trail</em>, June 29, 1912.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lee Morrow, “<a href="http://focus.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=0fc90ce2-795d-4857-80d3-fc85405c5f23">Colorado and Southern Railway Depot</a>,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (May 1982).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sports Station American Grill, “<a href="https://bestcoloradosportsbar.com/">History</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Craig Young, “<a href="https://www.reporterherald.com/2012/03/24/co-working-gives-mobile-workers-an-office-and-a-group-of-collaborators-video/">Co-working gives mobile workers an office and a group of collaborators</a>,” <em>Reporter-Herald </em>(Loveland), March 24, 2012.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>C. W. Buchholtz, “<a href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/romo/buchholtz/chap5.htm">For the Benefit and Enjoyment of the People</a>,” in <em>Rocky Mountain National Park: A History </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1983; online version published by the National Park Service, updated December 26, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Clayton B. Fraser and Jennifer H. Strand, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/crforms_edumat/pdfs/625.pdf">Railroads in Colorado 1858–1948</a>,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (March 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Historical Society (History Colorado), “Colorado and Southern Railway Depot,” Historic Building Inventory Form, 1982.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“How to Reach Estes Park,” <em>Estes Park Trail</em>, June 29, 1912.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lee Morrow, “<a href="http://focus.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=0fc90ce2-795d-4857-80d3-fc85405c5f23">Colorado and Southern Railway Depot</a>,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (May 1982).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sports Station American Grill, “<a href="https://bestcoloradosportsbar.com/">History</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Craig Young, “<a href="https://www.reporterherald.com/2012/03/24/co-working-gives-mobile-workers-an-office-and-a-group-of-collaborators-video/">Co-working gives mobile workers an office and a group of collaborators</a>,” <em>Reporter-Herald </em>(Loveland), March 24, 2012.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 19 May 2017 19:01:56 +0000 yongli 2588 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Downtown Loveland Historic District http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/downtown-loveland-historic-district <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Downtown Loveland Historic District</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-16T16:48:39-06:00" title="Tuesday, May 16, 2017 - 16:48" class="datetime">Tue, 05/16/2017 - 16:48</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/downtown-loveland-historic-district" data-a2a-title="Downtown Loveland Historic District"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdowntown-loveland-historic-district&amp;title=Downtown%20Loveland%20Historic%20District"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Centered on East Fourth Street, the Downtown Loveland Historic District comprises nine square blocks of the town’s original commercial district. Most of the district lies within the original town plat, and at least fourteen of its fifty-eight buildings date to the late nineteenth century. On account of its importance to the early and continued development of <strong>Loveland</strong>, the district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The town of Loveland was<strong> </strong>established in 1877 and named for <a href="/article/william-ah-loveland"><strong>William A.H. Loveland</strong></a>, president of the <strong>Colorado Central Railroad</strong>. The town quickly developed from a railroad stop into an agricultural hub for local farmers, then into a commercial and political center in southeastern <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>. Today the town supports a population of about 71,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Establishment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Loveland traces its beginnings back to the family of Mariano Medina, a Hispano trapper from Taos, New Mexico, who established a <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homestead</strong></a> along the Big Thompson River in 1858. The homestead soon grew into a small settlement thanks to its location along the Cherokee and <strong><a href="/article/overland-trail">Overland</a> </strong>trails, which both saw increased traffic during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>. Other families followed the Medinas, forming a community of homesteads in the Big Thompson valley. Traffic along the stagecoach trails declined as railroads expanded in the 1870s, and in 1877 William Loveland established the town of Loveland as he built his Colorado Central Railroad (CCR) north from <a href="/article/golden-0"><strong>Golden</strong></a> to link up with the transcontinental route in Cheyenne, Wyoming.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Development of Loveland’s “Main Street”—East Fourth Street—began with John L. Herzinger and Samuel B. Harter’s two-story brick mercantile building, finished in 1878. Within the next year or two came the CCR depot and the Loveland Hotel. By 1886 East Fourth Street had a number of businesses, including banks, grocers, churches, tailors, drugstores, and furniture stores, as well as the Bartholf Opera House, which opened in 1884. Lumberyards and liveries, such as the Orvis and Corbin lumberyard and the Foote and Stoddard Livery, lie on the east end of downtown, while the Loveland Farmers Milling &amp; Elevator Company moved to the west side.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Twentieth-Century Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Already a bustling district by the turn of the century, downtown Loveland further benefited from the Great Western Sugar Company’s sugar beet processing factory, completed northeast of downtown in 1901. The first such facility in northeastern Colorado, the factory led to an agricultural boom in the region and within the city limits. Loveland’s population more than tripled between 1900 and 1910, and twenty-four of the downtown historic district’s buildings were constructed between 1900 and 1909. The first three-story brick buildings went up during this period, including the Majestic Theatre in 1903 and the Union Block—today’s Lincoln Hotel—in 1905.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Like many other towns in the early twentieth century, the complexion of Loveland’s downtown district changed with the increasing popularity of the automobile. In Loveland, however, this change was brought about by the creation of <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a> (RMNP), to the west, in 1915. Downtown businesses developed to serve the needs of motorists traveling to and from the park. B. L. Bonnell’s garage at 104 East Fourth Street helped repair and service automobiles and later became a series of car dealerships. Other downtown businesses equipped to serve RMNP tourists included the Loveland Steam Laundry, built in 1912, and the Lovelander Hotel, built in 1912–13.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>One of the most notable architects who worked on buildings in Loveland’s historic district was Robert Fuller, a disciple of the famous <a href="/article/robert-s-roeschlaub"><strong>Robert S. Roeschlaub</strong></a> and coheir to the Roeschlaub architecture firm. Fuller developed an addition to the Lovelander Hotel in 1919, designed the <strong>Rialto Theater</strong> on East Fourth Street in 1920, and redesigned the Herzinger &amp; Harter/El Centro Building in 1930. Aside from Fuller’s work, other buildings remodeled between 1920 and 1940 include the Larimer County Bank and Trust Building in 1927 and the Bartholf Opera House in 1925 and 1938.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1940s, downtown Loveland featured few undeveloped lots, and aside from a few building facelifts, relatively little new construction occurred thereafter. Beginning in the early 1970s, the town’s economy diversified to include computer manufacturing and bronze statuary. After the closure of the Great Western factory in 1985, Loveland’s downtown district tilted even more toward commercial art, especially sculpture. The city’s Art in Public Places program provided markets for local artists, and with the establishment of several casting foundries, the historic downtown district became a haven for galleries and studios. Today the city of Loveland is home to 200 unique sculpture pieces and ranks among the top artistic cities in the nation.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On account of the downtown district’s role in Loveland’s early development and the city’s transition from a purely agricultural economy to a more diverse, creative center, city officials began efforts to list the district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. In 2009 the city received a grant from the State Historical Fund to survey buildings and place the district in the register, but the grant was ultimately returned over the objections of business owners, who worried that the designation might incur excessive restrictions.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After spending a few years lobbying city council members and easing the concerns of business owners, city officials were ready for another attempt at placement in the National Register. In 2013, with another grant from the State Historical Fund, the city hired consultant Carl McWilliams of Cultural Resource Historians in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> to draft a National Register nomination form for the district. Two years later, the Downtown Loveland Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Three plaques at the corner of Fourth Street and Lincoln Avenue now commemorate the designation, and city officials are working to incorporate the district into a revamped heritage tourism circuit in Loveland.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland" hreflang="en">loveland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/downtown-loveland" hreflang="en">downtown loveland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland-history" hreflang="en">loveland history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/downtown-loveland-historic-district" hreflang="en">downtown loveland historic district</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland-historic-district" hreflang="en">loveland historic district</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wah-loveland" hreflang="en">w.a.h. loveland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/larimer-county" hreflang="en">larimer county</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Kenneth Jessen, “<a href="https://www.reporterherald.com/2014/07/26/spanish-speaking-mariano-medina-built-a-fort/">Spanish-speaking Mariano Medina built a fort</a>,” <em>Reporter-Herald </em>(Loveland), July 26, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jessica Maher, “<a href="https://www.reporterherald.com/2013/06/19/loveland-receives-grant-to-work-on-downtown-historic-district/">Loveland receives grant to work on downtown historic district</a>,” <em>Reporter-Herald </em>(Loveland), June 19, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carl McWilliams, “Downtown Loveland Historic District,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (October 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Michelle Vendegna, “<a href="https://www.reporterherald.com/2016/07/13/plaques-installed-in-loveland-for-national-register-of-historical-places/">Plaques installed in Loveland for National Register of Historical Places</a>,” <em>Reporter-Herald </em>(Loveland), July 13, 2016.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>City of Loveland, “<a href="http://www.cityofloveland.org/departments/development-services/community-strategic-planning/historic-preservation/national-downtown-historic-district">National Downtown Historic District</a>”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jason Marmor and Carl McWilliams, “Loveland Preservation Survey,” report for the City of Loveland Cultural Services Department, December 1999.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carl McWilliams and Karen McWilliams, “Historic Loveland Residences, Cultural Resource Survey,” May 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kenneth Jessen, <em>Railroads of Northern Colorado</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1982).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 16 May 2017 22:48:39 +0000 yongli 2576 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org