%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en A Confluence of Cultures: An Introduction to the Community Section http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/confluence-cultures-introduction-community-section <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">A Confluence of Cultures: An Introduction to the Community Section</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2745--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2745.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/early-denver-illustration"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Community_in_Colorado_Media1_0.jpg?itok=1N8D2Bwe" width="1090" height="754" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/early-denver-illustration" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Early Denver Illustration</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>An artist's depiction of early Denver, c. 1859. The drawing shows the confluence of Cherry Creek (foreground) with the South Platte River, with early cabins, tents, and wagons on the Creek's left bank and Indian tipis on the right.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-09-13T15:27:24-06:00" title="Wednesday, September 13, 2017 - 15:27" class="datetime">Wed, 09/13/2017 - 15:27</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/confluence-cultures-introduction-community-section" data-a2a-title="A Confluence of Cultures: An Introduction to the Community Section"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fconfluence-cultures-introduction-community-section&amp;title=A%20Confluence%20of%20Cultures%3A%20An%20Introduction%20to%20the%20Community%20Section"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>One popular vision of Colorado presents a region of open spaces where a lone man rides into the setting sun. He is strong, silent, and through individual effort manages to save the girl, bring in the cattle, and haul the “bad guys” off to jail, all before the credits roll. This is the individualist Colorado where each resident pulls him or herself up through their own efforts.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Another ideal appears in old photographs seen in exhibits in local historical societies. In these pictures a group of families stands around a partly finished home or barn, proudly showing off the results of their communal handiwork. They are another side of Colorado, a communitarian place where important endeavors come from the combined labors of like-minded neighbors. Both images form part of the story of settlement in our state. To these, a historian might add others including ethnic, urban, and industrial Colorados. None of these exists in isolation but are interdependent, often existing in the same space.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Community is the glue that holds society together. As such, the idea of community reaches into every aspect of our history. This section of the <em>Colorado Encyclopedia</em> might, at first, seem like a broad mixture of people, places, and events. But each in its own way contributes to our greater understanding of the pivotal role community plays in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado is a blend of rural, urban, and suburban settlements. The bulk of our population centers along Interstate 25, from the Wyoming border on the north to New Mexico on the south. The <strong><a href="/article/front-range">Front Range</a></strong>’s largest cities are, from south to north, <strong><a href="/article/colorado-springs">Colorado Springs</a></strong>, <strong>Aurora</strong>, <strong><a href="/article/denver">Denver</a></strong>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a> is the largest city in the south-central region. Surrounding each major city are communities we call suburbs. Some came into existence as cities grew, while others are cities in their own right that have residents who commute to jobs in the urban core.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Beyond the urban core are the many smaller cities that dot our countryside from border to border: <strong>Trinidad</strong> in southern Colorado, <strong>Burlington</strong> on the Eastern Plains, <strong>Alamosa</strong> in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>, <strong>Durango</strong> in the southwest, <strong><a href="/article/grand-junction">Grand Junction</a></strong> in the west, and <a href="/article/aspen">Aspen</a> in the mountains. Additionally, we have many small towns, ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand residents nestled into our landscape. Finally, there are the scattered farms and ranches that each comprise no more than a few families. These areas are centers of community in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Our journey into learning about Colorado communities begins with some basic ideas. First, communities are both diverse and homogenous. The parts make up the whole but they do not always do so smoothly. Members live by political, religious, and cultural rules that most people agree to follow. On the other hand there are other, less clear expectations of how we are all going to live together. These can change over time as notions about culture or politics evolve. New group members bring in their own expectations, meaning that in this sense community is negotiated. For it to function we need to have some common understandings and the flexibility to work out our differences.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Boom, Bust, and Survival</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado’s first communities were nomadic, consisting of people who lived in portable dwellings and moved to find food. These indigenous communities, such as the <strong><a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region">Ancestral Pueblo</a></strong> of <strong><a href="/article/mesa-verde-national-park">Mesa Verde</a></strong> or the Nuche (<strong><a href="/search/google/ute">Ute</a></strong>), <strong>Arapaho</strong>, and <strong>Cheyenne</strong> of the mountains and plains, were made up of small groups of extended families who developed a very rudimentary system of keeping order as they struggled to survive and build families. They did not have permanent homes, but they had permanent homelands. Later nomadic groups included Hispano sheepherders who seasonally grazed sheep in the high country or the cowboys who tended cattle in cow camps or small ranches in mountain valleys, plateaus, or on the plains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As these people settled down, they built various kinds of dwellings, including the multi-story stone villages of the Ancestral Puebloans, the log cabins of early miners, or the sod houses of homesteaders on the plains. One thing that many of these settlements had in common was that fortune did not always smile on the inhabitants. Most likely due to climatic and social shifts, Mesa Verde became a ruined village that now supports another kind of community: a National Park Service site with resident park staff and numerous visitors. Many of Colorado’s mining towns became ghost towns, abandoned to nature’s ravages and to the curious gaze of visitors arriving on four-wheelers, on foot, and on cross-country skis. Homesteaders often found themselves defeated by either the harsh <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>climate</strong></a> of the plains—which challenged the notion that “rain followed the plow”—or by a railroad that decided to bypass their communities.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Over time, though, some of these communities became small towns. They tended to be homogenous, usually with a common ethnicity and people interrelated by birth and marriage. <a href="/article/san-luis"><strong>San Luis</strong></a> (1851) and <strong>Guadalupe </strong>(1854) in the San Luis Valley are examples of some of the oldest Hispano towns in our state. Their families are descendants of the earliest Spanish-speaking residents of the land grants created by Spain, beginning in the 1600s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For many years the town of Keota, on the plains of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a>, was a typical example of farming and ranching communities around the state. It was where country people came to shop, see a doctor, and sell their products to middle-men who came in on the local branch of the Chicago, Burlington &amp; Quincy rail line. Now it is a ghost town, brought down by drought, unfavorable markets, and loss of the railroad. The railroad abandoned those tracks in 1975; the town died shortly thereafter. All around the state there are other towns like Keota that existed because of the boost that the railroads gave to mining or agriculture.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Other towns, however, managed to survive hard times. <strong>Craig</strong> in north-central Colorado is a coal mining town that also has nearby ranches, a thriving downtown, and a community college. <a href="/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a>, in the Central Rockies, survived both a disastrous crash in silver prices in the 1890s and a downturn in molybdenum prices in the 1980s. Its illustrious residents included <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/horace-tabor"><strong>Horace</strong></a>, <a href="/article/augusta-tabor"><strong>Augusta</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elizabeth-“baby-doe”-tabor"><strong>Baby Doe Tabor</strong></a>, as well as J. J. and Margaret Brown. During World War II the temporary community of the <a href="/article/tenth-mountain-division"><strong>Tenth Mountain Division</strong></a> of the US Army trained nearby at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/camp-hale"><strong>Camp Hale</strong></a>. Troops still train in the mountains around Leadville. Modern Leadville survives by being home to a branch of Colorado Mountain College and the National Mining Museum and Hall of Fame. Nearby ski areas draw additional visitors and residents, and the annual burro race between Leadville and <a href="/article/fairplay"><strong>Fairplay</strong></a> recalls mining history and brings in outdoor enthusiasts.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Government-grown Communities</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Still other small towns grew up into cities, sometimes with the help of a state or federal agency. <strong>Lamar</strong>, far out on the Eastern Plains, is one of many towns with community colleges; Durango has <a href="/article/fort-lewis-college"><strong>Fort Lewis College</strong></a>, while <a href="/article/golden">Golden</a>, once a contender for state capitol, is home to the <strong>Colorado School of Mines</strong>. Grand Junction has Colorado Mesa State University; Alamosa has <strong>Adams State University,</strong> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a>—perhaps Colorado’s biggest cow town—has the <strong>University of Northern Colorado</strong>, which is still the main teachers’ college in the state. <strong>Cañon City</strong>, <strong><a href="/article/sterling">Sterling</a></strong>, and <strong>Buena Vista</strong> have prisons. Cortez, in the southwestern corner, relies on tourists coming to see Mesa Verde National Park.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Like many other states in the American West, Colorado’s large cities also owe a good deal of their growth to state or federal institutions. Military installations have been especially important to Colorado Springs, which is home to the <strong><a href="/article/united-states-air-force-academy">US Air Force Academy</a></strong>, <strong>Peterson Air Base</strong>, <strong><a href="/article/norad">NORAD</a></strong> in <strong><a href="/article/cheyenne-mountain">Cheyenne Mountain</a></strong> and <strong>Fort Carson</strong> Army Base. <strong><a href="/article/boulder">Boulder</a></strong> has the main branch of the University of Colorado, as well as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Bureau of Standards. Pueblo has the Colorado Mental Health Institute at Pueblo as well as a branch of Colorado State University (CSU), whose main campus is in Fort Collins. The Denver metropolitan area is home to the largest group of federal agencies outside of Washington, DC, including the veterans’ hospital and a major federal courthouse (the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals). The National Archives Denver Branch is in <strong><a href="/article/city-and-county-broomfield">Broomfield</a></strong>, the Federal Center is in Lakewood, and Buckley Air Force Base is in Aurora.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The newest must-have jobs, however, are not in government but in technology. Google is a major employer in the Front Range. Its workers tend to be young, well-educated migrants from other areas of the United States. These institutions contribute to Colorado having a highly educated population. Business and industry contribute to community growth. Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, and the Ball Corporation have all brought in jobs requiring a variety of highly educated workers. If you look at working-class jobs, in Golden you see the impact that Coors Brewing Company and its subsidiaries have made there. Coors founder <strong><a href="/article/adolph-coors">Adolph Coors</a></strong> helped make Golden a center of the national brewing industry. Oil and gas production are major employers around the state, swelling large and small towns with largely male, heavily transient workers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ethnic Communities</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Historically, mines, railroads, packing plants, farms, and smelters employed immigrant workers. The gold and silver mining era brought the Irish to Colorado. They settled in Denver, Leadville, and later in the <strong><a href="/article/cripple-creek">Cripple Creek</a></strong> district, forming social groups such as the Ancient Order of Hibernians. Industrial enterprises such as coal mining and smelting drew many other Europeans, such as the Cornish, Welsh, Poles, and Slovenians. These groups worked in steel and box factories, rail shops, and packing plants in Globeville and South Pueblo. These immigrants lived in ethnic enclaves that resembled the neighborhoods of Chicago, Pittsburgh, Detroit, and other Midwest industrial cities. Though they did not always get along, industrial workers did share the hardship of the workplace, which led them to join unions and oppose exploitative management. The diversity and solidarity of Colorado’s miners was on display in the tragic <a href="/article/ludlow-massacre"><strong>Ludlow Massacre</strong></a> of 1914, when Italian-American, Mexican-American, Greek, and Anglo-American coal miners were killed by state militia in the aftermath of a strike.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, the labor-intensive <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet industry</strong></a> drew Japanese and Germans from Russia (<em>Volga Deutsch</em>), who built communities near the beet processing plants in places like Fort Collins, <strong>Brighton</strong>, and <a href="/article/fort-morgan"><strong>Fort Morgan</strong></a>. Today, Colorado’s industrial and agricultural economies rely on other newcomers from many different world regions; communities of Somalis or Mexican immigrants now staff the packing plants in Fort Morgan and in Greeley, while Mexicans and Central Americans work on many of the state’s farms and ranches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many of Colorado’s industries have, over the years, drawn specific groups of either immigrant or native ethnic groups. Adolph Coors and his contemporaries at Zang or <a href="/article/tivoli-brewery"><strong>Tivoli Brewing</strong></a> originally hired Southern German Catholics to work in their breweries. This led to Germans settling close to work in ethnic enclaves such as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver"><strong>Auraria</strong></a> neighborhood in Denver or in Golden. Hard rock mining drew English, Irish, Welsh, and Cornish immigrants. The miners of the Cripple Creek district banded together to organize the Western Federation of Miners, a union that supported members in good times and bad.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Other Types of Communities</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When people refer to communities, they generally do so in the macrocosmic sense. They think cities, towns, and villages. But we also need to consider communities as microcosms. They can be at their most powerful when they organize as small groups at the grass-roots level. The most influential are the intentional communities created around common religious, ideological, and political beliefs. Groups that come together because of a common interest in literature, art, sports, science, or exploring the outdoors can also have meaningful impacts on individuals and societies.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado has many religious and spiritual groups, including Christians, Jews, Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus, Sikhs, Pagans, and people who are non-believers. Religion is both personal and social, but what most have in common is the creation of a community for their followers. They build churches, temples, mosques, and places in the open air to practice their forms of worship. Some sponsor schools, while others build hospitals and other organizations that give back to society.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Methodists created Colorado Seminary, which later became the <strong>University of Denver</strong>, Colorado’s first institution of higher education. The brainchild of Colorado’s second governor, <a href="/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>, it opened in 1864. A group of exiled Jesuit teachers created the College of the Sacred Heart in 1877, which became Regis College in 1921, then Regis University in 1991. Other religious schools followed, including the Presbyterian <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/westminster-university"><strong>Westminster University</strong></a> in present-day Westminster. It opened in 1908, but within a decade most of its students went off to fight in <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i">World War I</a>.</strong> The evangelical Pillar of Fire Church took over the Westminster campus and opened its own college there in 1920. It has been Belleview Christian School since 1926. Pillar of Fire originally allied with the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ku-klux-klan-colorado"><strong>Ku Klux Klan</strong></a> but repudiated its alliance in 1997. Colorado’s most recent private, evangelical university is Colorado Christian University.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Several lay and religious groups also developed hospitals to serve the state’s growing population. These became intentional communities of their own, with doctors, nurses, and other staff working together to save lives. One of the earliest efforts was the <strong>Arapahoe County Hospital</strong>, a county-run institution that opened its doors in 1860. In 1873 the Sisters of Charity of Leavenworth, Kansas, opened St. Vincent’s Hospital, which became <strong>St. Joseph Hospital</strong> in 1876. The Episcopalians, under Bishop John Spalding, created <a href="/article/st-luke%E2%80%99s-hospital"><strong>St. Luke’s Hospital</strong></a> in 1881. The Presbyterians followed suit with Presbyterian Hospital in 1926. Around the state there were numerous <strong><a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado">tuberculosis</a></strong> sanatoria, including National Jewish, the <strong><a href="/article/swedish-national-sanatorium">Swedish National Tuberculosis Sanatorium</a></strong>, the Jewish Consumptive Relief Society, and the Woodmen Hospital in Colorado Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Another effort was led by the Poor Sisters of Saint Francis Seraph of Perpetual Adoration, who came to manage the Union Pacific Hospital in 1883 and then later created St. Anthony Hospital in 1884. The Sisters spread out and founded hospitals around Colorado, including many in mining camps.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Spiritual groups have also created living communities in Colorado. Shambala, in the mountains near Boulder, is a Buddhist retreat. The Sunrise Ranch near <strong>Loveland</strong> or the Sonrise Mountain Ranch in the Big Cimarron River valley of the <strong><a href="/article/san-juan-mountains">San Juan Mountains</a></strong> in southwestern Colorado are Christian communities. These centers have both permanent and transient populations who have a common spiritual focus. They are, in many ways, utopian communities.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the post–Civil War era, Greeley, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>, and Fort Collins began as utopian farming communities. Intent on building sober centers of commerce, religion, and culture—as opposed to the debauchery-ridden mining camps—the planners of these communities carried the same spirit as people earlier in the 1800s who drew from Transcendental philosophies to create their ideal communal spaces in the “Burnt Over District” of Upstate New York, in Western Massachusetts, and the Midwest. They were trying to escape from a post-war industrial society by recreating a way of life they perceived as less complicated and conflicted. Working together—in direct opposition to the Western individualist myth—early residents of Greeley, Longmont, and Fort Collins developed <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> systems that not only sustained their communities but became models for other towns in the American West.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A century later another kind of utopian community came out of the spiritual and social upheaval of the 1960s and 1970s. Groups wanting to retreat from the troubles of a war-torn, politically volatile world created these intentional communities. These idealists, often described as the “counterculture” or “hippies,” built <strong>Libre</strong> near Gardner and <strong>Drop City</strong> near Trinidad. Libre failed and became a ghost town, but a few residents still call Drop City home. Life at Drop City focused on creating art. Some historians of the counterculture consider it the first of the twentieth-century American rural communes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Human-made Challenges to Community</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Communities can be disrupted by a variety of events. Natural disasters, distrust among various groups, racism, business decisions, and government policies have all challenged community survival and cohesion. Sometimes people persist and rebuild, sometimes not.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>National and international wars drew community members away from their homes, families, and jobs. That required a reshuffling of human and other resources. Eventually, as group members returned, they reestablished some semblance of the old order. Sometimes when people did not return, the town failed. This happened at <strong><a href="/article/dearfield">Dearfield</a></strong> in <strong><a href="/article/weld-county">Weld County</a></strong> after World War I. Once a thriving, all African-American farming town, the lack of young men to farm during the war and the drought of the 1930s sealed Dearfield’s fate. In Dearfield, as in Keota, descendants of the original residents have worked to preserve the memories of their town, and some even return for family reunions.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the early stages of our state’s history, Euro-Americans forced First Nations people out of their traditional hunting, trading, and living areas. As early as the 1860s, treaty tribunals began to isolate American Indians on reservations far away from their homelands. When the people resisted, things could end badly. Perhaps Colorado’s darkest example of this was the September 29, 1879, Ute attack at the <strong><a href="/article/white-river-ute-indian-agency">White River Ute Agency</a></strong> in northwest Colorado. After Indian Agent Nathan Meeker pushed the Utes to give up their culture and become farmers, the Utes revolted against Meeker, killing him and ten of his colleagues. They took women and children hostage. Nearby, the Utes defeated federal troops at the Battle at Milk Creek but were soon forced to make peace. In the end the Utes at the agency lost their Colorado land claims and the government removed them to Utah.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Prejudices also appeared in other ways. The Denver race riot on October 31, 1880, nearly destroyed the city’s <a href="/article/denver%E2%80%99s-chinatown"><strong>Chinatown</strong></a>. Contrary to the expectations of the rioters, the Chinese remained to rebuild their community. In the 1890s the American Protective Association attempted to exclude Catholics and some immigrants from participation in the private and civil life of Colorado. From the 1910s to the late 1920s, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ku-klux-klan-colorado"><strong>Ku Klux Klan</strong></a> (KKK) attempted the same discrimination, focusing on Jews, Catholics, African-Americans, and many immigrants. During the 1920s when KKK members held many offices in state and local government, they attempted to pass laws limiting access to public jobs for members of these minority groups. In the 1920s KKK members in the state assembly ordered University of Colorado President George Norlin to fire all Jewish faculty, but Norlin declined. This simple act led to a sense of community in the University of Colorado system that has continued today. In the 1930s, Governor <strong>Ed Johnson</strong> instituted draconian deportation plans for Mexican immigrants that also caught up members of the Mexican-American community. In these cases more level-headed leaders stepped in and blocked the most egregious attempts to segregate and exclude our community members.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Up to the 1960s redlining limited where African-American families could buy homes, forcing them to remain in neighborhood enclaves such as Denver’s <strong><a href="/article/five-points">Five Points</a></strong>. The Civil Rights movement in Colorado tackled that form of discrimination, opening many neighborhoods to a more diverse set of neighbors. <strong>Park Hill</strong> in Denver was one of the first to become integrated. The case of Keyes v. the Denver School District #1 began in the Denver courts in 1969. By 1973 the case had reached the US Supreme Court. Bussing to create an integrated school district brought violence to Denver and sent whites flying to the suburbs. Lakewood, for instance, incorporated in 1968 to allow white people to flee Denver and live in a community without bussing. By the end of bussing in 1995, the number of white students in Denver Public Schools had dropped by more than 50,000. By 2016 more white residents were moving back into the city, but the schools were still primarily filled with minority students.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Conclusion: Complicating Communities</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The goal of this essay has been to complicate the seemingly straightforward idea of community by showing how very complex and nuanced Colorado’s communities actually are. Most people think they know how to define community. What this essay has begun, the articles in this section will flesh out as each adds another layer to the stories of Colorado’s people, places, ideas, and events.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/rebecca-hunt" hreflang="und">Rebecca Hunt</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/community" hreflang="en">community</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rebecca-hunt" hreflang="en">rebecca hunt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-communities" hreflang="en">colorado communities</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-history" hreflang="en">colorado history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/front-range" hreflang="en">front range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope" hreflang="en">Western Slope</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-colorado" hreflang="en">southern colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eastern-plains" hreflang="en">eastern plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-metro-area" hreflang="en">denver metro area</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbot<strong>,</strong> Stephen J. Leonard, Thomas J. Noel. <em>Colorado:</em> <em>A History of the Centennial State,</em> 5th ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jeanne Abrams, Betty Jo Brenner, Michael Childers, B. Erin Cole, Eric L. Clements, Marcia Tremmel Goldstein, Rebecca A. Hunt, Azusa Ono, Melanie Shellenbarger, Shawn Snow, and Cheryl Siebert Waite, <em>Denver Inside and Out </em>(Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas G. Andrews, <em>Killing for Coal: Colorado’s Deadliest Labor War</em> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lawrence Betz, <em>Globeville, Part of Colorado’s History</em> (n.p., 1972).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Cronon, <em>Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West</em> (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Christine DeRose, “Inside ‘Little Italy’: Italian Immigrants in Denver,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 54, no. 3, 1977.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sarah Deutsch, <em>No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class, and Gender on an Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880-1940</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James Fell, <em>Ores to Metals: The Rocky Mountain Smelting Industry</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Leroy Hafen, <em>Colorado and Its People, vol.1</em> (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1948).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Frank Hall, <em>History of the State of Colorado from 1858 to 1890</em>, Vols. 1-4 (Chicago: The Blakely Printing Company, 1895).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Richard Hogan, <em>Class and Community in Frontier Colorado</em> (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James M. Kedro, “Czechs and Slovaks in Colorado, 1860<em>–</em>1920,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 54, No. 2, 1977.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen Leonard, <em>Denver's Foreign Born Immigrants - 1859–1900</em>, Doctoral Dissertation, Claremont Graduate School, 1971.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen Leonard, “The Irish, English, and Germans in Denver, 1860<em>–</em>1890,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em>, LIV/2, 1977.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen Leonard and Thomas Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University of Colorado Press, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carl McFadden, Leona McFadden, Gladys Metcalf, and Helen Preston, <em>Early Aurora</em> (Aurora, CO: Aurora Technical Center, 1978).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Susan Shelby Magoffin, <em>Down the Santa Fe Trail and into Mexico: The Diary of Susan Shelby Magoffin, 1846</em><em>–1847</em> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1926, 1962, 1965).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Judy Mattivi Morley, <em>Historic Preservation and the Imagined West: Albuquerque, Denver, and Seattle</em> (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sarah A. Nelson, K. Lynn Berry, Richard Carrillo, Bonnie L. Clark, Lori E. Rhodes, and Dean Saitta, <em>Denver: An Archaeological History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Peggy Pascoe, <em>Relations of Rescue: The Search for Female Moral Authority on the Frontier</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bill Philpott, <em>Vacationland: Tourism and Environment in the Colorado High Country</em> (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Roberta Price, <em>Huerfano: A Memoir of Life in the Counterculture</em> (Dexter, MI: Thomson-Shore, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nell Brown Propst, <em>Those Strenuous Dames of the Colorado Prairie</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1982).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jerome Smiley, ed.<em>, History of Denver with Outlines of the Earlier History of the</em> <em>Rocky Mountain Country</em> (Denver: The Denver Times, Time-Sun Publishing, 1911).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Wei, <em>Asians in Colorado: A History of Persecution and Perseverance in the Centennial State </em>(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elliott West, <em>The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Liping Zhu, <em>The Road to Chinese Exclusion</em>:<em> The Denver Riot, the Election of 1880 and Rise of the West </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2014).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 13 Sep 2017 21:27:24 +0000 yongli 2744 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Bison Reintroduction http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bison-reintroduction <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bison Reintroduction</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3836--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3836.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bison-rocky-mountain-arsenal"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Bison_RockyMtnArsenal_2016_0.jpg?itok=FkND1hVh" width="1090" height="784" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bison-rocky-mountain-arsenal" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bison at Rocky Mountain Arsenal</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Colorado has been at the center of <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> recovery efforts since the early 1900s. In 2007 a conservation herd of sixteen bison was moved from the National Bison Range in Montana to the <strong>Rocky Mountain Arsenal</strong> Wildlife Refuge in <a href="/article/adams-county"><strong>Adams County</strong></a>, Colorado. The herd has since expanded to a population of more than 180 in 2020.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3837--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3837.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bison-reduction-nineteenth-century"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/dwindling-bison-herds_0.jpg?itok=IbARkubH" width="995" height="1199" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bison-reduction-nineteenth-century" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bison Reduction in Nineteenth Century</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3834--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3834.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bison-genesee-park"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Bison_herd_at_Genesee_Park-2012_03_10_0603_0.jpg?itok=jJjdNsxE" width="1090" height="726" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bison-genesee-park" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bison at Genesee Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Brought back from the brink of extinction, Colorado is now home to several <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> herds that are re-establishing the keystone species in their native shortgrass prairie habitat. These bison were photographed at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/genesee-park"><strong>Genesee Park</strong></a> near <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>I-70</strong></a> in 2012.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/nick-johnson" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Nick Johnson</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-11-20T08:10:20-07:00" title="Sunday, November 20, 2022 - 08:10" class="datetime">Sun, 11/20/2022 - 08:10</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bison-reintroduction" data-a2a-title="Bison Reintroduction"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbison-reintroduction&amp;title=Bison%20Reintroduction"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Conservation efforts and reintroduction of the <strong><a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bison">American bison</a></strong> (<em>Bison bison</em>) in Colorado began in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> during the early twentieth century. By that time, the bison population had declined precipitously since the mid-nineteenth century because of overhunting and the development of cities, <strong>railroads</strong>, and farms. Efforts to protect bison were rooted in the decline of Indigenous populations, the end of Colorado’s status as a “frontier” state, and a growing conservation movement that lamented the costs of urbanization and industrialization.</p> <p>Since the early 1900s, tribal, state, county, and university efforts to help bison populations recover in Colorado have been largely successful. Today there are more than 100 bison across multiple managed herds in the state, and the bison population across the West numbers around 25,000. As Colorado’s conservation herds continue to grow, management processes have become more precise, and the herds are readily available for research, engagement, or viewing across the state. In 2016 President Barack Obama declared the bison the official mammal of the United States.</p> <h2>Origins</h2> <p>Bison are the largest mammal in North America and a keystone species of the <strong>shortgrass prairie ecosystem</strong>. In 1800 there were more than 30 million bison across the American West. They roamed the Colorado plains in thick herds, sustaining the prairies and the <strong>Lakota</strong>, <strong>Cheyenne</strong>, <strong>Pawnee</strong>, and other Indigenous nations.</p> <p>The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a> era dealt the first blow to the bison. In the 1830s, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading posts</strong></a> such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-vasquez"><strong>Fort Vasquez</strong></a>, and others became centers of the bison robe trade, which offered Indigenous nations access to American and European cookware, weaponry, and tools. At a time when many Indigenous nations were struggling or came into conflict because of the United States’ aggressive expansion, access to these goods gave nations such as the Cheyenne and Arapaho an advantage over others. Native Americans killed many more bison than they needed for survival to maintain this advantage.</p> <p>The robe trade did not last long, but things did not improve for bison. The Comanche, arguably the most powerful nation on the plains at the time, not only overhunted the animals to sustain a large raiding-and-trading empire but also built up massive horse herds that competed with the bison for grazing territory. A drought beginning in the 1840s starved many bison, and white colonists added to the pressure as they crossed the plains on wagon trails, killing thousands of the animals for food and other needs.</p> <p>Steeped in the mythology of <strong>Manifest Destiny</strong>, US soldiers, miners, boosters, and politicians also came to understand that killing the bison would weaken Indigenous nations. In 1868 General William T. Sherman suggested that the federal government organize a “grand buffalo hunt” on the plains to cause harm to Indigenous nations and make way for mines, railroads, and cities. While it was never an explicit government policy, eliminating the bison proved effective. Food scarcity contributed to the forced removal of the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and other Plains peoples from Colorado in the late 1860s.</p> <p>Market forces also continued to run roughshod over the bison. In the 1870s, tanners developed a more efficient method for creating bison leather, and railroad expansion allowed for easier transportation of the heavy hides. By 1873 white hunters, sometimes with ammunition from the military, were killing nearly fifty bison a day. By the time Colorado became a state in 1876, hunting and habitat destruction from farms, cities, and railroads left only a few hundred bison south of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>Platte River</strong></a>. The northern herd suffered a similar fate in the early 1880s.</p> <h3><strong>Conservation</strong></h3> <p>American observers began to see the significance of the bison’s decline as early as 1875, when a bill to ban bison hunting made it to President Ulysses Grant’s desk. Grant vetoed it, however, as the US Army was still fighting Indigenous nations (including those who had already been forced out of Colorado). As the nineteenth century drew to a close, the US army <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>massacred</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker-incident"><strong>force-marched</strong></a>, and starved Native Americans off their lands, and Congress <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dawes-act-general-allotment-act"><strong>privatized reservation lands</strong></a>, much of which were sold off to non–Indigenous people.</p> <p>With Indigenous nations severely depopulated and no longer perceived as a threat, white immigrants now lamented the loss of bison, especially as the animals became an important part of the frontier mythology portrayed by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-f-%E2%80%9Cbuffalo-bill%E2%80%9D-cody"><strong>William “Buffalo Bill” Cody</strong></a>. While Cody’s popular Wild West Shows made the bison a symbol of a romanticized American West, <span class="wsc-grammar-problem" data-grammar-phrase="sportsmen" data-grammar-rule="W_STYLE_INCLUSIVE" data-wsc-id="lia8b8dmas3encgdq" data-wsc-lang="en_US">sportsmen</span> grew concerned that there would soon be no more trophies to hunt. Sentiment turned against wanton bison killing. In 1886, for example, the<em> Denver Tribune-Republican</em> admonished a group of bison hunters in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/park-county"><strong>South Park</strong></a>, calling for the state “to enact a law prohibiting the killing of buffaloes at any season of the year.”</p> <p>Theodore Roosevelt can be counted as one of the many Americans, and perhaps the most influential, who did an about-face on bison. In the 1880s, he advocated for the bison’s disappearance to make way for American homesteading and ranching. But by his presidency in the early 1900s, he had changed his mind. He became one of the founding members of the American Bison Society, which sought to reestablish North America’s bison population. At a 1907 meeting in New York, the society reported some 2,250 bison left on the continent, with 1,400 in the United States. Later that year, the society completed the first animal reintroduction in the United States, when it moved fifteen bison from the Bronx Zoo to a wildlife refuge in Oklahoma. One year later, the group successfully persuaded Congress to create the National Bison Range on the Flathead Indian Reservation in Montana. Meanwhile, President Roosevelt’s establishment of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>National Forests</strong></a> across the country reflected this growing interest in conservation, as the environmental costs of industrialization became clearer and <span class="wsc-grammar-problem" data-grammar-phrase="sportsmen" data-grammar-rule="W_STYLE_INCLUSIVE" data-wsc-id="lia8b8sryb5s4dv7j" data-wsc-lang="en_US">sportsmen</span> wanted to preserve disappearing trophy species.</p> <h3><strong>Efforts in Colorado</strong></h3> <p>In 1908 eighteen bison at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-zoo"><strong>Denver Zoo</strong></a> were all that remained of the animal in the state. In 1914 the city acquired more bison from Yellowstone National Park and moved the growing herd to a 165-acre natural enclosure at <a href="/article/genesee-park"><strong>Genesee Park</strong></a>. In 1938 the Denver herd had again outgrown its environs, so twenty bison were moved to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/daniels-park"><strong>Daniels Park</strong></a> in <a href="/article/douglas-county"><strong>Douglas County</strong></a>. These two <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-mountain-parks"><strong>Denver Mountain Park</strong></a> herds have continued to expand and still roam across hundreds of acres on the outskirts of the metro area.</p> <p>Elsewhere in Colorado, small herds of bison have been reintroduced or preserved on ranches and public spaces. At <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/keyword/rocky-mountain-arsenal"><strong>Rocky Mountain Arsenal</strong></a> National Wildlife Refuge in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/adams-county"><strong>Adams County</strong></a>, a conservation herd of sixteen bison was reintroduced in 2007 from the National Bison Range in Montana. It has since expanded to a population of more than 180 in 2020.</p> <p>&nbsp;The 2015 reintroduction of ten bison to Soapstone Prairie Natural Area and Red Mountain Open Space in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a> has proven successful. Facilitated by the US Department of Agriculture, Colorado State University, Larimer County, and the City of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>, this bison herd shares genetic links to the last-surviving wild bison in Yellowstone National Park. The result of diverse scientific and agricultural research endeavors, the Laramie Foothills Herd now numbers close to eighty animals and has provided seed stock for other herds in Colorado.</p> <h2>Brucellosis</h2> <p>The principal obstacle to the healthy reintroduction of bison to Colorado is brucellosis, the disease caused by the bacterium <em>Brucellosis abortus</em>. This bacterium causes the sudden death of the bison fetus in utero, threatening the viability of reintroduction efforts and the growth of wild herds. The disease, which affects a variety of domesticated and wild mammals, has nearly been eradicated, save for remnant populations of the bacterium in the Yellowstone bison and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a> herds. Any bison reintroduction effort requires careful stewardship to avoid introducing the disease to new herds.</p> <p>&nbsp;Identifying and eradicating the bacterium are together a significant part of the efforts at the Laramie Foothills Bison Conservation Herd in Larimer County. Using assisted reproductive technologies like artificial insemination, in-vitro embryo production, embryo transfers, and the careful washing of sperm and embryos, researchers ensure that the Laramie Foothills Conservation Herd is expanding safely and curtailing the spread of the disease.</p> <p>Research on the Laramie Foothills herd has informed other bison preservation efforts throughout the state. In <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/las-animas-county"><strong>Las Animas County</strong></a>, a herd of ten bison was introduced with the help of Colorado State University, the Southern Plains Land Trust, and the nonprofit Defenders of Wildlife. This herd, located at the Heartland Ranch Nature Preserve, is doing well on the plains in southern Colorado.</p> <h2>Indigenous Conservation Efforts</h2> <p>In <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/la-plata-county"><strong>La Plata County</strong></a>, the Southern Ute Tribe has been carefully tending a bison herd reintroduced in the 1980s. The Southern Ute Cultural Department leads the initiative to distribute bison meat for tribal members, powwows, and tribal functions. The Cultural Department also provides opportunities for education about the bison’s central role in Southern Ute culture.</p> <p>The Southern Ute Tribe is one of the sixty-nine tribes operating collectively as the InterTribal Buffalo Council (ITBC). This intertribal coalition works to preserve bison herds across nineteen US states, including Colorado. The ITBC’s efforts have been successful, as it now represents more than 2,000 heads of bison nationwide.</p> <p>In 2021 the city and county of Denver gifted more than a dozen bison to the Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho Tribes in Oklahoma. The tribes’ bison program serves similar functions like the one on the Southern Ute Reservation, coordinating access to bison meat as well as research and management of the herd.</p> <h2>Viewing Opportunities</h2> <p>Just ten minutes from downtown Denver, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge hosts more than 300 species of prairie life, including a bison herd. West of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden"><strong>Golden</strong></a>, the Genesee Park herd can often be seen from the roadside overlook off exit 254 on <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a>. Halfway between the south Denver suburbs and Castle Rock, Daniels Park also features bison observation areas. In Larimer County, the Laramie Foothills Bison Conservation Herd can be seen from elevated viewing areas at Soapstone Prairie Natural Area or Red Mountain Open Space.</p> <p>Opportunities to observe, research, and rely upon the American bison were nearly lost in the late nineteenth century, but preservation and reintroduction efforts have turned small remnant populations into thriving herds. As Colorado’s herds benefit from research and diverse management solutions, the population will continue to grow, creating more seed herds and solidifying the bison’s resurgence in its ancestral prairie home.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/sean-mccollum" hreflang="und">Sean McCollum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison" hreflang="en">bison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-history" hreflang="en">bison history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-reintroduction" hreflang="en">bison reintroduction</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-extinct" hreflang="en">bison extinct</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buffalo-herds-colorado-0" hreflang="en">buffalo herds colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-herds-colorado" hreflang="en">bison herds colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/theodore-roosevelt" hreflang="en">theodore roosevelt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eastern-plains" hreflang="en">eastern plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne" hreflang="en">cheyenne</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapaho" hreflang="en">arapaho</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-ute-tribe" hreflang="en">Southern Ute tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-ute-bison" hreflang="en">southern ute bison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-ranch" hreflang="en">bison ranch</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/genesee-park" hreflang="en">genesee park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-bison-herd" hreflang="en">colorado bison herd</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/la-plata-county" hreflang="en">la plata county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jefferson-county" hreflang="en">jefferson county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-zoo" hreflang="en">Denver Zoo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indigenous-history" hreflang="en">indigenous history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indigenous-genocide" hreflang="en">indigenous genocide</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/removal-indigenous-people-colorado" hreflang="en">removal of indigenous people colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indian-removal-coloardo" hreflang="en">indian removal coloardo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/plains-indians" hreflang="en">Plains Indians</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, “<a href="https://www.cheyenneandarapaho-nsn.gov/project/buffalo-program">Buffalo Program</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>City of Denver, “<a href="https://www.denvergov.org/Government/Agencies-Departments-Offices/Agencies-Departments-Offices-Directory/Parks-Recreation/Parks/Mountain-Parks/Bison-Conservation#:~:text=Denver%20Parks%20and%20Recreation%20maintains,and%20the%20City%20of%20Denver.">Bison Conservation</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2019/06/22/colorado-bison-herd-growth/#:~:text=The%20herd%20at%20a%20natural,calves%20born%20just%20this%20year.">Colorado Bison Herd Growing Much Faster Than Expected</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, June 22, 1019.</p> <p>Colorado Prairie Initiative, “<a href="https://www.grasslandsunlimited.org/our-work/bison-reintroduction/">Bison Reintroduction</a>,<a href="file:///C:/Users/Nick%20Johnson/Desktop/CO%20Encyclopedia/Articles%20Edited%20for%20WW/Need%20Editing/%22Bison%20Reintroduction,%22">”</a> n.d.</p> <p>Defenders of Wildlife, “<a href="https://defenders.org/newsroom/10-bison-arrive-southeastern-colorado-marking-start-of-new-conservation-herd#:~:text=Last%20Friday%2C%20Southern%20Plains%20Land,Nature%20Preserve%20in%20southeastern%20Colorado.">10 Bison Arrive in Southeastern Colorado, Marking Start of New Conservation Herd</a>,” December 14, 2020.</p> <p>Pekka Hämäläinen, <em>The Comanche Empire </em>(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=MEH18861030-01.2.13&amp;srpos=60&amp;e=-------en-20--41-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-bison+herd-------0------">In Commenting on the Exploits of Two Denver Hunters</a>,” <em>Meeker Herald</em>, October 30, 1886.</p> <p>Andrew C. Isenberg, “The Returns of the Bison: Nostalgia, Profit, and Preservation,” <em>Environmental History </em>2, no. 2 (April 1997).</p> <p>Laramie Foothills Bison Conservation Herd, “<a href="https://www.fcgov.com/naturalareas/pdf/bison-management-plan2018.pdf?1646423767">Management Plan 2018</a><u>,</u>” City of Fort Collins, July 31, 2018.</p> <p>Shanna Lewis, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/2020/12/17/wild-bison-return-to-colorados-great-plains/">Wild Bison Return to Colorado’s Great Plains</a>,” <em>CPR</em>, December 17, 2020.</p> <p>The Nature Conservancy, “<a href="https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/colorado/stories-in-colorado/zapata-ranch-bison/">Bringing Bison Back to the San Luis Valley</a>,” January 11, 2021.</p> <p>The Nature Conservatory, “<a href="https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/zapata-ranch/">Zapata Ranch, Colorado</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>J. Weston Phippen, “‘<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2016/05/the-buffalo-killers/482349/">Kill Every Buffalo You Can! Every Buffalo Dead Is an Indian Gone,</a>’” <em>Atlantic,</em> May 13, 2016.</p> <p>Southern Ute Indian Tribe, “<a href="https://www.southernute-nsn.gov/natural-resources/wildlife-resource-management/bison-program/">Bison Program</a>,” n.d.</p> <p><a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=ADT18861023.2.9&amp;srpos=59&amp;e=-------en-20--41-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-bison+herd-------0------">Talk From the Democrat-Press</a>,” <em>Aspen Daily Times</em>, October 23, 1886.</p> <p>Ted Steinberg, <em>Down to Earth: Nature’s Role in American History</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).</p> <p><a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=ADT19071025.2.34&amp;srpos=38&amp;e=-------en-20--21-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-bison+herd----1907---0------">To Save Buffaloes: Herd Shipped From New York to Oklahoma Reserve</a>,” <em>Aspen Daily Times</em>, October 25, 1907.</p> <p>Uncover Colorado, “<u><a href="https://www.uncovercolorado.com/wildlife/buffalo-herd-nature-preserve/">Buffalo Herd Nature Preserve,</a></u>” n.d.</p> <p>US Fish and Wildlife, “<a href="https://www.fws.gov/refuge/rocky-mountain-arsenal">Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=CTR19070124.2.76&amp;srpos=4&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-bison+herd----1907---0------">Would Increase Buffalo Herd</a>,” <em>Colorado Transcript</em>, January 24, 1907.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Andrew C. Isenberg, <em>The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920 </em>(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000).</p> <p>Dale F. Lott, <em>American Bison: A Natural History </em>(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).</p> <p>Louis S. Warren, <em>Buffalo Bill’s America: William Cody and the Wild West Show</em> (New York: Vintage Books, 2006).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Sun, 20 Nov 2022 15:10:20 +0000 Nick Johnson 3838 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Brush http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/brush-0 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Brush</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3774--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3774.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/early-brush"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Early%20Brush%20Downtown_0.jpg?itok=jM19sdbg" width="1090" height="764" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/early-brush" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Early Brush</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Photograph of town of Brush, Colorado taken June 5, 1898. A fair crowd of people roam the wide dirt street on foot, and clustered near buildings, some with horse and wagons. Building at right in front sold dry goods, groceries, boots and shoes according to its sign. Farther back in distance are homes, and government building or school. &nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3775--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3775.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/1935-flood"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Brush%201935%20Flood_0.jpg?itok=gpCqWc5n" width="1090" height="625" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/1935-flood" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">1935 Flood</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Photograph showing the 100 block of Clayton St. in Brush, Colorado with flood waters up to the undercarriage of automobiles on the street. Businesses shown along the street with people standing on sidewalks and leaning over hood of car: The Beery Hardware Company, Pete's Cafe, Red &amp; White, New Desky Hotel.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-08-24T13:36:03-06:00" title="Wednesday, August 24, 2022 - 13:36" class="datetime">Wed, 08/24/2022 - 13:36</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/brush-0" data-a2a-title="Brush"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbrush-0&amp;title=Brush"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Brush is an agricultural community in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/morgan-county"><strong>Morgan County</strong></a> on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a> of eastern Colorado. It is located just east of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-morgan"><strong>Fort Morgan</strong></a> at the convergence of US Highway 34, US Highway 6, and State Highway 71 and is situated along the historic Texas Montana Trail. This trail allowed ranchers to graze their cattle on the rich prairie grasses and was the impetus for the town’s organization in 1882.</p> <p>A harsh winter in 1886–87 (known as “<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-die"><strong>The Great Die Up</strong></a>”) killed the open-range cattle industry, but the waters of the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> ensured that Brush would endure as an agricultural town. By 1900 Brush had become an important rail stop between <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and Chicago. The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet industry</strong></a> and energy development sustained the town through the twentieth century, and today it is home to approximately 5,500 people.</p> <h2>Early History</h2> <p>Northeast Colorado has a long history of human occupation, mostly by hunter-gatherer societies. People belonging to what archaeologists call the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/upper-republican-and-itskari-cultures"><strong>Upper Republican and Itskari cultures</strong></a> left evidence of hunting, fishing, and horticulture along the South Platte corridor in what is now northeast Colorado and Nebraska. By the time European Americans arrived in the second half of the nineteenth century, <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and <strong>Arapaho</strong> people hunted <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> and found fuel and shelter in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>cottonwood</strong></a> groves along the South Platte. The US government eventually forced these people off their land after a series of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/indigenous-treaties-colorado"><strong>treaties</strong></a> and violent <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/battle-summit-springs-0"><strong>encounters</strong></a>, including the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a> of 1864.</p> <h2>Town Formation</h2> <p>Brush is named for Jared L. Brush, an Ohio native who became an important cattle rancher in northeast Colorado and helped to pioneer the cattle trail to Missouri. He was also an important civic leader in nearby <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a>, a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a> sheriff, a Colorado assemblyman, and a two-time lieutenant governor. While he owned land that would later be used to build the cemetery in his namesake town, he never lived there.</p> <p>Founders first platted the town in 1882 as a stopping point on the Burlington Railroad line between Chicago and Denver. In October 1884, the 100 residents of Brush voted to formally incorporate. One of the oldest surviving houses in Brush, the Nelson House at 322 Clayton Street, dates to this period. Its old-world simplicity and thick limestone walls make it a unique representation of the area’s development.</p> <p>Between 1882 and 1889, the Burlington Railroad promoted significant growth, and town promoters believed Brush should be the county seat. But the population still lagged behind nearby Fort Morgan. Within a few years, however, Brush’s population swelled, primarily due to the arrival of a large group of Danish immigrants. In all of Morgan County, Danish immigrants would eventually represent only 2 percent of the population, but they substantially contributed to the city of Brush.</p> <h2>Eben Ezer Lutheran Care Center</h2> <p>As in other Colorado towns, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a> patients helped grow the Brush community. In 1903 a Dane, Pastor Jens Madsen, his wife Ane Marie, and a small group of their Lutheran congregation formed a tubercular treatment hospital in Brush. Operating out of several leased houses on Curtis and Carson Streets, their practice quickly outgrew the small buildings. The Madsens purchased thirty-five acres west of Brush, and by 1906 the hospital’s first building, known as the Bethesda building, was complete. This original building was replaced in 1913 by Elim Hospital, a larger administration building with two patient wings. Also on the grounds was the All-Saints Lutheran Chapel (1916), which still stands today.</p> <p>Despite its remote location, Madsen’s tubercular hospital gained a sterling reputation. Within thirty years, the Institute became so well-respected that the Crown Prince and Princess of Denmark visited for a tour.&nbsp; Today the facility, originally known as the Eben Ezer Care Institute, remains in operation as the Eben Ezer Lutheran Care Center.</p> <h2>Sugar Beets</h2> <p>At the turn of the century, farmers in Morgan County explored a new crop, the sugar beet. In Brush, the <em>Brush Tribune</em> and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-western-sugar-company"><strong>Great Western Sugar Company</strong></a> worked together to distribute seeds to farmers. Harvests were low at first due to drought conditions, but by 1904 farmers harvested approximately 3,000 tons of beets in the Brush area. <em>Brush Tribune</em> owner Ed Madison and local businessman A. J. Morey hoped successful crops would convince Great Western to open a processing facility in Brush. One of the main concerns was <a href="/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> for farmers, so the two raised funds to create Jackson Reservoir northwest of Fort Morgan.</p> <p>The duo’s promotion efforts paid off. Great Western Sugar decided to build a processing facility in Brush in 1906. This large facility provided a much-needed boost to the local economy. Soon farmers could bring as much as 600 pounds of beets per day to the facility for processing. It also inspired nearby Fort Morgan to campaign for its own factory, which it received and is still in operation. A banner harvest in 1906 helped catapult the Brush factory onto the state’s top producers list. Sugar beets became a wildly successful crop in northeast Colorado, and the Brush facility operated until 1955.</p> <p>Sugar beets changed the demographic makeup of Brush and Morgan County because beets required intensive manual labor. Germans from Russia and Japanese families arrived to work the fields in the early twentieth century. Later, Mexican and Central American immigrants were brought in to work the fields. Today nearly half of Brush’s population identifies as Latino.</p> <p>The cultivation of sugar beets was at the mercy of the volatile weather on the plains. In 1935 heavy rains caused a severe flash flood in Brush and the streets quickly overflowed, with up to four feet of water in some places. Four people were killed. Cars parked downtown navigated knee-high water and local businesses suffered costly damage. The South Platte would flood intermittently throughout the twentieth century, including a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-flood-1965"><strong>large event in 1965</strong></a> that sent a thirty-foot, three-mile-wide crest of water through the area.</p> <h2>World War II</h2> <p>In the runup to <strong>World War II</strong>, dozens of local boys reported to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, for training. Servicemen from Fort Morgan and Brush composed Company K and Company L, respectively. The first Brush native killed in the war was John Reece, who was stationed on the U.S.S. Arizona during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941.</p> <p>During 1944 and 1945, Brush was home to fifty Italian prisoners of war who helped to alleviate the labor shortage in the sugar beet fields. These prisoners lived in the Armory, originally built in 1921, and the guards lived in the Desky Hotel in downtown Brush.</p> <h2>Energy Frontier</h2> <p>By 1953 Brush was home to one of the highest-producing oil wells in Colorado, which helped propel record growth in Morgan County. The Goodall Pipeline Company and the Arapahoe Pipeline Company quickly connected the Brush wells to a network that stretched as far as Nebraska and Kansas. Brush was also a natural gas producer, and 48,000 feet of gas lines made gas available to Brush customers in 1951.</p> <p>On December 6, 1981, the coal-fired, steam-electric generating station known as the Pawnee Power Plant went online. Before construction, citizens expressed concerns about the factory’s water usage and potential for pollution. The factory is a zero-discharge facility, meaning it does not produce wastewater. There is a 140-acre reservoir on site. Operators Pawnee, and now Xcel Energy have installed several new systems to mitigate the environmental impact and maintain a clean facility. Construction of the original facility cost upwards of $465 million and created dozens of jobs.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>In the twenty-first century, the people of Brush have worked diligently on downtown revitalization and historic preservation. In 2014 Brush received the designation of an All-American City by the National Civic League. In 2015 Brush was the recipient of the Small Community of the Year award by the Economic Development Council of Colorado. Agriculture and livestock raising remain the backbone of the local economy, with feedlots and farms covering the outskirts of town as well as meat processing plants. The sugar beet remains an important crop, with farmers sending beets to Fort Morgan for processing.</p> <p>Healthcare is also a major employer, with the East Morgan County Hospital and the Eben Ezer Lutheran Care Center. Brush also has its own fairgrounds, a small local museum, a golf course at Petteys Park, and a revitalized downtown that features many small businesses and has recently received new streets, sidewalks, lights, and planters.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/campbell-alyse" hreflang="und">Campbell, Alyse</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/brush" hreflang="en">brush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/morgan-county" hreflang="en">Morgan County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sugar-beets" hreflang="en">sugar beets</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sugar-beet-industry" hreflang="en">sugar beet industry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/natural-gas-industry" hreflang="en">natural gas industry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-plains" hreflang="en">colorado plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eastern-plains" hreflang="en">eastern plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rural-colorado" hreflang="en">rural colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/i-76" hreflang="en">i-76</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/south-platte-river" hreflang="en">south platte river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ranching" hreflang="en">ranching</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cattle" hreflang="en">cattle</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-die" hreflang="en">great die up</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/brush-colorado-history" hreflang="en">brush colorado history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alyse-campbell" hreflang="en">alyse campbell</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Brush Historic Preservation Board, “<a href="https://cms9files1.revize.com/brushco/Document%20Center/History/dt%20buildings%20brochure%20web.pdf">Downtown Brush Historic Walking Tour</a>,” 2015.</p> <p>Brush Museum, “<a href="https://cms9files1.revize.com/brushco/Document%20Center/Visitors/Museum%20Brochure.pdf">Brush Area Museum and Culture Center</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>City of Brush, “<a href="https://www.brushcolo.com/businesses/business_development/index.php">Business Development</a>,” 2022.</p> <p>City of Brush, “<a href="https://www.brushcolo.com/visitors/history.php">History</a>,” 2021.</p> <p>Colorado General Assembly, “<a href="https://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/pawnee_generating_station.pdf">Xcel Energy Pawnee Generation Station</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Colorado Legislative Council, “<a href="https://www.law.du.edu/images/uploads/library/CLC/106.pdf">Report to the Colorado General Assembly: 1965 Flood Disasters in Colorado</a>,” Research Publication no. 106, November 1965.</p> <p><a href="https://www.ebenezer-cares.org/index.php?lang=en">Eben Ezer Lutheran Care Center</a></p> <p>Sherry Gilliland, ed. <em>Morgan County – World War II</em> (Fort Morgan, Curtis Media Inc., 1995).</p> <p>Candy Hamilton, <em>Footprints in the Sugar: A History of the Great Western Sugar Company</em>, (Hamilton Bates Publishers, 2009).</p> <p>Barbara Keenan, “The Danish Community in Brush,” in <em>Morgan County: A Land of Immigrants</em> (Fort Morgan, One Morgan County, 2014).<a id="_Hlk106962866" name="_Hlk106962866"></a></p> <p>Dale Stinton, <em>A Bit of Brush History</em> (City of Brush, 2012).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><em>Morgan County</em>, Brian Mack and Linda Midcap ed. (Charleston, Arcadia Publishing, 2016).</p> <p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-western-sugar-company">Great Western Sugar</a></p> <p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/morgan-county">Morgan County</a></p> <p>Elliott West, <em>The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 24 Aug 2022 19:36:03 +0000 yongli 3776 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Kent Haruf http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kent-haruf <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Kent Haruf</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-01-26T16:38:10-07:00" title="Tuesday, January 26, 2021 - 16:38" class="datetime">Tue, 01/26/2021 - 16:38</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kent-haruf" data-a2a-title="Kent Haruf"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fkent-haruf&amp;title=Kent%20Haruf"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Kent Haruf (1943–2014) was a novelist best known for <em>Plainsong</em> (1999). Set in the fictional town of Holt in northeast Colorado, <em>Plainsong</em> and Haruf’s other novels examine the lives of ordinary people on the high <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a>. Often praised for his unadorned style and humane outlook, Haruf is generally regarded as one of the great American novelists of his time.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Alan Kent Haruf was born in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a> on February 24, 1943, as the third of Eleanor and Louis Haruf’s four children. His father was a Methodist minister, and the family moved often. For the first twelve years of his life, Haruf’s family moved between the northeast Colorado towns of Wray, Holyoke, and Yuma. Haruf then spent his teens in <strong>Ca</strong><strong>ñ</strong><strong>on</strong><strong> City</strong>, where he attended high school.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early 1960s, Haruf left Colorado to attend Nebraska Wesleyan University in Lincoln. Initially intending to study biology, he changed course when he read William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway. “My life and my intentions were changed forever,” he later wrote. “I knew that I wanted to spend the rest of my life reading great writing and thinking about it.” The influence of Hemingway’s spare prose and Faulkner’s sense of place is evident in Haruf’s novels.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Struggling Writer</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After graduating in 1965 with a degree in English, Haruf spent two years as a Peace Corps volunteer teaching English to children in a small town in central Turkey. There he started to write short stories.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Upon his return to the United States, Haruf married his girlfriend, Virginia Koon. He also started a graduate program in English at the University of Kansas, but quit in his second semester. No longer shielded by a student deferment, he was drafted to fight in the Vietnam War. He obtained conscientious objector status and performed two years of alternative service in a rehabilitation hospital near <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and an orphanage in Helena, Montana, where he and Virginia had their first daughter.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Haruf continued to write stories and send them to magazines, but they were all rejected. Undeterred, he applied to the prestigious creative writing program at the University of Iowa and moved his family there even before he received a response. He was accepted—largely, he thought, because he had showed up in person to say he had moved to town—and received his MFA in 1973. It was at Iowa that Haruf began to set his stories in the fictional town of Holt, a composite of the northeast Colorado towns where he had grown up. “That was the part of the world that I knew best and that I cared about,” he later explained about his choice of setting. “I have a long-range, long-time, long-lived sense of place and a sense of home there.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The novel that Haruf completed for his master’s degree was rejected by publishers, the start of a long decade of struggles. During these years, he taught high school English—first in Madison, Wisconsin, where the couple had two more daughters, and then in eastern Colorado. He also worked as a chicken farmer, construction worker, and railroad laborer to support his growing family. He wrote when he could during summers off from teaching.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Novels</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1984, at age forty-one, Haruf finally sold his first short story to the literary magazine <em>Puerto del Sol </em>and also published his first novel, <em>The Tie That Binds</em>, about a woman who sacrifices herself to care for her family. Although it did not attract many readers, his first novel received critical praise and won both a PEN/Hemingway Foundation citation for first fiction and a Whiting Foundation Award.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The novel also helped Haruf get a teaching position at his alma mater, Nebraska Wesleyan, which provided him with a more stable working situation and more time to write. His second novel, <em>Where You Once Belonged</em>, about a former high school football star, was published in 1990. Like Haruf’s first book, this one received high praise—the <em>Los Angeles Times</em> called it “stirring and remarkable”—but did not sell well.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Success</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early 1990s, Haruf’s life entered a period of change. He moved from Nebraska Wesleyan to Southern Illinois University–Carbondale in 1991. Meanwhile, as his first marriage ended in divorce, he reconnected with a childhood friend, Cathy Dempsey, at their thirtieth high school reunion in Cañon City. They married in 1995.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For six years, Haruf worked on a new novel set in Holt. He started using a new writing method of pulling a wool cap over his eyes while typing to help him enter Holt in his mind and force him to get a full first draft of a scene before revising anything. The result, <em>Plainsong</em> (1999), which focuses on two schoolteachers, a pregnant teenager, and the two old farmer brothers who take her in, is generally considered the finest novel of his career. Lauded as “a moving look at our capacity for both pointless cruelty and simple decency,” it was a finalist for the National Book Award and the L.A. Times Book Award. It was also Haruf’s first best seller, enabling him to retire from teaching and move to the <strong>Salida</strong> area with his wife in 2001.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Later Works</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early 2000s, Haruf continued the story he started in <em>Plainsong</em>. A sequel, <em>Eventide</em> (2004), follows the old farmer brothers from the earlier book after the pregnant teenager they cared for has left with her baby. It was another bestseller, and many publications, including the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong>, named it one of the best books of the year. It also won the Colorado Book Award for literary fiction. Haruf completed his <em>Plainsong</em> trilogy with <em>Benediction</em> (2013), which deals with the arrival of a new, progressive minister in Holt and the death of a somewhat hard-edged hardware-store owner.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As Haruf’s work became more popular, it also started to be adapted into other formats. A television movie of <em>Plainsong</em> aired in 2004; Haruf disliked it. He was much more pleased with the <strong>Denver Center Theatre Company</strong>’s staged versions of <em>Plainsong</em> (2008), <em>Eventide</em> (2010), and <em>Benediction</em> (2015), the last of which premiered after his death. He also began to receive awards celebrating his full body of work. In 2006 he was awarded the Dos Passos Prize for underrecognized writers in the middle of their careers. In 2012 he received the <strong>Center of the American West</strong>’s Wallace Stegner Award for his contribution to the cultural identity of the West.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In early 2014, Haruf received a diagnosis of interstitial lung disease, for which there is no cure. Knowing that his time was limited, he started working on a new novel in May and finished a first draft just six weeks later—remarkably fast for a writer who usually spent closer to six years on a novel. He said that the book, which centers on a relationship between two older people in Holt, was basically about him and his wife. “In many ways,” he wrote, “it gave me an added reason to stay alive.” He died on November 30, soon after finishing revisions. <em>Our Souls at Night</em> was published posthumously in 2015. A movie starring Robert Redford and Jane Fonda was filmed in <strong>Florence</strong> and <strong>Old Colorado City</strong>, and released in 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite his late success and relatively small body of work, Haruf gained a reputation as one of the most powerful American writers of his generation. Shortly before his death, novelist and critic Ursula K. Le Guin declared him “a stunningly original writer” whose works “are unsurpassed by anything I know in contemporary fiction.” <em>New York Times</em> critic Michiko Kakutani’s assessment of <em>Eventide</em> could apply to his work as a whole: “Mr. Haruf makes us care about these plainspoken small-town folks without ever resorting to sentimentality or cliches.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2015 his widow, Cathy Haruf, helped establish the Kent Haruf Scholarship for high school writers in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chaffee-county"><strong>Chaffee</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/county/fremont-county"><strong>Fremont</strong></a> Counties. The biannual Kent Haruf Literary Celebration in Salida serves as a fundraiser for the scholarship. Haruf’s papers are archived at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/kent-haruf" hreflang="en">Kent Haruf</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-plains" hreflang="en">colorado plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/high-plains" hreflang="en">high plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eastern-plains" hreflang="en">eastern plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/holt" hreflang="en">Holt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/plainsong" hreflang="en">Plainsong</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eventide" hreflang="en">Eventide</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/benediction" hreflang="en">Benediction</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/our-souls-night" hreflang="en">Our Souls at Night</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/salida" hreflang="en">Salida</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Richard Eder, “<a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-11-bk-777-story.html">The Man Who Lynched His Home Town</a>,” <em>Los Angeles Times</em>, February 11, 1990.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://nebraskaauthors.org/authors/kent-haruf">Kent Haruf</a>,” Nebraska Authors, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kent Haruf, “<a href="https://granta.com/the-making-of-a-writer/">The Making of a Writer</a>,” <em>Granta</em> 129 (2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ursula K. Le Guin, “<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/05/benediction-review-small-town-kent-haruf-holt">Benediction Review—A Stunningly Original Writer</a>,” <em>Guardian</em>, March 5, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jeff Martin, “<a href="http://peacecorpswriters.org/pages/1999/9911/911talkharuf.html">Talking with Kent Haruf</a>,” Peace Corps Writers, 1999.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chris Outcalt, “<a href="https://www.5280.com/the-precious-ordinary-2/">The Precious Ordinary</a>,” <em>5280</em>, June 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="http://www.longwood.edu/english/dos-passos-prize/past-recipients-and-select-works/">Past Recipients and Select Works</a>,” John Dos Passos Prize for Literature, Longwood University, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradocentralmagazine.com/q-a-with-colorado-author-kent-haruf/">Q &amp; A with Colorado Author Kent Haruf</a>,” <em>Colorado Central Magazine</em>, April 2, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arlene Shovald, “<a href="https://www.themountainmail.com/free_content/article_b7ec47fe-7195-11e9-b26c-73b0aa5df9cd.html">Local Students Receive Kent Haruf Scholarship Awards</a>,” <em>Mountain Mail </em>(Salida, CO), May 8, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dinitia Smith, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/01/books/eyes-covered-but-seeing-a-novelist-looks-inward.html">Eyes Covered but Seeing, a Novelist Looks Inward</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, December 1, 1999.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ira Sukrungruang, “<a href="https://coloradoreview.colostate.edu/2014/12/kent-haruf-1943-2014/">From Chicken Farmer to Writer: An Interview with Kent Haruf</a>,” <em>Colorado Review</em> 28, no. 3 (Fall 2001).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Yardley, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/03/books/kent-haruf-sublime-novelist-of-small-town-life-dies-at-71.html">Kent Haruf, Acclaimed Novelist of Small-Town Life, Is Dead at 71</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, December 2, 2014.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Kent Haruf, <em>Our Souls at Night</em> (New York: Knopf, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kent Haruf, <em>Plainsong</em> (New York: Knopf, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://honorkentharuf.org/">Honoring Kent Haruf</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Moore, “<a href="https://www.denvercenter.org/news-center/kent-haruf-the-complete-final-interview/">Kent Haruf: The Complete Final Interview</a>,” Denver Center for the Performing Arts, December 1, 2014.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 26 Jan 2021 23:38:10 +0000 yongli 3504 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado Climate http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Climate</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-04-27T16:20:54-06:00" title="Thursday, April 27, 2017 - 16:20" class="datetime">Thu, 04/27/2017 - 16:20</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate" data-a2a-title="Colorado Climate"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-climate&amp;title=Colorado%20Climate"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Colorado’s combination of high elevation, midlatitude, and continental interior geography results in a cool, dry, and invigorating climate. The average annual temperature for the state is 43.5 degrees Fahrenheit (F), which is 13.7 degrees below the global mean. The average statewide precipitation is seventeen inches, which is much lower than the global mean of thirty-eight inches. There are large seasonal swings in temperature and large day-to-night changes.</p><p>The climate of local areas is profoundly affected by differences in elevation and, to a lesser degree, by the orientation of mountain ranges and valleys with respect to general air movements. Wide variations occur over short distances. For instance, the difference in annual mean temperature between <a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a> and <strong>Las Animas</strong>, ninety miles to the southeast, is 35 degrees—about the same as that between southern Florida and Iceland. 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Elég csak regisztrálni az oldalon, feltölteni egy kis összeget (a legtöbb esetben már 1000 forint is elegendő), és máris kezdhetünk játszani. Azonban fontos figyelni arra is, hogy milyen módon adhatunk fel pénzt – bizonyos esetekben ugyanis többletköltségekkel kell számolnunk.</p></div><div style="display:none;"><p>Climate plays a pivotal role in influencing the preferences of online casino players, particularly in regions like Colorado. The diverse climate across different parts of the state offers a unique appeal to gaming enthusiasts. From the arid plains of the eastern plains to the snowy peaks of the Rocky Mountains, Colorado's varied landscapes cater to a wide range of climatic preferences. Online casino players appreciate the flexibility to enjoy their favorite games regardless of the weather outside. In Colorado, where the climate can vary significantly from one region to another, online gaming at <a href="https://icasinoreviews.info/zodiac-casino-nz/sister-sites/">Zodiac sister sites</a> provides a consistent source of entertainment. Whether it's the crisp, sunny days of the high desert or the cozy, snow-covered evenings in the mountain towns, players can immerse themselves in their gaming experience from the comfort of their homes. Moreover, the climate diversity in Colorado adds an extra dimension to the online gaming experience. Players can choose their virtual destination based on their mood or desired atmosphere. For instance, on a hot summer day, they might prefer to escape to a virtual mountain lodge, complete with snowy landscapes and cool temperatures. Conversely, during the winter months, they might opt for a virtual casino set in the warmer, milder climates of the eastern plains.</p></div><h2>Eastern Colorado</h2><p>The climate of the <a href="/article/colorado’s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a> is comparatively uniform from place to place, with characteristic features of low relative humidity, abundant sunshine, infrequent rain and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a>, moderate to high wind movement, and a large daily and seasonal range in temperature. Summer daily maximum temperatures are often 95°F or above. Winter extremes are generally between 0 and -15°F. The difference between the hottest and coldest officially recorded temperatures on the eastern plains is greater than 150°F.</p><p>Average annual precipitation in eastern Colorado is between ten and twenty inches. The wettest areas are on the northeastern plains near the Colorado-Kansas or Colorado-Nebraska borders. The low-elevation areas both north and south of the <strong>Palmer Divide</strong> and directly east of the Rockies are the driest. Most of this precipitation falls in the form of widespread soaking rains in April through early June or as intense bursts from thunderstorms in June through August. Year-to-year precipitation is highly variable and highly dependent on the number of large rain events in late spring and summer. Summer thunderstorms may be severe, with hail being the most common threat.</p><p>Tornadoes will occur almost every year somewhere in eastern Colorado between mid-May and early August. They are most often small, registering as EF0 or EF1 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale, a scale used to measure tornado severity that ranges from 0 to 5. The most frequent zone for tornado genesis in all of the United States is a narrow, north-to-south-oriented strip of land situated in <a href="/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a>, northeast of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> metropolitan area.</p><p>A number of significant changes in climate occur at the western edge of the plains and near the foothills of the mountains. Average wind movement is less, but areas very near the mountains are subject to periodic, severe turbulent winds from the effects of high westerly winds over the mountain barrier. These winds are sometimes referred to as chinook winds when they warm and bora winds when they are associated with a strong cold frontal passage downslope off the mountains.</p><div style="display:none;">Colorado, with its unique combination of high altitude, mid-latitude, and inland geography, boasts a cool, dry, and invigorating climate that attracts visitors all year round. Among the stunning scenery and outdoor adventures, Colorado also offers a variety <a href="https://www.co-optimus.com/blog/article-poster/2656/types-of-cooperative-table-casino-games.html">types of cooperative table casino games</a> to keep its visitors entertained. From classic favorites such as poker and blackjack to the latest additions such as baccarat and craps, players can find plenty of options to suit their preferences. When players gather at the tables to test their luck and strategy, they meet in the refreshing atmosphere of the Colorado climate, which adds to the overall experience. The cool, dry air activates the senses, creating an atmosphere of clarity and focus for those engaged in intense card games or dice rolling. Whether it's the thrill of a winning hand or the camaraderie between players, the spirit of cooperation in these board games is enhanced by the natural beauty of Colorado.</div><h2>Mountains</h2><p>Colorado is best known for its mountains. They occupy less area of the state than many realize, but they profoundly impact the climate of the entire region. The main feature of the mountainous area of central and western Colorado is the dramatic differences in climate over short distances. With elevations ranging from below 7,000 feet in the lower mountain valleys to more than 14,000 feet on the highest peaks, all aspects of the climate are affected: temperature, humidity, precipitation and, of course, wind.</p><p>In general, temperatures decrease with elevation. This change in temperature with elevation is most profound on summer afternoons, when temperatures consistently decrease by 4–5°F per 1,000 feet. Air heated at elevation quickly becomes unstable, causing it to rise and be whisked away from the land surface. This puts a low upper threshold on high temperatures at elevation. On clear and calm nights—especially with snow cover—the land surface very effectively radiates away the day’s heat, and the coldest, densest air settles into the mountain river valleys. Thus, the most extreme cold in the state of Colorado actually occurs in mountain valleys, not on mountain peaks. Under extreme conditions, temperatures have dipped as low as -60°F at Taylor Reservoir and -61°F along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/yampa-river"><strong>Yampa</strong></a> valley in northwestern Colorado.</p><p>Wind patterns in the mountains are almost always controlled by topography. Mountain-valley circulations are common, with winds often blowing up the valley from lower to higher elevations during the day, then reversing and blowing down the valleys at night. The mountains form a substantial block to regional air motion, causing winds in most valleys west of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a> to be very light—especially in fall and winter—while winds along and east of the crest of the Continental Divide are much stronger and typically blow from a westerly direction for much of the cool half of the year.</p><p>Precipitation patterns are largely controlled by mountain ranges and elevation and, to a lesser extent, the direction of prevailing airflow. When weather systems move in from the west and northwest during the winter and spring months, the peaks that first intercept the air receive the most precipitation. These areas are the wettest areas in the state of Colorado. Buffalo Pass in the northern part of the state and Wolf Creek Pass in the southern part of the state both receive over fifty inches of precipitation and 350 inches of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snowfall</strong></a> annually. Some of the high mountain valleys, which lie in the rain shadow of mountains, are the driest areas in the state and receive an average of less than ten inches of precipitation per year. Precipitation increases with elevation both in winter and summer, but the elevation effect is greatest in midwinter, when mountaintop winds are typically strongest. High peaks and mountain ranges generally receive the majority of their precipitation during the winter months. Mountain precipitation primarily falls as snow from November through mid-May. This creates seasonal snowpack at about 9,000 feet, although it is lower in some areas.</p><div style="height:1px;overflow:hidden;">According to the Dolly Casino Canada review <a href="https://playsafecasino.ca/reviews/dolly-casino/">https://playsafecasino.ca/reviews/dolly-casino/</a>, the platform offers an exciting escape into the world of online gaming, providing a range of exciting games and generous bonuses for players across the country. With a user-friendly interface and a wide selection of slots, table games, and live dealer options, Dolly Casino provides an immersive experience for Canadian players looking for entertainment from the comfort of their own homes. As players get into gambling, they may find themselves craving a real-life adventure. They might consider traveling to Colorado, a state known for its unique geographical features. Located in the heart of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, its high altitude, mid-latitude, and inland continental climate, contribute to its cool, dry, and invigorating climate. Whether players are playing slot machines or exploring the majestic Rocky Mountains, Colorado's cool climate according to Dolly Casino Canada review adds an extra layer of fun to the game.</div><h2>Western Colorado</h2><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/grand-mesa"><img class="image-large" style="float:left;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Grand_Mesa_20170413_1.jpg?itok=OotAMs6q" alt="Mt. Garfield" width="480" height="320"></a> Farther west in Colorado, the topography becomes slightly less extreme, with lower elevations and combinations of canyons and plateaus. Elevation and topography remain dominant controls of local climates, but precipitation gets progressively less and temperature progressively warmer approaching the Utah border. <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Colorado</strong></a> winter weather is colder but calmer and less variable than weather east of the mountains. Temperatures can drop below 0°F in all areas of western Colorado, but the valleys of west-central and southwest Colorado receive abundant sunshine and the winter climate is not harsh.</p><p>Precipitation west of the Continental Divide is more evenly distributed throughout the year than for the eastern plains. For most of western Colorado, the greatest monthly precipitation occurs in the winter months, while June is the driest month. Near the Utah border, late summer and early autumn can be the wettest time of year, as moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and tropical Eastern Pacific is funneled northward into the state, often falling as precipitation during afternoon thunderstorms.</p><h2>Severe Weather</h2><p>A variety of threatening weather events are possible in Colorado. These include extreme cold, extreme heat, blizzards, high wind events, seasonal <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flooding</strong></a>, flash flooding, droughts, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado"><strong>forest fires</strong></a>, lightning, hail, and tornadoes. Even though the state is in a semiarid climate, the most damaging events from an economic standpoint are flash floods and droughts. The deadliest severe weather events in the state have historically been flash floods. The most flash-flood-prone regions of Colorado are found along the base of the lower foothills east of the mountains. Several extreme floods, such as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/spring-creek-flood-1997"><strong>Fort Collins flood of 1997</strong></a>, the <strong>Front Range flood of 2013</strong>, and the infamous <strong>Big Thompson Canyon</strong> <strong>flood </strong>of July 31, 1976, have occurred in this vulnerable area. The Big Thompson flood is the deadliest single weather event in Colorado history, as it took the lives of 144 people.</p><div style="left:-9918px;position:absolute;"><p>Equally as unpredictable as Colorado's weather events are the outcomes of playing blackjack for real money online, where each hand dealt carries the potential for both high wins and abrupt losses, much like the flash floods that can swiftly change the landscape. For Singaporean gaming enthusiasts, this element of risk and excitement finds its virtual stage in the realm of online blackjack. Blackjack is a perennial favorite among card games for its blend of skill, strategy, and chance, and when playing <a href="https://onlinecasino65.sg/blackjack/real-money/">online blackjack real money</a> stakes raise the adrenaline, emulating the rush of a sudden storm.</p><p>Seasoned players and novices alike seeking that rush in Singapore must engage with trusted online platforms that ensure a safe gaming environment. Just as one would prepare for extreme weather events in Colorado, players must be equipped with the right tools and knowledge before diving into online blackjack real money games. Protecting oneself online means choosing reputable sites with robust security measures, like those vetted and recommended by comprehensive review sites. With the right preparations and an understanding of the game's intricacies, players in Singapore can turn the tides of chance in their favor, potentially reaping bountiful rewards as thrilling as weathering a storm.</p><p>&nbsp;</p></div><div style="left:-9662px;position:absolute;"><p>In Australia, POLi stands out as a preferred payment method for avid online gamers, offering a seamless transaction process without the need for credit cards. POLi casinos have gained popularity for their user-friendly interface, making deposits easy and secure. These casinos allow players to directly transfer funds from their bank accounts to their online gaming account, ensuring immediate play with zero hassle. POLi's integration with major Australian banks encapsulates a trustworthy payment solution widely recognized for its safety features, protecting users from potential fraud or identity theft. Moreover, playing at <a href="https://aucasinoslist.com/casinos/poli/">poli casinos</a> means there are no additional fees for transfers, allowing players to maximize their gaming budgets. The convenience and peace of mind that comes with using POLi make it a smart choice for Australian players seeking fast, reliable, and secure online casino transactions.</p></div><div style="left:-9882px;position:absolute;"><p>Experience the epitome of online gaming at Villento Casino Canada, where luxury meets excitement in the world of virtual casinos. At <a href="https://villento.cad.casino/">https://villento.cad.casino/</a>, Canadian players are treated to an exquisite gaming environment that boasts a sensational collection of over 550 state-of-the-art games, including blockbuster slots, thrilling table games, and progressive jackpots with life-changing prize pools. With its commitment to fairness and security, this online casino ensures every game is enjoyable and above board. The elegant interface of Villento Casino Canada is matched by its generous welcome bonus spread over multiple deposits, rewarding players with extra chances to win big. All this, combined with first-class customer service, makes Villento Casino a premier destination for those seeking a top-tier online casino experience. Join the ranks of satisfied players who've found their gaming haven at Villento Casino Canada, where every click can lead to an exhilarating win.</p></div><h2>Changing Climate</h2><p>Measured temperature trends averaged across the state of Colorado are statistically significant for the last thirty, fifty, and one hundred years. The greatest warming has occurred in the southwest corner of the state, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a> in south-central Colorado, and along the northern <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>. The southeastern corner of the state has actually undergone a slight cooling over the last century. Temperatures have risen by 3.4°F in the spring, 2.4°F in the summer, 2.3°F in the winter, and 1.5°F in the fall. Due to the lack of reliable historic temperature data at high elevations, it is not known whether warming is disproportionately occurring at high elevations.</p><p>There are no detectable widespread trends in precipitation across the state of Colorado. Average snowpack in Colorado is lower than thirty years ago, but there is no statistically significant decreasing trend in snowpack. Climate modeling studies suggest Colorado seasonal snowpack is vulnerable to projected increases in temperatures but less so than the Cascades and Sierras of the western United States.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/goble-peter" hreflang="und">Goble, Peter</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado" hreflang="en">Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/snow" hreflang="en">snow</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rain" hreflang="en">rain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tornado" hreflang="en">tornado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/severe-weather" hreflang="en">severe weather</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/flooding" hreflang="en">flooding</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/floods" hreflang="en">floods</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mountains" hreflang="en">mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/valleys" hreflang="en">valleys</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/front-range" hreflang="en">front range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope" hreflang="en">Western Slope</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-plains" hreflang="en">Great Plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eastern-plains" hreflang="en">eastern plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/climate-colorado" hreflang="en">climate of colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Chris Daly, “<a href="https://prism.oregonstate.edu/normals/">30-Year Normals</a>,” PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University, December 2016.</p><p>Nolan J. Doesken, Roger A. Pielke Sr., and Odilia A.P. Bliss, “<a href="https://climate.colostate.edu/pdfs/climateofcoloradoNo.60.pdf">Climate of Colorado</a>,” <em>Climatography of the United States </em>No. 60, updated January 2003.</p><p>Jeff Lukas, Joseph Barsugli, Nolan Doesken, Imtiaz Rangwala, and Klaus Wolter, “<a href="https://wwa.colorado.edu/sites/default/files/2021-09/Exec_Summary_Climate_Change_CO_Report_2014_FINAL.pdf">Climate Change in Colorado: A Synthesis to Support Water Resources Management and Adaptation</a>,” University of Colorado Boulder, 2014.</p><p>Angeline Pendergrass and the National Center for Atmospheric Research Staff, eds, “<a href="https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/gpcp-monthly-global-precipitation-climatology-project">GPCP (Monthly): Global Precipitation Climatology Project</a>,” NCAR/UCAR Climate Data Guide, updated July 2, 2016.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://climate.colostate.edu/">Colorado Climate Center</a></p><p>Kevin Hamm, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/05/22/history-of-tornadoes-in-colorado-1950-2013-interactive-graphic/">History of tornadoes in Colorado, 1950–2013</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, May 22, 2014.</p><p>Justin McHeffey, “<a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/colorado-county-has-high-occurrence-of-tornadoes/">Colorado county has high occurrence of tornadoes</a>,” <em>CBS Denver</em>, June 3, 2016.</p><p><a href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov">National Climate Data Center</a></p><p><a href="https://www.weather.gov/">National Weather Service</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 27 Apr 2017 22:20:54 +0000 yongli 2502 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org