%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Paramount Theater http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/paramount-theater <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Paramount Theater</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-29T16:41:45-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 29, 2021 - 16:41" class="datetime">Tue, 06/29/2021 - 16:41</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/paramount-theater" data-a2a-title="Paramount Theater"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fparamount-theater&amp;title=Paramount%20Theater"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Paramount Theater (1621 Glenarm Place, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>) is the best-known Art Deco design of architect <strong>Temple Hoyne Buell</strong>. Buell created this 1930 palace as the most ornate of all Colorado movie theaters and a gem in the coast-to-coast chain of exuberant movie houses planted by Paramount Publix. Like grand downtown move theaters everywhere, it struggled with the advent of television and digital entertainment. Closed and facing possible demolition, it was rescued by National Register of Historic Places and Denver landmark designations. <strong>Historic Denver, Inc.</strong>, purchased the theater in 1981 and began restoration. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/stan-kroenke"><strong>Kroenke</strong></a> Sports and Entertainment purchased the Paramount in 2002 and continues to operate it as a performance center for concerts and other events.</p><h2>Movie Palaces</h2><p>During the giddy 1920s, theaters became a primary social gathering place, a great escape into an air-conditioned fantasy world at a time when A/C was a refreshing novelty. Theaters were inexpensive and open to all, though for people of color that might mean sitting in the balcony. Whereas opera houses had once been the prime venue and boast of a town, now every city and even smaller towns had to have a colorful, often Art Deco–style, movie theater on main street. As Hollywood blossomed, many independent live theaters and old opera houses switched to movies to pump up attendance. The big Hollywood studios—Paramount, MGM, RKO, Twentieth Century Fox, and Warner Brothers—also built their own chains of theaters. Paramount had more than 1,000 across the country.</p><p>In Denver, Curtis Street had been the city’s brightly lit theater district since the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tabor-grand-opera-house"><strong>Tabor Grand Opera House</strong></a> opened at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sixteenth-street-denver"><strong>Sixteenth</strong></a> and Curtis Streets in 1880. It once boasted more than a dozen live theaters. By the 1920s, they were fading as modern movie places sprang up on Sixteenth Street along with a dozen neighborhood movie houses around town.</p><h2>The Paramount</h2><p>Denver’s Paramount Theater was the grandest of the movie palaces to open on Sixteenth. It was designed by Temple Hoyne Buell, then working with the theater design firm of C. W. and George L. Rapp, the nation’s foremost movie-palace architects. Buell made it a superb example of zigzag Art Deco, a style introduced by the Paris Exhibition of 1925 and characterized by sharp angular or curvilinear forms, flat roofs, shiny glazed surfaces, and sleek design. Inside and out, the Paramount displays exquisite Art Deco craftsmanship and ornamentation. Construction cost about $450,000, not including elaborate interior work added by Paramount Publix in a profusion of Art Deco designs, textures, and colors.</p><p>The Paramount was originally intertwined with the older <strong>Kittredge Building</strong> next door, which housed the theater’s grand, two-story entrance lobby on Sixteenth Street. Around the corner on Glenarm Place, the theater’s main facade consists of three stories of precast concrete block sheathed in glistening white glazed terra cotta trimmed with black marble. Julius Peter Ambrusch, a noted Austrian-born painter and sculptor, handled the theater’s terra-cotta work with the Denver Terra Cotta Company. Twelve bays of paired windows are framed by ornate moldings with recurrent motifs of rosettes, leaves, feathers, and fiddlehead ferns. Narrow vertical rows of concrete blocks create an arrowhead pattern crowning the ends of the building.</p><p>The Italian artist Vincent Mondo decorated theaters in the Paramount chain, covering every paintable surface with fantastic colors and designs. In the Denver theater’s cavernous interior, scarcely a surface goes undecorated. Inside, the surviving lobby leads both to an upstairs balcony and to the main floor, with a total of 1,200 seats. The sixty-five-foot-high auditorium ceiling has a huge sunburst pattern with rays flung far across its barrel vault. In the middle of the sun hangs a one-ton chandelier equipped with 100 light bulbs attached to an octagonal platform, a favorite Art Deco shape. Other twinkling light bulbs are scattered across the ceiling, creating a starry sky. An intricate system of color lights could be matched to the mood of the movie. The auditorium walls are covered by exquisite floor-to-ceiling silk tapestries featuring commedia dell'arte characters such as Harlequin, Pierrot, and Pierette. The basement contains the original ammonia air-conditioning system outlawed soon after the theater opened.</p><h2>The Movie Years</h2><p>The Paramount’s grand opening on August 29, 1930, was marked by planes flying overhead promoting the event. Some 20,000 people showed up. <em><strong>The Denver Post</strong></em> claimed that the Paramount attracted “the largest assemblage that ever greeted the opening of a playhouse.” Jeanette MacDonald, the leading lady of the opening feature, <em>Let’s Go Native</em>, sent a large bouquet, which she claimed to have handpicked.</p><p>For silent films, which depended on organ accompaniment, the Paramount boasted a custom $80,000 Public One Wurlitzer organ with twin consoles. The organ’s 1,600 pipes had names such as Tuba Mirablis, Dulcinana, Fat Flutes, and Viol Celeste. Its encyclopedic keyboard could produce sound effects ranging from thundering hoofbeats to the heavy breathing of a steam locomotive. The twin consoles rose dramatically to the stage on a lift from the orchestra pit, which also harbored twelve musicians. Today the restored organ remains one of the largest, most intact, and functional of its kind.</p><p>The <strong>Great Depression</strong> drove the Paramount into bankruptcy in 1933. Twentieth Century Fox subsequently ran the theater until Denver movie mogul <strong>Harris P. Wolfberg</strong>, president of Wolfberg Theaters, purchased the lease in 1948 for more than $5 million. Wolfberg spent some $30,000 remodeling the theater, including the addition of a thirty-eight-foot-long and ten-foot-high marquee facing Glenarm Place. During these years, movies were often accompanied by local talent. In 1952, for example, <em>Bugles in the Afternoon</em>, starring Ray Milland, included acts by local comedian Willie Shore interspersed with music by Mike DiSalle’s Top O’ The Park Orchestra.</p><h2>Revival</h2><p>Of a dozen downtown Denver movie palaces, the Paramount is the sole survivor. Like all the other picture palaces, it seemed doomed to demolition by suburbanization, television, modern multiplexes, and home videos. The Paramount never completely shut down, but it did go through long naps. To keep the shows going, the Friends of the Paramount formed in 1978 and began holding fundraising events at the theater. In 1980 the Paramount was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. A year later, Historic Denver, Inc., bought the theater and undertook its restoration through a subsidiary, the Historic Paramount Foundation. The rebirth of Sixteenth Street as a pedestrian mall in 1982 brought new attention and foot traffic to the area, but the venue still spent more time closed than open. Denver Landmark designation came in 1988, and the theater benefited from a broader revival of downtown Denver in the 1990s.</p><p>Since 2002 the Paramount has been a part of Stan Kroenke’s professional sports, television, real estate, and entertainment empire. Kroenke has been the cure for the Paramount’s financial ailments. The reborn Paramount now hosts more than 100 performances a year, primarily concerts by big-name musicians.</p><div style="position:absolute;right:-477204067px;"><p>Paramount Theater stał się czymś więcej niż tylko miejscem urzekających występów; stał się także miejscem spotkań różnorodnego tłumu, w tym zapalonych graczy kasyn online. Pośród blichtru i przepychu atmosfery teatru znajdziesz entuzjastów z różnych środowisk, których łączy wspólne zainteresowanie emocjami związanymi z kasynami online. Ci uczestnicy, przyciągnięci urokiem teatru, często szukają rozrywki, która wykracza poza scenę. Dla nich dreszczyk emocji związany z obstawianiem zakładów i kręceniem bębnami online w <a href="https://pl.bestcasinos-pl.com/">https://pl.bestcasinos-pl.com/</a> jest tak samo ekscytujący, jak każdy występ na żywo. Niezależnie od tego, czy jest to przerwa, czy po zamknięciu kurtyny, zauważysz, że chętnie sprawdzają swoje telefony lub tablety, oddając się szybkiej rundzie blackjacka lub kręceniu na automatach. Unikalna mieszanka wyrafinowania i nowoczesności Paramount Theater odzwierciedla różnorodne zainteresowania jego klientów. Podczas gdy niektórzy przychodzą tu dla światowej klasy występów na scenie, inni znajdują przyjemność w wirtualnym świecie kasyn online, gdzie szczęście i strategia przeplatają się w urzekających grach losowych.</p></div></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/paramount-theatre" hreflang="en">Paramount Theatre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/temple-hoyne-buell" hreflang="en">Temple Hoyne Buell</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stan-kroenke" hreflang="en">stan kroenke</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/kroenke-sports-entertainment" hreflang="en">kroenke sports entertainment</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Temple Hoyne Buell, interview with Thomas J. Noel, February 13, 1986.</p><p><em>The Denver Post</em>, Paramount opening-night coverage, August 30, 1930.</p><p>“Historic Paramount, Colorado’s Only Movie Palace—Grand Reopening Program,” February 3, 1979.</p><p><em>Paramount Parade</em> (newspaper), February 3, 1979.</p><p>Tamra S. Ohan, “Paramount Theater,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (1980).</p><p><em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, Paramount opening-night coverage, August 30, 1930.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas J. Noel and Barbara S. Norgren, <em>Denver: The City Beautiful and Its Architects, 1893–1941 </em>(Denver: Historic Denver, 1987).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Jun 2021 22:41:45 +0000 yongli 3595 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Stan Kroenke http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/stan-kroenke <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Stan Kroenke</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-02-16T13:48:27-07:00" title="Tuesday, February 16, 2021 - 13:48" class="datetime">Tue, 02/16/2021 - 13:48</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/stan-kroenke" data-a2a-title="Stan Kroenke"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fstan-kroenke&amp;title=Stan%20Kroenke"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Stan Kroenke (1947–) is a Missouri-based billionaire whose extensive portfolio of real estate and sports franchises includes <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-nuggets"><strong>Nuggets</strong></a> (basketball), <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-avalanche"><strong>Avalanche</strong></a> (hockey), <strong>Rapids</strong> (soccer), and Mammoth (lacrosse), as well as <strong>Ball Arena</strong>, <strong>Dick</strong><strong>’</strong><strong>s Sporting Goods Park</strong>, and the Altitude Sports and Entertainment channel. He also owns Denver’s <strong>Paramount Theatre</strong> and is the main investor behind the River Mile development planned for the site of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elitch-gardens"><strong>Elitch Gardens</strong></a>. His other holdings include the Los Angeles Rams, SoFi Stadium in Los Angeles, London’s Arsenal soccer team, and some 2 million acres of ranchland in the United States and Canada. Married to Wal-Mart heiress Ann Walton Kroenke, Kroenke is worth an estimated $8–10 billion as of 2020, and his wife is worth an additional $6–8 billion.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life and Family</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Enos Stanley Kroenke was born on July 29, 1947, to Evelyn and Alvin Kroenke in Mora, Missouri, about eighty miles southeast of Kansas City. He was named for Enos Slaughter and Stan Musial, two Hall of Fame baseball players for the St. Louis Cardinals. His father owned the Mora Lumber Company, and by the time Stan was ten, he was helping out by sweeping floors and keeping accounts. At Cole Camp High School near Mora, he played for the basketball team and earned a reputation as a top student. He went on to the University of Missouri, where he earned a BA in economics in 1969. After graduation, he invested in a local clothing store and attended business school, earning a master of business administration degree in 1973.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The year he earned his MBA, Kroenke met Ann Walton, the oldest daughter of Wal-Mart cofounder James “Bud” Walton, while on vacation in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/aspen"><strong>Aspen</strong></a>. They married in 1974 and have two children, Whitney (1977) and Josh (1980). Their primary residence remains the college town of Columbia, Missouri. Perhaps as a result of his small-town, Lutheran background, Kroenke has developed a reputation as “Silent Stan” for his aversion to the media and relatively modest lifestyle.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Real Estate</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1975 Kroenke started his career in real estate by taking a job with developer Raul Walters, who had already built several Wal-Mart stores. Kroenke became a partner at Walters’s firm four years later. Together they developed more than twenty retail malls across the Midwest, many of them anchored by large Wal-Marts. In 1985 Kroenke started his own development company, the Kroenke Group, which continued to specialize in shopping centers anchored by Wal-Marts, and in 1990 he helped start THF Realty, which also developed shopping centers around Wal-Marts and other big-box stores. Today Kroenke controls about 30 million square feet of commercial real estate.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Denver Sports</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As Kroenke’s wealth grew, he started to invest in sports franchises. After failing to land an NFL expansion team for St. Louis in 1993, two years later he helped convince the Rams to move from Los Angeles to St. Louis and acquired a minority stake in the team.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At the end of the 1990s, he formed Kroenke Sports Enterprises (now Kroenke Sports and Entertainment) as he planned more acquisitions. In 2000 he entered the Denver market with a splash, buying the Nuggets, the Avalanche, and the recently built Pepsi Center (now Ball Arena) where they played for more than $400 million. Two years later he added the Colorado Mammoth, an indoor lacrosse team that moved to the Pepsi Center, and in 2004 he bought the Colorado Rapids soccer team from his friend and fellow billionaire <strong>Philip Anschutz</strong>. That year he started the Altitude Sports and Entertainment channel to broadcast the games of his Denver sports franchises. He then built the Rapids a $71 million stadium, Dick’s Sporting Goods Park in <strong>Commerce City</strong>, which opened in 2007. In the 2000s, Kroenke also had a stake in the Colorado Crush indoor football team before it folded in the wake of the <strong>Great Recession</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to his sports franchises and facilities, Kroenke owns or operates a variety of other Denver-area shopping centers and entertainment venues. Most notably, in 2002 he bought the historic Paramount Theatre in downtown Denver, and in 2009 he and Anschutz formed a partnership to take over operations at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/city-and-county-broomfield"><strong>Broomfield</strong></a>’s 1stBank Center.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Other Acquisitions</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early twenty-first century, Kroenke Sports and Entertainment became the single-largest owner of major sports franchises in the world. Across the Atlantic, Kroenke became a minority owner in the Arsenal Football Club in 2007 and worked steadily to gain greater control. By 2011 he had a majority stake, and in 2019 he became the sole owner despite the enmity of the squad’s English fans, who believed he didn’t adequately support the team.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Closer to home, Kroenke took full ownership of the St. Louis Rams in 2010. NFL rules required him to relinquish control of his major professional teams in other markets where the league had a presence. Over the next few years, he shifted control of the Nuggets and Avalanche to his wife, Ann, and installed his son, Josh, a former college basketball player at the University of Missouri, as president of the Denver teams. In St. Louis, meanwhile, Kroenke soon earned the city’s hatred when he decided to move the team back to Los Angeles, where his stadium proposal beat out a competing plan from Anschutz. The NFL approved the move in 2016, and Kroenke spent the next four years building the team a $5 billion facility, SoFi Stadium, which opened in 2020 as the centerpiece of a 300-acre development.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to his sports teams, Kroenke owns several wineries in the United States and France, as well as about a dozen ranches totaling roughly 2 million acres in Arizona, Montana, Texas, Wyoming, and British Columbia. With holdings including the 800-square-mile Waggoner Ranch in Texas, he is the fifth-largest landowner in the United States.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>River Mile</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Like Anschutz, who built the L.A. Live complex beside the Staples Center in the early 2000s, Kroenke is planning several large developments around his sports facilities. In 2015 he joined Revesco Properties and Second City Real Estate to buy Elitch Gardens, which is adjacent to Ball Arena, for $140 million. Over the next twenty-five years, the new owners plan to move the amusement park and replace it with a sixty-two-acre development full of office towers, condominiums, and parks along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a>. Approved by the city in 2018, the proposed neighborhood would expand downtown Denver by about 20 percent, adding 12–15 million square feet and some 15,000 residents to the area. The plan promises that 15 percent of the neighborhood’s residences will be offered at below-market rates, but more recently elected councilmembers such as Candi CdeBaca remain concerned that Denver’s development is pricing many people out of the city. In conjunction with River Mile, development partners assume that Kroenke will also develop Ball Arena’s fifty acres of parking lots, providing a connection from River Mile to the <strong>Auraria Higher Education Center</strong> and downtown Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, at Dick’s Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City, Kroenke is planning a 250-acre development called Victory Crossing Park, which would be adjacent to Denver’s <strong>Central Park</strong> neighborhood and the <strong>Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge</strong>.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stan-kroenke" hreflang="en">stan kroenke</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-nuggets" hreflang="en">denver nuggets</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-avalanche" hreflang="en">Colorado Avalanche</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-rapids" hreflang="en">Colorado Rapids</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-mammoth" hreflang="en">Colorado Mammoth</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pepsi-center" hreflang="en">pepsi center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ball-arena" hreflang="en">Ball Arena</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/elitch-gardens" hreflang="en">Elitch Gardens</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/river-mile" hreflang="en">River Mile</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/paramount-theatre" hreflang="en">Paramount Theatre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dicks-sporting-goods-park" hreflang="en">Dick&#039;s Sporting Goods Park</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>David Accomazzo, “<a href="https://boulderweekly.com/entertainment/music/1stbank-centers-new-management-delivers/">1stBank Center’s New Management Delivers</a>,” <em>Boulder Weekly</em>, March 11, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Patricia Calhoun, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/news/at-dnc-a-suite-deal-for-stan-kroenke-5100130">At DNC, a Suite Deal for Stan Kroenke</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, August 7, 2008.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Matt Fitzgerald, “<a href="https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2576877-nfl-approves-stan-kroenkes-plan-to-retain-rams-transfer-nuggets-and-avalanche">NFL Approves Stan Kroenke’s Plan to Retain Rams, Transfer Nuggets and Avalanche</a>,” Bleacher Report, October 7, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tom Hoffarth, “<a href="https://labusinessjournal.com/news/2020/mar/16/business-person-year-2020-stan-kroenke-guide/">Stan Kroenke: A Condensed Guide</a>,” <em>Los Angeles Business Journal</em>, March 16, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://landreport.com/americas-100-largest-landowners/">Land Report 100</a>,” Land Report, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jeré Longman, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/15/sports/soccer/15owner.html">From an Owner to the Quietist Sports Emperor</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, January 14, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tariq Panja, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/07/sports/soccer/arsenal-alisher-usmanov-stan-kroenke.html">U.S. Billionaire Gets Full Control of Arsenal, Buying Out Russian Rival</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, August 7, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert Sanchez, “<a href="https://www.5280.com/inside-one-of-the-largest-redevelopments-in-denvers-history/">Inside One of the Largest Redevelopments in Denver’s History</a>,” <em>5280</em>, February 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert Sanchez and Greg Griffin, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2007/07/06/a-look-inside-kroenkes-empire/">A Look Inside Kroenke’s Empire</a>,” <em>The </em><em>Denver Post</em>, July 6, 2007.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/enos-s-kroenke/">Stan Kroenke</a>,” Bloomberg Billionaires Index, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=5496516">Stan Kroenke Is New Rams Owner</a>,” Associated Press via ESPN, August 25, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/stanley-kroenke/?sh=5167a9cd742c">Stanley Kroenke</a>,” <em>Forbes</em>, updated January 22, 2021.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Nathan Fenno and Sam Farmer, “<a href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/story/2020-09-04/stan-kroenke-nfl-owners-coronavirus-workers-sofi-stadium-rams-chargers">A Turbulent Path: How Stan Kroenke and the NFL Turned SoFi Stadium Into a $5-Billion Reality</a>,” <em>Los Angeles Times</em>, September 4, 2020.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Stan Kroenke (1947–) is a Missouri-based billionaire. He owns multiple sports teams and the stadiums they play at. His teams include the Denver’s Nuggets (basketball), Avalanche (hockey), Rapids (soccer), and Mammoth (lacrosse). He also owns Ball Arena, Dick’s Sporting Goods Park, and the Altitude Sports and Entertainment channel. His other holdings include the Los Angeles Rams and SoFi Stadium in Los Angeles. Across the Atlantic, Kroenke also owns London’s Arsenal soccer team. He has purchased almost 2 million acres of ranchland in the United States and Canada. Stan Kroenke is married to Wal-Mart heiress Ann Walton Kroenke. Stan Kroenke is worth an estimated $8–10 billion as of 2020. His wife is worth an additional $6–8 billion.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life and Family</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Enos Stanley Kroenke was born on July 29, 1947 in Mora, Missouri. His father owned the Mora Lumber Company. By the time Stan was ten, he was helping out by sweeping floors and keeping accounts. At Cole Camp High School near Mora, he played for the basketball team. Kroenke earned a reputation as a top student. He went on to the University of Missouri. After graduation, he invested in a local clothing store and attended business school.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kroenke met Ann Walton, the oldest daughter of Wal-Mart cofounder James “Bud” Walton, while on vacation in Aspen. They married in 1974. They have two children, Whitney (1977) and Josh (1980). They live in the college town of Columbia, Missouri. Kroenke has developed a reputation as “Silent Stan” for his modest lifestyle.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Real Estate</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1975 Kroenke started his career in real estate. He took a job with developer Raul Walters. Walters had already built several Wal-Mart stores. Kroenke became a partner at Walters’s firm four years later. They developed more than twenty retail malls across the Midwest. Many of them were anchored by large Wal-Marts. In 1985 Kroenke started his own development company, the Kroenke Group. The company specialized in shopping centers anchored by Wal-Marts. In 1990 he helped start THF Realty. The company also developed shopping centers around big-box stores. Today Kroenke controls about 30 million square feet of commercial real estate.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Denver Sports</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As Kroenke’s wealth grew, he started to invest in sports teams. He failed to land an NFL expansion team for St. Louis in 1993. Two years later, he helped convince the Rams to move from Los Angeles to St. Louis. Kroenke acquired a minority stake in the team.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At the end of the 1990s, he formed Kroenke Sports Enterprises (now Kroenke Sports and Entertainment). In 2000 he entered the Denver market. Kroenke bought the Nuggets, the Avalanche, and the Pepsi Center (now Ball Arena) for more than $400 million. Two years later he added the Colorado Mammoth. In 2004, he bought the Colorado Rapids soccer team. That year he started the Altitude Sports and Entertainment. The channel broadcasts the games of his Denver sports franchises. He then built the Rapids a $71 million stadium. Dick’s Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City opened in 2007.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kroenke owns or operates a variety of other Denver-area shopping centers and entertainment venues. In 2002 he bought the historic Paramount Theatre in downtown Denver. In 2009 he and Philip Anschutz formed a partnership to take over operations at Broomfield’s 1stBank Center.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Other Acquisitions</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Kroenke Sports and Entertainment became the single-largest owner of major sports franchises in the world. Kroenke became a minority owner in the Arsenal Football Club in 2007. He worked to gain greater control. By 2011 he had a majority stake. In 2019 he became the sole owner.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Closer to home, Kroenke took full ownership of the St. Louis Rams in 2010. NFL rules required him to give up control of his major professional teams in other markets where the league had a presence. Over the next few years, he shifted control of the Nuggets and Avalanche to his wife, Ann. He installed his son, Josh, as president of the Denver teams.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2016, the NFL approved Kroenke's plan to move the Rams back to Los Angeles. Kroenke spent the next four years building Sofi Stadium. The $5 billion facility opened in 2020. It is the centerpiece of a 300-acre development.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kroenke also owns several wineries in the United States and France. He possesses about a dozen ranches totaling roughly 2 million acres. He is the fifth-largest landowner in the United States.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>River Mile</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Kroenke is planning several large developments around his sports facilities. In 2015 he purchased Elitch Gardens, which is next to Ball Arena, for $140 million. Over the next twenty-five years, there are plans to move the amusement park. The amusement park will be replaced with a sixty-two-acre development. The development will include office towers, housing, and parks. The project was approved by the city in 2018. The proposed neighborhood would expand downtown Denver by about 20 percent. It would add 15,000 residents to the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At Dick’s Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City, Kroenke is planning a 250-acre development called Victory Crossing Park.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Stan Kroenke (1947–) is a Missouri-based billionaire. He owns several sports teams including Denver’s Nuggets (basketball), Avalanche (hockey), Rapids (soccer), and Mammoth (lacrosse). He also owns Ball Arena, Dick’s Sporting Goods Park, and the Altitude Sports and Entertainment channel. His other holdings include the Los Angeles Rams, SoFi Stadium in Los Angeles, London’s Arsenal soccer team, and some 2 million acres of ranchland in the United States and Canada. He is married to Wal-Mart heiress Ann Walton Kroenke. Stan Kroenke is worth an estimated $8–10 billion as of 2020. His wife is worth an additional $6–8 billion.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life and Family</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Enos Stanley Kroenke was born on July 29, 1947, to Evelyn and Alvin Kroenke in Mora, Missouri. He was named for Enos Slaughter and Stan Musial, two Hall of Fame baseball players for the St. Louis Cardinals. His father owned the Mora Lumber Company. By the time Stan was ten, he was helping out by sweeping floors and keeping accounts. At Cole Camp High School near Mora, he played for the basketball team. Kroenke earned a reputation as a top student. He went on to the University of Missouri, where he earned a BA in economics in 1969. After graduation, he invested in a local clothing store and attended business school. Kroenke earned a master of business administration degree in 1973.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kroenke met Ann Walton, the oldest daughter of Wal-Mart cofounder James “Bud” Walton, while on vacation in Aspen. They married in 1974. They have two children, Whitney (1977) and Josh (1980). Their primary residence remains the college town of Columbia, Missouri. Kroenke has developed a reputation as “Silent Stan” for his aversion to the media and modest lifestyle.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Real Estate</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1975 Kroenke started his career in real estate. He took a job with developer Raul Walters, who had already built several Wal-Mart stores. Kroenke became a partner at Walters’s firm four years later. They developed more than twenty retail malls across the Midwest. Many of them were anchored by large Wal-Marts. In 1985 Kroenke started his own development company, the Kroenke Group. The company specialized in shopping centers anchored by Wal-Marts. In 1990 he helped start THF Realty, which also developed shopping centers around Wal-Marts and other big-box stores. Today Kroenke controls about 30 million square feet of commercial real estate.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Denver Sports</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As Kroenke’s wealth grew, he started to invest in sports franchises. He failed to land an NFL expansion team for St. Louis in 1993. Two years later he helped convince the Rams to move from Los Angeles to St. Louis. Kroenke acquired a minority stake in the team.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At the end of the 1990s, he formed Kroenke Sports Enterprises (now Kroenke Sports and Entertainment). In 2000 he entered the Denver market, buying the Nuggets, the Avalanche, and the recently built Pepsi Center (now Ball Arena) for more than $400 million. Two years later he added the Colorado Mammoth. In 2004 he bought the Colorado Rapids soccer team. That year he started the Altitude Sports and Entertainment channel to broadcast the games of his Denver sports franchises. He then built the Rapids a $71 million stadium, Dick’s Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City. The facility opened in 2007.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kroenke owns or operates a variety of other Denver-area shopping centers and entertainment venues. In 2002 he bought the historic Paramount Theatre in downtown Denver. In 2009 he and Philip Anschutz formed a partnership to take over operations at Broomfield’s 1stBank Center.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Other Acquisitions</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Kroenke Sports and Entertainment became the single-largest owner of major sports franchises in the world. Kroenke became a minority owner in the Arsenal Football Club in 2007. He worked to gain greater control. By 2011 he had a majority stake. In 2019 he became the sole owner.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Closer to home, Kroenke took full ownership of the St. Louis Rams in 2010. NFL rules required him to give up control of his major professional teams in other markets where the league had a presence. Over the next few years, he shifted control of the Nuggets and Avalanche to his wife, Ann. He installed his son, Josh, as president of the Denver teams. In St. Louis, Kroenke earned the city’s hatred when he decided to move the team back to Los Angeles after his stadium proposal beat out a competing plan from Anschutz. The NFL approved the move in 2016. Kroenke spent the next four years building the team a $5 billion facility, SoFi Stadium. The stadium opened in 2020. It was the centerpiece of a 300-acre development.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kroenke also owns several wineries in the United States and France. He also possesses about a dozen ranches totaling roughly 2 million acres. He is the fifth-largest landowner in the United States.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>River Mile</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Kroenke is planning several large developments around his sports facilities. In 2015 he joined Revesco Properties and Second City Real Estate to buy Elitch Gardens, which is adjacent to Ball Arena, for $140 million. Over the next twenty-five years, the new owners plan to move the amusement park. They will replace it with a sixty-two-acre development full of office towers, condominiums, and parks along the South Platte River. The project was approved by the city in 2018. The proposed neighborhood would expand downtown Denver by about 20 percent. It would add 12–15 million square feet and some 15,000 residents to the area. The plan promises that 15 percent of the neighborhood’s residences will be offered at below-market rates. Some councilmembers are concerned that Denver’s development is pricing many people out of the city. In conjunction with River Mile, development partners assume that Kroenke will also develop Ball Arena’s fifty acres of parking lots, providing a connection from River Mile to the Auraria Higher Education Center and downtown Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, at Dick’s Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City, Kroenke is planning a 250-acre development called Victory Crossing Park. The development would sit adjacent to Denver’s Central Park neighborhood and the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Stan Kroenke (1947–) is a Missouri-based billionaire. He owns several sports teams including Denver’s Nuggets (basketball), Avalanche (hockey), Rapids (soccer), and Mammoth (lacrosse). He also owns Ball Arena, Dick’s Sporting Goods Park, and the Altitude Sports and Entertainment channel. His other holdings include the Los Angeles Rams, SoFi Stadium in Los Angeles, London’s Arsenal soccer team, and some 2 million acres of ranchland in the United States and Canada. He is married to Wal-Mart heiress Ann Walton Kroenke. Stan Kroenke is worth an estimated $8–10 billion as of 2020. His wife is worth an additional $6–8 billion.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life and Family</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Enos Stanley Kroenke was born on July 29, 1947, to Evelyn and Alvin Kroenke in Mora, Missouri. He was named for Enos Slaughter and Stan Musial, two Hall of Fame baseball players for the St. Louis Cardinals. His father owned the Mora Lumber Company. By the time Stan was ten, he was helping out by sweeping floors and keeping accounts. At Cole Camp High School near Mora, he played for the basketball team. Kroenke earned a reputation as a top student. He went on to the University of Missouri, where he earned a BA in economics in 1969. After graduation, he invested in a local clothing store and attended business school. Kroenke earned a master of business administration degree in 1973.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kroenke met Ann Walton, the oldest daughter of Wal-Mart cofounder James “Bud” Walton, while on vacation in Aspen. They married in 1974. They have two children, Whitney (1977) and Josh (1980). Their primary residence remains the college town of Columbia, Missouri. Kroenke has developed a reputation as “Silent Stan” for his aversion to the media and modest lifestyle.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Real Estate</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1975 Kroenke started his career in real estate. He took a job with developer Raul Walters, who had already built several Wal-Mart stores. Kroenke became a partner at Walters’s firm four years later. They developed more than twenty retail malls across the Midwest. Many of them were anchored by large Wal-Marts. In 1985 Kroenke started his own development company, the Kroenke Group. The company specialized in shopping centers anchored by Wal-Marts. In 1990 he helped start THF Realty, which also developed shopping centers around Wal-Marts and other big-box stores. Today Kroenke controls about 30 million square feet of commercial real estate.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Denver Sports</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As Kroenke’s wealth grew, he started to invest in sports franchises. After failing to land an NFL expansion team for St. Louis in 1993, two years later he helped convince the Rams to move from Los Angeles to St. Louis and acquired a minority stake in the team.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At the end of the 1990s, he formed Kroenke Sports Enterprises (now Kroenke Sports and Entertainment) as he planned more acquisitions. In 2000 he entered the Denver market with a splash, buying the Nuggets, the Avalanche, and the recently built Pepsi Center (now Ball Arena) where they played for more than $400 million. Two years later he added the Colorado Mammoth, an indoor lacrosse team that moved to the Pepsi Center, and in 2004 he bought the Colorado Rapids soccer team from his friend and fellow billionaire Philip Anschutz. That year he started the Altitude Sports and Entertainment channel to broadcast the games of his Denver sports franchises. He then built the Rapids a $71 million stadium, Dick’s Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City, which opened in 2007. In the 2000s, Kroenke also had a stake in the Colorado Crush indoor football team before it folded in the wake of the Great Recession.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to his sports franchises and facilities, Kroenke owns or operates a variety of other Denver-area shopping centers and entertainment venues. Most notably, in 2002 he bought the historic Paramount Theatre in downtown Denver, and in 2009 he and Anschutz formed a partnership to take over operations at Broomfield’s 1stBank Center.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Other Acquisitions</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early twenty-first century, Kroenke Sports and Entertainment became the single-largest owner of major sports franchises in the world. Across the Atlantic, Kroenke became a minority owner in the Arsenal Football Club in 2007 and worked steadily to gain greater control. By 2011 he had a majority stake, and in 2019 he became the sole owner despite the enmity of the squad’s English fans, who believed he didn’t adequately support the team.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Closer to home, Kroenke took full ownership of the St. Louis Rams in 2010. NFL rules required him to relinquish control of his major professional teams in other markets where the league had a presence. Over the next few years, he shifted control of the Nuggets and Avalanche to his wife, Ann, and installed his son, Josh, a former college basketball player at the University of Missouri, as president of the Denver teams. In St. Louis, meanwhile, Kroenke soon earned the city’s hatred when he decided to move the team back to Los Angeles, where his stadium proposal beat out a competing plan from Anschutz. The NFL approved the move in 2016, and Kroenke spent the next four years building the team a $5 billion facility, SoFi Stadium, which opened in 2020 as the centerpiece of a 300-acre development.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to his sports teams, Kroenke owns several wineries in the United States and France, as well as about a dozen ranches totaling roughly 2 million acres in Arizona, Montana, Texas, Wyoming, and British Columbia. With holdings including the 800-square-mile Waggoner Ranch in Texas, he is the fifth-largest landowner in the United States.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>River Mile</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Like Anschutz, who built the L.A. Live complex beside the Staples Center in the early 2000s, Kroenke is planning several large developments around his sports facilities. In 2015 he joined Revesco Properties and Second City Real Estate to buy Elitch Gardens, which is adjacent to Ball Arena, for $140 million. Over the next twenty-five years, the new owners plan to move the amusement park and replace it with a sixty-two-acre development full of office towers, condominiums, and parks along the South Platte River. Approved by the city in 2018, the proposed neighborhood would expand downtown Denver by about 20 percent, adding 12–15 million square feet and some 15,000 residents to the area. The plan promises that 15 percent of the neighborhood’s residences will be offered at below-market rates, but more recently elected councilmembers such as Candi CdeBaca remain concerned that Denver’s development is pricing many people out of the city. In conjunction with River Mile, development partners assume that Kroenke will also develop Ball Arena’s fifty acres of parking lots, providing a connection from River Mile to the Auraria Higher Education Center and downtown Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, at Dick’s Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City, Kroenke is planning a 250-acre development called Victory Crossing Park, which would be adjacent to Denver’s Central Park neighborhood and the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 16 Feb 2021 20:48:27 +0000 yongli 3543 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Denver Nuggets http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-nuggets <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver Nuggets</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-22T12:08:15-07:00" title="Wednesday, February 22, 2017 - 12:08" class="datetime">Wed, 02/22/2017 - 12:08</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-nuggets" data-a2a-title="Denver Nuggets"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdenver-nuggets&amp;title=Denver%20Nuggets"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Denver Nuggets, Colorado’s professional basketball team, compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as part of the Northwest Division in the association’s Western Conference. While an amateur-league team named the Denver Nuggets competed in the 1930s and 1940s, the current Nuggets team was founded in 1967 as the Denver Larks, then part of the American Basketball Association (ABA). With a change of ownership in 1972, the team was renamed the Nuggets.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Nuggets joined the NBA in 1976 and have since posted nine straight playoff appearances between 1981 and 1989 and ten straight playoff appearances between 2003 and 2013. Denver has yet to appear in the NBA Finals, having lost twice in the Western Conference finals to the Los Angeles Lakers (1985 and 2009). The Nuggets play home games at the <strong>Pepsi Center</strong>, a venue they share with the National Hockey League’s <a href="/article/colorado-avalanche"><strong>Colorado Avalanche</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Basketball in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1891 James Naismith invented the sport of basketball while teaching physical education at Springfield College in Massachusetts. Six years later, Naismith was listed as director of the Denver YMCA, making <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> the second city to be introduced to his new game. Denverites played Naismith’s game by rigging up any kind of baskets they could find and tossing around leather balls. Under the auspices of the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU), basketball flourished as Colorado’s first great indoor spectator sport.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1932 Colorado’s first AAU team, the Denver Piggly Wigglys, played in the <strong>Denver Municipal Auditorium</strong>, where it shared scheduling and space with stage plays, the symphony orchestra, wrestling, and other events. In 1934 the Mile High City captured the AAU national championship tournament by promising to prohibit smoking in the seats and offering free use of the auditorium. The playoffs, like regular season games, were held on the auditorium stage, prompting <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> sportswriter Howard “Ham” Beresford to quip, “The crowds expect some sort of coloratura soprano, ballet, historic pageant or pipe organ solo.” The most dedicated fans paid extra to sit on the stage. The 1941 addition to the Auditorium’s arena gave the team a larger place to play ball.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In <em>The Golden Age of Amateur Basketball</em>, historian Adolph Grundman notes that Denver fielded an AAU team called the Nuggets, an homage to the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>. The Nuggets won the amateur league’s national championship in 1939 before it joined the professional National Basketball League for the 1948–49 season.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1967 the Denver Larks, named after the Colorado <a href="/article/state-bird"><strong>state bird</strong></a> (lark bunting), failed to fly past one season. Denver trucking magnate Bill Ringsby bought the Larks for $350,000 and renamed them the Rockets, after his company’s long-haul truck logo. In 1972 he sold the team to San Diego businessmen Frank Goldberg and A. G. “Bud” Fisher, who changed the name to the Denver Nuggets. With the arrival of journeyman coach Larry Brown and stars Dan Issel and <strong>David Thompson</strong>, the team reached the ABA finals in 1975–76 and then moved to the NBA with the San Antonio Spurs, New York Nets, and Indiana Pacers. The Nuggets continued to win division titles but advanced no further.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As more and more fans showed up, the Nuggets yearned for a grander home. That came in 1975 with the opening of the city-owned <strong>McNichols Arena </strong>near Mile High Stadium.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Nuggets Stars</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>David Thompson, the Nuggets’ superstar, was nicknamed “Skywalker” for his vertical leaps, his alley-oops, above-the-rim dunks, and for starring in the first NBA slam dunk competitions. He played in Denver from 1975 to 1982, shining as an NBA All-Star for four years and leading the Nuggets to the NBA playoffs in 1978. Once the highest-paid player in the NBA, he succumbed to the substance abuse that still haunts professional sports. He overcame his cocaine addiction only after it ended his career and landed him in jail.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Another Nugget became an exemplary role model both on and off the court. <strong>Alexander English</strong> starred on the team from 1979 to 1990. At his peak he was the NBA’s top scorer and a frequent All-Star. Off the court he acted in movies, wrote poetry, and pursued philanthropy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dan Issel also excelled as a Nuggets player from 1975 to 1985. Returning as head coach in 1992, he transformed a lackluster franchise into a 1994 playoff contender. In 1994 the Nuggets became the talk of the town when seven-foot-two, finger-wagging shot blocker <strong>Dikembe Mutombo</strong> led Denver past the Seattle SuperSonics in a stunning first-round upset in the playoffs. Unfortunately, that first-round win—the first time an eighth-seeded team had defeated a top-seeded team—became a high point for the franchise instead of the start of something bigger. Issel’s coaching career crashed in 2001, when he was pressured to resign after directing an ethnic slur at a taunting Latino fan.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Former Sonics coach George Karl became head coach of the Nuggets in 2005 and compiled an overachieving win-loss record in the regular season that was tempered by playoff frustrations. Hoop fans gloried in hometown star <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chauncey-billups"><strong>Chauncey Billups</strong></a> and star shooter <strong>Carmelo Anthony</strong> until both were traded away in 2011. In 2013, despite being named NBA Coach of the Year, Karl was fired because the team again fell short in the playoffs. He left the franchise with a record of 423-257, recording the second-most wins in franchise history—and a reputation as perhaps the best coach never to win an NBA championship.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pepsi Center</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In a town where money seemed no obstacle when it came to sports facilities, McNichols, which cost $16 million, was replaced with the $180 million Pepsi Center near Speer Boulevard and the Auraria Parkway in 1999. Although the arena enjoyed tax breaks, the public did not have to foot the bill for the Pepsi Center because it was built with private money. The Nuggets and the Pepsi Center found big-league financing in Kroenke Sports Enterprises, which bought the team and the Center in 2000. In partnership with his son, Josh, founder-owner <strong>Stan Kroenke</strong>—a son-in-law of Wal-Mart co-founder Bud Walton—also owns the <strong>Colorado Rapids</strong> of Major League Soccer, the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League, the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League, and the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Parts of this article adapted from Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, eds., <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 5th Edition (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013).</strong></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-nuggets" hreflang="en">denver nuggets</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/carmelo-anthony" hreflang="en">carmelo anthony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-denver-nuggets" hreflang="en">history of denver nuggets</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pepsi-center" hreflang="en">pepsi center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-larks" hreflang="en">denver larks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/basketball-colorado" hreflang="en">basketball in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/larry-brown" hreflang="en">larry brown</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dan-issel" hreflang="en">dan issel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/david-thompson" hreflang="en">david thompson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mcnichols-arena" hreflang="en">mcnichols arena</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alexander-english" hreflang="en">alexander english</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dikembe-mutombo" hreflang="en">dikembe mutombo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stan-kroenke" hreflang="en">stan kroenke</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Denver Public Library, “<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/news/denvers-place-basketball-history">Denver’s Place in Basketball History</a>,” February 19, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Andrew Feinstein, “<a href="https://www.denverstiffs.com/2009/02/remembering-truly-original-denver.html">Remembering a truly original Denver Nugget</a>,” <em>SB Nation</em>, February 8, 2009.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nate Leboutillier, “Denver Nuggets,” in <em>The NBA: A History of Hoops</em> (Mankato, MN: Creative Education, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bill Simmons, <em>The Book of Basketball: The NBA According to the Sports Guy</em>, (Bristol, CT: ESPN, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Thompson and Sean Stormes, <em>Skywalker</em> (New York: Sports Publishing, 2003).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.nba.com/nuggets/history/history_index.html/">Nuggets Team History</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.pepsicenter.com/">Pepsi Center</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tim Polzer, “<a href="https://www.si.com/si-wire/2013/06/14/george-karl-nuggets-were-very-stupid-to-fire-me">George Karl: Nuggets Were ‘Very Stupid’ to Fire Me</a>,” <em>Sports Illustrated</em>, June 14, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James Whiteside, <em>Colorado: A Sports History </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1999).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 22 Feb 2017 19:08:15 +0000 yongli 2373 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org