%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Horsetooth Reservoir http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/horsetooth-reservoir <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Horsetooth Reservoir</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1677--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1677.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/horsetooth-reservoir"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorado%20Big%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=79cvs3B6" width="850" height="565" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/horsetooth-reservoir" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Horsetooth Reservoir</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Aerial view of Horsetooth Reservoir looking south. The reservoir was created as part of the Colorado-Big Thompson Project and supplies water to the city of Fort Collins.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3449--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3449.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/horsetooth-reservoir-and-cameron-peak-fire-plume"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Horsetooth_20201015_0014_0.jpg?itok=cxxyqq2R" width="1090" height="728" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/horsetooth-reservoir-and-cameron-peak-fire-plume" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Horsetooth Reservoir and Cameron Peak Fire Plume</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Strong wind pushed Cameron Peak Fire's plume of smoke overhead of the Horsetooth Reservoir.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 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field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-09-14T16:44:11-06:00" title="Monday, September 14, 2020 - 16:44" class="datetime">Mon, 09/14/2020 - 16:44</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/horsetooth-reservoir" data-a2a-title="Horsetooth Reservoir"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhorsetooth-reservoir&amp;title=Horsetooth%20Reservoir"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Horsetooth Reservoir is located in the foothills just west of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>. The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a> began construction of the reservoir in 1946 as part of the larger <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%93big-thompson-project"><strong>Colorado–Big Thompson Project</strong></a>, which provided additional <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> water for the northern <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>. Horsetooth Reservoir was completed in 1949 and has since developed into a popular recreation destination.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Environment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The natural environment around Horsetooth Reservoir is a transition area between the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a> and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>mountains</strong></a>. Because of this, the land features plants like grasses and yucca <strong>  </strong>as well as coniferous trees. Animals living in the area include <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a>, rabbits, ground squirrels, snakes, and a variety of birds.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Prehistoric and Early History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>From prehistoric times to 1946, people lived on the land now under Horsetooth Reservoir’s waters. Archeological sites surrounding the reservoir contain evidence of prehistoric peoples, including flake scatters, arrowheads, and small tools. To the immediate southeast of the reservoir is the Spring Canyon site, which contained artifacts from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic</strong></a> (6500 BC to AD 200) and Early Historic periods (150 BC to AD 1540). Early American Indian people used this site as a residential base camp for hunting and gathering in and around the area that is now Horsetooth Reservoir. The site also contains numerous artifacts from beyond the region, including some from as far as New Mexico and Idaho, suggesting trade and social connections among prehistoric and American Indian peoples across the West.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1820s, European Americans came to the region to trap and trade in present-day Colorado. Many of these mountain men trapped and traded along rivers near Horsetooth Reservoir: the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong>Cache la Poudre River</strong></a> to the north and <strong>Big Thompson</strong> <strong>River</strong> to the south. As time went on, more European Americans came to the region, especially during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59. In northern Colorado, the Cherokee Trail, which later became part of the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/overland-trail"><strong>Overland Trail</strong></a>, ran east of present-day Horsetooth Reservoir at the base of the foothills and included several stagecoach stations. As more European Americans came to the region in the 1860s, the federal government began removing the local <strong>Arapaho</strong> and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> peoples to distant reservations.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Quarrying and Stout, Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1870s, European Americans began establishing <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteads</strong></a> in the area that is now Horsetooth Reservoir. In 1871 sheepherder William Bachelder set up a homestead in the western end of Spring Canyon. Bachelder noticed the sandstone lining the walls above his homestead and began quarrying the stone. The sandstone attracted others to the area, and eventually a small town centered around quarrying sprang up. Residents dubbed the town Petra, after the ancient Jordanian city carved from stone. Business picked up as sandstone became a popular material for stylish buildings of the time. The <strong>Union Pacific Railroad</strong> established a line that ran from Fort Collins to Bellvue then south to the quarries, connecting them to <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and the wider United States.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1882 a Nebraskan named William Stout took over the quarries, established a new post office, and renamed the town Stout. At its peak, Stout boasted a school, saloon, and stores to serve the miners and their families. Architects and builders used sandstone from Stout to construct buildings in Fort Collins, in Denver (including the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tabor-grand-opera-house"><strong>Tabor Grand Opera House</strong></a>), in other locations in the state, and even as far away as in Chicago. The quarries experienced a quick boom but underwent a slow decline, with the growing use of concrete in buildings and frequent accidents contributing to Stout’s demise. Today, a small part of Stout exists at the southern end of Horsetooth Reservoir, but the majority of the town’s buildings lie in ruin under the water and peek out only when water levels are extremely low.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Creation of Horsetooth Reservoir</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1930s, the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong></a> and <strong>Great Depression</strong> devastated the nation. President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a> implemented wide-ranging public works programs to address the nation’s structural and environmental problems while putting Americans back to work. Hoping to capitalize on these New Deal programs, Colorado leaders lobbied for a massive federal project that would bring water from the <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> under the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a> to irrigate farms on the Great Plains. In 1938 the US Bureau of Reclamation began construction on the Colorado–Big Thompson Project, which transferred water from the Pacific-bound <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> to the Front Range for use by both farms and the growing urban population. This project greatly increased the water available to the people of northern Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Water from the Colorado–Big Thompson Project filled twelve reservoirs. One of the largest was named after the granite formation that towers over Fort Collins: <strong>Horsetooth Mountain</strong>. Construction of Horsetooth Reservoir took place between 1946 and 1949. Snowmelt from the Colorado River Basin was diverted via the Colorado–Big Thompson Project’s infrastructure to Flatiron and Pinewood Reservoirs west of Loveland, where it was channeled through the Hansen Feeder Canal near Masonville to the new reservoir. The reservoir submerged the sparsely populated town of Stout and made travel to Fort Collins difficult for those living in the foothills, but promised benefits to those in Fort Collins and northern Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1951 dam operators released the first irrigation flows from Horsetooth Reservoir to the Cache la Poudre River, satisfying decades-old demands from northern Colorado farmers. The water from the reservoir is channeled north through a series of canals, where it is then brought to the Cache la Poudre near Bellvue. The water is then diverted from the river to ditches that water farms across <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld</strong></a> Counties. </p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Recreation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to watering farms, Horsetooth Reservoir changed the way people interacted with the foothills west of Fort Collins. The booming post–<strong>World War II </strong>economy produced increased demand for outdoor recreation. With the affordable automobile, expanding interstate system, and paid time off, a growing number of middle-class families could more easily take vacations and enjoy the outdoors. In the years after its completion, Horsetooth Reservoir and the surrounding land became a popular recreation destination.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The state of Colorado improved Horsetooth’s recreation capacity when it bought a large swath of ranch land west of the reservoir to create Lory State Park in 1967. From the 1960s to the present, recreational opportunities around the reservoir continued to grow. Larimer County and the city of Fort Collins established picnic areas next to the reservoir, as well as trail systems that run alongside the reservoir to the east and up to Horsetooth Mountain to the west. Larimer County built boat-in campgrounds on the shoreline at the southern end of the reservoir, near the old site of Stout.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, the reservoir remains a popular recreation destination. It is common in the summertime to see it filled with boats, its adjacent trails busy with hikers and bikers, and families enjoying the picturesque scenery along its banks.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/maxwell-dillon" hreflang="und">Maxwell, Dillon</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/horsetooth-reservoir" hreflang="en">horsetooth reservoir</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/horsetooth-mountain" hreflang="en">horsetooth mountain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/horsetooth" hreflang="en">horsetooth</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-collins" hreflang="en">fort collins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/larimer-county" hreflang="en">larimer county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/horsetooth-rock" hreflang="en">horsetooth rock</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-big-thompson-project" hreflang="en">colorado-big thompson project</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cbt" hreflang="en">cbt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/irrigation" hreflang="en">irrigation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water" hreflang="en">water</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/reservoirs" hreflang="en">reservoirs</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Lucy Burris, <em>People of the Poudre: An Ethnohistory of the Cache La Poudre River Heritage Area </em>(Fort Collins, CO: National Park Service, Friends of the Poudre, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“The Colorado–Big Thompson Project: Historical, Logistical, and Political Aspects of This Pioneering Water-Delivery System” (Berthoud, CO: Northern Water 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kenneth Jessen, <em>Ghost Towns: Colorado Style Vol. 1 </em>(Loveland, CO: J.V. Publications, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Northern Water, “<a href="https://www.northernwater.org/what-we-do/deliver-water/reservoirs-and-lakes/horsetooth-reservoir">Horsetooth Reservoir</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=FCC18811229.2.23&amp;srpos=29&amp;e=-------en-20-FCC%2cFCE%2cFCS%2cRMC-21--txt-txIN-Clift-------0-Larimer">Our Stone Quarries</a>,” <em>Fort Collins Courier</em>, December 29, 1881.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Spencer Pelton, Chris Davis, and Jason LaBelle, “<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Spencer_Pelton/publication/303699117_THE_SPRING_CANYON_SITE_PREHISTORIC_OCCUPATION_OF_A_HOGBACK_WATER_GAP_IN_THE_FOOTHILLS_OF_LARIMER_COUNTY_COLORADO/links/574e60d008ae061b33038d39/THE-SPRING-CANYON-SITE-PREHISTORIC-OCCUPATION-OF-A-HOGBACK-WATER-GAP-IN-THE-FOOTHILLS-OF-LARIMER-COUNTY-COLORADO.pdf">The Spring Canyon Site: Prehistoric Occupation of a Hogback Water Gap in the Foothills of Larimer County, Colorado</a>,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 82, no. 1 (Spring 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>M. C. Poor, “<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/43519952">History of the Denver, Boulder &amp;Western Railroad Co.</a>” <em>Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin </em>65 (October 1944).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ansel Watrous,<em> History of Larimer County, Colorado </em>(Fort Collins, CO: Old Army Press, 1911).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.larimer.gov/naturalresources/parks/horsetooth-reservoir">Horsetooth Reservoir</a>.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Sep 2020 22:44:11 +0000 yongli 3421 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Land Use and Bird Life in Colorado http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/land-use-and-bird-life-colorado <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Land Use and Bird Life in Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-01-15T15:17:40-07:00" title="Wednesday, January 15, 2020 - 15:17" class="datetime">Wed, 01/15/2020 - 15:17</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/land-use-and-bird-life-colorado" data-a2a-title="Land Use and Bird Life in Colorado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fland-use-and-bird-life-colorado&amp;title=Land%20Use%20and%20Bird%20Life%20in%20Colorado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>In the early to mid-1800s, when Europeans and Euro-Americans began arriving in what is now Colorado, they encountered a landscape that was significantly different from what we see today. The changes that have occurred to the landscape since then have had significant impacts on the state’s natural history. In a well-known example, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a>, removal of Indigenous people, hunting, and mass conversion of prairie to farmland resulted in the near-extinction of the <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a>. The effects of changes in land use on bird populations are less familiar, but they are easy to observe and provide a great way to appreciate the avian fauna of our state as well as how humans are seamlessly connected to our living world.</p> <p>This article is focused on land use and bird life in <a href="/article/boulder-county"><strong>Boulder County</strong></a> on Colorado’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>. However, many of the same kinds of human-avian relationships can be observed elsewhere in the state, even if they play out in slightly different ways.</p> <h2>More Trees, Different Birds</h2> <p>Perhaps the most noticeable difference in the natural history of Boulder County over the past 150 years is the vast increase in trees on the plains and in some foothill areas. A pair of photographs in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/silvia-pettem"><strong>Silvia Pettem</strong></a>’s book <em>Boulder: Evolution of a City</em> shows Mapleton Avenue in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a> during the 1890s, when silver maple saplings were first planted, juxtaposed with a view of the same area in the 1990s, illustrating how the presence of trees has created an entirely new habitat for birds over the past 100 years. Meanwhile, in the foothills and mountains west of Boulder, many areas were heavily logged in the mid-1800s and have slowly grown back. Thomas Veblen and Diane Lorenz show this change in paired photographs from the nineteenth and late twentieth centuries in their book <em>The Colorado Front Range: A Century of Ecological Change</em>. Because the logged trees were native species that eventually grew back, this change did not affect bird populations as much as introducing many new trees to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a>.</p> <p>Before the arrival of European Americans, the only trees on the plains were riparian—species associated with stream channels. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>Plains Cottonwoods</strong></a>, Peachleaf Willows, and a few other native species provided limited habitat for tree-dwelling and tree-nesting birds. Many of these birds, such as the yellow warbler and Bullock’s oriole, are still present today. But as the new immigrants planted trees in Boulder County and other towns and cities across Colorado, many Eastern woodland birds slowly extended their ranges into Colorado; examples include the blue jay, blue-gray gnatcatcher, northern flicker, bushtit, black-capped chickadee, and northern mockingbird. Even the northern cardinal and eastern phoebe have recently been sighted regularly in Boulder County and other parts of eastern Colorado. The spread of forest and urban habitats has also brought more common nonnative species, such as the European starling, the house sparrow, and, more recently, the Eurasian collared dove.</p> <p>The creation of urban forest habitats has also resulted in increased populations of red-tailed hawks and great horned owls owing to increased nesting and perching sites, and of Cooper’s hawks and sharp-shinned Hawks, which nest in trees and prey on woodland birds.</p> <p>As trees—along with urban development and agriculture—have displaced native prairie habitats, there has been a predictable decrease in bird species adapted to prairie life. Some, such as the plains sharp-tailed grouse, are long gone from Boulder County, while others—such as grasshopper, savannah, and fox sparrows—have become less common as their habitat or food sources declined. Lark buntings, horned larks, and species of longspurs are much less numerous now because of reduced prairie habitat. According to the bird-conservation group Partners in Flight<em>, </em>there has been an 86 percent decline in the population of Colorado’s <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/state-bird"><strong>state bird</strong></a>, the lark bunting, since 1970. The North American Breeding Bird Survey shows that populations of mountain plover also declined by 80 percent between 1966 and 2014.</p> <h2>More Ponds and Lakes, Different Birds</h2> <p>Perhaps even more striking than the effect of trees on bird populations on the Colorado Front Range is that of the large number of ponds and reservoirs built over the past 100 years. Before the arrival and settlement of Europeans and Euro-Americans in the mid- to late 1800s, there were no naturally occurring lakes or ponds on the plains of Colorado, other than the occasional widenings of streams and rivers. The landscape from a bird’s-eye view was one of arid grasslands and long, narrow, streamside habitats. Just as these riparian habitats provided trees for limited populations of woodland birds, the quiet, pondlike sections of rivers and streams supported limited populations of water birds. That all changed in the late nineteenth century.</p> <p>Boulder’s first reservoir was built in 1876. Starting at about the same time, ponds and larger reservoirs began to be built in earnest all over the Colorado plains. A satellite view today reveals hundreds of reservoirs and ponds all over the Front Range and eastern plains of Colorado, especially near towns and cities. These features have provided huge new habitats for many birds that previously were either not present or present in very small numbers. The vast proliferation of human-made ponds and reservoirs has resulted in the long-term and common presence of double-crested cormorants, common and red-breasted Mergansers, ospreys, bald eagles, various species of grebes and shorebirds, and virtually all species of diving ducks on the plains of Colorado.</p> <p>The American white pelican is a visible and fitting example of a bird whose presence in Colorado has been vastly changed by the presence of human-made reservoirs. Although white pelicans had always migrated through Colorado, which lies between their southern wintering areas and natural prairie lakes in Canada and the northern United States, their long-term presence in Colorado is almost entirely due to reservoirs. On the Colorado Birding Trail website, for example, all locations for white pelicans (including new, breeding populations) are reservoirs.<br /> <br /> Sometimes these pelicans have helped solve other human-made problems in Colorado’s reservoirs. For example, in the early 2010s, one Boulder County reservoir, the twelve-acre Teller Lake No. 5, became infested with thousands of nonnative goldfish. State wildlife biologists considered various solutions, including draining the lake or shocking it and removing the stunned goldfish. But in spring 2015, white pelicans descended on Teller Lake No. 5 and ate virtually all the goldfish, presenting state biologists with a hassle-free solution.</p> <h2>Other Land-Use Changes</h2> <p>Smaller-scale, more subtle human land-use patterns have also had an effect on Colorado bird populations. According to Steve Jones, Boulder County naturalist and author of <em>A Field Guide to the North American Prairie</em>, when ranching on semiurban grasslands is replaced by industrial use or land speculation for development, there is a short-term burst in prairie dog numbers because there are fewer incentives for landowners to poison them. Jones believes that in the 1980s this rise in prairie dog population fueled an influx of wintering ferruginous hawks into Boulder County. Jones also notes that the removal of cattle from mountain meadows, foothill shrublands, and plains riparian areas during the past fifty years has contributed to the proliferation of birds such as yellow-breasted chats, gray catbirds, ovenbirds, and more.</p> <p>Finally, although climate change is a result of worldwide land-use changes, its impact in Colorado should not be neglected. Warming average temperatures may already be affecting Colorado bird populations. Many migratory species are arriving earlier in the spring and nesting at higher elevations. Habitat for species that nest above the tree line is shrinking, contributing to a population decrease among brown-capped rosy finches and white-tailed ptarmigan. Over the next several decades, further drying of Colorado’s grasslands, shrublands, and foothills forests may cause the composition of our nesting bird populations to resemble that of present-day New Mexico.</p> <h2>Beyond Boulder County</h2> <p>Importantly, the human-bird relationships observed in Boulder County can also be observed in different parts of the state in different ways. For instance, populations of greater <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sage-grouse"><strong>sage grouse</strong></a> in western Colorado have been negatively affected by the replacement of <a href="/article/sagebrush"><strong>sagebrush</strong></a> grasslands by agriculture and oil and gas activity, as well as by more frequent fires resulting from the introduction of nonnative, weedy plants such as cheatgrass. In addition, the creation and fish stocking of large reservoirs on the <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>, such as <strong>Blue Mesa Reservoir</strong> in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gunnison-county"><strong>Gunnison County</strong></a>, have attracted many of the same species that are now more common in Boulder County, such as herons and pelicans. Essentially, wherever humans have made drastic changes to the land and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> in Colorado, drastic changes in the bird populations have followed, a consistent reminder of our inescapable place within the natural world.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/ogle-martin" hreflang="und">Ogle, Martin</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-birds" hreflang="en">colorado birds</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wildlife" hreflang="en">wildlife</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wildlife-management" hreflang="en">wildlife management</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/reservoirs" hreflang="en">reservoirs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/irrigation" hreflang="en">irrigation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pelican" hreflang="en">pelican</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/birds" hreflang="en">birds</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Charlie Brennan, “<a href="https://www.dailycamera.com/2015/04/28/hungry-pelicans-credited-with-gobbling-thousands-of-goldfish-infesting-boulder-lake/">Hungry Pelicans Credited with Gobbling Thousands of Goldfish Infesting Boulder Lake</a>,” <em>Boulder Daily Camera</em>, April 28, 2015.</p> <p>Colorado Birding Trail, “<a href="https://coloradobirdingtrail.com/american-white-pelican/">American White Pelican</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Partners in Flight, “<a href="https://pif.birdconservancy.org/ACAD/Database.aspx">Avian Conservation Assessment Database</a>,” 2017.</p> <p>Silvia Pettem, <em>Boulder: Evolution of a City </em>(Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1994).</p> <p>US Fish and Wildlife Service, “<a href="https://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/factsheets/Sage-steppe_022814.pdf">The Sage-Steppe Ecosystem</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>US Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, “<a href="https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/">North American Breeding Bird Survey</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Thomas T. Veblen and Diane C. Lorenz,<em> The Colorado Front Range: A Century of Ecological Change</em> (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1991).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Efthymia Giosa, Christos Mammides, and Savvas Zotos, “<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0197286">The Importance of Artificial Wetlands for Birds: A Case Study From Cyprus</a>,” <em>PLOS One</em>, May 10, 2018.</p> <p>Natalie Triedman, “<a href="https://www.coloradocollege.edu/dotAsset/cbb78858-d078-4a7c-ba80-2040569abbdd.pdf">Environment and Ecology of the Colorado River Basin</a>,” 2012 Colorado College State of the Rockies Report Card.<br /> &nbsp;</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>In the 1800s, settlers came to Colorado. The land looked different. This article is about changes in Boulder County.</p> <h2>More Trees, Different Birds</h2> <p>Before settlers, the only trees on the plains grew near streams. Plains Cottonwoods and Peachleaf Willows were habitat for birds. Then, people started planting trees. The new trees brought Eastern bird species, like the house sparrow, to Colorado.</p> <p>More red-tailed hawks and great horned owls came. The number of Cooper’s hawks and sharp-shinned Hawks, which nest in trees, also grew.</p> <p>However, there are fewer prairie birds. The plains sharp-tailed grouse is gone from Boulder County. Other birds are less common. There has been an 86 percent decrease in Colorado’s state bird, the lark bunting, since 1970. The number of mountain plover fell by 80 percent between 1966 and 2014.</p> <h2>More Ponds and Lakes, Different Birds</h2> <p>There didn't used to be lakes or ponds on the plains of Colorado. Instead, there were grasslands and streams. Settlers changed that.</p> <p>Boulder’s first reservoir was built in 1876. About the same time, more ponds and reservoirs were built across the state. Today, there are hundreds of reservoirs and ponds in Colorado. The reservoirs have created new habitat for birds. They have attracted double-crested cormorants and bald eagles.</p> <p>The American white pelican has changed its behavior because of reservoirs. White pelicans always migrated through Colorado. Now, they stay longer.</p> <p>The pelicans have helped solve human-made problems. In the early 2010s, nonnative goldfish were living in a Boulder County reservoir. Scientists wanted to remove the fish. In spring 2015, white pelicans came and ate them.</p> <h2>Other Land-Use Changes</h2> <p>Other land-uses have impacted birds. Cattle ranches have been replaced by development. This causes a short-term increase in prairie dogs. People have fewer reasons to poison them. More prairie dogs brought wintering ferruginous hawks into Boulder County.</p> <p>Climate change may also be affecting birds. Warmer temperatures mean migratory birds are coming earlier. The birds are also nesting at higher elevations. There is less habitat for birds that nest above the tree line. This means fewer brown-capped rosy finches and white-tailed ptarmigan.</p> <h2>Beyond Boulder County</h2> <p>Development is causing changes in other parts of Colorado. The Greater sage grouse has been hurt by farming and oil and gas activity. On the Western Slope, large reservoirs like Blue Mesa have brought in herons and pelicans.</p> <p>Wherever humans have made changes, birds have changed too.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>In the 1800s, when settlers began arriving in Colorado, they encountered a different landscape.</p> <p>This article focuses on land use and bird life in Boulder County.</p> <h2>More Trees, Different Birds</h2> <p>Before settlers arrived, the only trees on the plains grew near streams. Plains Cottonwoods, Peachleaf Willows, and a few others provided habitat for birds. As settlers planted trees, many Eastern woodland birds extended their ranges into Colorado. The new habitat brought nonnative species, such as the European starling and the house sparrow.</p> <p>The creation of urban forests has attracted more red-tailed hawks and great horned owls. The number of Cooper’s hawks and sharp-shinned Hawks, which nest in trees, has also increased.</p> <p>As development changed native habitats, there has been a decrease in prairie birds. The plains sharp-tailed grouse is gone from Boulder County. Others—such as grasshopper, savannah, and fox sparrows—have become less common.</p> <p>There has been an 86 percent decrease in Colorado’s state bird, the lark bunting, since 1970. Populations of mountain plover also declined by 80 percent between 1966 and 2014.</p> <p>More Ponds and Lakes, Different Birds</p> <p>Before settlers arrived, there were no naturally occurring lakes or ponds on the plains of Colorado. The landscape was one of grasslands and long, narrow, streamside habitats. That all changed in the late nineteenth century.</p> <p>Boulder’s first reservoir was built in 1876. About the same time, more ponds and reservoirs were built elsewhere in the state. Today, there are hundreds of reservoirs and ponds all over Colorado. The reservoirs have provided new habitats for birds. They have attracted double-crested cormorants, ospreys, and bald eagles.</p> <p>The American white pelican is an example of a bird whose presence has been changed by reservoirs. Although white pelicans always migrated through Colorado, now, they stay longer.</p> <p>The pelicans have helped solve human-made problems. In the early 2010s, a Boulder County reservoir became infested with nonnative goldfish. Biologists considered solutions, but in spring 2015, white pelicans came and ate the goldfish.</p> <h2>Other Land-Use Changes</h2> <p>More subtle land-use patterns have had an effect on bird populations. When ranches are replaced by development, there is a short-term increase in prairie dogs.&nbsp; Landowners have fewer reasons to poison them. More prairie dogs brought wintering ferruginous hawks into Boulder County during the 1980's. Removing cattle also caused an increase in yellow-breasted chats and gray catbirds.</p> <p>The impact of climate change in Colorado must also be considered. Warmer temperatures may be affecting Colorado bird populations. Migratory species are arriving earlier and nesting at higher elevations. Habitat for species that nest above the tree line is shrinking. This means fewer brown-capped rosy finches and white-tailed ptarmigan.</p> <h2>Beyond Boulder County</h2> <p>The effects of development can also be seen in other parts of the state. Greater sage grouse numbers have been hurt by agriculture and oil and gas activity. Large reservoirs on the Western Slope, such as Blue Mesa Reservoir, have attracted herons and pelicans.</p> <p>Wherever humans have made changes, changes in the bird populations have followed.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>In the early to mid-1800s, when Europeans and Euro-Americans began arriving in what is now Colorado, they encountered a landscape that was very different from what we see today.</p> <p>This article focuses on land use and bird life in Boulder County. However, many of the same kinds of human-avian relationships can be observed elsewhere in the state.</p> <h2>More Trees, Different Birds</h2> <p>Before the arrival of European Americans, the only trees on the plains were riparian species that grow near streams. Plains Cottonwoods, Peachleaf Willows, and a few other native species provided limited habitat for birds. Many of these birds, such as the yellow warbler and Bullock’s oriole, are still present today. As new immigrants planted trees, many Eastern woodland birds extended their ranges into Colorado. The spread of forest and urban habitats has also brought more common nonnative species, such as the European starling, the house sparrow, and the Eurasian collared dove.</p> <p>The creation of urban forest habitats has also resulted in increased populations of red-tailed hawks and great horned owls. The number of Cooper’s hawks and sharp-shinned Hawks, which nest in trees and prey on woodland birds, has also increased.</p> <p>As trees, urban development and agriculture displaced native prairie habitats, there has been a decrease in bird species adapted to prairie life. Some, such as the plains sharp-tailed grouse, are gone from Boulder County. Others—such as grasshopper, savannah, and fox sparrows—have become less common. Lark buntings, horned larks, and species of longspurs are less numerous now because of reduced prairie habitat.</p> <p>According to the bird-conservation group Partners in Flight, there has been an 86 percent decline in the population of Colorado’s state bird, the lark bunting, since 1970. Populations of mountain plover also declined by 80 percent between 1966 and 2014.</p> <h2>More Ponds and Lakes, Different Birds</h2> <p>Before settlers arrived, there were no naturally occurring lakes or ponds on the plains of Colorado. The landscape from a bird’s-eye view was one of grasslands and long, narrow, streamside habitats. The pondlike sections of rivers and streams supported limited populations of water birds. That all changed in the late nineteenth century.</p> <p>Boulder’s first reservoir was built in 1876. About the same time, more ponds and reservoirs were built elsewhere in the state. A satellite view today reveals hundreds of reservoirs and ponds all over Colorado. The reservoirs have provided new habitats for birds. They have attracted double-crested cormorants, common and red-breasted Mergansers, ospreys, and bald eagles.</p> <p>The American white pelican is an example of a bird whose presence in Colorado has been changed by reservoirs. Although white pelicans had always migrated through Colorado, their long-term presence is almost entirely due to reservoirs.</p> <p>These pelicans have helped solve human-made problems. In the early 2010s, one Boulder County reservoir became infested with thousands of nonnative goldfish. Biologists considered various solutions, but in spring 2015, white pelicans descended on the lake and ate the goldfish.</p> <h2>Other Land-Use Changes</h2> <p>More subtle land-use patterns have also had an effect on bird populations. When ranching on semiurban grasslands is replaced by industrial use or development, there is a short-term burst in prairie dog numbers.&nbsp; Landowners have fewer reasons to poison them. This rise in prairie dog population fueled an influx of wintering ferruginous hawks into Boulder County during the 1980's. The removal of cattle from mountain meadows, foothill shrublands, and plains riparian areas during the past fifty years has contributed to the proliferation of birds such as yellow-breasted chats, gray catbirds, ovenbirds, and more.</p> <p>The impact of climate change in Colorado must also be considered. Warming temperatures may already be affecting Colorado bird populations. Many migratory species are arriving earlier in the spring and nesting at higher elevations. Habitat for species that nest above the tree line is shrinking. This is contributing to a decrease in brown-capped rosy finches and white-tailed ptarmigan.</p> <h2>Beyond Boulder County</h2> <p>The human-bird relationships observed in Boulder County can also be observed in different parts of the state. Populations of greater sage grouse in western Colorado have been negatively impacted by agriculture, oil and gas activity, and fires. The creation and fish stocking of large reservoirs on the Western Slope, such as Blue Mesa Reservoir in Gunnison County, have attracted many of the same species that are now more common in Boulder County, such as herons and pelicans.</p> <p>Wherever humans have made changes to the land and water in Colorado, changes in the bird populations have followed.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 15 Jan 2020 22:17:40 +0000 yongli 3118 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Irrigation in Colorado http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Irrigation in Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-03T11:48:36-07:00" title="Friday, February 3, 2017 - 11:48" class="datetime">Fri, 02/03/2017 - 11:48</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado" data-a2a-title="Irrigation in Colorado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Firrigation-colorado&amp;title=Irrigation%20in%20Colorado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The tension between aridity and irrigated agriculture has been a defining characteristic of Colorado for much of its modern history. On average, the state receives less than fifteen inches of annual precipitation, making it the seventh driest state in the country. To complicate matters, the majority of the state’s <a href="/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> originates in basins that are not suited for agricultur­­e, making access to water not just a question of quantity but of engineered distribution. Consequently, Colorado farmers, politicians, and businesses developed sophisticated irrigation systems and complex laws for capturing, storing, and moving water from source to field.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Beginnings</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Though irrigation in the West has been practiced for over a millennium, its continuous use in Colorado stems from the mid-1800s. Beginning in 1852, descendants of Spanish settlers near the town of <strong>San Luis</strong> built community-owned ditches known as <em>acequias</em>, which diverted water from the Rio Grande and its tributaries. The next significant irrigation effort occurred near the confluence of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong>Cache la Poudre</strong></a> and <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte Rivers</strong></a>, where settlers established the <strong>Union Colony </strong>of Colorado. The colony’s success was predicated on irrigation sufficient to grow high-value crops. Despite higher-than-expected costs and poor planning, the colony—later named for cofounder <strong>Horace Greeley</strong>, editor of the <em>New York Tribune</em>—built twenty-seven miles of canal in its first year, capable of watering 25,000 acres. Following the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a> colony’s example, settlers in the region had appropriated every last drop of water in the South Platte watershed by the turn of the twentieth century. By 1900 extensive irrigation works watered fields in the <strong>Arkansas</strong>, <strong>Rio Grande</strong>, <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado</strong></a>, <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison</strong></a>, <a href="/article/animas-river"><strong>Animas</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/yampa-river"><strong>Yampa</strong> <strong>River</strong></a> watersheds. At the turn of the century, Colorado led the nation in irrigated acreage.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Water Law</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Precedent, scarcity, and economics pushed Colorado farmers to develop <a href="/article/water-law"><strong>water laws</strong></a> that diverged from those of their eastern peers, who possessed the right to divert water from a natural stream only if it coursed through their land and if their diversion did not damage the rights of downstream users. By contrast, during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59, miners diverted water from streams sufficient to conduct their operations. The right to divert water was not based on land ownership but on the order of their claim. Early water claims possessed priority over later ones. Farmers embraced that same “first in time, first in right,” or prior appropriation, doctrine, enabling them to divert water from streams on a first-come-first-served basis, regardless of the stream’s location. Prior appropriation was tested in 1874 when, in a drought year, Greeley farmers were unable to access sufficient water from the Cache la Poudre River because upstream farmers in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> nearly drained the river dry. The two sides were forced to come to an agreement that guaranteed Greeley its water based on its prior claim. Colorado’s 1876 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-constitution"><strong>constitution</strong></a> and the 1882 court case <em>Coffin v. Left Hand Ditch</em> <em>Co. </em>enshrined the doctrine of prior appropriation into law with one caveat: appropriators needed to demonstrate that they were putting water to beneficial use. Most states in the American West based their water laws on those established in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since the late nineteenth century, mutual irrigation companies have managed the majority of Colorado’s irrigation water. These companies issue stock to farmers; however, unlike stock traded on Wall Street, each share entitles the holder—generally, a farmer—to a volume of water in a given year. The amount of water attached to a share varies from one year to the next based on water available in streams and reservoirs and on the seniority of each company’s rights; senior appropriation rights guarantee more reliable flows than junior ones. To guarantee sufficient water, junior appropriators will often purchase water from others in low-water years to make up their deficit. This is only possible because the majority of canals, ditches, diversions, and reservoirs in the state are interconnected, which facilitates water exchanges.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Federal Measuring Projects</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the twentieth century, farmers, local boosters, and politicians prioritized making more water available and streamlining the delivery system. According to <strong>Elwood Mead</strong>, the first professional irrigation engineer in the state and a key figure in the federal <a href="/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a> in the early twentieth century, Coloradans in 1900 were taking as much as fifty times more water than they were allotted or could beneficially use. Without effective tools for water measurement, little could be done to regulate the system. As a result, the Colorado Agricultural College (CAC) at Fort Collins—now <strong>Colorado State University</strong>—and the federal Bureau of Agricultural Economics funded Colorado-based projects to accurately measure and distribute water. <strong>Ralph Parshall</strong>, perhaps the most influential of these irrigation engineers, developed tools for measuring water in streams and ditches to within 2 percent accuracy. This increased the amount of available water in Colorado streams by as much as 30 percent, a boon for junior appropriators who were often left high and dry in drought years. Parshall and his colleagues at the CAC also experimented with methods for removing silt and gravel from irrigation ditches, measuring <a href="/article/snow"><strong>snowpack</strong></a> to predict annual stream flow, and reforesting hillsides to slow spring runoff in attempts to make more water available later in the farming season. Still, Colorado farmers complained of insufficient water for their crops.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Transmountain Diversion Projects</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Effective measuring did not entirely solve water shortages. Transmountain diversion—moving water from a watershed with abundant water and little agriculture to parched regions with developed agriculture—presented another solution. The first and largest of these—the <a href="/article/colorado–big-thompson-project"><strong>Colorado-Big Thompson Project</strong></a> (C-BT)—was approved by Congress in the midst of the <strong>Depression</strong> and drought of the 1930s. Financed largely by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1937, it transferred 320,000 acre-feet of water annually from the headwaters of the Colorado River, on the west side of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a>, through a tunnel under the peaks of <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a> and into Eastern Slope reservoirs and streams that fed agriculture in northern Colorado. C-BT water annually added the equivalent of the total flow of the Cache la Poudre River to the South Platte River watershed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Subsequent transmountain diversion projects sponsored by Reclamation, such as the San Juan-Chama and Fryingpan-Arkansas Projects, transferred water from the Colorado and <strong>San Juan </strong>watersheds into the Arkansas and Rio Grande basins. In total, there have been more than thirty transmountain diversion projects in Colorado during the twentieth century.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Changes in Water Demand</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Water thirst in Colorado has been fed not just by scarcity but by real estate and consumer markets. A cursory glance at land values and crop evolution offers evidence. While land values across the state have generally increased in Colorado throughout the twentieth century, they rose most rapidly in irrigated lands. The costs of land and water on those lands, as well as property taxes, encouraged farmers to plant crops of high market value. In the early twentieth century, the most lucrative crop on the <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> and in the Arkansas and Platte River valleys was the <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet</strong>,</a> a vegetable requiring extensive irrigation. In the 1930s and 1940s, when new hybrid corns were developed that were better suited to the short growing season of the state’s eastern plains, farmers prioritized corn, which required even more water than beets.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On the Western Slope, hardy varieties of peaches—another water-loving crop—pushed farmers on irrigated lands to plant orchards. In the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>, where aridity and high elevations demanded crops that could withstand a short growing season, farmers prioritized potatoes, alfalfa, hay, barley, wheat, and lettuces.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The post–World War II era has challenged Colorado’s limited water supply. After massive population increases—especially on the arid <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>—municipalities demanded more water. This has enticed farmers and ditch companies to sell their lucrative water rights to growing municipalities and construction companies offering high prices, resulting in housing developments on land formerly used by farmers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Other parties seeking water rights include oil and gas companies, which often lease farmland for drilling and then employ purchased water rights to extract fossil fuels. Additionally, climate change threatens to reduce the state’s water supply, and higher temperatures result in evaporative water loss from the state’s reservoirs and streams. All of these factors place additional pressure on fish and other wildlife, which rely on consistent flows of clean water for their existence. While modern water users in Colorado employ the state’s streams for diverse purposes, they are still confronted with the same limits and challenges of aridity faced by nineteenth-century settlers.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/weeks-michael" hreflang="und">Weeks, Michael</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history" hreflang="en">history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-peoples-ditch" hreflang="en">san luis people&#039;s ditch</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agriculture" hreflang="en">agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sugar-beets" hreflang="en">sugar beets</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-plains" hreflang="en">Great Plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/parshall-flume" hreflang="en">parshall flume</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ralph-parshall" hreflang="en">ralph parshall</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/front-range" hreflang="en">front range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-river" hreflang="en">colorado river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/greeley" hreflang="en">greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/union-colony" hreflang="en">union colony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-reclamation" hreflang="en">bureau of reclamation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/canals" hreflang="en">canals</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/irrigation-ditches" hreflang="en">irrigation ditches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-law" hreflang="en">water law</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-big-thompson-project-0" hreflang="en">colorado big-thompson project</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dam" hreflang="en">dam</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/reservoirs" hreflang="en">reservoirs</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>David Boyd, <em>A History: Greeley and the Union Colony of Colorado</em> (Greeley CO: Greeley Tribune Press, 1890).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Environmental Health Center, Missouri River Basin Project (US), ed., <em>South Platte River Basin Water Pollution Investigation: Report</em> (Cincinnati, OH: The Center, 1950).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Greg Hobbs, <em>The Public’s Water Resource: Articles on Water Law, History, and Culture</em> 2nd ed. (Denver: Continuing Legal Education in Colorado, 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wells A. Hutchins, <em>Mutual Irrigation Companies</em>. US Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin No. 82 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1929).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William John May, <em>The Great Western Sugarlands: The History of the Great Western Sugar Company and the Economic Development of the Great Plains</em> (New York: Garland, 1989).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elwood Mead, <a href="https://archive.org/details/irrigationinsti02meadgoog"><em>Irrigation Institutions: A Discussion of the Economic and Legal Questions Created by the Growth of Irrigated Agriculture in the West</em></a> (London: Macmillan, 1903).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>R. L. Parshall, <em>The Parshall Measuring Flume</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado State College, Colorado Experiment Station, 1936).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alvin T. Steinel, History of Agriculture in Colorado: A Chronological Record of Progress in the Development of General Farming, Livestock Production and Agricultural Education and Investigation, on the Western Border of the Great Plains and in the Mountains of Colorado, 1858 to 1926 (Fort Collins: Colorado Agricultural College, 1926).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, South Platte River Basin Project, <em>The Beet Sugar Industry: The Water Pollution Problem and the Status of Waste Abatement and Treatment</em> (Denver: US Department of the Interior, 1967).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Daniel Tyler, <em>The Last Water Hole in the West: The Colorado-Big Thompson Project and the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1992).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><em>The</em> <em>Great Divide: The Destiny of the West is Written in the Headwaters of Colorado</em>. Directed by Jim Havey. Denver: Havey Productions, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert G. Hemphill, ed. <em>Irrigation in Northern Colorado</em>. US Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1026 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1922).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rose Laflin, <em>Irrigation, Settlement, and Change on the Cache La Poudre River</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, Colorado State University, n.d).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Donald J. Pisani, <em>To Reclaim a Divided West: Water, Law, and Public Policy, 1848–1902</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>José A. Rivera, <em>Acequia Culture: Water, Land, and Community in the Southwest</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Schorr, <em>The Colorado Doctrine: Water Rights, Corporations, and Distributive Justice on the American Frontier</em> (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 03 Feb 2017 18:48:36 +0000 yongli 2318 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org