%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Sisyphus Shelter Archaeological Site http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sisyphus-shelter-archaeological-site <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Sisyphus Shelter Archaeological Site</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-21T13:21:11-07:00" title="Thursday, December 21, 2017 - 13:21" class="datetime">Thu, 12/21/2017 - 13:21</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sisyphus-shelter-archaeological-site" data-a2a-title="Sisyphus Shelter Archaeological Site"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsisyphus-shelter-archaeological-site&amp;title=Sisyphus%20Shelter%20Archaeological%20Site"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Sisyphus Shelter Archaeological Site was an <a href="/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic period</strong></a> (5500 BCE–150 CE) rockshelter on the northwest side of the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> between <strong>Parachute</strong> and <strong>De Beque</strong>. Before the shelter was destroyed by the construction of <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a>, it was excavated in 1979–80 by John Gooding and other archaeologists with the Colorado Department of Highways (now the <strong>Colorado</strong> <strong>Department of Transportation</strong>). They found evidence of seven occupations dating back to the Middle Archaic period (3000–1000 BCE) as well as a slab-lined habitation floor from the Late Archaic period (1000 BCE–150 CE).</p> <h2>Discovery and Excavation</h2> <p>When Interstate 70 was being planned and built across western Colorado in the late 1970s, archaeological surveys were conducted along its proposed path. In May 1978, the state archaeologist notified the Colorado Department of Highways that the Sisyphus Shelter was significant enough to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places but would be destroyed by the proposed alignment of the interstate’s westbound lanes near De Beque. As mitigation for the destruction, the Department of Highways and the <strong>Bureau of Land Management</strong> (which managed the land around the site) performed an extensive excavation of the shelter. Led by John Gooding, the team worked at the site in 1979–80. All artifacts were sent to the <strong>University of Colorado Museum</strong> <strong>of Natural History</strong> for curation, and a detailed report was published in 1985 so that information about the shelter would continue to be available despite the site’s destruction.</p> <h2>Description and Significance</h2> <p>The Sisyphus Shelter was in southern <a href="/article/garfield-county"><strong>Garfield County</strong></a> between Mount Logan and the Colorado River. Like the nearby <a href="/article/kewclaw-archaeological-site"><strong>Kewclaw</strong></a> and DeBeque rockshelters, Sisyphus was about a mile from the river. The site consisted of three distinct habitation areas: area A, a small south-facing rockshelter; area B, an open boulder enclosure; and area C, a large south-facing rockshelter. All three areas were tested, but the excavation focused on area C because it had the most cultural deposits.</p> <p>Cultural deposits and <a href="/article/radiocarbon-dating-0"><strong>radiocarbon dates</strong></a> at area C suggested the possibility of seven separate occupations ranging over 4,000 years, from the Middle Archaic period through the Middle <strong>Ceramic period</strong> (1150–1540 CE). Most of the occupations occurred in the Middle and Late Archaic periods; as the shelter filled with deposits over time, its functional area shrank, and it was used less often.</p> <p>The excavation team found eighteen hearths and 131 cutting tools at the site, but the most important feature was a slab-lined habitation floor dating to the Late Archaic period. The rectangular floor measured roughly eight by eleven and a half feet and was made of slabs about one to two inches thick. It was found about four and a half feet below the shelter ceiling. No evidence of a superstructure was found, but the people who used it probably erected walls and a roof made of wattle and daub. The floor showed evidence of being used for household activities such as tool production. It would have been repeatedly cleaned and reused.</p> <p>Because the shelter faced south, it was probably occupied during the winter, when it would have provided warmth from the sun and protection from cold winds. The habitation and many of the hearths were on the edge of the shelter’s dripline, suggesting that the people living there erected a lean-to roof to increase the shelter’s functional space. Building fires at the edge of the shelter would have created a heat shield to keep the interior of the shelter warm.</p> <p>The Archaic period occupations at the Sisyphus, Kewclaw, and DeBeque shelters were probably all manifestations of the <strong>Uncompahgre Complex</strong>. When taken together, this cluster of shelters shows that Archaic period hunter-gatherers in this area had a wide range of habitation types: rockshelters with hearths (DeBeque), open sites with architectural features (Kewclaw), and rockshelters with architectural features (Sisyphus).</p> <p>A long gap between occupations at Sisyphus corresponds with the occupation dates for Kewclaw, suggesting that the area’s inhabitants might have shifted their location and occupation type for some reason at the start of the Late Archaic period. The location of these shelters close to the Colorado River indicates—counter to earlier theories—that the river was a zone of consistent habitation rather than a boundary between different regions.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archaic-period" hreflang="en">archaic period</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/interstate-70" hreflang="en">interstate 70</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uncompahgre-complex" hreflang="en">Uncompahgre Complex</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>John Gooding and William Lane Shields, <em>Sisyphus Shelter</em>, Cultural Resources Series No. 18 (Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1985).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>E. Steve Cassells, <em>The Archaeology of Colorado</em>, rev. ed. (Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1997).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 21 Dec 2017 20:21:11 +0000 yongli 2873 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org