%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Sacred Heart Cathedral http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sacred-heart-cathedral <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Sacred Heart Cathedral</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-07-31T14:51:33-06:00" title="Friday, July 31, 2020 - 14:51" class="datetime">Fri, 07/31/2020 - 14:51</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sacred-heart-cathedral" data-a2a-title="Sacred Heart Cathedral"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsacred-heart-cathedral&amp;title=Sacred%20Heart%20Cathedral"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Sacred Heart Cathedral at 1025 North Grand Avenue in <a href="/article/pueblo"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a> was dedicated as Sacred Heart Church in 1913. A rare example of Gothic Revival architecture in Pueblo, the cathedral demonstrates the continued importance of Catholicism in the history of Colorado. In 1942 the Vatican responded to the growing Catholic population in Colorado by dividing the state into two dioceses—districts administered by bishops—seated in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and Pueblo. As a result, a bishop was stationed in Pueblo and the Sacred Heart Church gained cathedral designation. The cathedral has been led by five consecutive bishops and continues to serve the Catholic citizens of Pueblo.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Catholicism in Pueblo</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1842 George Simpson and Robert Fisher established <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/el-pueblo"><strong>El Pueblo</strong></a> as a small trading camp near the site of present-day Pueblo. In 1870 the town of Pueblo was established near the site of El Pueblo in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>. As Pueblo expanded, it enveloped the surrounding towns of South Pueblo, Central Pueblo, and Bessemer by the end of the century. <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-jackson-palmer"><strong>William Jackson Palmer</strong></a>’s <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> reached South Pueblo in 1872, furthering the city’s growth. In 1881 Palmer constructed a Bessemer furnace south of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a>, and Pueblo’s became an industrial center. As industry flourished, Americans from the East Coast and European immigrants flocked to the area, creating a need for new community amenities, including churches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many of Pueblo’s newest residents were Catholics. The city's first Catholic parish, St. Ignatius, was established in 1871, and local Catholics soon clamored for a church as well as a Jesuit priest to attend to the needs of the growing community. In 1872 Reverend Charles M. Pinto arrived in Pueblo; the next spring, St. Ignatius Church was completed and held its first mass. The church burned down in 1882, but the community built a new church on the corner of Eleventh Street and Grand Avenue later that year.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building the Sacred Heart Church</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Over the next twenty-five years, the local Catholic population continued to grow, prompting Bishop Nicholas Matz to announce the construction of a larger church in 1909. Reverend Michael White organized the undertaking, but because of health issues he was replaced in 1910 by Reverend Thomas J. Wolohan. On April 10, 1913, the St. Ignatius parish completed and dedicated the Sacred Heart Church at 1025 North Grand Avenue, adjacent to the 1882 church. The Gothic Revival building was designed by Denver architects Robert Willison and Montana S. Fallis and built by Pueblo contractors J. M. Giles and J. E. Tully. It featured a sandstone foundation, brick walls, a ceramic tile roof, and stained-glass windows crafted by Emil Frei’s St. Louis glass studio. The cruciform plan included a 135-foot spire, triangular parapets, pointed arch windows, and a vertical emphasis, all common elements of Gothic Revival churches. The building cost $48,000 and was financed in part by the congregation’s 190 families. The church could seat 600 worshipers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Sacred Heart Becomes a Cathedral</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1941 Vatican authorities responded to the growing Catholic population in Colorado by dividing the state into two sections, or dioceses. Denver became the administrative center for northeastern Colorado, while Pueblo represented the southern and western portions of the state. At the time, the Diocese of Pueblo contained thirty counties and over 80,000 Catholic worshipers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the head of a new diocese, Pueblo required a cathedral as well as a bishop to administer the district. The Diocesan Bishop would be in charge of leading the priests and deacons in teaching, governing, and sanctifying the faithful within the diocese. In 1942 Bishop Joseph C. Willging moved to Pueblo's Sacred Heart Church, which was elevated to cathedral status. The church was renovated to embrace the liturgical requirements of a cathedral, including the installation of an Episcopal throne in the sanctuary on the Gospel side, the transfer of the pulpit to the Epistle side, the expansion of the sanctuary, and the addition of pontifical vestments and a red velvet carpet covering the entire floor.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1959 Willging died and was replaced by Bishop Charles A. Buswell. Buswell served the diocese for twenty years before relinquishing leadership to Arthur N. Tafoya of Santa Fe in 1980. Fernando Isern served as Bishop of the Pueblo Diocese from 2009 to 2013, when he was replaced by Stephen J. Berg.<a id="_1fob9te" name="_1fob9te"></a> Although the Sacred Heart Cathedral hosts the Diocesan Bishop, a rector is required to handle the activities of the church itself and direct local endeavors.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Sacred Heart Cathedral has seen several repairs and additions since the late twentieth century. In 1988 the cathedral underwent a series of projects to repair structural damage, revive the stained-glass windows, update the heating and cooling systems, provide adequate restrooms, and improve accessibility. In 1989 the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 1994 Anthony Capps-Capozzolo commissioned San Luis artist Huberto Maestas to cast a bronze sculpture of the patroness of the Pueblo Diocese Saint Therese of Lisieux to display on the cathedral grounds. In 2007 the stained-glass windows were restored by Stephen Frei—grandson of the original craftsman—after being damaged by a hail storm. In 2009 lightning struck the cathedral, and the upper half of the steeple had to be replaced. In 2011 the rectory was refurbished, and lighting and sound systems were updated.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2017 Reverend Stephen Berg acquired two fourth-century relics of Saint Blaise and Saint Lucy to house in the cathedral. The relics are partial physical remains of the saints, which many Catholic officials believe can channel holy healing power.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the seat of the Pueblo Diocese, the Sacred Heart Cathedral hosts important Diocesan events such as Bishop inaugural ceremonies in addition to holding Eucharistic Liturgies each day of the week. The cathedral also administers Catholic schools in Durango and Pueblo.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sacred-heart-cathedral" hreflang="en">sacred heart cathedral</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo" hreflang="en">pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo-county" hreflang="en">pueblo county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/catholicism" hreflang="en">Catholicism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/catholic-church" hreflang="en">catholic church</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Wade Broadhead, “<a href="https://county.pueblo.org/">History of Pueblo</a>” (2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cathedral of the Sacred Heart Parish Staff, “<a href="http://shcathedral.qwestoffice.net/cathedral125years.pdf">Cathedral of the Sacred Heart: 1872–1997: 125 Years</a>” (1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Diocese of Pueblo, Colorado, "<a href="https://www.diopueblo.org/history">Diocese of Pueblo History</a>” (2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Zach Hillstrom, “<a href="https://www.chieftain.com/news/pueblo/pueblo-s-cathedral-of-the-sacred-heart-to-house-th/article_12e024b2-49ef-51af-86ed-80627ddd150b.html">Pueblo’s Cathedral of the Sacred Heart to House 4th-Century Artifacts</a>,” <em>The Pueblo Chieftain </em>(May 7, 2017).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>History Colorado, "<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/content/pueblo-county">Pueblo County</a>” (March 23, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Colorado Catholicism and the Archdiocese of Denver, 1857–1989 </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1989).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Edward J. Simonich and Gary Trujillo, “<a href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/8242f114-a20e-4094-9987-d0103376bad2">Sacred Heart Church</a>,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (October 21, 1988).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://shcathedral.qwestoffice.net/cathedral8_005.htm">Cathedral of the Sacred Heart</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.diopueblo.org/parishes/pueblo-north/588-cathedral-of-the-sacred-heart-parish-pueblo">Diocese of Pueblo: Cathedral of the Sacred Heart</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.shcathedral.org/">Sacred Heart Cathedral</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://shcathedral.qwestoffice.net/cathedral_brochure_07012013.pdf">Sacred Heart Cathedral Brochure</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 31 Jul 2020 20:51:33 +0000 yongli 3398 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado Building http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-building <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2018-05-21T15:00:48-06:00" title="Monday, May 21, 2018 - 15:00" class="datetime">Mon, 05/21/2018 - 15:00</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-building" data-a2a-title="Colorado Building"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-building&amp;title=Colorado%20Building"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Colorado Building at 409 North Main Street in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a> was built in 1925 on the site of the former Grand Opera House. The four-story rectangular building housed many of Pueblo’s major artistic and commercial outfits throughout the twentieth century, including the Publix Theater, the Southern Colorado Power Company, <strong>Colorado &amp; Southern Railroad</strong>, and several other retail stores and business offices. In recent years, it has struggled to retain tenants, though several parties have considered renovating and repurposing the building.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>History of Pueblo</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1870 the town of Pueblo was established near the site of <a href="/article/el-pueblo"><strong>El Pueblo</strong></a> in <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>. <a href="/article/william-jackson-palmer"><strong>William Jackson Palmer</strong></a>’s <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> reached South Pueblo in 1872, facilitating the city’s continued growth. As Pueblo expanded, it enveloped the surrounding towns of South Pueblo, Central Pueblo, and Bessemer by the end of the century. In 1881 Palmer constructed a Bessemer furnace south of the Arkansas River, solidifying Pueblo’s legacy as an industrial center. As industry flourished, Americans and European immigrants flocked to the area and local culture began to develop.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Along with amenities such as schools, stores, and government buildings, Puebloans demanded sites for modern entertainment. In 1887 the city’s economic and social elite financed construction of an opera house at the corner of Main and Seventh Streets to host live performances. When the building burned down the next year, well-to-do Pueblo residents envisioned a replacement, an elaborate building that would host extravagant theatrical productions and make a statement about the city’s growing affluence. The influential early Modernist architect Louis Sullivan helped design the Grand Opera House, which was completed in 1890 on the corner of Fourth and Main.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Grand Opera House attracted affluent Puebloans for several decades, but a pair of disasters doomed it in the early 1920s. In 1921 the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/1921-pueblo-flood"><strong>Arkansas River flooded</strong></a> the streets of Pueblo, devastating the Grand Opera House and much of the city. Then in April 1922, the opera house was engulfed in flames. The fire gutted the wooden interior of the building, rendering it unsafe and unusable.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Construction of the Colorado Building</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Once again, the citizens of Pueblo united to construct a new building as a statement of economic recovery and civic pride, hoping to build a new theater at the corner of Fourth and Main. The site was in part sentimental, but also practical. The location would maximize downtown foot traffic while encouraging visitors and locals to patronize the new multiuse building’s theater, shops, and offices.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1925 three Pueblo businessmen—Charles Lee, G. Harvey Nuckolls, and E. G. Middlekamp—organized the Southern Colorado Investment Company to erect the Colorado Building at Fourth and Main. They financed the project with $305,000 from Pueblo capitalists and an additional $350,000 in bonds sold to <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> investors. Designed by notable Denver architect William Norman Bowman, the Art Deco–style Colorado Building emulated earlier works by architect Louis Sullivan. Sullivan embraced the new technology of using steel frames to erect taller buildings, but wanted to avoid drab uniformity. His structures were divided into three sections: a ground level with prominent windows and doors, a middle section with banded windows, and a top section with a highly decorated cornice (ornamental molding). Bowman emulated this Sullivanesque style in the Colorado Building, which recalled the appearance of Sullivan’s Grand Opera House.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Denver firm Windsor &amp; Lund completed the four-story building in 1925. Made of reinforced concrete with steel beams and a brick exterior, the building featured a flat roof, double-hung oak-framed windows, and heavy plate-glass doors with aluminum frames. The first floor presented spaces for shops facing the street, as well as a theater lobby and the theater itself. Offices were located in the upper floors. The entrance to the theater and offices was located on Main Street, where a thirty-five-foot-wide sign reading “Colorado Theater” in orange and white light bulbs drew the eyes of pedestrians and motorists. The theater could seat an audience of more than 1,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Tenants and Renovations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Colorado Building’s first major tenants were the Southern Colorado Power Company and Publix Theater Corporation. Soon the building’s 130 office rooms also housed the Middlekamp Agency, Colorado &amp; Southern Railway, Republic Building and Loan, and Federal Abstract &amp; Loan as well as several doctors, dentists, lawyers, insurance agents, and real estate agents. In its ground-level storefronts, the building boasted retailers such as Day Jones Women’s Clothing and Breetwor Shoes in 1935 and Overton’s Coins and Stamps in 1950. The upper-floor offices housed several important Pueblo institutions over the years, including the Pueblo Musicians’ Association in 1950 and the Social Security Administration in 1986.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ownership of the Colorado Building changed several times. In 1947 retailer J. J. Newberry’s New York–based Newberry Company purchased the stock holdings of Southern Colorado Investment Company and opened a five-and-dime department store in the Colorado Building in 1950. Newberry made several alterations to the building; he replaced some of the original storefront windows with brick facing, removed the large theater sign, replaced the square marquee over the main entrance with a curvilinear aluminum marquee, and built two new entryways. By 1960 the original crystal chandelier was removed from the auditorium.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although it remained an important local landmark, the Colorado Building saw its office occupancy rates decline over the twentieth century, dropping to forty-four occupied offices in 1958, thirty-six in 1965, thirty-four in 1970, twenty-four in 1980, and fourteen in 2005. These trends mirrored the economic decline of Pueblo itself, as the local industrial economy struggled through periods of labor unrest and the American steel industry collapsed in the 1980s. Prior to 1984, the National Life Insurance Company purchased the Colorado Building, and then in 1984 Richard Leach acquired it and replaced much of the flooring. The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, but it struggled to retain permanent tenants. The theater has been closed since the 1970s, and the vast majority of the offices and retail spaces have been vacant since 2005. Midtown LLLP bought the building in 2005, and then Theodore Knowles acquired it in 2007.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Currently, Harding-Bulloch Jewelers is the only retailer located in the Colorado Building, but several parties have expressed interest in rehabilitating it. In 2010 the Pueblo Performing Arts Guild received a $10,000 <strong>State Historical Fund</strong> grant to perform a historic structure assessment of the building, eyeing it as a possible venue for hosting shows and housing performers and artists, but the building’s $2.2 million price tag dissuaded further action. In 2011 the Denver-based landscape development firm Pueblo Land LLC purchased the Colorado Building, hoping to convert the offices into senior housing. In 2012 contractor Dave Eller expressed interest in turning a portion of the building into a nonprofit assistance center for military veterans and reviving the historic theater as a community theater, but a lack of funding also derailed this project. Despite the interest expressed by multiple parties, none of these redevelopment plans for the Colorado Building have yet come to fruition.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-building" hreflang="en">colorado building</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo" hreflang="en">pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo-history" hreflang="en">pueblo history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo-county" hreflang="en">pueblo county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-southern-railroad" hreflang="en">colorado &amp; southern railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/publix-theater" hreflang="en">publix theater</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-colorado-power-company" hreflang="en">southern colorado power company</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Artspace Projects, Inc., “<a href="https://www.csindy.com/images/blogimages/2011/06/14/1308072578-artspace_pueblo_pfr.pdf">Preliminary Feasibility Report: Pueblo, Colorado</a>” (April 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tasha Brandstatter, “<a href="https://pulpnewsmag.com/pueblos-grand-opera-house-a-history-fda0bed6bde0">Pueblo’s Grand Opera House, a History</a>,” <em>Pulp Newsmag</em> (February 13, 2017).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wade Broadhead, “<a href="https://county.pueblo.org/">History of Pueblo</a>” (2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>History Colorado, <a href="http://www2.cde.state.co.us/artemis/hedserials/hed61internet/hed61200910internet.pdf">Moving Memories 2009/2010 Annual Report</a> (2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ann Leach and Patrick Leach, “The Colorado Building,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (May 1991).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Anthony A. Mestas, “<a href="https://www.chieftain.com/117adbee-6a52-11e1-9610-001871e3ce6c.html">Group Hopes to Revive Colorado Building</a>,” <em>Pueblo Chieftain </em>(March 11, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James Munch and Edward Simonich, “Colorado Building,” Historic Building/Structure Form (June 1985).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pennsylvania Historical &amp; Museum Commission, “<a href="https://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/architecture/styles/sullivanesque.html">Sullivanesque Style 1890–1930</a>,” <em>Pennsylvania Architectural Field Guide </em>(August 26, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret Ward-Masias, <a href="http://pueblodowntown.com/uploads/4/4/9/7/44973131/pda_spotlight_newsletter_aug_2016_web.pdf">“The Colorado Building, 4th and Main,” </a><a href="http://pueblodowntown.com/uploads/4/4/9/7/44973131/pda_spotlight_newsletter_aug_2016_web.pdf"><em>Downtown Spotlight Vol. 26, Issue 2</em></a> (August 2016).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Joanne West Dodds, <em>Pueblo, a Pictorial History</em> (Norfolk, VA: Donning, 1982).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joanne West Dodds, <em>Pueblo at a Glance</em> (Pueblo, CO: Focal Plain, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joanne West Dodds, <em>They All Came to Pueblo: A Social History</em> (Virginia Beach, VA: Donning, 1994).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 21 May 2018 21:00:48 +0000 yongli 2888 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Pueblo County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Pueblo County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2054--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2054.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/pueblo-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Pueblo_County_0.png?itok=YjJU0FLG" width="1024" height="741" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/pueblo-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Pueblo County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Pueblo County, named for an early trading post called El Pueblo, was established in 1861 as one of the original seventeen counties of the Colorado Territory.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-15T10:03:28-07:00" title="Tuesday, November 15, 2016 - 10:03" class="datetime">Tue, 11/15/2016 - 10:03</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-county" data-a2a-title="Pueblo County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fpueblo-county&amp;title=Pueblo%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Pueblo County covers 2,398 square miles in southeast Colorado, from the southern <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> and <strong>Wet Mountains</strong> in the west to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> valley and <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> in the east. It is bordered by <a href="/article/el-paso-county"><strong>El Paso County</strong></a> to the north, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/crowley-county"><strong>Crowley</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/otero-county"><strong>Otero</strong></a> Counties to the east, <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/las-animas-county">Las Animas</a> </strong>and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/huerfano-county"><strong>Huerfano</strong></a> Counties to the south, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/custer-county"><strong>Custer</strong> </a>and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fremont-county"><strong>Fremont</strong></a> Counties to the west.</p> <p>Pueblo County has a population of 163,591. More than 106,000 people live in the county seat of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>—Spanish for “town” or “village”—at the confluence of Fountain Creek and the Arkansas River. <strong>Interstate 25</strong> bisects the county, running through Pueblo and <strong>Colorado City</strong> (pop. 2,193), and US Route 50 connects the farming communities of Vineland (pop. 251), <strong>Avondale</strong> (674), and Boone (339) on the Arkansas River east of Pueblo. To the southwest, at the foot of the Wet Mountains, is the community of Beulah Valley (556), and to the south lies the small town of <strong>Rye</strong> (202).</p> <p>The Pueblo County area was a Spanish possession from the sixteenth century until Mexican independence in 1821; it became one of the original seventeen counties of the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> in 1861. The city of Pueblo developed on the site of trading posts established in the 1830s and ’40s, and in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries it became the industrial center of the American West.</p> <h2>Native Americans</h2> <p>Pueblo County’s earliest inhabitants included <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a> and <a href="/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic</strong></a> peoples, as well as members of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/apishapa-phase"><strong>Apishapa</strong></a> culture, which dates from 1050 to 1450. By about 1500 the Pueblo County area was home to the Nuche or Ute people, hunter-gatherers who followed game into the high country during the summer and wintered in warmer pockets along the Front Range, such as the site of present-day Pueblo. By the mid-seventeenth century the Utes had obtained horses from the Spanish, allowing them to hunt <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> on the plains. The primary Ute bands that occupied the Pueblo County area were the Tabeguache—the people of “Tava,” or Sun Mountain (<a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a>)—and the Muache, the “cedar bark people.” To the east, along the Arkansas River, were villages of <strong>Jicarilla Apache</strong>, a semi-sedentary people who hunted&nbsp;bison and farmed corn, beans, squash, and other vegetables along the river and its tributaries.</p> <p>By the middle of the eighteenth century, the horse-mounted Comanche had driven through Colorado on their way to claiming the Arkansas River valley, which pressed up against the northern boundary of New Spain. The Utes and Comanche formed an alliance, raiding and trading in what is now southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. In 1779, somewhere between the present-day sites of Pueblo and Colorado City, <strong>Juan Bautista de Anza</strong>, the Spanish Governor of New Mexico, drove his troops into the Comanche heartland and killed the powerful Comanche leader <strong>Cuerno Verde</strong> (Greenhorn). <strong>Greenhorn Mountain</strong>, at the southwest corner of Pueblo County, is named for the fallen chief. Despite this loss, Native Americans continued to battle the Spanish as they encroached on indigenous land. The Comanche continued their march south, eventually claiming a huge swath of land in southeast Colorado, western Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas.</p> <p>By the early nineteenth century, the Arapaho, another horse-mounted people who migrated from the Upper Midwest, laid claim to the present-day site of Pueblo and other lands along the foothills in what is now Pueblo County. They developed a fierce rivalry with the Nuche. Later, the <strong>Cheyenne</strong> arrived on the Colorado plains and frequented the Pueblo County area.</p> <h2>Trade and Early Settlement</h2> <p>In 1806–7 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Pike</strong></a> led an American military expedition west to locate the headwaters of the Red and Arkansas Rivers. In November 1806 he reached the terminus of the Fountain River at the Arkansas, near present-day Pueblo. Before embarking on an unsuccessful climb of what is now known as Pikes Peak, Pike had his men build a log fortification just west of the confluence. About five feet tall on three sides, the breastwork was the first official American structure in what would become Colorado. The exact location of the breastwork remains unknown.</p> <p>After winning independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico opened trade relations with the United States along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a>. Threatened by the presence of the American<a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong> trading post</strong></a> at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a> farther down the Arkansas, the Mexican government issued several <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mexican-land-grants-colorado"><strong>land grants</strong></a> between 1832 and 1843 to encourage Mexican settlement of what is now southern Colorado. Two of these grants, the Nolan Grant and Vigil and St. Vrain Grant, included all the land south of the Arkansas River in present-day Pueblo County. However, Native Americans—predominantly Utes—fought against Mexican attempts to occupy these lands.</p> <p>In the 1830s and ‘40s, proximity to Bent’s Fort and Taos, New Mexico made the current site of Pueblo an attractive place for those involved in the Rocky Mountain <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a>. American trader and ex-military man John Gantt built Fort Cass on the site in 1833, pioneering the liquor trade in the Arkansas Valley. By 1841 Teresita Sandoval, a Mexican woman, was operating a bison farm in the area with Matthew Kinkead, an Anglo-American with whom she cohabitated until she married another Anglo man, Alexander Barclay, in 1844. In 1842 the American traders George Simpson and Robert Fisher established <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/el-pueblo"><strong>El Pueblo</strong></a>, a small trading camp dealing mostly in buffalo hides, at the present site of the city of Pueblo. The post got a boost that year when trader Charles Autobees introduced “Taos Lightning,” a popular kind of illegal liquor.</p> <p>Like other small settlements on the Arkansas at the time, El Pueblo was a preview of modern Pueblo’s cultural and ethnic diversity. Many of its approximately four dozen original residents were American men married to Mexican women, but it also attracted Utes, Arapaho, and other Native Americans. Men constantly came and went, journeying to Taos or Bent’s Fort for supplies, trading, or to repair weapons and equipment. Several large ranches, some owned by Mexicans and others by Americans, developed around the small trading nexus, and a cornfield was planted.</p> <p>American explorer <a href="/article/john-c-frémont"><strong>John C. Frémont</strong></a> stopped at El Pueblo to resupply on expeditions to the Rocky Mountains in 1843 and 1845. He returned to the Pueblo County area on another expedition in 1848, purchasing supplies farther up the Arkansas at Hardscrabble before continuing on to the Wet Mountains and Sangre de Cristos.</p> <p>South of El Pueblo, the Greenhorn settlement began in 1845 when El Pueblo co-founder John Brown set up a store near Greenhorn Creek. By January 1847 the settlement consisted of little more than a few Indian lodges and an adobe building. The 1849 California Gold Rush drew most of Greenhorn’s earliest inhabitants to the West Coast. Greenhorn was not resettled until 1870, after the establishment of the Colorado Territory and the removal of the Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Ute.</p> <h2>American Era</h2> <p>In 1848 the United States acquired the Pueblo County area via the Mexican Cession at the end of the Mexican-American War. By that time the fur trade had all but ceased and the settlements in the Pueblo County area fell silent; only a few residents remained at Pueblo by the summer of 1849, the year <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-bent"><strong>William Bent</strong></a> set fire to his fort farther down the Arkansas. After a brief period of resettlement in 1853, a Ute-Apache attack in 1854 killed most of the population at El Pueblo. After wiping out the inhabitants of the fort in December 1854 and making off with the settlement’s cattle and corn, a Ute party under the Muache leader Blanco was ambushed by Arapaho, reflecting the contested nature of the area.</p> <p>In response to the killings at Pueblo, the United States launched a military campaign against the Utes and their Apache allies in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. The campaign pressured the Utes into peace negotiations, and in 1855 they agreed to a treaty. Congress, however, did not ratify the agreement, and hostilities between the United States and Native Americans in the Pueblo area continued.</p> <p>Three years later, the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> brought thousands of white fortune-seekers across the plains to the Rockies. The confluence of Fountain Creek and the Arkansas River was once again an important crossroads—this time its important connection was not south to Taos but north, via Fountain Creek, to gold diggings at <strong>Cherry Creek</strong>. A travelers’ camp called Independence sprang up on the east side of Fountain Creek, and members of the Josiah Smith prospecting party renamed it “Fountain City” when they arrived in September 1858.</p> <p>Pueblo County was established in 1861 as one of the original seventeen counties of the Colorado Territory. East of present-day Pueblo, Boone was first settled in the early 1860s, named for Colonel Albert G. Boone, owner of a local ranch and the caretaker of William Bent’s children at West Point. Boone was also known for negotiating treaties with various Indian tribes. It was also during the early 1860s that the Beulah Valley was settled by Anglo-American ranchers and farmers; at the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, the valley was used as a secret gathering place for Confederate Army recruits from Colorado.</p> <p>After a period of violent encounters with whites during the gold rush and its aftermath, the Cheyenne and Arapaho were removed to Oklahoma via the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong></a> of 1867, and the Ute were removed to Colorado’s <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> via the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a>.</p> <p>In the wake of the destruction of the buffalo and removal of Native Americans, great cattle herds came to the Colorado plains during the 1870s. In 1869 rancher <strong>Charles Goodnight</strong>, who helped pioneer the Goodnight–Loving Trail from Texas, began grazing cattle in Pueblo County. He soon acquired a large piece of the Nolan Grant and established his ranch headquarters in Rock Canyon, west of present-day Pueblo.</p> <h2>Industrial Growth and County Development</h2> <p>The modern city of Pueblo took shape between 1872 and 1894 through the gradual merger of four separate towns: Pueblo, South Pueblo, Central Pueblo, and Bessemer. The town of Pueblo, at the site of the old trading post, was formally established in 1870. In 1872 visionary railroad builder <a href="/article/william-jackson-palmer"><strong>William Jackson Palmer</strong></a> established the town of South Pueblo along his <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad </strong>(D&amp;RG).</p> <p>Nearly every economic, cultural, and political development in Pueblo County after 1900 can be traced to one company—<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-fuel-iron"><strong>Colorado Fuel &amp; Iron</strong></a> (CF&amp;I). To provide a steady supply of rails for the D&amp;RG, Palmer’s Colorado Coal &amp; Iron Company (CC&amp;I) built the nation’s first steel mill west of the Mississippi River in South Pueblo in 1881. Branch lines of the D&amp;RG soon sprawled west from Pueblo into the mountains, reaching all the way up the Arkansas Valley to mineral-rich <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a>. Pueblo’s proximity to coal fields to the south, the markets of Colorado Springs and Denver to the north, and mines to the west quickly made it into a transportation hub. The Pueblo Smelting and Refining Company built the city’s first smelter in 1882, and by 1889 Pueblo had three smelters processing 400 railroad cars’ worth of gold, silver, and carbonate ore per day. By the turn of the century the city was the smelting capital of the world.</p> <p>In 1892 CC&amp;I merged with <strong>John C. Osgood</strong>’s Colorado Fuel Company to form Colorado Fuel &amp; Iron. By the time the Rockefeller family took the reins of CF&amp;I in 1904, Pueblo was well on its way to becoming the “Pittsburgh of the West.” While smoke-belching smelters converted ore from Colorado mines into thousands of ounces of gold and silver and thousands of tons of lead, the steel mill took in coal, iron ore, and limestone, pumping out rails, structural beams, nails, railroad spikes, iron castings, and other products. By 1909 CF&amp;I’s property in Pueblo was valued at a remarkable $40 million, and the company employed some 5,000 workers.</p> <p>CF&amp;I operated as a regional monopoly, exercising extraordinary power over its workforce. As a result, labor strife, whether in the city or across the state and nation, frequently disrupted its Pueblo operations. For instance, in 1903–4 Pueblo’s smelter workers joined others in Denver, <strong>Durango</strong>, and Colorado City in a statewide strike, demanding shorter work days, safer working conditions, and better pay; strikes among CF&amp;I’s coal miners elsewhere in Colorado interrupted operations again in 1913–14 and 1927.</p> <p>Beyond labor strife, Pueblo endured its share of ups and downs in the twentieth century. The city’s industrial output increased in 1917–18 to meet <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I </strong></a>metal demands, and some 16,000 local men went off to fight. In 1921 a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/1921-pueblo-flood"><strong>devastating</strong> </a><strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/1921-pueblo-flood">flood</a> </strong>put some sections of Pueblo a dozen feet underwater, inundated a smelter, wrecked 600 homes, and killed hundreds of people and scores of livestock. Some 3,000 refugees had to live in tent colonies in the aftermath, but three years later the city had recovered. The Depression of the 1930s brought a lull in industrial production, but demand for metals quickly skyrocketed at the onset of World War II. With most of the city’s male population in the military, women took over many positions in the steelworks, from clerical work to manufacturing, and helped push the complex to 104 percent operating capacity. In 1942 the US government built an ordnance facility in Pueblo to receive, store, and distribute ammunition. Overall, Pueblo County’s industrial production increased from $41 million worth of materials in 1940 to more than $72 million in 1954.</p> <p>The steelworks remained busy throughout the rest of the twentieth century, although its status as the region’s most important economic engine declined with the rise of the retail trade and the collapse of the national steel industry in 1979. In 1983 the plant laid off 60 percent of its workforce, and CF&amp;I went bankrupt in 1990. Today the scaled-down steelworks are operated by Evraz Corporation as the Rocky Mountain Steel Mills.</p> <h2>Cultural Diversity</h2> <p>Pueblo’s industrial prowess in the twentieth century relied on the labor of immigrants from Canada, China, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Poland, Russia, Scandinavia, and Slovenia, as well as New Mexican and black workers from the United States. Among those who came from Eastern Europe were Jews fleeing the Russian pogroms of the 1880s and early twentieth century.</p> <p>With so many countries and religions represented in the same city, Pueblo became a rich cultural mosaic in the early decades of the twentieth century. But relations between and even among Pueblo’s diverse communities were not always amicable. Pueblo’s Jewish population endured a schism in the 1890s, and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ku-klux-klan-colorado"><strong>Ku Klux Klan</strong></a> organized against the city’s many Catholic residents during the 1920s. By 1923 the Klan counted nearly 1,000 local members, including Pueblo County Sheriff Samuel Thomas, who took fellow Klansmen with him on liquor raids.</p> <h2>Agriculture</h2> <p>In addition to providing water for residential and industrial developments, the Arkansas River also allowed Pueblo County to develop a strong agricultural economy, bolstered by demand from Pueblo, Denver, and other cities. Agricultural production exploded between 1910 and 1920, with crop acreage expanding from 630,114 acres to 993,226 acres and livestock value rising from $1.5 million to over $4.5 million. But such huge gains in production saturated the market with agricultural products, so the value of crops fell from $4.1 million in 1920 to $2.6 million by 1930. The value of agricultural products again dropped sharply during the Great Depression.</p> <p>By 1950 ranching had surpassed farming in the county, with livestock valued at $5.2 million compared to just over $3 million for crops. In 1975 Pueblo County agriculture—as well as industry and municipal development—received a boost with the completion of the <a href="/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a>’s Fryingpan-Arkansas Project, which dammed the Fryingpan River north of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/aspen"><strong>Aspen</strong></a> and sent its water over the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/continental-divide"><strong>Continental<span style="color:#3366cc;"> <span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;">Divide</span></span></strong></a><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;"> </span>to Pueblo County via the Arkansas River.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Agriculture remains an important part of the Pueblo County economy today. The county ranks in the top third of Colorado’s sixty-four counties in the value of its farm products; leading crops include the famous Pueblo <strong>chili&nbsp;peppers</strong>, dry edible beans, melons, potatoes, and other vegetables. About 33,000 cattle and several thousand horses, goats, and sheep are raised on county ranches. In 2015 Pueblo County officials and chile farmers began a marketing campaign to brand and promote the local peppers. The campaign met with immediate success when Colorado Whole Foods Markets announced that the company’s Colorado locations would be replacing New Mexico Hatch chiles with 125,000 Pueblo green chiles in August 2015. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cannabis-marijuana"><strong>Cannabis</strong></a> has also become an important crop in Pueblo County, which allows the cultivation of both drug cannabis (marijuana) and hemp on agricultural and industrial properties. The county also leases water rights to cannabis producers.</p> <p>While the county’s agrarian legacy is strong among ranchers and farmers on the Arkansas, cultural diversity remains a hallmark of the city of Pueblo. About 49 percent of the city’s current residents are Latino, 2.5 percent are African American, 2.2 percent are American Indian, and another 4.1 percent are of two or more races. Between 41 and 45 percent of the population identifies as non-Hispanic whites.</p> <p>The city also continues to grapple with its industrial legacy. The defunct smelter, for instance, deposited waste rock (called slag) in a ravine between Santa Fe Avenue and the D&amp;RG tracks. These slag piles, which contain heavy concentrations of lead, remain today and pose a threat to public and environmental health. As a result, in 2014 the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) declared the smelter waste area as part of a Superfund Site and began investigations to determine the contamination of the site and begin cleaning up the slag.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo-county" hreflang="en">pueblo county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo-history" hreflang="en">pueblo history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/city-pueblo" hreflang="en">city of pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo" hreflang="en">pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-fuel-iron" hreflang="en">colorado fuel &amp; iron</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo-steelworks" hreflang="en">pueblo steelworks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo-steel-mill" hreflang="en">pueblo steel mill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/steelworks-center-west" hreflang="en">Steelworks Center of the West</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/beulah-valley" hreflang="en">beulah valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arkansas-river" hreflang="en">Arkansas River</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/1921-pueblo-flood" hreflang="en">1921 pueblo flood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arkansas-river-flood-1921" hreflang="en">arkansas river flood 1921</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/el-pueblo" hreflang="en">el pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bojon-town" hreflang="en">bojon town</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-jackson-palmer" hreflang="en">william jackson palmer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/avondale" hreflang="en">avondale</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boone" hreflang="en">boone</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen Leonard, and David McComb, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 3rd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1994).</p> <p>Thomas G. Andrews, <em>Killing For Coal: America’s Deadliest Labor War </em>(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008).</p> <p>Beulah Historical Society, <em>From Mace’s Hole, the Way it Was, to Beulah, the Way it Is: A Comprehensive History of Beulah, Colorado </em>(Colorado Springs, CO: Century One Press, 1979).</p> <p>Wade Broadhead, “<a href="https://county.pueblo.org/">History of Pueblo</a>,” Pueblo County, n.d.</p> <p>James Brooke, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/29/us/pittsburgh-of-the-west-is-made-of-more-than-steel.html">Pittsburgh of the West Is Made of More Than Steel</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, December 29, 1997.</p> <p>City of Pueblo, “<a href="http://www.pueblo.us/DocumentCenter/View/3218">Ethnicity Map</a>,” 2010.</p> <p>Joanne W. Dodds and Edwin L. Dodds, <em>They All Came to Pueblo: A Social History </em>(Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Co., 1994).</p> <p>Pekka Hämäläinen, <em>The Comanche Empire </em>(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008).</p> <p>Cheryl Johnson Huban, “<a href="https://www.greenhornvalleyview.com/index.asp?linkID=63&amp;amp;itemID=9320">Before Colorado City</a>,” Greenhorn Valley View, July 28, 2014.</p> <p>Cheryl Johnson Huban, “<a href="https://www.greenhornvalleyview.com/index.asp?linkID=63&amp;amp;itemID=7212">George Sears and the Greenhorn Settlement</a>,” Greenhorn Valley View, January 23, 2012.</p> <p>Janet Lecompte, <em>Pueblo, Hardscrabble, Greenhorn </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978).</p> <p>Anthony A. Mestas, “<a href="https://www.chieftain.com/special/marijuana/4613593-120/pueblo-county-marijuana-measure/">Petition seeks ballot measure to ban retail pot in Pueblo County</a>,” <em>Pueblo Chieftain</em>, April 1 2016.</p> <p>Colleen O’Connor, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2015/08/13/colorados-chile-farmers-promote-pueblo-green-chiles/">Colorado’s chile farmers promote Pueblo green chiles</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, August 14, 2015.</p> <p>Barry Pritzker, <em>A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples </em>(New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).</p> <p>Pueblo County, “<a href="https://pueblochile.org/">The Pueblo Chile</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Ed Quillen, “<a href="https://www.csindy.com/coloradosprings/welcome-to-kolorado-klan-kountry/content/?oid=1119033">Welcome to Kolorado, Klan Kountry</a>,” <em>Colorado Springs Independent</em>, May 22, 2003.</p> <p>Martha Quillen, “<a href="https://www.cozine.com:8443/2001-december/mexican-land-grants-in-colorado">Mexican Land Grants in Colorado</a>,” <em>Colorado Central Magazine</em>, December 1, 2001.</p> <p>David A. Sandoval, <em>Spanish/Mexican Legacy of Latinos in Pueblo County </em>(Pueblo, CO: Pueblo City-Council Library District, 2012).</p> <p>Jared Orsi, <em>Citizen Explorer: The Life of Zebulon Pike </em>(New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).</p> <p>Phillip Merle Sarver, “Historical Influences on the Economy of Pueblo, Colorado” (PhD Dissertation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1973).</p> <p>Pueblo County, “<a href="https://county.pueblo.org/government/county/department/city-county-health-department/colorado-smelter">Lead Program</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> <p>Steve Segin and Jennifer Cordova, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/NRSR/5PE5346.pdf">Squirrel Creek Recreational Unit</a>,” US Department of the Interior, National Park Service Form 10-900 (Denver: History Colorado, 2004).</p> <p>Kelly Sommariva, “<a href="https://www.9news.com/article/story/news/2014/06/02/june-3-1921-pueblo-flood/9873227/">This week in 1921: The flood that nearly sank Pueblo</a>,” 9News, June 2, 2014.</p> <p>Steelworks Center of the West, “<a href="https://scalar.usc.edu/works/the-colorado-fuel-and-iron-company/cfi-timeline">CF&amp;I Timeline</a>,” updated March 16, 2016.</p> <p>Steelworks Center of the West, “<a href="https://scalar.usc.edu/works/immigrant-employees-of-the-cfi/chapter-1">The Mines of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company</a>,” updated July 1, 2015.</p> <p>Steelworks Center of the West, “<a href="https://scalar.usc.edu/works/the-colorado-fuel-and-iron-company/index-1">Women of WWII</a>,” updated April 25, 2016.</p> <p>Jim Trotter, “<a href="https://aeronauticsonline.com/">Destruction of Mustard gas Weapons in Pueblo is Said to Be Underway</a>,” <em>Rocky Mountain PBS</em>, March 23, 2015.</p> <p>US Bureau of Reclamation, “<a href="http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Fryingpan-Arkansas+Project#Group468530">Fryingpan-Arkansas Project</a>,” updated April 4, 2013.</p> <p>US Census, “<a href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/RHI725214/0862000,08101">Quickfacts: Pueblo city</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Pueblo County Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p> <p>US Environmental Protection Agency, “<a href="https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0802700">EPA Superfund Program: Colorado Smelter, Pueblo, CO</a>,” updated April 20, 2016.</p> <p>Joel Warner, “<a href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/47.14/the-silicon-valley-of-marijuana">The Silicon Valley of Marijuana</a>,” <em>High Country News</em>, August 17, 2015.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://www.pueblo.us/">City of Pueblo</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://riversofsteel.com/education/csu-pueblo-student-projects/">CSU Pueblo and Steelworks Center of the West Digital Humanities Projects</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jeffrey DeHerrera and Charlene Garcia-Sims, “<a href="https://www.pueblolibrary.org/EastsideHistoryWall">Pueblo’s East Side History</a>,” Pueblo City-County Library, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jeffrey DeHerrera and Adam Thomas, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/Programs/CLG_Survey_PuebloEastSide2009.pdf">A Place Set Apart: The History and Architecture of Pueblo’s East Side Neighborhood</a>,” Historitecture, 2009.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jordan Everhart, Gary Dixon, Stephanie Armijo, and Thomas Sloan, “<a href="https://scalar.usc.edu/works/1921-the-great-flood/home">1921: The Great Pueblo Flood</a>,” Steelworks Center of the West, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://county.pueblo.org/">Pueblo County</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://riversofsteel.com/">Steelworks Center of the West</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 15 Nov 2016 17:03:28 +0000 yongli 2055 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org