%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Uranium Mining http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/uranium-mining <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Uranium Mining</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-03-31T16:12:35-06:00" title="Friday, March 31, 2017 - 16:12" class="datetime">Fri, 03/31/2017 - 16:12</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/uranium-mining" data-a2a-title="Uranium Mining"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Furanium-mining&amp;title=Uranium%20Mining"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Uranium mining in Colorado dates to the late nineteenth century, when uranium resources were discovered in the southwestern part of the state. The region’s Uravan Mineral Belt is rich in carnotite, the ore that produces uranium and vanadium. Both elements have various industrial and military applications. Originally considered a worthless byproduct of vanadium refinement, uranium became a highly valued material when it was found to be useful in the production of nuclear power and weapons. The development of Colorado’s uranium resources spurred a growth in population, industrialization, and public infrastructure, but it also came with troubling consequences for the environment and public health.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Uranium mining in Colorado was an expansion of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century vanadium extraction. During <a href="/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, vanadium was used as a steel-strengthening alloy, among other applications. An early and prominent example of a vanadium mine was Standard Chemical’s mine at Joe Junior Camp, sixty miles south of <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>. The company also operated a uranium mill near present-day <strong>Uravan</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the rise of nuclear power after <strong>World War II</strong>, uranium became a highly sought after element. Since only New Mexico and Wyoming have more uranium deposits than Colorado, the Centennial State became one of the national sources for uranium mining and processing. US Vanadium, the Vanadium Corporation of America, and the Metal Reserves Company soon opened uranium mining and refinement facilities around the towns of Naturita, <strong>Durango</strong>, Loma, and <strong>Slick Rock</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Yellowcake Towns</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Uranium extraction in Colorado was a marriage of private mining enterprise and government interest. After World War II, the US Atomic Energy Commission and the US Geological Survey collaborated to study the Uravan Mineral Belt in <a href="/article/montrose-county"><strong>Montrose</strong></a> and <a href="/article/san-miguel-county"><strong>San Miguel</strong></a> Counties. The Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation received federal contracts to form the Union Mines Development Corporation and the Manhattan Engineer District built its own refinement facility near Durango.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1940s, uranium mining led to the establishment of several mill towns in Colorado, dubbed “yellowcake towns” because the uranium powder they produced—uranium oxide—resembled cake mix. Union Carbide Corporation built a town around an old Standard Chemical mill and named it Uravan, a hybrid of “Uranium” and “Vanadium.” Other yellowcake towns in the Uravan Belt included Naturita, Nucla, <strong>Paradox</strong>, and Slick Rock. Mines and mills were also set up in existing towns such as <strong>Cañon City</strong>, <a href="/article/golden-0"><strong>Golden</strong></a>, <strong>Loma</strong>, and <strong>Rifle</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Some yellowcake towns, such as Uravan, boomed but experienced labor shortages when uranium demand increased during World War II. Many of these remote communities could not rely on a labor influx when work was readily available elsewhere. The increase in output demand per worker nearly resulted in general strikes, but workers’ concerns were alleviated through negotiations.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In many yellowcake towns, mining companies provided schools, hospitals, and other civic functions—even Miss Uranium beauty pageants. Particularly burdensome was the need to import water into mining towns, as many of them were in exceptionally dry areas. While many experienced brief periods of prosperity, these towns were nonetheless dependent on federal uranium policy.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cold War Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1948, as US-Soviet tension increased, the federal government promised to purchase privately extracted uranium to ensure a continuous supply. It also encouraged citizens to explore for radioactive ore and built roads into remote places rich in radioactive ore. Federal buy programs set up prices for different tiers of ore quality and provided bonuses for initial production.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With a guaranteed customer in the federal government, uranium mining boomed throughout southwestern Colorado in the 1950s. Firms typically invested in mining rather than refinement because mines had lower start-up and operation costs than mills. As the United States built up its nuclear arsenal between 1948 and 1978, the 1,200 mines of the Uravan Belt collectively produced 63 million pounds of uranium and 330 million pounds of vanadium.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Uranium Bust</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Uranium production boomed into the 1970s. Despite government buy programs intended to build up reserves of domestic uranium, Colorado uranium production was unable to compete against considerably cheaper uranium resources found in the Congo or the more plentiful deposits of pitchblende, a uranium-rich mineral, in Canada. Uranium prices sank even lower after the onset of nuclear arms reduction treaties and the nuclear power plant disasters at Three Mile Island (1979) and Chernobyl (1986). In the 1970s, new federal environmental regulations forced the company town of Uravan to close.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Production continued into the early twenty-first century, albeit at a significantly lower rate. A small boom briefly revived the industry in the early twenty-first century, but drops in uranium prices in 2008 ended almost all mining of the mineral in Colorado; the state reported no major uranium ore production between 2009 and 2014. However, in 2011 the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved designs for radioactive waste disposal facilities submitted by Energy Fuels Resources Inc., and the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment approved the company’s application to build a uranium mill in the Paradox Valley in 2013. If completed, the facility would be the first uranium mill built in the United States in more than twenty-five years. But languishing uranium prices persuaded the company to hold off on building the facility, and Energy Fuels sold its permit rights to Pinon Ridge Resources Corporation in 2014. As of 2016, the mill had yet to be built.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although it provided hundreds of jobs and helped the United States in its nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, uranium mining has left a toxic environmental and human legacy in Colorado. Both Uravan and Cañon City’s Lincoln Park mill site are Superfund sites, high-priority cleanup sites as identified by the EPA. Fifteen other sites are under review by the US Department of Energy. In 2011 the EPA cautioned that even inactive sites, like those near the <strong>Dolores River,</strong> pose an environmental threat, as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flooding</strong></a> may release buried contaminants.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The state’s radioactive legacy also reaches into Colorado’s population and communities. Workers in the essentially unregulated industry were exposed to radon gas underground, and the EPA estimates that 67,000 Coloradans live within one mile of a uranium mine, with an additional 1.2 million living within five miles of a mine. In places like Uravan, radioactive tailings were reused in construction sites and home gardens. Children played atop discarded mill equipment, much of it contaminated with radon-emitting materials.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As miners began dying of cancer in the 1950s, federal investigations revealed a connection between the toxic work environment and the epidemic, but the industry did not implement any strict regulations until the mid-1960s. Finally, in 1990 Congress passed the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act, which offers financial restitution to sickened miners or their surviving family members. As of 2015, there are ongoing investigations on the exposure of uranium miners to radioactive materials without proper protective equipment.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/conway-bernard" hreflang="und">Conway, Bernard</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uranium-colorado-0" hreflang="en">uranium in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uranium-mining" hreflang="en">uranium mining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uranium-mill-colorado" hreflang="en">uranium mill colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-uranium-mining-colorado" hreflang="en">history of uranium mining colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uravan" hreflang="en">uravan</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-junction" hreflang="en">Grand Junction</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/slick-rock" hreflang="en">slick rock</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-miguel-county" hreflang="en">san miguel county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montrose-county" hreflang="en">montrose county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/yellowcake-towns" hreflang="en">yellowcake towns</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uranium-poisoning" hreflang="en">uranium poisoning</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/vanadium" hreflang="en">vanadium</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/durango" hreflang="en">Durango</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/paradox" hreflang="en">paradox</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/paradox-valley" hreflang="en">Paradox Valley</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Michael A. Amundson, <em>Yellowcake Towns: Uranium Mining Communities in the American West</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bob Berwyn, “Feds open door to more uranium mining in southwest Colorado,” <em>The Colorado Independent</em>, June 9, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kate Brown, <em>Plutopia: Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities, and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters</em> (2013; repr., New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining and Safety, “<a href="https://mining.state.co.us:443/SiteCollectionDocuments/UraniumMining.pdf">Uranium Mining in Colorado</a>,” updated November 26, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Peter Hessler, “<a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/09/13/the-uranium-widows">The uranium widows</a>,” <em>The New Yorker</em>, September 13, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nancy Lofholm, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2010/09/04/toxic-legacy-of-uranium-haunts-proposed-colorado-mill/">Toxic legacy of uranium haunts proposed Colorado mill</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, September 4, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eric W. Mogren, <em>Warm Sands: Uranium Mill Tailings Policy in the Atomic West</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ray C. Ringholz, <em>Uranium Frenzy: Saga of the Nuclear West</em> (Logan: Utah State University Press, 2002).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Dan Frosch, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/17/us/a-fight-in-colorado-over-uranium-mines.html?_r=0">A fight in Colorado over uranium mines</a>,” <em>The New York Times</em>, April 16, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nathan Rice, “<a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/health-legacy-of-uranium-mining-lingers-30-years-later/">Health legacy of uranium mining lingers 30 years later</a>,” <em>Scientific American</em>, June 28, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://uravan.com/">Uravan</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>World Information Service on Energy Uranium Project, “<a href="http://www.wise-uranium.org/umopusco.html">Issues at Operating Uranium Mines and Mills—Colorado, USA</a>,” updated February 25, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>World Nuclear Association, “<a href="https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/environmental-aspects-of-uranium-mining.aspx">Environmental Aspects of Uranium Mining</a>,” updated June 2014.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 31 Mar 2017 22:12:35 +0000 yongli 2440 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Montrose County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/montrose-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Montrose County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2050--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2050.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/montrose-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Montrose_County_0.png?itok=9KtQ3Gdi" width="1024" height="741" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/montrose-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Montrose County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Montrose County, one of the most significant agricultural counties on Colorado's Western Slope, was established in 1883.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-14T16:29:17-07:00" title="Monday, November 14, 2016 - 16:29" class="datetime">Mon, 11/14/2016 - 16:29</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/montrose-county" data-a2a-title="Montrose County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmontrose-county&amp;title=Montrose%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Montrose County covers 2,243 square miles in western Colorado. Named for its seat, <strong>Montrose</strong>, the county is bordered to the north by <a href="/article/mesa-county"><strong>Mesa</strong></a> and <a href="/article/delta-county"><strong>Delta</strong></a> Counties, to the east by <a href="/article/gunnison-county"><strong>Gunnison County</strong></a>, to the south by <a href="/article/ouray-county"><strong>Ouray</strong></a> and <a href="/article/san-miguel-county"><strong>San Miguel</strong></a> Counties, and to the west by the state of Utah.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The county has a population of 41,276. The <strong>Uncompahgre Plateau</strong> divides Montrose County into northeastern and southwestern segments. Montrose, with a population of 19,132, is located along the <strong>Uncompahgre River</strong> in the northeastern segment. Several miles downstream on the Uncompahgre lies the community of Olathe (pop. 1,573). The two towns are connected by US Route 50, which cuts through a large corridor of heavily irrigated farmland along the Uncompahgre as it flows north into Delta County. Northeast of Montrose, the <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a> flows through the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/black-canyon-gunnison"><strong>Black Canyon of the Gunnison</strong></a>, an area managed by the National Park Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The central part of the county is managed by the <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> as the <strong>Uncompahgre National Forest</strong>. In the county’s southwestern segment, the town of <strong>Naturita </strong>(pop. 635) is situated off State Route 141 along the <strong>San Miguel River</strong>. The town of <strong>Nucla</strong> (pop. 734), once a hub for <a href="/article/uranium-mining"><strong>uranium mining</strong></a>, lies a few miles north of Naturita. Route 141 follows the <strong>Dolores River</strong> as it flows northwest from Naturita into Mesa County. Montrose County’s first Anglo-American communities developed in the early 1880s, after the <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people were forced from the area following the <a href="/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a> of 1879. Agriculture has long been the driver of the county economy, spurred by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> projects such as the <strong>Gunnison Tunnel</strong>, completed in 1909.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By about 1500 the Montrose County area was home to Paiute and Ute people. The Paiute ranged into the area from southern Utah, while three distinct bands of Utes, including the Parianuche, Tabeguache, and Weeminuche, occupied the area on a seasonal basis.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Utes were nomadic hunters who tracked elk, deer, buffalo, and other game into the high country during the summer and spent the winter in sheltered areas along rivers. The Parianuche, for instance, wintered in the Uncompahgre River valley between present-day Montrose and <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>. In addition to hunting, the Utes gathered a wide assortment of roots and wild berries from the landscape.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Spanish Explorers</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the early seventeenth century, the northern frontier of New Spain pressed up against Ute lands in southwestern Colorado. The Utes’ relationship with the Spaniards was one of alternate raiding and trading, although the Spaniards rarely made it as far north as present-day Montrose County.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Official <a href="/article/spanish-exploration-western-colorado"><strong>Spanish exploration</strong></a> of the Montrose County area began with the expedition of <a href="/article/juan-antonio-maria-de-rivera"><strong>Juan de Rivera</strong></a> in 1765. Rivera’s mission was to have Indigenous people lead him to a crossing of the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> and investigate rumors of silver deposits in the mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In July 1765, Rivera’s expedition reached the Dolores River in present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/montezuma-county"><strong>Montezuma County</strong></a>. Following a treacherous passage through Dolores Canyon, the expedition proceeded to present-day Naturita, where Rivera and his men camped with Tabeguache Utes. Rivera eventually crossed the Gunnison River west of present-day Delta and then headed south along the Uncompahgre, passing present-day Montrose and reaching present-day Colona before heading back to Santa Fé.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rivera’s expedition carved out a route for future traders and explorers, such as the friars Silvestre Escalante and Francisco Dominguez. In July 1776 the friars were dispatched to find an overland passage from Santa Fé to Monterey, California. They followed Rivera’s<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/old-spanish-national-historic-trail"><strong> old route</strong></a> through the Uncompahgre Valley, reaching the Gunnison River near present-day Delta. Dominguez and Escalante continued into Utah, where a punishing October blizzard forced them to head back to Santa Fé.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Spanish Era of Montrose County’s history ended when Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821. The area then came under American control in 1848 after the Mexican-American War.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>American Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1853 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-w-gunnison"><strong>John Williams Gunnison</strong></a> from the US Corps of Topographical Engineers became the first white American to enter the Montrose County area, surveying the Gunnison River along Black Canyon and the site of present-day Montrose. Gunnison’s expedition was one of several unsuccessful federal parties dispatched to find railroad routes through the Rockies.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1868 the Ute people were granted a reservation of some 16 million acres on Colorado’s Western Slope in exchange for relinquishing the Front Range and its prosperous mines to the United States. Whites were forbidden from prospecting or squatting on Ute lands, and <a href="/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agencies</strong></a> were set up at various places throughout the reservation. While one purpose of the agencies was to serve as distribution centers for <a href="/article/indian-annuities"><strong>annuities</strong></a>—money and supplies—promised to the Utes in treaties, they also served the purpose of increasing the Utes’ dependence on the government, making them more vulnerable to further land grabs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1879 Utes at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/white-river-ute-indian-agency"><strong>White River Agency</strong></a> in present-day <a href="/article/rio-blanco-county"><strong>Rio Blanco County</strong></a> revolted against Indian Agent <a href="/article/nathan-meeker"><strong>Nathan Meeker</strong></a>, who had tried to force the Utes to abandon their old ways of life and become Christian farmers. Meeker and ten others were killed in the attack, which terrified whites all over Colorado and prompted calls for the Utes’ removal. In a new agreement in 1880, the Utes near the White River Agency, as well as the Tabeguache and Parianuche, were forced to leave their lands in Colorado and move to a reservation in Utah.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>County Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1881 most Utes were forced out of present-day Montrose County, and whites were fast on their heels. They set up small agricultural communities on the San Miguel River at Naturita in 1881, on the Parianuches’ former wintering grounds at Montrose and Olathe in 1882, in the Paradox Valley at Bedrock in 1883, and on Wright’s Mesa in the southern part of the county around the same time. In 1882 the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> reached the tent town of Cimarron, east of Montrose, and the town quickly developed into an important cattle shipping hub. Montrose County was established in 1883, carved from western Gunnison County. The Redvale area on Wright’s Mesa was settled by the 1890s, and the town was established in 1907.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After 1881 some Utes continued to range into Montrose County to hunt, and their interactions with white immigrants ranged from violence to trade. On Wright’s Mesa, for instance, the Utes burned a cabin on land owned by Edwin Joseph in 1884. In Bedrock, however, a hotel proprietor known as Mrs. Johnson regularly welcomed and fed Ute hunting parties, and they repaid her hospitality with deliveries of venison.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Of all these early settlements, Montrose would prove to be the largest and most significant on account of its proximity to mining camps in the San Juans, farms and ranches in the Uncompahgre Valley, and its early road and rail connections. The Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad arrived in September 1882, and the fledgling town developed into a hub for supplies shipped by rail to mines in Ouray County and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/telluride"><strong>Telluride</strong></a>. In July 1882, there were already 125 houses in Montrose, and by 1890 the town supported a population of 1,330. Successful early businesses included Dave Wood’s Magnolia Freight Lines and Buddecke &amp; Diehl, a miners’ outfitting shop.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Agriculture</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Agriculture quickly became the most lucrative venture in Montrose County. Cattle ranching was the main pursuit around Montrose and Olathe, along with the raising of alfalfa and other crops thanks to several ditches that were dug in the 1880s. Using the route of today’s Highway 90, ranchers in Naturita drove their cattle over the Uncompahgre Plateau to the railhead in Montrose.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It soon became apparent that the growing number of farms in the fertile Uncompahgre Valley threatened to overtax the waters of the Uncompahgre, which were recharged each year by seasonal runoff and only a small amount of rainfall. Residents in the Montrose area had considered drawing additional water from the Gunnison River since the 1880s, but the steep walls of the Black Canyon presented a difficult obstacle.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1902 President Theodore Roosevelt signed the Newlands Act, the first program to provide federal funds for irrigation in the arid American West. A delegation from Montrose successfully pitched the Gunnison Tunnel project to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>reclamation</strong></a> officials in Washington, DC. Construction on the tunnel, which would finally allow water to flow from the Gunnison to the Uncompahgre Valley, began in 1905. On September 23, 1909, to great fanfare, President William Howard Taft presided over the official opening of the 5.8-mile tunnel.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Gunnison Tunnel expanded the agricultural capacity of the Uncompahgre Valley by about 80,000 acres. By 1925 the area farmed under the project totaled 61,637 acres, with production valued at just over $3 million. Major crops included alfalfa, wheat, potatoes, oats, <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beets</strong></a>, and apples. Area ranchers raised nearly 13,000 cattle and 28,129 sheep as well as large numbers of pigs and poultry.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While farmers in the county’s northeastern area could draw water from the Uncompahgre and Gunnison Rivers, southwestern Montrose County was far drier, making irrigation even more crucial for early white settlers. In 1889 the Naturita Cattle and Land Company built the first reservoir for irrigation on Wright’s Mesa. In 1896 the settlers of what would become the community of Nucla began construction on the area’s first irrigation ditch, although it would not be completed until 1904.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Mining</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>While agriculture has been the backbone of the Montrose County economy since its creation, the area also has a rich history of copper and uranium mining.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Around 1895 Tom Swain, the first store owner in the tiny outpost of Paradox in western Montrose County, discovered a sizeable copper deposit a few miles west of Bedrock. Instead of developing a mine himself, Swain made sure the news got out and stocked his store with mining supplies. In 1898 the La Sal Copper Company opened the Cashin Mine, and production boomed from 1899 to 1908. Production fell off thereafter, and the mine changed hands multiple times and operated intermittently between 1922 and 1972.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1896 prospector Tom Dullan re-staked a previously abandoned mining claim in western Montrose County at the confluence of the Dolores River and Roc Creek. Earlier prospectors had hoped that a yellow mineralization on the sandstone bed was evidence of some kind of profitable metal, but it was not gold, copper, or silver, so the claim was abandoned. Nobody was able to confirm what the substance was until Dullan sent samples to the Smithsonian for identification in 1896.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The yellow mineralization was found to be a rare form of uranium and vanadium ore. Around the same time Dullan sent his samples in, European scientists were discovering and researching the applications of the radioactive elements vanadium, radium, and uranium. All three would come to have various applications in medicine, industry, and arms production. The excitement over these materials crossed the Atlantic, and interest in Dullan’s Montrose County claim was high enough that he sold it to a group of California investors in 1897. By 1898 the claim had again changed hands, and after further testing it was found to be among the richest sources of uranium in the world. The first person to begin extracting the rare ore was Gordon Kimball, an ore-buyer from Ouray who began leasing the claim in 1898. Kimball was paid $26,000 for every ten tons of ore he could extract and ship to France, where the uranium would be isolated.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kimball’s extraordinary profits on Roc Creek induced other prospectors to try their luck mining for radioactive elements in Montrose County. In 1899 some of those prospectors found carnotite ore, a source of radium, in the same area, and western Montrose County experienced a small boom period of radioactive mining. The raw material still had to be sent to France for processing until North America’s first radioactive metals mill was built on La Sal Creek in 1900. This first radioactive metals boom brought more people to the western Montrose County communities of Bedrock, Naturita, and Paradox, with the population of the latter two towns doubling between 1900 and 1920.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Demand for vanadium rose after 1920 because it was used as an alloy for steel, and the United States Vanadium Corporation (USV) began developing vanadium mining and milling operations throughout the state. In 1935 USV built a company town in Montrose County on the west side of the San Miguel River, northwest of Nucla and east of Paradox. The company named the town Uravan—a contraction of uranium and vanadium—and by 1936 the town had housing for 250 residents, as well as gust housing, a US post office, a theater, medical clinic, store, churches, a school, and a community hall.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The next year Colorado’s Western Slope became the world’s leading supplier of vanadium. The radioactive metals industry insulated the Montrose County economy from the Great Depression, and the industry ramped up even further during World War II, when vanadium was essential for the nation’s military buildup and uranium was needed for the Manhattan Project, the government’s secret attempt to build a nuclear bomb.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Montrose and San Miguel Counties continued to supply uranium for the nuclear power industry from the 1960s to about 1980, when a collapse in prices ended large-scale radioactive mining in western Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, agriculture continues to be the main driver of the Montrose County economy. The value of its agricultural products was $103 million in 2012, an increase of 54 percent from 2007. The county currently has more than 1,100 farms and ranks sixteenth in the state in the total value of its agricultural products. In 2012 Montrose County was the second-largest producer of poultry and eggs in Colorado, and the fifth-largest supplier of cow milk. These rankings will likely change by the time of the 2017 US Census of Agriculture, as the county’s largest dairy producer, Whitfield Dairy, ceased milk production in mid-summer 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Though essential, agriculture is not the only important segment of the Montrose County economy. Local and state taxes linked to operations at Montrose Regional Airport totaled $9.5 million in 2015, and the airport provides 2,035 jobs. The Montrose County School District employs 948 and Montrose Memorial Hospital provides 622 jobs. In 2006 3M Company opened a grinding-wheel production facility in Montrose, and in 2015 the company contributed $56,000 to the community in support of schools, youth foundations, and military veterans.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montrose-county-history" hreflang="en">montrose county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montrose" hreflang="en">Montrose</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nucla" hreflang="en">nucla</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uravan" hreflang="en">uravan</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uranium-mining" hreflang="en">uranium mining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope" hreflang="en">Western Slope</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uncompahgre-river" hreflang="en">uncompahgre river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gunnison-tunnel" hreflang="en">gunnison tunnel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/paradox-valley" hreflang="en">Paradox Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/redvale" hreflang="en">redvale</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wrights-mesa" hreflang="en">wright&#039;s mesa</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Evelyn Joan Brown, “Early History of Montrose County, Colorado and its Settlement Years 1880–1910” (Master’s Thesis, Western State University, Gunnison, Colorado, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phil Carson, <em>Across the Northern Frontier: Spanish Explorations in Colorado </em>(Boulder, CO: Johnson Printing, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elaine Renee Hale, <em>More Valuable Than Gold </em>(n.p., 1978).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Steven F. Mehls, <a href="https://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/wo/Planning_and_Renewable_Resources/coop_agencies/new_documents/co3.Par.90623.File.tmp/Mehls.pdf"><em>Valley of Opportunity: A History of West-Central Colorado</em></a> (Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1982).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Montrose Economic Development Corporation, “<a href="http://www.montroseedc.org/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/157">2016 Annual Report</a>,” 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tom Noel, “<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/news/colorado%E2%80%99s-utopian-colonies-greeley-and-nucla">Colorado’s Utopian Colonies: Greeley and Nucla</a>,” Denver Public Library Western History and Genealogy, August 28, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mildred Jacobs Porter, <em>Beginnings: Shenandoah, Coventry, Redvale</em> (Gunnison, CO: B &amp; B Printers, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eric Twitty, “<a href="https://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/co/field_offices/uncompahgre_field/documents/cultural_resource.Par.97850.File.dat/Guide%20to%20Assessing%20Historic%20Mining%20Resources%20Part%20I.pdf">Guide to Assessing Historic Radium, Uranium and Vanadium Mining Resources in Montrose and San Miguel Counties Colorado</a>,” US Department of the Interior, National Park Service Form 10-900b (Denver: History Colorado, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Montrose County Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Western Mining History, “<a href="https://westernmininghistory.com/mine-detail/10014257/">Cashin Mine</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Betty Zatterstrom, “<a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1395&amp;dat=19920910&amp;id=ABMlAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=lhQGAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1163,2985810&amp;hl=en">In History: The Cashin Mine</a>,” San Miguel Basin Forum, September 10, 1992.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://www.cityofmontrose.org/">City of Montrose</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Hamrick et al., <em>Uravan, Colorado: One Hundred Years of History </em>(Hot Springs, AR: UMETCO Minerals Corporation, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.co.montrose.co.us/">Montrose County</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.nucla-naturita.com/">Nucla-Naturita Chamber of Commerce</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Marie Templeton, <em>Naturita, Colorado: Where the Past Meets the Future </em>(Denver: Rimrocker Historical Society, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.townofolathe.org/">Town of Olathe</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/main/gmug/home">Uncompahgre National Forest</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.whafv.org/">Welcome Home Montrose</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Nov 2016 23:29:17 +0000 yongli 2051 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org