%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Cameron Peak Fire http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cameron-peak-fire <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cameron Peak Fire</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3434--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3434.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cameron-peak-fire-smoke-plume"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/2020_10_14-15.00.10.962-CDT_0.jpeg?itok=isCn9v_y" width="1090" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cameron-peak-fire-smoke-plume" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cameron Peak Fire Smoke Plume</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>On October 14, 2020, high winds pushed the Cameron Peak Fire some 20,000 acres eastward toward <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>. Smoke plumes towered over the city, which dealt with dark skies, raining ash, and extremely poor air quality.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3433--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3433.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cameron-peak-fire-burned-area"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/2020_10_03-BAERphoto1_0.jpeg?itok=pXJLHs6x" width="620" height="465" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cameron-peak-fire-burned-area" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cameron Peak Fire Burned Area</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Burned landscape in the foothills west of Fort Collins after the 2020 Cameron Peak Fire, the largest wildfire in state history.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3445--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3445.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cameron-peak-fire"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/cameron_peak_fire_0001_0_0.jpg?itok=-Q4n6Rfk" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cameron-peak-fire" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cameron Peak Fire</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cameron-peak-fire"><strong>Cameron Peak Fire</strong></a> emits an orange glow as it makes a run toward <strong>Loveland</strong> on October 14, 2020. The fire's run that day made it the largest <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado"><strong>wildfire</strong></a> in state history.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3446--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3446.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cameron-peak-fire-pushing-towards-loveland"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cameron_Pass_Fire_0002_0.jpg?itok=5QHn-uHY" width="1090" height="507" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cameron-peak-fire-pushing-towards-loveland" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cameron Peak Fire Pushing Towards Loveland</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cameron-peak-fire"><strong>Cameron Peak Fire </strong></a>burns on October 16, 2020, when it made another run toward US Highway 34 in the <strong>Big Thompson Canyon</strong>. As a result of the increase in fire activity, westbound Highway 34 was closed from The Dam Store (west of <strong>Loveland</strong>) all the way to <strong>Estes Park</strong>.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-10-16T14:44:51-06:00" title="Friday, October 16, 2020 - 14:44" class="datetime">Fri, 10/16/2020 - 14:44</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cameron-peak-fire" data-a2a-title="Cameron Peak Fire"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcameron-peak-fire&amp;title=Cameron%20Peak%20Fire"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Cameron Peak Fire is the largest <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado"><strong>wildfire</strong></a> in Colorado history. It began on August 13, 2020, and burned 208,913 acres of the Arapaho and Roosevelt <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>National Forests</strong></a> in western <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>. Thought to be human-caused, the fire ignited on the flanks of Cameron Peak some forty miles west of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>. After staying under 25,000 acres for three weeks, persistent dry conditions and high winds caused two major blowups—one on Labor Day weekend, when the fire ran some 80,000 acres, and another on October 14-17, when it made a 30,000-acre run toward Fort Collins followed by a 25,000-acre run toward the <strong>Big Thompson</strong> Canyon and <strong>Estes Park</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although no one died, the fire burned some 469 structures, including 224 houses, and forced thousands of evacuations. For three months, the Cameron Peak Fire created toxic air quality along the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> from <a href="/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a> to <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. The fire’s effects on the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong>Cache la Poudre</strong></a> watershed are yet to be determined, but it is clear that forest and community recovery will likely take many years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>2020 Fire Season</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado’s 2020 fire season got off to a late but busy start. Parts of the state saw decent precipitation levels earlier that summer, but things abruptly dried out in late July and early August, when several fires ignited. The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pine-gulch-fire"><strong>Pine Gulch Fire</strong></a> broke out north of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a> on July 31 and went on to break the record for the state’s largest fire, while the Grizzly Creek Fire near <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/glenwood-springs-0"><strong>Glenwood Springs</strong></a> started on August 10 and shut down <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> for weeks. In <a href="/article/grand-county"><strong>Grand County</strong></a>, the Williams Fork Fire started the day after the Cameron Peak Fire, and its smoke plume was visible from I-70 for two months.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, Fort Collins was experiencing record heat in August. The city’s average high temperature in August is 86 degrees Fahrenheit; in August 2020, it saw seventeen straight days above 90 degrees, including two that reached 100 degrees. In the mountains west of Fort Collins, low humidity, weeks of dry weather, and miles of accumulated fuels near <strong>Cameron Pass </strong>made for dangerous fire conditions.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ignition</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On August 13, Korey Buck was hiking in the Rawah Wilderness near Cameron Pass when he noticed a thick, black smoke cloud rising above the <a href="/article/conifers"><strong>lodgepole</strong></a> crowns. He immediately reported the fire, which was burning on the east side of Cameron Peak, northwest of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>, at 10,000 feet of elevation. Steep terrain and hot, windy conditions prevented early intervention by fire crews, who settled for digging out lines and protecting property several miles away from the blaze.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By August 15, the fire had grown to 15,000 acres in the Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests, with zero percent containment. The fire was hemmed in by treeless alpine tundra to the west, and it was burning in such a remote area that incident commanders focused on shoring up the dozens of small cabins, resorts, and private residences along State Highway 14 in the Poudre Canyon. Air quality in Fort Collins varied with wind direction, but on some days, hot temperatures combined with high smoke and particulate levels to make it dangerous to go outdoors.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Explosion</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of August, the fire seemed content clinging to the flanks of Cameron Peak, slowly growing to about 26,000 acres. Cooler weather and a slight increase in precipitation at the end of August provided some optimism for containment, which stood at only 4 percent. On August 31, one incident commander expressed hope that fall weather might provide some assistance. “We hope there’s more rain,” he said. “We hope it snows on this fire.” Still, he was concerned about the area’s <strong>Chinook winds</strong>—dry, hot winds that race down the eastern slope of the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rockies</strong></a> after the mountains wring all the moisture out of large fronts from the Pacific. With Chinook winds in the forecast, crews watched an approaching Labor Day heat wave with grave concern.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On September 5, temperatures in Fort Collins shot up to 100 degrees, and the Cameron Pass area was under a red flag warning. The fire responded in kind, exploding to nearly 60,000 acres by September 6, then racing to more than 100,000 acres the next day. Ash rained from the sky in Fort Collins that Labor Day, as more than 800 firefighters battled the blaze under the orange and smoke-darkened skies to the west. The fire burned through twenty-five houses and forced rapid evacuations as it marched east toward more populated areas such as <strong>Red Feather Lakes</strong> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/horsetooth-reservoir"><strong>Horsetooth Reservoir</strong></a>. Complicating matters was an outbreak of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>coronavirus</strong></a> among firefighters, which put several crew members in quarantine and required an extra level of careful coordination to avoid spreading the disease.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Fire to Frost</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On Labor Day evening, crew leaders’ prayers for snow were answered. An early-season winter storm was expected overnight, and fire chiefs anxiously watched the clock in hopes that the blizzard would halt the Cameron Peak Fire’s relentless advance. In a record swing, temperatures plummeted some fifty-seven degrees in Fort Collins that night, landing at 38 degrees the next morning. The storm dumped about sixteen inches of snow on the fire, pausing its advance at 102,500 acres. By that point the cost of fighting the fire had already ballooned to more than $16 million.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The snow dampened but did not douse the fire, and the blaze slowly resumed its advance when dry conditions returned a week later. By September 11, the fire was still only 4 percent contained, but crews had taken the opportunity provided by the snowstorm to reinforce existing lines and put out smoldering hot spots, hoping to check the fire’s spread.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Battle for Containment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Weather conditions held steady through the end of September. Warm temperatures, sustained winds, and little rain made it difficult for crews to gain containment on the Cameron Peak Fire. Additional resources arrived on September 23, and they were timely—the fire had grown to 104,791 acres and forced mandatory evacuation orders to be re-issued for the Crystal Lakes and Red Feather Lakes areas. Now numbering close to 1,000, crews had achieved 27 percent containment by September 24, but the next day brought more anxiety, as gusty winds pushed the northern “thumb” of the fire within three miles of Red Feather Lakes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colder temperatures arrived in early October, but dry winds and sunny skies persisted, driving fire activity. By the first weekend of October, crews had the Cameron Peak Fire 40 percent contained at just over 125,000 acres.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Record-Breaking Run</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Through mid-October, the Cameron Peak Fire grew slowly but steadily as crews extended and fortified their fire lines, reaching beyond 50 percent containment on the 134,000-acre blaze. But with windy conditions and little if any moisture in the forecast, a blowup seemed imminent. The Type I Incident Command Team, the highest-level federal fire response unit, took control of the fire on October 14. That day, gusts up to 76 miles per hour blew the fire directly east across some 30,000 acres toward Fort Collins. With its second major run, the Cameron Peak Fire became the largest wildfire in Colorado history at 164,140 acres.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Again, Fort Collins was shrouded in an eerie midday darkness, with toxic air and raining ash. Hikers at <strong>Horsetooth Mountain Park</strong>, about fifteen miles east of the fire, were evacuated, and mandatory evacuations were ordered for Masonville and communities around <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/horsetooth-reservoir"><strong>Horsetooth Reservoir</strong></a>, a few miles west of the city.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Two days later, the fire went on another run, this time to the south toward <strong>US Highway 34</strong> in the <strong>Big Thompson</strong> Canyon. Communities to the north and south of the highway were issued voluntary evacuation orders. By the end of the day on October 16, the blaze stood at 173,536 acres, gaining some 10,000 acres in one day.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to the fire, crews still had to battle the coronavirus, as forty-two staff assigned to the Cameron Peak Fire had contracted the disease. </p>&#13; &#13; <p>Another early-season snowstorm hit the Cameron Peak Fire area on October 24-25, dumping up to twenty-seven inches of snow on the blaze. This time, lower temperatures kept the snow from melting too fast, allowing crews to make significant gains on containment. By the end of October, the Cameron Peak Fire stood at 208,663 acres and 64 percent containment. Colder temperatures and more snowfall over the next two weeks helped crews get the fire beyond 90 percent containment by November 12. Containment finally reached 100 percent on December 3.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Aftermath</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In mid-December 2020, the report of the Cameron Peak Fire Burned Area Emergency Response team noted that post-fire risks to the upper Poudre watershed would "persist for a decade or longer" and included "debris-laden flash floods in response to high-intensity rain events." In July 2021, one such rain event occurred, resulting in flash flooding that killed at least one person and swept away several homes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Along with the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/east-troublesome-fire"><strong>East Troublesome Fire</strong></a> and the devastating West Coast fires of 2020, the Cameron Peak Fire reflects the new realities of a warming climate in the American West, as well as the consequences of decades of fire suppression by the nation’s forest managers. A spike in temperatures in late July and early August rapidly dried out fuels that had built up for decades in the national forests that burned. Meanwhile, increased evaporation from hotter temperatures over the Pacific contributed to the early-season blizzard that hit Colorado after Labor Day—an example of climate change helping a fire situation instead of making it worse.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Spurred by the changing climate, record-breaking fires have become the norm in twenty-first century Colorado, and communities such as Fort Collins, as well as recreators on public lands, must prepare for an increased likelihood of such conflagrations in the future.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wildfires" hreflang="en">wildfires</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-wildfires" hreflang="en">colorado wildfires</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fires-colorado" hreflang="en">fires in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/largest-fires-colorado-history" hreflang="en">largest fires in colorado history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cameron-peak-fire" hreflang="en">cameron peak fire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-collins" hreflang="en">fort collins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/larimer-county" hreflang="en">larimer county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/northern-colorado" hreflang="en">northern colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cameron-pass" hreflang="en">cameron pass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cameron-peak" hreflang="en">cameron peak</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-forest-service-0" hreflang="en">US forest service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/climate-change" hreflang="en">climate change</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Accuweather.com, “<a href="https://www.accuweather.com/en/us/fort-collins/80521/august-weather/327348">Fort Collins, Colorado, August 2020</a>,” August 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Miles Blumhardt, “<a href="https://www.9news.com/article/news/local/wildfire/cameron-peak-fire-cost-tops-16-million-only-six-percent-contained/73-9419ee4d-03e2-4ffa-8020-c2fbd29e8319">Cameron Peak Fire cost tops $16 million while containment sits at 6%</a>” 9News (via the <em>Coloradoan</em>), September 3, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Miles Blumhardt, “<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2020/09/29/cameron-fire-peak-burns-39-structures-including-six-homes-latest-run/3570945001/">Cameron Peak Fire burns 41 structures, including 8 homes, in latest run</a>,” <em>Coloradoan</em>, September 29, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Inciweb, “Sept. 7 Cameron Peak Fire Update,” September 7, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Inciweb, “Sept. 8 Cameron Peak Fire Update,” September 8, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Inciweb, “Sept. 11 Cameron Peak Fire Update,” September 11, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Inciweb, “Sept. 24 Cameron Peak Fire Update,” September 24, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sarah Kyle, “<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2020/09/04/cameron-peak-fire-updates-size-air-quality-impacts-covid-19-outbreak/5717549002/">Cameron Peak Fire burning 60k acres, ‘considerable smoke’ expected over Labor Day weekend</a>,” <em>Coloradoan</em> (Fort Collins), September 4, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sarah Kyle and Eric Larsen, "<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2020/10/16/cameron-peak-fire-update-friday-red-flag-conditions-expected/3676603001/">Big Thompson Canyon ordered to evacuate as Cameron Peak Fire grows</a>," <em>Coloradoan </em>(Fort Collins), October 16, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kevin Lytle, "<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2020/10/14/largest-wildfire-colorado-history-cameron-peak-fire/3659545001/">Cameron Peak Fire becomes largest wildfire in Colorado history</a>," <em>Coloradoan </em>(Fort Collins), October 14, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kevin Lytle, “<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2020/09/05/cameron-peak-fire-hot-conditions-lead-growth-labor-day-weekend/5721077002/">Update: New Cameron Peak Fire evacuations ordered</a>,” <em>Coloradoan </em>(Fort Collins), September 5, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kieran Nicholson, "<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2020/10/28/colorado-wildfire-update-cameron-peak-east-troublesome-fires/">Colorado wildfire update: Cameron Peak, East Troublesome fires remain calm as smoke rises in some areas</a>," <i>The Denver Post</i>, October 28, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kieran Nicholson, "<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2020/10/30/colorado-wildfires-update-east-troublesome-cameron-peak-smolder/">Colorado wildfires update: East Troublesome and Cameron Peak smolder as snow slowly melts</a>," <em>The Denver Post</em>, October 30, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Olivia Prentzel, "<a href="https://coloradosun.com/2021/07/21/one-dead-after-flash-floods-in-poudre-canyon/">One dead, three missing after flash floods sweep mud and debris from wildfire scars into Poudre Canyon</a>," <em>Colorado Sun</em>, July 21, 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rachel Ross, “<a href="https://www.livescience.com/58884-chinook-winds.html">What Are Chinook Winds?</a>” <em>LiveScience</em>, April 28, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jeff Todd, “<a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/cameron-peak-fire-pictures-larimer-county/">’That’s Why I Called It in’: Hike Shares Pictures Of Cameron Peak Fire With Investigators</a>,” CBS 4 Denver, August 19, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Erin Udell, "<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2020/10/16/covid-19-car-dealership-bank-eateries-become-latest-outbreak-sites/5941338002/">5 new COVID-19 outbreaks reported in Larimer County; cases among firefighters grow</a>," <em>Coloradoan </em>(Fort Collins), October 16, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Forest Service, "<a href="https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/photos/COARF/2020-09-20-1235-Cameron-Peak-PostFire-BAER/related_files/pict20201117-152815-0.pdf">Cameron Peak Fire Forest Service Burned Area Emergency Response Executive Summary</a>," December 15, 2020.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Michael Kodas, <em>Megafire: The Race to Extinguish a Deadly Epidemic of Flame </em>(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen J. Pyne, <em>Fire: A Brief History</em>, 2nd ed. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen J. Pyne, <em>The Interior West: A Fire Survey </em>(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2018).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 16 Oct 2020 20:44:51 +0000 yongli 3441 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Jackson County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jackson-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jackson County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2042--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2042.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/jackson-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Jackson_County_0.png?itok=ZAHZJsob" width="1090" height="789" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/jackson-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jackson County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Jackson County, named for former President Andrew Jackson, covers the mountain basin of North Park and was established in 1909.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-14T13:35:08-07:00" title="Monday, November 14, 2016 - 13:35" class="datetime">Mon, 11/14/2016 - 13:35</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jackson-county" data-a2a-title="Jackson County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fjackson-county&amp;title=Jackson%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Jackson County, named after former US President Andrew Jackson, covers 1,621 square miles in northern Colorado. It encompasses <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/walden-north-park"><strong>North Park</strong></a>, a large intermountain basin that holds the headwaters of the <strong>North Platte River</strong>. The North Platte flows north out of Jackson County into Wyoming. The county’s southern and western boundaries follow the <a href="/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a> along the <strong>Rabbit Ears</strong> and <strong>Park</strong> Ranges, separating it from <a href="/article/grand-county"><strong>Grand County</strong></a> to the south and <a href="/article/routt-county"><strong>Routt County</strong></a> to the west. To the east, the <strong>Medicine Bow Mountains</strong> separate Jackson County from <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>.</p> <p>With a population of just over 1,350, Jackson County is one of the most sparsely populated counties in the state. The area was the summer hunting ground of <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people for centuries before white ranchers and prospectors arrived in the 1870s. Since its establishment in 1909, the county has featured a largely pastoral economy, with its scenic landscapes and large wildlife populations drawing hundreds of visitors each year. Today, the county remains one of the best areas in the state to hunt, fish, and see <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/moose"><strong>moose</strong></a> and other wildlife. It also contains a number of mining <strong>ghost towns</strong>.</p> <p>The county seat and only incorporated town is <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/walden-north-park"><strong>Walden</strong></a>, surrounded by pasture in the heart of North Park. With a population of 608, Walden lies along the Illinois River, one of many tributaries to the North Platte. State Highway 14 traverses the county westward from <strong>Cameron Pass</strong> through Walden, and runs toward its southwestern corner, where it meets US Route 40. The unincorporated community of <strong>Cowdrey</strong> lies north of Walden along State Highway 125, which runs from the Wyoming border south to the tiny community of <strong>Rand</strong> and into the Rabbit Ears Range.</p> <h2>Native Americans</h2> <p>North Park has a long history of human occupation, owing to its historically large populations of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a>, antelope, <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a>, waterfowl, and other game. The animals could be hunted fairly easily due to the natural pen of mountains ringing the park. Evidence of occupation by <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/folsom-people"><strong>Folsom people</strong></a> dates to at least 9,000 years ago. At one North Park site archaeologists uncovered obsidian tools that matched obsidian found in an ancient quarry site in what is now <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a> (RMNP). It is believed that Paleo-Indian and Folsom people established seasonal migration patterns between North Park and RMNP, traveling to the high mountains during the summer.</p> <p>By AD 1400, Ute people began occupying North Park. A band of Utes called the Yamparika, or “root-eaters,” were the primary occupants of the area, although other Ute bands occasionally hunted and traveled throughout the park. The Yamparika—or Yampa Utes as they have come to be known—ranged widely, hunting in <a href="/article/grand-county"><strong>Middle Park</strong></a> to the south, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trappers-lake-and-flat-tops-wilderness"><strong>Flat Top Mountains</strong></a> to the southwest, and as far north as the Little Snake River in Wyoming. Like other native people in Colorado, Utes lived in mobile dwellings called <a href="/article/tipi-0"><strong>tipis</strong></a>, following the same seasonal migration routes as the Paleo-Indian people before them. Later, in the nineteenth century, <strong>Arapaho</strong> people also hunted in North Park, arriving via what is now known as Arapaho Pass between the Rabbit Ears and Park Ranges.</p> <h2>Arrival of Europeans</h2> <p>The present area of Jackson County was officially transferred to the United States via the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Possibly the first European to enter North Park was the French fur trapper Jacques LaRamée (La Ramie, Laramie), who explored the headwaters of the North Platte River in 1815. More French trappers began arriving around 1820, noting the abundance of <a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a> in the park’s many riparian areas. They were followed by American trappers such as <strong>Jim Bridger</strong>, <a href="/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a>, Jim Baker, and William “Old Bill” Williams. The American explorer <a href="/article/john-c-frémont"><strong>John C. Frémont</strong></a> traversed North Park in 1844 on his way back from the present Salt Lake City area. By then the nineteenth-century <a href="/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a> in Colorado was in decline, largely due to over-trapping and a change in fashion tastes abroad.</p> <h2>Early American Era</h2> <p>The <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59 brought thousands of prospectors to the Rocky Mountains in search of fortune and prompted the organization of the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> in 1861. The <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>Homestead Act</strong></a> of 1862 opened the supposedly unoccupied lands of North Park to white settlement, and homesteaders began setting up seasonal ranches. Prospecting parties also arrived, hoping to find the next big strike.</p> <p>Native Americans resisted any white claims to their land. In August 1865, for instance, Utes drove a party of prospectors out of North Park. One week later, the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> blamed several “Indian depredations” on a “large party of Lakota, Cheyennes, and Arapahoes” that “doubtless have their headquarters in the North Park.” Most of the Cheyenne and Arapaho were soon removed from Colorado after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong></a> of 1867. The <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a> supposedly guaranteed the United States rights to all Ute land east of the Continental Divide and created a large Ute reservation on the <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>. Neither of these treaties, however, prevented Native Americans from returning to their traditional hunting grounds in North Park. In August 1869 Utes again demanded that a prospecting party leave the park. According to a report in the <em>Laramie </em>(WY) <em>Sentinel</em>, the prospectors had spent all summer building mine infrastructure and cabins, but they were told “they must vacate or hostilities would follow.”</p> <p>Beyond their confrontations with Native Americans, the North Park prospectors of the 1860s had only limited success locating gold. By By July 1870, however, the gold diggings on Independence Mountain, in what is now northern Jackson County, were apparently extensive enough to sustain a lucrative mining operation. On July 8 that operation was dealt a severe blow when, after a nearby battle with Utes, a group of Cheyenne turned on the Independence Mountain miners, killing several of them. Mining at Independence Mountain would eventually resume and continue into the twentieth century.</p> <p>Even though the prospect of gold held the interest and attention of many, North Park was already showing potential for other enterprises besides mining. The area’s tourism potential was apparent as early as 1869, when the English adventurer Frederick Townshend traveled to Laramie on the transcontinental railroad and had a successful hunt in North Park.</p> <p>While the occasional traveler like Townshend could get away with a hunt, in the 1870s the threat of Native American attacks kept most whites away from North Park for at least part of the year. In 1874 <strong>James O. Pinkham</strong> was one of the first white prospectors to spend the winter in the park. When gold profits failed to materialize, he turned to ranching. In 1876 Pinkham brought cattle into the park, grazing them in the lush hay meadows. He built a home near what is today known as Pinkham Mountain and was the first person to sell North Park hay to other Colorado ranchers; today, hay is Jackson County’s largest and most distinctive crop.</p> <p>In 1878 the Fordyce family became the first white family to spend an entire winter in North Park, setting up a ranch near Pinkham’s. The Fordyces had a herd of milk cows and sold milk and butter in Laramie. More ranchers arrived in 1879, including C. B. Mendenhall and Ted G. Hoston.</p> <p>As the area’s first permanent ranches were being established, silver discoveries in 1879 sustained interest in North Park’s mineral resources. In June the <em>Colorado Transcript </em>reported that prospector John Harris of Berthoud located “plenty of rich silver-bearing quartz leads” on the west side of the park, and that “a town had been laid out” along the Michigan River, a tributary of the North Platte. Meanwhile, Teller City, another silver mining camp, was established in the Medicine Bow Mountains southeast of present-day Rand. By 1880 it had more than 1,000 residents. A toll road was built from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> to North Park in 1880, but transportation of ore from the park still proved costly. As a result, Harris’s town never quite developed into the boomtown he envisioned, and Teller City was abandoned by 1885.</p> <h2>County Development</h2> <p>When Colorado became a state in 1876, North Park was part of a larger Larimer County that stretched from the<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong> Cache la Poudre River</strong></a> in the east to the Continental Divide in the west. Conflict with Native Americans did not cease until the mid-1880s, when most of Colorado’s Ute population had either been removed to Utah or to a small reservation in southwest Colorado.</p> <p>The town of Walden was established in 1890 as a commercial hub for North Park’s ranchers. The town was named after Mark S. Walden, the postmaster of the nearby settlement of Sage Hen Springs. In 1899 local ranchers organized the North Park Stockgrowers Association, and by 1910 North Park had 165 farms and ranches that collectively owned more than 31,000 cattle and nearly 2,000 sheep.</p> <p>In addition to ranching, mining continued in North Park through the early twentieth century, although it never reached the production levels that many in the region had hoped. Between 1895 and 1917, mines in Larimer/Jackson Counties produced $66,435 in gold, silver, copper, and zinc, a paltry amount compared to the millions being pulled out of Colorado’s other metal-producing counties. However, in the early twentieth century a large deposit of coal was found in southwest Jackson County, and large-scale mining operations began after the railroad arrived in 1911. The town of <strong>Coalmont</strong> was established to service these mines.</p> <p>As North Park’s ranching and mining operations continued into the early twentieth century, it became clear that the area would need its own jurisdiction. The state legislature created Jackson County, with its current boundaries, in 1909. Walden, the only incorporated town, became the county seat. In 1911 the <strong>Laramie, Hahn’s Peak &amp; Pacific Railroad</strong> (LHP&amp;P) arrived in Walden from Laramie, Wyoming, finally allowing efficient transportation of North Park’s butter, hay, minerals, and other products. In 1926 North Park got another economic boost when work was completed on what is now State Highway 14, connecting Fort Collins to Walden.</p> <h2>Ranching</h2> <p>President Theodore Roosevelt established the Medicine Bow Forest Reserve (now the Medicine Bow National Forest) in 1902 and the Park Range Forest Reserve (now Routt National Forest) in 1905. The establishment of these two reserves protected the forests on the east and west sides of North Park from overdevelopment and overgrazing, but it also led to tension between cattle and sheep ranchers and to skepticism of federal land management.</p> <p>At its meeting on November 13, 1909, the North Park Stockgrowers Association declared that “this is not a sheep country” and that members “protest against the grazing of sheep within the North Park country, either upon the national forests or upon the public domain.” But by 1926 Jackson County still had thousands of sheep, and according to Arthur C. Johnson of the <em>Denver Daily Record Stockmen</em>, “North [P]ark on the whole . . . has been given its o.k. as a sheep section. Flocks can be wintered as successfully as can the cattle.” Later, in 1945, the Stockgrowers Association protested new federal grazing rules, arguing in the <em>Steamboat Pilot </em>that <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> officials “have made cuts in numbers and in time of grazing permits without consulting permittees.”</p> <p>To further guarantee the success of its industry, the Stockgrowers Association also encouraged eradication of predators. In 1910, for instance, the association offered bounties of twenty-five dollars for each gray wolf killed. That year, nine wolves were killed in North Park; by 1945, because of similar bounty programs and other eradication efforts across the state, the entire Colorado wolf population was eliminated.</p> <h2>Tourism and Wildlife</h2> <p>As ranchers dealt with the range of issues that came with federal land management, Jackson County’s public lands began drawing larger tourist crowds. North Park received its first major influx of tourists in 1926, after the completion of Highway 14 over Cameron Pass.</p> <p>Federal and state wildlife management has made possible a thriving outdoor tourism industry in North Park. The Colorado State Forest, now <strong>State Forest State Park</strong>, was established in 1938 on 70,980 acres southwest of Walden. Planned and developed as a multi-use forest, Colorado State Forest has accommodated ranchers, timber companies, and tourists since its founding. In 1967 the US Fish and Wildlife Service established Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge, which draws hundreds of hunters and anglers each year. Many come to hunt moose, which were rare in Colorado before <a href="/article/colorado-parks-and-wildlife"><strong>Colorado Parks and Wildlife</strong></a> (CPW) introduced a breeding herd of twenty-four male and female moose into North Park in 1978.</p> <h2>Extractive Industries</h2> <p>While ranching and tourism formed the backbone of the Jackson County economy, the twentieth century also saw the rise of extractive industries such as oil and timber.</p> <p>In 1925 the Continental Oil Company struck oil northeast of Walden, and in 1926 a well was completed on what became the North McCallum Oil Field. Soon this first well was only operating on a limited basis due to difficulties in handling its carbon dioxide output. Later, in 1935, gas wells were drilled into the same rock formation to the south, creating the South McCallum Field. Drilling in the North McCallum field resumed during World War II, when nine additional wells were completed by 1945. By 1960 the North McCallum Field was producing an annual $2.5 million in oil. Both fields currently host limited drilling operations today.</p> <p>The first timber sale in North Park occurred in 1906, after the creation of what is now the Routt National Forest. In 1936 the federal government sold 16,830 acres southeast of Walden to the Nebraska Bridge &amp; Lumber Supply Company, which organized the Michigan River Timber Company and built a sawmill on the Michigan River. The camp held German prisoners of war during World War II. Timber contracts continued to be awarded throughout the twentieth century; in 1950, for instance, the J. C. Johnson Timber Products Company received permission to log 1,433 acres of the Routt National Forest. Large-scale timber harvesting continued until the 1980s, when the Michigan River Timber Company shut down operations.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Today, as it has been in the past, Jackson County is one of the state’s top producers of hay and forage crops, with 51,885 acres. Its cumulative livestock herd includes more than 24,500 cattle, 859 horses, and 297 sheep. The North Park Stockgrowers Association remains active, hosting annual meetings and banquets and awarding academic and vocational scholarships to students at North Park High School. The association continues to advance and protect the interests of ranchers, especially in regards to federal land management policy.</p> <p>Jackson County also continues to draw many tourists and outdoor recreation enthusiasts. Fishing and hunting are two of the area’s most prominent activities. Ample spawning grounds for brown trout, such as the Delaney Buttes Lakes on the western end of North Park, make Jackson County one of the state’s hottest fishing destinations in the fall. The North Park Anglers, a large fishing outfitter business based in Walden, allows hunting and fishing on more than fifty square miles of land. For hunters, North Park features large herds of elk as well as more than 600 moose. The park is also the second-largest producer of waterfowl in Colorado and the second-largest migratory waterfowl area in the nation.</p> <p>After a long absence, a different species of hunter may soon be returning to Jackson County. In 2007 a gray wolf was spotted in North Park, the first sign of the predator in the area in sixty years. The wolf was a wandering member of the Yellowstone gray wolf population, reintroduced to the Wyoming park in 1995. It was the second sighting of a gray wolf in Colorado since the species’ reintroduction to Yellowstone. In 2015 another gray wolf was killed near <strong>Kremmling</strong>, just south of Jackson County. Faced with the possible return of wolves to Colorado’s high country, Colorado Parks and Wildlife adopted a wolf management plan in 2004. In the event of natural wolf reintroduction, places like North Park and other parts of the state with dense livestock populations would be primary stakeholders in the implementation of the CPW strategy.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jackson-county" hreflang="en">Jackson County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/north-park" hreflang="en">North Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/north-park-history" hreflang="en">north park history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jackson-county-history" hreflang="en">jackson county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/walden" hreflang="en">Walden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moose" hreflang="en">moose</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rabbit-ears-range" hreflang="en">rabbit ears range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/park-range" hreflang="en">park range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/medicine-bow-mountains" hreflang="en">medicine bow mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/northern-colorado" hreflang="en">northern colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jackson-county-courthouse" hreflang="en">jackson county courthouse</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/north-platte-river" hreflang="en">north platte river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/michigan-city" hreflang="en">michigan city</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/michigan-river" hreflang="en">michigan river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/teller-city" hreflang="en">teller city</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cameron-pass" hreflang="en">cameron pass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/highway-14" hreflang="en">highway 14</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=TWC19100421.2.28&amp;srpos=9&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22national+forest%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">Big Bounty Results in Killing of Nine Wolves</a>,” <em>Weekly Courier </em>(Fort Collins), April 21, 1910.</p> <p>Robert H. Brunswig, “<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286500233_Paleoindian_cultural_landscapes_and_archaeology_of_north-central_Colorado%27s_Southern_rockies">Paleoindian cultural landscapes and archaeology of north-central Colorado’s Southern rockies</a>,” in <em>Paleoindian Archaeology: From the Dent Site to the Rocky Mountains</em>, ed. Robert H. Brunswig and Bonnie L. Pitblado (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2007).</p> <p>Robert H. Brunswig, Sally McBeth, and Louise Elinoff, “<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263807782_Re-Enfranchising_Native_Peoples_in_the_Southern_Rocky_Mountains_Integrated_Contributions_of_Archaeological_and_Ethnographic_Studies_on_Federal_Lands">Re-Enfranchising Native Peoples in the Southern Rocky Mountains: Integrated Contributions of Archaeological and Ethnographic Studies on Federal Lands</a>,” in <em>Post-Colonial Perspectives in Archaeology: Proceedings of the 39th Annual Chacmool Archaeological Conference</em>, eds. Peter Bikoulis, Dominic Lacroix, and Meaghan Peuramaki-Brown (Calgary, Canada: 2009).</p> <p>Robert H. Brunswig, James P. Doerner, and David M. Diggs, “<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268109405_Eleven_Millennia_of_Human_Adaptation_in_Colorado's_High_Country_Modeling_Cultural_and_Climatic_Change_in_the_Southern_Rocky_Mountains_pp_273-286_Calgary_Canada">Eleven Millenia of Human Adaptation in Colorado’s High Country: Modeling Cultural and Climactic Change in the Southern Rocky Mountains</a>,” in <em>The Climates of Change—Proceedings of the 44th Annual Chacmool Conference</em> (Calgary, Canada: 2014).</p> <p>Bureau of Land Management, “<a href="https://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/co/programs/land_use_planning/rmp/kfo-gsfo/KRFODocuments.Par.2791.File.dat/KFO%20RFD%20with%20TC%20AND%20SIGNATURE%20PAGE%2001232012.pdf">Reasonably Foreseeable Development 2008-2027, Oil and Gas Activities in the Kremmling Field Office, Jackson, Larimer Grand, and Summit Counties Colorado</a>” (Kremmling, CO: BLM Kremmling Field Office, 2009).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=RCS19260604.2.12&amp;srpos=46&amp;e=--1920---1966--en-20--41-byDA-txt-txIN-%22north+park%22+%22tourists%27%22-------0-">Cameron Pass Road Takes Tourists to North Park</a>,” <em>Routt County Sentinel</em>, June 4, 1926.</p> <p>Thaddeus R. Carpin, “<a href="https://archives.datapages.com/data/rmag/NorthMid57/carpen.htm">North McCallum Field, Jackson County, Colorado</a>,” in <em>Guidebook to the Geology of the North and Middle Parks Basin, Colorado, 1957 </em>(Denver: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, 1957).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19260623.2.60">Cattle and sheep both raised in North Park</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, June 23, 1926.</p> <p>Center for Biological Diversity, “<a href="https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2015/gray-wolf-investigation-05-18-2015.html">Feds Investigating Whether Animal Killed in Colorado Was Endangered Gray Wolf</a>,” May 18, 2015.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=CLM18790215.2.2&amp;srpos=4&amp;e=--1879-----en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">Colorado News</a>,” <em>Colorado Miner</em>, February 15, 1879.</p> <p>Colorado Parks &amp; Wildlife, “<a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/WildlifeSpecies/Mammals/MooseReintroductionFactSheet.pdf">Moose Reintroduction</a>,” November 2013.</p> <p>Colorado State Forest Service, “<a href="https://csfs.colostate.edu/districts/colorado-state-forest/csf-history/">History of the Colorado State Forest</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Colorado Wolf Management Working Group, “<a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/WildlifeSpecies/SpeciesOfConcern/Wolf/recomendations.pdf">Findings and Recommendations for Managing Wolves that Migrate into Colorado</a>,” Colorado Parks &amp; Wildlife, December 28, 2004.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=DRC18700610.2.84&amp;srpos=36&amp;e=-------en-20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">Daily Register</a>,” <em>Daily Register Call</em>, June 10, 1870.</p> <p>Charles W. Henderson, <em>Mining in Colorado: A History of Discovery, Development and Production</em>, US Geological Survey (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1926).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=DMJ18650824.2.59&amp;srpos=7&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">Hostile Indians in the Parks</a>,” <em>Daily Mining Journal</em>, August 24, 1865.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=RMD18650831.2.1&amp;srpos=8&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">Indian Depredations</a>,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, August 31, 1865.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19501012.2.10&amp;srpos=10&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22national+forest%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">Jimmy Johnson Wins Timber Bid</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, October 12, 1950.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19341214.2.140&amp;srpos=46&amp;e=--1930---1966--en-20--41-byDA-txt-txIN-%22timber%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">Local News</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, December 14, 1934.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19360522.2.97&amp;srpos=158&amp;e=--1920---1966--en-20--141-byDA-txt-txIN-%22timber%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">Millions Of Feet Of Timber Sold In The Routt Forest</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, May 22, 1936.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19451213.2.39&amp;srpos=7&amp;e=--1930---1966--en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22michigan+river+timber+company%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">News of our Neighbors</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, December 13, 1945.</p> <p>North Park Anglers, “<a href="https://northparkanglers.com/about/who-we-are/">The North Platte Fly Fishing Shop is Not to Be Missed</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.visitnorthparkco.com/area-culture/north-park-jackson-county-timelinehistory">North Park – Jackson County Timeline/History</a>,” North Park, Jackson County, CO, n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19450621.2.47&amp;srpos=5&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22national+forest%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">North Park Group Protests Grazing Permit Reductions</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, June 21, 1945.</p> <p>North Park Pioneer Museum, “<a href="http://www.northparkpioneermuseum.com/">The History of Jackson County</a>,” n.d.</p> <p><a href="https://npstockgrowers.wixsite.com/npstockgrowers">North Park Stockgrowers’ Association</a>, updated 2016.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=FCC18800115.2.58&amp;srpos=4&amp;e=--1880---1890--en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22+-------0-">North Park Toll Road</a>,” <em>Fort Collins Courier</em>, January 15, 1880.</p> <p>Northwest Colorado Cultural Heritage, “<a href="http://www.newcastlecolorado.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Northwest-Colorado-Cultural-Heritage-Tourism-Sign-Project1.pdf">Community Gateway Interpretive Sign Project, Northwest Colorado Cultural Heritage Tourism Program</a>,” July 2014.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=TWC19100106.2.44&amp;srpos=7&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22national+forest%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">Opposed to Sheep Grazing on Open Range of the Park</a>,” <em>Weekly Courier </em>(Fort Collins), January 6, 1910.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=DRC18700708.2.6&amp;srpos=40&amp;e=-------en-20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">Startling Indian Massacre in North Park!</a>” <em>Daily Register Call</em>, July 8, 1870.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=RMD18700710.2.157&amp;srpos=45&amp;e=-------en-20--41-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">The Last Tragedy: Particulars of the North Park Affair—The Cheyennes do the Murder</a>,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, July 10, 1870.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=CTR18790625.2.18&amp;srpos=14&amp;e=--1879-----en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">The North Park Mines</a>,” <em>Colorado Transcript</em>, June 25, 1879.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=CTR18690915.2.1&amp;srpos=25&amp;e=-------en-20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">The Utes in North Park</a>,” <em>Colorado Transcript</em>, September 15, 1869.</p> <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Jackson County Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p> <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/getVolumeTwoPart.do?volnum=6&amp;year=1910&amp;part_id=1094&amp;number=1&amp;title=Reports%20by%20States:%20Alabama%20-%20Montana">Reports by States: Alabama – Montana</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol 6., Part 1 (1910).</p> <p>US Fish &amp; Wildlife Service, “<a href="https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Arapaho/about.html">About the Refuge</a>,” Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge, updated April 23, 2013.</p> <p>US Forest Service, “<a href="https://foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/2/routt/sec1.htm">In Ways of Greatest Service</a>,” updated November 19, 2010.</p> <p>US Forest Service, “<a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gjAwhwtDDw9_AI8zPyhQoY6BdkOyoCAGixyPg!/?navtype=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&amp;amp;cid=stelprdb5143512&amp;amp;navid=150140000000000&amp;amp;pnavid=150000000000000&amp;amp;ss=110206&amp;amp;position=Not%20Yet%20Determined.Html&amp;amp;ttype=detail&amp;amp;pname=Medicine%20Bow%20-%20Routt%20National%20Forests-%20History%20">Forest Service History: Medicine Bow National Forest</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> <p>Scott Willoughby, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/10/07/north-park-in-colorado-ideal-for-best-fishing-hunting-this-week/">North Park in Colorado ideal for best fishing, hunting this week</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, October 7, 2014.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=TWC19030107.2.50&amp;srpos=163&amp;e=--1900---1966--en-20--161-byDA-txt-txIN-%22north+park%22+%22coal%22-------0-">Wonderful Resources of North Park</a>,” <em>Weekly Courier </em>(Fort Collins), January 7, 1903.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Alice Riley Donelson, “The North Park Stockgrowers, 1899–1970” (Steamboat Springs, CO: <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, 1973).</p> <p>Hazel Gresham, <em>North Park </em>(Walden CO: Self-published, 1975).</p> <p><a href="https://jacksoncountycogov.com/">Jackson County</a></p> <p>“<a href="http://nwcoloradoheritagetravel.org/walden-north-park-colorado/">Walden &amp; North Park, Colorado</a>,” Northwest Colorado Cultural Heritage.</p> <p>Paul Willard Richard, <em>Colorado’s North Park: History, Wildlife, and Ranching </em>(Walden, CO: Walden Press, 2009).</p> <p><a href="https://www.visitnorthparkco.com/">Visit North Park</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Nov 2016 20:35:08 +0000 yongli 2043 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org