%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Walden / North Park http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/walden-north-park <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Walden / North Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--864--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--864.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/jackson-county-courthouse-today"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/DSCN2559_jacksoncountycourthouse_600%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=VxJdbnt0" width="600" height="405" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/jackson-county-courthouse-today" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jackson County Courthouse Today</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Jackson County Courthouse is the most important building in the county and still serves most county functions.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG 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'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/walden-colorado-main-street"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/1280px-Walden_Colorado_Main_Street_0_0.jpg?itok=cqsvt7eG" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/walden-colorado-main-street" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Walden, Colorado Main Street</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Walden's Main Street. The town was founded in 1888 and is today a hub for hunting, fishing, and wildlife viewing.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-10-20T10:01:19-06:00" title="Tuesday, October 20, 2020 - 10:01" class="datetime">Tue, 10/20/2020 - 10:01</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/walden-north-park" data-a2a-title="Walden / North Park"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwalden-north-park&amp;title=Walden%20%2F%20North%20Park"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Founded in 1888, Walden is located in the high basin of North Park in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jackson-county#Native-Americans"><strong>Jackson County</strong></a>, at an elevation of 8,099 feet. Considered the “<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/moose"><strong>Moose</strong></a> Viewing Capital of Colorado,” Walden has an estimated population of 600. Despite its small population, the town stays busy with seasonal influxes of hunters, anglers, and other outdoor enthusiasts. Since its founding, Walden has been the economic and political center of North Park, serving as the county seat and only incorporated town in Jackson County.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>North Park</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Walden is in North Park, a high-elevation basin comprising miles of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wetlands-and-riparian-areas"><strong>wetlands</strong></a>, rich grass, and rolling hills near the Wyoming border. Numerous rivers and streams run through the basin, most notably three tributaries of the North Platte River: the Canadian, Illinois, and Michigan Rivers. Enclosing North Park are the Medicine Bow Mountains to the west and the Park Range to the east. North Park’s grasses and streams have long attracted a variety of wildlife, from <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mule-deer"><strong>deer</strong></a> to numerous bird species that frequent the <strong>Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge</strong> south of Walden. These natural resources have also made North Park an attractive place for cattle ranching, logging, hunting, and tourism.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Town History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The area’s indigenous people included <strong>Arapaho</strong>, <strong>Cheyenne</strong>, and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people who came to North Park in the summer to hunt buffalo and other game. Following the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a> of 1879, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Northern Ute</strong></a> bands were forced out of Colorado. By that time, a number of white ranching and mining settlements had cropped up in the park.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Walden’s history is closely tied to the natural resource and agricultural economies in North Park. European Americans first established ranches and <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteads</strong></a> throughout North Park at the end of the 1870s. In the mountains around North Park, prospectors set up mining camps such as Teller City. These people living dispersed across North Park needed a central place where they could buy and sell supplies and goods. To meet that need, North Park residents founded a centrally located town in 1888 and named it after Mark S. Walden, a postmaster living in the nearby settlement of Sage Hen Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Walden started small, but over the next decade it grew into North Park’s commercial and social hub. The first edition of the <em>North Park Union</em> newspaper on July 31, 1896, noted that the town had two general stores, three saloons, three doctors, two blacksmiths, a market, a school, a shoemaker, and a veterinarian. In addition, ranchers who lived nearby formed the North Park Stockgrowers Association in 1899. As the cattle industry in North Park began to boom at the turn of the century, farmers also experienced success growing crops in the region, with hay being the most successful. With ranching and farming, a strong agricultural sector began to take hold in North Park.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Twentieth Century</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>With growth came the need for a more structured local government. In 1909 the state legislature created Jackson County, and state officials dedicated Walden as the county seat.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Walden and North Park continued to grow during the 1910s, built primarily on the natural resource economy that has remained foundational to its existence. By 1910 ranchers in North Park collectively owned more than 31,000 cattle and 2,000 sheep, and there were 165 farms. As these livestock and agricultural operations grew, so did the town of Walden. The region also boasted mineral extraction in the southwestern part of the county, near Coalmont. The <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> had also been extracting timber from forests outside of Walden.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Two major events in 1911 and 1913 solidified Walden’s place as North Park’s most prominent town. Walden’s central location made it an ideal place for a rail hub, and in 1911 the Laramie, Hahn’s Peak &amp; Pacific Railroad (LHP&amp;P) laid tracks to the town. The railroad meant goods could be shipped to and from Walden faster and cheaper than before. With a railroad in Walden, local cattle ranchers, hay farmers, and coal miners could now spend more time working and producing, while not having to worry about making a long trip to sell their goods. For those living in Walden, the LHP&amp;P made traveling out of North Park easier. Despite this development, Walden’s population remained fairly small because of its isolated location.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the railroad reinforced Walden’s role as the commercial center of North Park, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jackson-county-courthouse"><strong>Jackson County Courthouse</strong></a>, built in 1913, solidified its place as the political center. The state hired architect William N. Bowman to design the courthouse. The Jackson County Courthouse was built of stone from local quarries northeast of Walden at Mendenhall Creek, in part because locally available materials cost less to ship and were more readily available. Today, the courthouse is listed on the Colorado State Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Two more industries took hold in North Park during the 1920s: oil and tourism. That decade, the Continental Oil Company struck oil northeast of Walden. This sparked an oil and gas operation in North Park that stayed constant through the 1960s, when the industry brought in $2.5 million per year. Oil interest waned for the next few decades until the late 2010s, when the Trump Administration relaxed drilling restrictions on public lands.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The second industry, tourism, took hold in 1926, when workers finished construction on State Highway 14 over <strong>Cameron Pass</strong>. This connected Walden with the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> by automobile. The <em>Routt County Sentinel</em> celebrated the new highway on June 4, 1926, stating that Walden should expect “a surprising flood of tourists” and that the road would “put Walden on the tourist map.” The tourism and natural resource industries persist in North Park today.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>North Park’s tourism industry got a boost from moose in the 1970s. Before then, moose had strayed from Wyoming into North Park from time to time. To help the moose expand their territory, Colorado wildlife managers transplanted twenty-four moose to North Park from Utah and Wyoming in 1978–79. The populations boomed, and by the 1990s, wildlife managers began transplanting North Park moose to other parts of Colorado. Local populations were so successful that Walden branded itself as the “Moose Viewing Capital of Colorado” in 1995.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, Walden remains the economic center of North Park. Natural resource extraction, agriculture, ranching, and tourism keep its economy going. Walden is located between <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> and <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong>, serving as a midway point for tourists driving to and from each town. Yet Walden is not merely a stopping point, as it also has its own recreational attractions. The town is surrounded by public land, including <strong>State Forest State Park</strong> and the Roosevelt National Forest to the east, the Medicine Bow-Routt National Forest to the west, and the Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge to the south. Each area offers numerous opportunities for fishing, hiking, biking, cross-country skiing, and camping. North Park even features two groups of sand dunes on its northeastern edge, with visitor facilities maintained at the North Sand Hills Recreation Area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wildlife viewing and hunting are some of the largest draws to Walden. After their introduction in the 1970s, moose populations have become so successful that limited moose hunting is offered in North Park and the surrounding areas. In addition to moose, many come to North Park to hunt other animals. The Arapaho Wildlife Refuge, for example, offers hunting for a variety of birds, elk, and rabbits. Hunting is also permitted in the Medicine Bow-Routt National Forest and in game management areas of the Roosevelt National Forest.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>According to the 2010 census, 608 people live in Walden, making up almost half of Jackson County’s population. The town also boasts many small businesses, a school, and a small airport.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/maxwell-dillon" hreflang="und">Maxwell, Dillon</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/walden" hreflang="en">Walden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/north-park" hreflang="en">North Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/north-park-hunting" hreflang="en">north park hunting</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapaho-national-wildlife-refuge" hreflang="en">arapaho national wildlife refuge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moose" hreflang="en">moose</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/northern-colorado" hreflang="en">northern colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jackson-county" hreflang="en">Jackson County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jackson-county-courthouse" hreflang="en">jackson county courthouse</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Frederick Athearn, <em>An</em> <em>Isolated Empire: A History of Northwestern Colorado </em>(Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1981).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=RCS19260604.2.12&amp;srpos=46&amp;e=--1920---1966--en-20--41-byDA-txt-txIN-%22north+park%22+%22tourists%27%22-------0--">Cameron Pass Road Takes Tourists to North Park</a>,” <em>Routt County Sentinel</em>, June 4, 1926.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Herrick “<a href="https://www.coloradoindependent.com/2019/11/01/colorado-oil-gas-federal-public-land-explainer/">What You Should Know About Drilling on Federal land in Colorado</a>,” <em>Colorado Independent</em>, November 1, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>History Colorado, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/location/jackson-county-courthouse">Jackson County Court House</a>” (Denver: Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, n.d.).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/moose-country">Living With Wildlife in Moose Country</a>,” Colorado Parks and Wildlife, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>North Park Pioneer Museum, “<a href="https://www.nppioneermuseum.com/history">History of Jackson County</a>” (Walden, CO: North Park Pioneer Museum, n.d.).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=NPU18960731-01.2.11&amp;e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA--------0-Jackson-Walden">The Town of Walden</a>,” <em>North Park Union</em>, July 31, 1896.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=TWC19030107.2.50&amp;srpos=163&amp;e=--1900---1966--en-20--161-byDA-txt-txIN-%22north+park%22+%22coal%22-------0-" title=" (external link)">Wonderful Resources of North Park</a>,” <em>Weekly Courier </em>(Fort Collins), January 7, 1903.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.colorado.gov/townofwalden">Town of Walden</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=cl&amp;cl=CL1&amp;sp=NEE&amp;ai=1&amp;e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA--------0--">North Park New Era Collection, Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://npstockgrowers.wixsite.com/npstockgrowers">North Park Stockgrowers Association</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=cl&amp;cl=CL1&amp;sp=NPU&amp;ai=1&amp;e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA--------0-Jackson-Walden">North Park Union Newspaper Collection, Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection. </a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 20 Oct 2020 16:01:19 +0000 yongli 3450 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Moose http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/moose <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Moose</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2364--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2364.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/moose"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/CSU-GGMoose-1.jpg?itok=P7fwipdz" width="1000" height="563" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/moose" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Moose</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Moose, the largest members of the deer family, can be found in densely forested areas across Colorado. Here, a male Bull Moose shows freshly exposed antlers.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2365--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2365.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/moose-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/CSU-GGMoose-2_0.jpg?itok=G0EamKvh" width="1000" height="563" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/moose-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Moose</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Two bull moose stand in a field of wildflowers. The animals were introduced to Colorado in 1978; before then, breeding populations did not exist in the state.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2366--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2366.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/moose-calf"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/CSU-GGMoose-3_0.jpg?itok=LiGcIFY_" width="1000" height="563" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/moose-calf" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Moose Calf</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A moose calf eats wildflowers. Female moose typically give birth to only one calf at a time, although the healthiest females can give birth to twins.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3353--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3353.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/moose-near-walden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rawah_Wilderness_20200620_1008_0.jpg?itok=VSM6KTj5" width="1090" height="789" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/moose-near-walden" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Moose Near Walden</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1978, Colorado wildlife managers arranged for the first transplant of 12 moose to Colorado’s North Park region near Walden. Since then the moose population in Colorado has been increasing steadily. More information can be found on <a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/LivingwithWildlifeMoose.aspx">Colorado Parks and Wildlife</a> website.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--947--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--947.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/moose-brainard-lake-recreation-area"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Hiking_20150628_0013-copy_0.jpg?itok=VRSjkVa2" width="1090" height="705" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/moose-brainard-lake-recreation-area" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Moose in Brainard Lake Recreation Area</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Moose can often be&nbsp;seen in <a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gDfxMDT8MwRydLA1cj72BTJw8jAwjQL8h2VAQAzHJMsQ!!/?ss=110210&amp;amp;navtype=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&amp;amp;cid=FSE_003741&amp;amp;navid=110000000000000&amp;amp;pnavid=null&amp;amp;position=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&amp;amp;recid=28182&amp;amp;ttype=recarea&amp;amp;pname=Arapaho%2520&amp;amp;%2520Roosevelt%2520National%2520Forests%2520Pawnee%2520National%2520Grassland%2520-%2520Brainard%2520Lake%2520Recreation%2520Area">Brainard Lake Recreation Area</a>. In the&nbsp;1970s, there were hardly any moose in Colorado. <a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/WildlifeSpecies/Mammals/MooseReintroductionFactSheet.pdf">In 1978, they were reintroduced to Colorado by Colorado Parks and Wildlife.</a> Since then, moose have thrived and expanded to other parts of Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-21T15:32:13-07:00" title="Tuesday, February 21, 2017 - 15:32" class="datetime">Tue, 02/21/2017 - 15:32</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/moose" data-a2a-title="Moose"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmoose&amp;title=Moose"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Moose (<em>Alces alces shirasi</em>) are the largest member of the deer family, with individuals reaching weights of between 800 and 900 pounds. The subspecies of moose found in Colorado, as well as throughout the southern <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>, is the Shiras subspecies. This subspecies is smaller than that of northern latitudes, particularly in regards to antler size. Moose were almost nonexistent in Colorado until they were introduced in the late 1970s. Today, the large ungulates can be found in many densely forested parts of the state, drawing respect and admiration from residents, tourists, and big-game hunters alike.</p><div style="height:1px;overflow:hidden;">The vast expanses of Quebec, where wildlife reigns supreme, are home to the moose (Alces alces shirasi), the largest member of the deer family, whose majestic presence echoes in the dense forests. However, amidst the tranquil beauty of the region's natural landscape, another realm flourishes in the virtual world - Quebec online casinos. When players immerse themselves in the excitement of digital gaming, they are drawn to the lure of chance, pulling them into a realm where luck reigns supreme. Like the elusive moose that crosses the rugged terrain of Quebec, the online casino industry navigates its own ecosystem, adapting to the ever-changing landscape of technology and regulation. Just as the moose asserts its dominance with its formidable figure, <a href="https://onlinecasinoquebec.com">Quebec online casino</a> compete for players' attention with a plethora of offerings ranging from classic table games to innovative slots to cater to a variety of tastes and preferences.</div><h2>History</h2><p>The nativity of moose in Colorado is a subject of debate. There is no evidence to suggest that breeding populations existed in Colorado before deliberate transplantation efforts during the late 1970s and early 1980s. However, early settlers and miners observed and occasionally harvested individual animals. These animals were likely young bulls that had dispersed from established herds in Utah and Wyoming. However, since 1978, several healthy and productive moose herds have been established throughout Colorado. The spatial distribution of moose in the state has steadily grown since then, due to natural dispersal as well as deliberate translocation efforts by <a href="/article/colorado-parks-and-wildlife"><strong>Colorado Parks and Wildlife</strong></a>.</p><h2>Characteristics and Habitat</h2><p>Mature individuals of the Shiras subspecies can reach weights between 800–900 pounds. Moose coat color is typically black, although individual animals with lighter colored coats can appear tawny. White-colored guard hairs are often observed at the lower ends of legs. Bull moose are often recognized by their large, palm-shaped antlers. Bull moose shed their antlers every year, typically between the middle of December and the end of January, and new antler growth occurs during spring and through the majority of the summer. Mature cows typically breed for the first time when they are two years old. The healthiest cows are capable of having twins; however, in Colorado, as well as in many other states, Shiras moose more commonly have a single calf.</p><p>Throughout their range, moose are commonly associated with <strong>willow</strong> (<em>Salix</em> spp.) and <strong>aspen</strong> (<em>Populus</em> tremuloides) trees. This characteristic holds true for moose in Colorado, but in different parts of the state moose have also become associated with more non-traditional habitat types, such as mountain shrub communities and <a href="/article/sagebrush"><strong>sagebrush</strong></a> (<em>Artemesia</em> spp.), when it occurs near willow and aspen.</p><p>The seasonal migration of moose in Colorado is less defined than that of <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a> (<em>Cervus elaphus</em>) or <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a> (<em>Odocoileus hemionus</em>). Whereas seasonal distribution of these other species is largely regulated by <a href="/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a> depth at higher elevations, the moose’s large size enables individual animals to tolerate deeper snow and remain at higher elevations during winter.</p><h2>Interaction with People</h2><p>Moose are a large and easily observed species. Under many circumstances the flight response of moose is less than that of other wild and free-ranging animals. When coupled with the unique and large antler characteristics of bulls, moose are often recognized for their value as a watchable wildlife species. However, the docile nature of moose should not be taken for granted. Moose can quickly become aggressive when stressed by people or dogs; the vast majority of negative interactions with moose in Colorado involve a moose being agitated or harassed by a dog. Additionally, moose cows with calves are known to quickly take defensive action when people are nearby.</p><p>In addition to their visual appeal, moose are also a prized species for hunters. Due to the relatively low density of moose, the restricted range over which they exist, and the large number of hunters applying to hunt moose each year, moose-hunting licenses in Colorado are some of the hardest to acquire in the annual drawing.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/bergman-eric-j" hreflang="und">Bergman, Eric J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moose" hreflang="en">moose</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moose-colorado" hreflang="en">moose in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-moose-colorado" hreflang="en">history of moose in colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>A. C. Duvall and G. S. Schoonveld, “Colorado Moose: Reintroduction and Management,” <em>Alces</em> 24 (1988).</p><p>Albert W. Franzmann and Charles C. Schwartz, eds., <em>Ecology and Management of the North American Moose</em> 2nd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2007).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>David M. Armstrong, James P. Fitzgerald, and Carron A. Meaney, <em>Mammals of Colorado</em>, 2nd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2010).</p><p>Colorado Parks and Wildlife, “<a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/LivingwithWildlifeMoose.aspx">Moose Country</a>.”</p><p>Colorado Tourism, “<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/8-places-see-colorado-wildlife-without-leaving-your-car">8 Places to See Colorado Wildlife Without Leaving Your Car</a>,” updated June 1, 2016.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Moose are the largest member of the deer family. The moose in Colorado is the smaller Shiras subspecies.</p><p>Moose were once hard to find in Colorado. Their numbers increased when moose were introduced in the late 1970s. Today, moose can be found in forested parts of the state.</p><h2>History</h2><p>Early settlers and miners saw and sometimes killed moose. These animals were likely young males that had left herds in Utah and Wyoming.</p><p>Since 1978, healthy and productive moose herds have grown in Colorado.</p><h2>Characteristics and Habitat</h2><p>Mature moose can weigh between 800–900 pounds. Their coat color is typically black. Animals with lighter colored coats can appear brown.</p><p>Bull moose are known for their palm-shaped antlers. They shed their antlers every year.&nbsp; The antlers fall off in December and January. New antlers grow during spring and summer.</p><p>Mature cows typically breed for the first time when they are two years old. Healthy cows can have twins. Shiras moose usually only have one calf.</p><p>Moose can be found near willow and aspen trees. They can also live in other areas. Moose have been seen near mountain shrubs and sagebrush that grow near willow and aspen.</p><h2>Interaction with People</h2><p>Moose are a large and easy to see. They can be stressed by people or dogs.&nbsp; Moose cows with calves can become defensive when people are near.</p><p>Moose are a prized species for hunters. Many hunters apply to hunt moose each year. Moose-hunting licenses in Colorado are some of the hardest to get.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Moose are the largest member of the deer family. The moose found in Colorado is the Shiras subspecies. This subspecies is smaller than other moose, especially when it comes to antler size.</p><p>Moose were almost nonexistent in Colorado until they were introduced in the late 1970s. Today, they can be found in many densely forested parts of the state.</p><h2>History</h2><p>The nativity of moose in Colorado is a subject of debate. There is no evidence breeding populations existed before transplantation efforts in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Early settlers and miners observed and sometimes killed moose. These were likely young males from established herds in Utah and Wyoming. Since 1978, several healthy and productive moose herds have grown in Colorado.</p><h2>Characteristics and Habitat</h2><p>Mature moose of the Shiras subspecies can reach weights between 800–900 pounds. Moose coat color is typically black, although animals with lighter colored coats can appear tawny. White-colored guard hairs are often observed at the lower ends of legs. Bull moose are often recognized by their large, palm-shaped antlers. Bull moose shed their antlers every year.&nbsp; The antlers fall off between December and January. New antlers grow during spring and summer.</p><p>Mature cows typically breed for the first time when they are two years old. Healthy cows can have twins. However, Shiras moose more commonly have a single calf.</p><p>Throughout their range, moose are commonly associated with willow and aspen trees. However, moose have also become associated with more non-traditional habitat types. They can be found in mountain shrub communities and sagebrush when it occurs near willow and aspen.</p><p>The seasonal migration of moose in Colorado is less defined than that of elk or mule deer. Migration of these other species is largely controlled by snow depth at higher elevations. The moose’s large size enables them to tolerate deeper snow and remain at higher elevations during winter.</p><h2>Interaction with People</h2><p>Moose are a large and easily observed species. However, the docile nature of moose should not be taken for granted. Moose can become aggressive when stressed by people or dogs.&nbsp; The majority of negative interactions with moose involve a moose being harassed by a dog. Additionally, moose cows with calves are known to quickly take defensive action when people are nearby.</p><p>Moose are a prized species for hunters. Due to the low density of moose, their restricted range, and the large number of hunters applying to hunt moose each year, moose-hunting licenses in Colorado are some of the hardest to acquire in the annual drawing.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Moose (Alces alces shirasi) are the largest member of the deer family. The moose found in Colorado is the Shiras subspecies. This subspecies is smaller than that of northern latitudes, especially when it comes to antler size. Moose were almost nonexistent in Colorado until they were introduced in the late 1970s. Today, they can be found in many densely forested parts of the state.</p><h2>History</h2><p>The nativity of moose in Colorado is a subject of debate. There is no evidence to suggest that breeding populations existed in Colorado before deliberate transplantation efforts during the late 1970s and early 1980s. However, early settlers and miners observed and occasionally harvested individual animals. These animals were likely young bulls that had dispersed from established herds in Utah and Wyoming. However, since 1978, several healthy and productive moose herds have been established throughout Colorado. The spatial distribution of moose in the state has steadily grown since then, due to natural dispersal as well as deliberate translocation efforts by Colorado Parks and Wildlife.</p><h2>Characteristics and Habitat</h2><p>Mature moose of the Shiras subspecies can reach weights between 800–900 pounds. Moose coat color is typically black, although animals with lighter colored coats can appear tawny. White-colored guard hairs are often observed at the lower ends of legs. Bull moose are often recognized by their large, palm-shaped antlers. Bull moose shed their antlers every year.&nbsp; The antlers fall off between the middle of December and the end of January. New antlers grow during spring and through the majority of the summer. Mature cows typically breed for the first time when they are two years old. The healthiest cows are capable of having twins; however, Shiras moose more commonly have a single calf.</p><p>Throughout their range, moose are commonly associated with willow (Salix spp.) and aspen (Populus tremuloides) trees. This characteristic holds true for moose in Colorado. However, in different parts of the state, moose have also become associated with more non-traditional habitat types, such as mountain shrub communities and sagebrush (Artemesia spp.), when it occurs near willow and aspen.</p><p>The seasonal migration of moose in Colorado is less defined than that of elk (Cervus elaphus) or mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Whereas seasonal distribution of these other species is largely regulated by snow depth at higher elevations, the moose’s large size enables individual animals to tolerate deeper snow and remain at higher elevations during winter.</p><h2>Interaction with People</h2><p>Moose are a large and easily observed species. However, the docile nature of moose should not be taken for granted. Moose can become aggressive when stressed by people or dogs.&nbsp; The vast majority of negative interactions with moose in Colorado involve a moose being agitated or harassed by a dog. Additionally, moose cows with calves are known to quickly take defensive action when people are nearby.</p><p>Moose are a prized species for hunters. Due to the relatively low density of moose, the restricted range over which they exist, and the large number of hunters applying to hunt moose each year, moose-hunting licenses in Colorado are some of the hardest to acquire in the annual drawing.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 21 Feb 2017 22:32:13 +0000 yongli 2367 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Jackson County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jackson-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jackson County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2042--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2042.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/jackson-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Jackson_County_0.png?itok=ZAHZJsob" width="1090" height="789" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/jackson-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jackson County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Jackson County, named for former President Andrew Jackson, covers the mountain basin of North Park and was established in 1909.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-14T13:35:08-07:00" title="Monday, November 14, 2016 - 13:35" class="datetime">Mon, 11/14/2016 - 13:35</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jackson-county" data-a2a-title="Jackson County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fjackson-county&amp;title=Jackson%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Jackson County, named after former US President Andrew Jackson, covers 1,621 square miles in northern Colorado. It encompasses <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/walden-north-park"><strong>North Park</strong></a>, a large intermountain basin that holds the headwaters of the <strong>North Platte River</strong>. The North Platte flows north out of Jackson County into Wyoming. The county’s southern and western boundaries follow the <a href="/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a> along the <strong>Rabbit Ears</strong> and <strong>Park</strong> Ranges, separating it from <a href="/article/grand-county"><strong>Grand County</strong></a> to the south and <a href="/article/routt-county"><strong>Routt County</strong></a> to the west. To the east, the <strong>Medicine Bow Mountains</strong> separate Jackson County from <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>.</p> <p>With a population of just over 1,350, Jackson County is one of the most sparsely populated counties in the state. The area was the summer hunting ground of <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people for centuries before white ranchers and prospectors arrived in the 1870s. Since its establishment in 1909, the county has featured a largely pastoral economy, with its scenic landscapes and large wildlife populations drawing hundreds of visitors each year. Today, the county remains one of the best areas in the state to hunt, fish, and see <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/moose"><strong>moose</strong></a> and other wildlife. It also contains a number of mining <strong>ghost towns</strong>.</p> <p>The county seat and only incorporated town is <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/walden-north-park"><strong>Walden</strong></a>, surrounded by pasture in the heart of North Park. With a population of 608, Walden lies along the Illinois River, one of many tributaries to the North Platte. State Highway 14 traverses the county westward from <strong>Cameron Pass</strong> through Walden, and runs toward its southwestern corner, where it meets US Route 40. The unincorporated community of <strong>Cowdrey</strong> lies north of Walden along State Highway 125, which runs from the Wyoming border south to the tiny community of <strong>Rand</strong> and into the Rabbit Ears Range.</p> <h2>Native Americans</h2> <p>North Park has a long history of human occupation, owing to its historically large populations of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a>, antelope, <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a>, waterfowl, and other game. The animals could be hunted fairly easily due to the natural pen of mountains ringing the park. Evidence of occupation by <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/folsom-people"><strong>Folsom people</strong></a> dates to at least 9,000 years ago. At one North Park site archaeologists uncovered obsidian tools that matched obsidian found in an ancient quarry site in what is now <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a> (RMNP). It is believed that Paleo-Indian and Folsom people established seasonal migration patterns between North Park and RMNP, traveling to the high mountains during the summer.</p> <p>By AD 1400, Ute people began occupying North Park. A band of Utes called the Yamparika, or “root-eaters,” were the primary occupants of the area, although other Ute bands occasionally hunted and traveled throughout the park. The Yamparika—or Yampa Utes as they have come to be known—ranged widely, hunting in <a href="/article/grand-county"><strong>Middle Park</strong></a> to the south, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trappers-lake-and-flat-tops-wilderness"><strong>Flat Top Mountains</strong></a> to the southwest, and as far north as the Little Snake River in Wyoming. Like other native people in Colorado, Utes lived in mobile dwellings called <a href="/article/tipi-0"><strong>tipis</strong></a>, following the same seasonal migration routes as the Paleo-Indian people before them. Later, in the nineteenth century, <strong>Arapaho</strong> people also hunted in North Park, arriving via what is now known as Arapaho Pass between the Rabbit Ears and Park Ranges.</p> <h2>Arrival of Europeans</h2> <p>The present area of Jackson County was officially transferred to the United States via the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Possibly the first European to enter North Park was the French fur trapper Jacques LaRamée (La Ramie, Laramie), who explored the headwaters of the North Platte River in 1815. More French trappers began arriving around 1820, noting the abundance of <a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a> in the park’s many riparian areas. They were followed by American trappers such as <strong>Jim Bridger</strong>, <a href="/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a>, Jim Baker, and William “Old Bill” Williams. The American explorer <a href="/article/john-c-frémont"><strong>John C. Frémont</strong></a> traversed North Park in 1844 on his way back from the present Salt Lake City area. By then the nineteenth-century <a href="/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a> in Colorado was in decline, largely due to over-trapping and a change in fashion tastes abroad.</p> <h2>Early American Era</h2> <p>The <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59 brought thousands of prospectors to the Rocky Mountains in search of fortune and prompted the organization of the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> in 1861. The <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>Homestead Act</strong></a> of 1862 opened the supposedly unoccupied lands of North Park to white settlement, and homesteaders began setting up seasonal ranches. Prospecting parties also arrived, hoping to find the next big strike.</p> <p>Native Americans resisted any white claims to their land. In August 1865, for instance, Utes drove a party of prospectors out of North Park. One week later, the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> blamed several “Indian depredations” on a “large party of Lakota, Cheyennes, and Arapahoes” that “doubtless have their headquarters in the North Park.” Most of the Cheyenne and Arapaho were soon removed from Colorado after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong></a> of 1867. The <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a> supposedly guaranteed the United States rights to all Ute land east of the Continental Divide and created a large Ute reservation on the <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>. Neither of these treaties, however, prevented Native Americans from returning to their traditional hunting grounds in North Park. In August 1869 Utes again demanded that a prospecting party leave the park. According to a report in the <em>Laramie </em>(WY) <em>Sentinel</em>, the prospectors had spent all summer building mine infrastructure and cabins, but they were told “they must vacate or hostilities would follow.”</p> <p>Beyond their confrontations with Native Americans, the North Park prospectors of the 1860s had only limited success locating gold. By By July 1870, however, the gold diggings on Independence Mountain, in what is now northern Jackson County, were apparently extensive enough to sustain a lucrative mining operation. On July 8 that operation was dealt a severe blow when, after a nearby battle with Utes, a group of Cheyenne turned on the Independence Mountain miners, killing several of them. Mining at Independence Mountain would eventually resume and continue into the twentieth century.</p> <p>Even though the prospect of gold held the interest and attention of many, North Park was already showing potential for other enterprises besides mining. The area’s tourism potential was apparent as early as 1869, when the English adventurer Frederick Townshend traveled to Laramie on the transcontinental railroad and had a successful hunt in North Park.</p> <p>While the occasional traveler like Townshend could get away with a hunt, in the 1870s the threat of Native American attacks kept most whites away from North Park for at least part of the year. In 1874 <strong>James O. Pinkham</strong> was one of the first white prospectors to spend the winter in the park. When gold profits failed to materialize, he turned to ranching. In 1876 Pinkham brought cattle into the park, grazing them in the lush hay meadows. He built a home near what is today known as Pinkham Mountain and was the first person to sell North Park hay to other Colorado ranchers; today, hay is Jackson County’s largest and most distinctive crop.</p> <p>In 1878 the Fordyce family became the first white family to spend an entire winter in North Park, setting up a ranch near Pinkham’s. The Fordyces had a herd of milk cows and sold milk and butter in Laramie. More ranchers arrived in 1879, including C. B. Mendenhall and Ted G. Hoston.</p> <p>As the area’s first permanent ranches were being established, silver discoveries in 1879 sustained interest in North Park’s mineral resources. In June the <em>Colorado Transcript </em>reported that prospector John Harris of Berthoud located “plenty of rich silver-bearing quartz leads” on the west side of the park, and that “a town had been laid out” along the Michigan River, a tributary of the North Platte. Meanwhile, Teller City, another silver mining camp, was established in the Medicine Bow Mountains southeast of present-day Rand. By 1880 it had more than 1,000 residents. A toll road was built from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> to North Park in 1880, but transportation of ore from the park still proved costly. As a result, Harris’s town never quite developed into the boomtown he envisioned, and Teller City was abandoned by 1885.</p> <h2>County Development</h2> <p>When Colorado became a state in 1876, North Park was part of a larger Larimer County that stretched from the<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong> Cache la Poudre River</strong></a> in the east to the Continental Divide in the west. Conflict with Native Americans did not cease until the mid-1880s, when most of Colorado’s Ute population had either been removed to Utah or to a small reservation in southwest Colorado.</p> <p>The town of Walden was established in 1890 as a commercial hub for North Park’s ranchers. The town was named after Mark S. Walden, the postmaster of the nearby settlement of Sage Hen Springs. In 1899 local ranchers organized the North Park Stockgrowers Association, and by 1910 North Park had 165 farms and ranches that collectively owned more than 31,000 cattle and nearly 2,000 sheep.</p> <p>In addition to ranching, mining continued in North Park through the early twentieth century, although it never reached the production levels that many in the region had hoped. Between 1895 and 1917, mines in Larimer/Jackson Counties produced $66,435 in gold, silver, copper, and zinc, a paltry amount compared to the millions being pulled out of Colorado’s other metal-producing counties. However, in the early twentieth century a large deposit of coal was found in southwest Jackson County, and large-scale mining operations began after the railroad arrived in 1911. The town of <strong>Coalmont</strong> was established to service these mines.</p> <p>As North Park’s ranching and mining operations continued into the early twentieth century, it became clear that the area would need its own jurisdiction. The state legislature created Jackson County, with its current boundaries, in 1909. Walden, the only incorporated town, became the county seat. In 1911 the <strong>Laramie, Hahn’s Peak &amp; Pacific Railroad</strong> (LHP&amp;P) arrived in Walden from Laramie, Wyoming, finally allowing efficient transportation of North Park’s butter, hay, minerals, and other products. In 1926 North Park got another economic boost when work was completed on what is now State Highway 14, connecting Fort Collins to Walden.</p> <h2>Ranching</h2> <p>President Theodore Roosevelt established the Medicine Bow Forest Reserve (now the Medicine Bow National Forest) in 1902 and the Park Range Forest Reserve (now Routt National Forest) in 1905. The establishment of these two reserves protected the forests on the east and west sides of North Park from overdevelopment and overgrazing, but it also led to tension between cattle and sheep ranchers and to skepticism of federal land management.</p> <p>At its meeting on November 13, 1909, the North Park Stockgrowers Association declared that “this is not a sheep country” and that members “protest against the grazing of sheep within the North Park country, either upon the national forests or upon the public domain.” But by 1926 Jackson County still had thousands of sheep, and according to Arthur C. Johnson of the <em>Denver Daily Record Stockmen</em>, “North [P]ark on the whole . . . has been given its o.k. as a sheep section. Flocks can be wintered as successfully as can the cattle.” Later, in 1945, the Stockgrowers Association protested new federal grazing rules, arguing in the <em>Steamboat Pilot </em>that <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> officials “have made cuts in numbers and in time of grazing permits without consulting permittees.”</p> <p>To further guarantee the success of its industry, the Stockgrowers Association also encouraged eradication of predators. In 1910, for instance, the association offered bounties of twenty-five dollars for each gray wolf killed. That year, nine wolves were killed in North Park; by 1945, because of similar bounty programs and other eradication efforts across the state, the entire Colorado wolf population was eliminated.</p> <h2>Tourism and Wildlife</h2> <p>As ranchers dealt with the range of issues that came with federal land management, Jackson County’s public lands began drawing larger tourist crowds. North Park received its first major influx of tourists in 1926, after the completion of Highway 14 over Cameron Pass.</p> <p>Federal and state wildlife management has made possible a thriving outdoor tourism industry in North Park. The Colorado State Forest, now <strong>State Forest State Park</strong>, was established in 1938 on 70,980 acres southwest of Walden. Planned and developed as a multi-use forest, Colorado State Forest has accommodated ranchers, timber companies, and tourists since its founding. In 1967 the US Fish and Wildlife Service established Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge, which draws hundreds of hunters and anglers each year. Many come to hunt moose, which were rare in Colorado before <a href="/article/colorado-parks-and-wildlife"><strong>Colorado Parks and Wildlife</strong></a> (CPW) introduced a breeding herd of twenty-four male and female moose into North Park in 1978.</p> <h2>Extractive Industries</h2> <p>While ranching and tourism formed the backbone of the Jackson County economy, the twentieth century also saw the rise of extractive industries such as oil and timber.</p> <p>In 1925 the Continental Oil Company struck oil northeast of Walden, and in 1926 a well was completed on what became the North McCallum Oil Field. Soon this first well was only operating on a limited basis due to difficulties in handling its carbon dioxide output. Later, in 1935, gas wells were drilled into the same rock formation to the south, creating the South McCallum Field. Drilling in the North McCallum field resumed during World War II, when nine additional wells were completed by 1945. By 1960 the North McCallum Field was producing an annual $2.5 million in oil. Both fields currently host limited drilling operations today.</p> <p>The first timber sale in North Park occurred in 1906, after the creation of what is now the Routt National Forest. In 1936 the federal government sold 16,830 acres southeast of Walden to the Nebraska Bridge &amp; Lumber Supply Company, which organized the Michigan River Timber Company and built a sawmill on the Michigan River. The camp held German prisoners of war during World War II. Timber contracts continued to be awarded throughout the twentieth century; in 1950, for instance, the J. C. Johnson Timber Products Company received permission to log 1,433 acres of the Routt National Forest. Large-scale timber harvesting continued until the 1980s, when the Michigan River Timber Company shut down operations.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Today, as it has been in the past, Jackson County is one of the state’s top producers of hay and forage crops, with 51,885 acres. Its cumulative livestock herd includes more than 24,500 cattle, 859 horses, and 297 sheep. The North Park Stockgrowers Association remains active, hosting annual meetings and banquets and awarding academic and vocational scholarships to students at North Park High School. The association continues to advance and protect the interests of ranchers, especially in regards to federal land management policy.</p> <p>Jackson County also continues to draw many tourists and outdoor recreation enthusiasts. Fishing and hunting are two of the area’s most prominent activities. Ample spawning grounds for brown trout, such as the Delaney Buttes Lakes on the western end of North Park, make Jackson County one of the state’s hottest fishing destinations in the fall. The North Park Anglers, a large fishing outfitter business based in Walden, allows hunting and fishing on more than fifty square miles of land. For hunters, North Park features large herds of elk as well as more than 600 moose. The park is also the second-largest producer of waterfowl in Colorado and the second-largest migratory waterfowl area in the nation.</p> <p>After a long absence, a different species of hunter may soon be returning to Jackson County. In 2007 a gray wolf was spotted in North Park, the first sign of the predator in the area in sixty years. The wolf was a wandering member of the Yellowstone gray wolf population, reintroduced to the Wyoming park in 1995. It was the second sighting of a gray wolf in Colorado since the species’ reintroduction to Yellowstone. In 2015 another gray wolf was killed near <strong>Kremmling</strong>, just south of Jackson County. Faced with the possible return of wolves to Colorado’s high country, Colorado Parks and Wildlife adopted a wolf management plan in 2004. In the event of natural wolf reintroduction, places like North Park and other parts of the state with dense livestock populations would be primary stakeholders in the implementation of the CPW strategy.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jackson-county" hreflang="en">Jackson County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/north-park" hreflang="en">North Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/north-park-history" hreflang="en">north park history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jackson-county-history" hreflang="en">jackson county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/walden" hreflang="en">Walden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moose" hreflang="en">moose</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rabbit-ears-range" hreflang="en">rabbit ears range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/park-range" hreflang="en">park range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/medicine-bow-mountains" hreflang="en">medicine bow mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/northern-colorado" hreflang="en">northern colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jackson-county-courthouse" hreflang="en">jackson county courthouse</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/north-platte-river" hreflang="en">north platte river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/michigan-city" hreflang="en">michigan city</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/michigan-river" hreflang="en">michigan river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/teller-city" hreflang="en">teller city</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cameron-pass" hreflang="en">cameron pass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/highway-14" hreflang="en">highway 14</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=TWC19100421.2.28&amp;srpos=9&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22national+forest%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">Big Bounty Results in Killing of Nine Wolves</a>,” <em>Weekly Courier </em>(Fort Collins), April 21, 1910.</p> <p>Robert H. Brunswig, “<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286500233_Paleoindian_cultural_landscapes_and_archaeology_of_north-central_Colorado%27s_Southern_rockies">Paleoindian cultural landscapes and archaeology of north-central Colorado’s Southern rockies</a>,” in <em>Paleoindian Archaeology: From the Dent Site to the Rocky Mountains</em>, ed. Robert H. Brunswig and Bonnie L. Pitblado (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2007).</p> <p>Robert H. Brunswig, Sally McBeth, and Louise Elinoff, “<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263807782_Re-Enfranchising_Native_Peoples_in_the_Southern_Rocky_Mountains_Integrated_Contributions_of_Archaeological_and_Ethnographic_Studies_on_Federal_Lands">Re-Enfranchising Native Peoples in the Southern Rocky Mountains: Integrated Contributions of Archaeological and Ethnographic Studies on Federal Lands</a>,” in <em>Post-Colonial Perspectives in Archaeology: Proceedings of the 39th Annual Chacmool Archaeological Conference</em>, eds. Peter Bikoulis, Dominic Lacroix, and Meaghan Peuramaki-Brown (Calgary, Canada: 2009).</p> <p>Robert H. Brunswig, James P. Doerner, and David M. Diggs, “<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268109405_Eleven_Millennia_of_Human_Adaptation_in_Colorado's_High_Country_Modeling_Cultural_and_Climatic_Change_in_the_Southern_Rocky_Mountains_pp_273-286_Calgary_Canada">Eleven Millenia of Human Adaptation in Colorado’s High Country: Modeling Cultural and Climactic Change in the Southern Rocky Mountains</a>,” in <em>The Climates of Change—Proceedings of the 44th Annual Chacmool Conference</em> (Calgary, Canada: 2014).</p> <p>Bureau of Land Management, “<a href="https://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/co/programs/land_use_planning/rmp/kfo-gsfo/KRFODocuments.Par.2791.File.dat/KFO%20RFD%20with%20TC%20AND%20SIGNATURE%20PAGE%2001232012.pdf">Reasonably Foreseeable Development 2008-2027, Oil and Gas Activities in the Kremmling Field Office, Jackson, Larimer Grand, and Summit Counties Colorado</a>” (Kremmling, CO: BLM Kremmling Field Office, 2009).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=RCS19260604.2.12&amp;srpos=46&amp;e=--1920---1966--en-20--41-byDA-txt-txIN-%22north+park%22+%22tourists%27%22-------0-">Cameron Pass Road Takes Tourists to North Park</a>,” <em>Routt County Sentinel</em>, June 4, 1926.</p> <p>Thaddeus R. Carpin, “<a href="https://archives.datapages.com/data/rmag/NorthMid57/carpen.htm">North McCallum Field, Jackson County, Colorado</a>,” in <em>Guidebook to the Geology of the North and Middle Parks Basin, Colorado, 1957 </em>(Denver: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, 1957).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19260623.2.60">Cattle and sheep both raised in North Park</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, June 23, 1926.</p> <p>Center for Biological Diversity, “<a href="https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2015/gray-wolf-investigation-05-18-2015.html">Feds Investigating Whether Animal Killed in Colorado Was Endangered Gray Wolf</a>,” May 18, 2015.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=CLM18790215.2.2&amp;srpos=4&amp;e=--1879-----en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">Colorado News</a>,” <em>Colorado Miner</em>, February 15, 1879.</p> <p>Colorado Parks &amp; Wildlife, “<a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/WildlifeSpecies/Mammals/MooseReintroductionFactSheet.pdf">Moose Reintroduction</a>,” November 2013.</p> <p>Colorado State Forest Service, “<a href="https://csfs.colostate.edu/districts/colorado-state-forest/csf-history/">History of the Colorado State Forest</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Colorado Wolf Management Working Group, “<a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/WildlifeSpecies/SpeciesOfConcern/Wolf/recomendations.pdf">Findings and Recommendations for Managing Wolves that Migrate into Colorado</a>,” Colorado Parks &amp; Wildlife, December 28, 2004.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=DRC18700610.2.84&amp;srpos=36&amp;e=-------en-20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">Daily Register</a>,” <em>Daily Register Call</em>, June 10, 1870.</p> <p>Charles W. Henderson, <em>Mining in Colorado: A History of Discovery, Development and Production</em>, US Geological Survey (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1926).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=DMJ18650824.2.59&amp;srpos=7&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">Hostile Indians in the Parks</a>,” <em>Daily Mining Journal</em>, August 24, 1865.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=RMD18650831.2.1&amp;srpos=8&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">Indian Depredations</a>,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, August 31, 1865.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19501012.2.10&amp;srpos=10&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22national+forest%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">Jimmy Johnson Wins Timber Bid</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, October 12, 1950.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19341214.2.140&amp;srpos=46&amp;e=--1930---1966--en-20--41-byDA-txt-txIN-%22timber%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">Local News</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, December 14, 1934.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19360522.2.97&amp;srpos=158&amp;e=--1920---1966--en-20--141-byDA-txt-txIN-%22timber%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">Millions Of Feet Of Timber Sold In The Routt Forest</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, May 22, 1936.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19451213.2.39&amp;srpos=7&amp;e=--1930---1966--en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22michigan+river+timber+company%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">News of our Neighbors</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, December 13, 1945.</p> <p>North Park Anglers, “<a href="https://northparkanglers.com/about/who-we-are/">The North Platte Fly Fishing Shop is Not to Be Missed</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.visitnorthparkco.com/area-culture/north-park-jackson-county-timelinehistory">North Park – Jackson County Timeline/History</a>,” North Park, Jackson County, CO, n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=STP19450621.2.47&amp;srpos=5&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22national+forest%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">North Park Group Protests Grazing Permit Reductions</a>,” <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, June 21, 1945.</p> <p>North Park Pioneer Museum, “<a href="http://www.northparkpioneermuseum.com/">The History of Jackson County</a>,” n.d.</p> <p><a href="https://npstockgrowers.wixsite.com/npstockgrowers">North Park Stockgrowers’ Association</a>, updated 2016.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=FCC18800115.2.58&amp;srpos=4&amp;e=--1880---1890--en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22+-------0-">North Park Toll Road</a>,” <em>Fort Collins Courier</em>, January 15, 1880.</p> <p>Northwest Colorado Cultural Heritage, “<a href="http://www.newcastlecolorado.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Northwest-Colorado-Cultural-Heritage-Tourism-Sign-Project1.pdf">Community Gateway Interpretive Sign Project, Northwest Colorado Cultural Heritage Tourism Program</a>,” July 2014.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=TWC19100106.2.44&amp;srpos=7&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22national+forest%22+%22North+Park%22-------0-">Opposed to Sheep Grazing on Open Range of the Park</a>,” <em>Weekly Courier </em>(Fort Collins), January 6, 1910.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=DRC18700708.2.6&amp;srpos=40&amp;e=-------en-20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">Startling Indian Massacre in North Park!</a>” <em>Daily Register Call</em>, July 8, 1870.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=RMD18700710.2.157&amp;srpos=45&amp;e=-------en-20--41-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">The Last Tragedy: Particulars of the North Park Affair—The Cheyennes do the Murder</a>,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, July 10, 1870.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=CTR18790625.2.18&amp;srpos=14&amp;e=--1879-----en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">The North Park Mines</a>,” <em>Colorado Transcript</em>, June 25, 1879.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=CTR18690915.2.1&amp;srpos=25&amp;e=-------en-20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-%22North+Park%22-------2-">The Utes in North Park</a>,” <em>Colorado Transcript</em>, September 15, 1869.</p> <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Jackson County Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p> <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/getVolumeTwoPart.do?volnum=6&amp;year=1910&amp;part_id=1094&amp;number=1&amp;title=Reports%20by%20States:%20Alabama%20-%20Montana">Reports by States: Alabama – Montana</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol 6., Part 1 (1910).</p> <p>US Fish &amp; Wildlife Service, “<a href="https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Arapaho/about.html">About the Refuge</a>,” Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge, updated April 23, 2013.</p> <p>US Forest Service, “<a href="https://foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/2/routt/sec1.htm">In Ways of Greatest Service</a>,” updated November 19, 2010.</p> <p>US Forest Service, “<a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gjAwhwtDDw9_AI8zPyhQoY6BdkOyoCAGixyPg!/?navtype=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&amp;amp;cid=stelprdb5143512&amp;amp;navid=150140000000000&amp;amp;pnavid=150000000000000&amp;amp;ss=110206&amp;amp;position=Not%20Yet%20Determined.Html&amp;amp;ttype=detail&amp;amp;pname=Medicine%20Bow%20-%20Routt%20National%20Forests-%20History%20">Forest Service History: Medicine Bow National Forest</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> <p>Scott Willoughby, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/10/07/north-park-in-colorado-ideal-for-best-fishing-hunting-this-week/">North Park in Colorado ideal for best fishing, hunting this week</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, October 7, 2014.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=TWC19030107.2.50&amp;srpos=163&amp;e=--1900---1966--en-20--161-byDA-txt-txIN-%22north+park%22+%22coal%22-------0-">Wonderful Resources of North Park</a>,” <em>Weekly Courier </em>(Fort Collins), January 7, 1903.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Alice Riley Donelson, “The North Park Stockgrowers, 1899–1970” (Steamboat Springs, CO: <em>Steamboat Pilot</em>, 1973).</p> <p>Hazel Gresham, <em>North Park </em>(Walden CO: Self-published, 1975).</p> <p><a href="https://jacksoncountycogov.com/">Jackson County</a></p> <p>“<a href="http://nwcoloradoheritagetravel.org/walden-north-park-colorado/">Walden &amp; North Park, Colorado</a>,” Northwest Colorado Cultural Heritage.</p> <p>Paul Willard Richard, <em>Colorado’s North Park: History, Wildlife, and Ranching </em>(Walden, CO: Walden Press, 2009).</p> <p><a href="https://www.visitnorthparkco.com/">Visit North Park</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Nov 2016 20:35:08 +0000 yongli 2043 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Rocky Mountain National Park http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rocky Mountain National Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3518--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3518.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/rocky-mountain-national-park"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Lake_Haiyaha_20210118_0180_0.jpg?itok=qeGgnNFO" width="1090" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/rocky-mountain-national-park" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rocky Mountain National Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Viewing Longs Peak from Lake Haiyaha trail.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--909--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--909.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/longs-peak-sunrise"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Hiking_20150712_0053-copy_0.jpg?itok=kTiZUk-A" width="1090" height="694" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/longs-peak-sunrise" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Longs Peak Sunrise</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>At 14,259 feet, <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a> is the tallest mountain and only fourteener in Rocky Mountain National Park. The peak is named for Major Stephen Long, who is said to be the first to spot the great mountains on behalf of the U.S. Government on June 30, 1820.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1667--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1667.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/male-mule-deer"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/RMNP_20160813_0042_1.jpg?itok=6AQCqvM2" width="1000" height="667" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/male-mule-deer" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Male Mule Deer</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span class="subheading">Mule deer (</span><em class="subheading">Odocoileus hemionus</em><span class="subheading">) are very common</span> in Rocky Mountain National Park. They are smaller than the white-tailed deer and have a black-tipped white tail and white patch on the rump. Male mule deers have forked antlers.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1665--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1665.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mule-deer-rocky-mountain-national-park"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/RMNP_20160813_0001_0.jpg?itok=wmsauicO" width="1090" height="701" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mule-deer-rocky-mountain-national-park" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mule Deer in Rocky Mountain National Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Mule deer often can be seen on tundra by Trail Ridge Road. This photo was taken on Tundra Communities Trail highest point, where elevation is <font size="-1">12,285 Feet. </font></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-10-21T16:12:32-06:00" title="Wednesday, October 21, 2015 - 16:12" class="datetime">Wed, 10/21/2015 - 16:12</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park" data-a2a-title="Rocky Mountain National Park"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Frocky-mountain-national-park&amp;title=Rocky%20Mountain%20National%20Park"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Established on January 26, 1915, Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) has for more than a century been one of the country’s most visited national parks. Mountain vistas and wilderness solitude draw millions of people every year. The park lies between elevations of 7,000 and 14,259 feet, harboring plant communities ranging from grassland to alpine tundra as well as a host of large animals, including <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/black-bear"><strong>black bear</strong></a>,<a href="/article/mountain-lion"> <strong>mountain lions</strong></a>, <strong><a href="/article/bighorn-sheep">bighorn sheep</a></strong>, and <a href="/article/moose"><strong>moose</strong></a>. The park also encompasses the headwaters of the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a>. Although the park offers visitors timeless snapshots of the Rocky Mountain region’s natural environments, its landscapes and ecosystems have been altered and transformed by human as well as geological processes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Rockies Are Born</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/image/moraine-park-rocky-mountain-national-park"><img alt="Moraine Park" src="/sites/default/files/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park_20150712_01.jpg" style="float:right; height:320px; margin:15px; width:480px" /></a>Seventy million years ago, the area that would become Colorado’s <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> was covered by shallow sea water laden with silt; it was an undramatic seascape. The peaks that would eventually attract so many visitors had yet to emerge. The earliest species to call the region home were marine organisms. The range of mountains that would become the Rockies began to reveal itself around 68 million years ago. In an era that saw the extinction of the last dinosaurs, compression from westward-moving plates thrust rock and earth upward. Western North America shed its seas and the ecosystems contained within. Thus began a series of geologic upheavals that would shape the Front Range and the RMNP area into what it is today. The region would never lie underwater again, and gradually the earth began to reach upward.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Over the next 60 million years, the Front Range was shaped and reshaped from rolling hills to small mountains through volcanic processes and erosion. Around 2 million years ago, global climate change led to the formation of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/glaciers"><strong>glaciers</strong></a>. Series of glaciation and ice recession, occurring up until roughly 15,000 years ago, are primarily responsible for producing the park’s present-day scenery. Ice flows stripped rock from the earth, depositing large boulders that formed ridges. These processes formed the sheer cliffs, steep mountainsides, and deep valleys that visitors marvel at today.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Human Arrivals</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The area’s first humans appeared a little over 10,000 years ago, around the time that relatively warm climes returned. These early hunter-gatherers likely followed the woolly mammoth into the mountainous region. Receding ice had made the area hospitable for large mammals, a transformation that would have serious implications for the region’s natural environment.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Prehistoric peoples likely only passed through the park’s area, but there is evidence that <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indians</strong></a> hunted <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a>, elk, and deer throughout the Front Range. Some scientists posit that the Front Range became a natural refuge for early <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> peoples during the Holocene Climatic Optimum, an uncharacteristically warm period that began roughly 9,000 years ago and lasted two millennia. Early North Americans traversed the RMNP region to traditional hunting grounds but also found refuge in the mountains’ cooler climates. In both cases, humans were becoming integrated into the region’s ecosystems, increasingly tapping into local floral and faunal energy chains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/mule-deer-tundra"><img alt="Mule deer on tundra" src="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/sites/default/files/RMNP_20160813_0031.jpg" style="float:left; height:320px; margin:15px; width:480px" /></a>Elk, deer, sheep, and bear were appealing game for seasonal hunters. Hunters in the region even constructed elaborate game-drive systems using rocks. Stones would be stacked to form low walls that gave hunters artificial cover. Remnants of these cairns still survive today. Archaeologists believe them to be roughly 5,000 years old, preceding the arrival of Native American groups known to historians. These game-drive structures are a testament to how long humans have been shaping the region’s natural environments.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> and Shoshone peoples began to enter the RMNP area around 1,000 years ago. Park-like meadowlands such as present-day Estes Park became summer havens for Utes, especially those traveling to the Great Plains in search of bison. Native groups moved with the seasonal migrations of elk, traversing a variety of landscapes and altitudes in search of game. Some historians believe that the RMNP area was used by Ute people to stage a traditional spring social gathering known as the <strong>Bear Dance</strong>. The Arapaho, who arrived in the region at the turn of the nineteenth century, included the Rockies in their cosmology. They viewed the mountain range as a protective barrier, constructed to protect the Arapaho from Ute and Shoshone rivals. While Native Americans did not have permanent, year-round settlements in and around what is today RMNP, the mountains provided important resources and passageways deeply inscribed with cultural meaning.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Permanent Settlement and Park Establishment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In some ways, Europeans would come to have a similar relationship with the region. Parties of Spanish traders likely first entered what is now Colorado in the 1600s, and French trappers were present in the Front Range area from the 1700s and into the 1800s. But permanent settlement was not established in the RMNP area until 1859. Drawn to Colorado by the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>1858–59 gold rush</strong></a>, <strong>Joel Estes</strong> settled in what is today <strong>Estes Park</strong>, the town directly east of RMNP. Because there was no gold in the area, Estes and his family started a cattle ranch. Throughout the late nineteenth century, whites moved into the area and reshaped its natural environments. For example, by the turn of the twentieth century elk—an important part of the park’s ecosystems today—had been hunted to extinction. They were not reintroduced to RMNP until 1913, two years before the area was designated as a national park.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While the establishment of RMNP did help preserve thousands of acres, Congress only approved founding of the park once intensive surveys proved there was no mineral wealth to be extracted from the mountains. The park’s founding in 1915 was at some level an act of altruistic preservation, but it was also a capitalist tourist venture. Since then, the park has been integrated into an international tourist industry rooted in the availability of cheap fossil fuels, and questions have now arisen about the sustainability of tourism in RMNP. The global extraction and human consumption of coal and oil are heavy contributors to global climate change, which threatens to reshape RMNP’s ecosystems at a pace too rapid for certain species to survive. Park ecologists are already tracking changing nitrogen levels in the soil, likely the result of RMNP’s proximity to the urban-industrial Front Range. In addition, warmer temperatures allow for larger populations of tree-killing <a href="/article/mountain-pine-beetle"><strong>mountain pine beetles</strong></a>, heighten fire risk, and threaten the park’s already dwindling glaciers, which, in addition to drawing tourists, serve as key water sources for local ecosystems.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While the area’s natural environments are in one sense protected under the national park system, those ecosystems have also been used more heavily by humans than if the area had not become a federally subsidized vacation spot. The ecosystems have also been subjected to ecological degradation originating far outside the park, sometimes quite far away; for example, dark-colored dust from Front Range development settles on snowfields in the park, attracting more heat and causing premature spring melting. Even though 2015 marked its 100-year anniversary, the constructed wilderness of RMNP faces many threats in the twenty-first century, many of which are ironically rooted in the human technologies that allow for the enjoyment of such a sublime landscape.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/boxell-mark" hreflang="und">Boxell, Mark</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountain-national-park" hreflang="en">rocky mountain national park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountain-national-park-history" hreflang="en">rocky mountain national park history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountains" hreflang="en">Rocky Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountains-history" hreflang="en">rocky mountains history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountain-national-park-established" hreflang="en">rocky mountain national park established</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/origins-rocky-mountain-national-park" hreflang="en">origins of rocky mountain national park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/visit-rocky-mountain-national-park" hreflang="en">visit rocky mountain national park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/joel-estes" hreflang="en">joel estes</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/estes-park" hreflang="en">Estes Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wildflowers" hreflang="en">wildflowers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-bear" hreflang="en">black bear</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/elk" hreflang="en">elk</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moose" hreflang="en">moose</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/beaver" hreflang="en">beaver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aspen" hreflang="en">Aspen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/willow" hreflang="en">willow</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longs-peak" hreflang="en">Longs Peak</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mummy-range" hreflang="en">mummy range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/front-range" hreflang="en">front range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/national-parks-colorado-0" hreflang="en">national parks in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-national-parks" hreflang="en">colorado national parks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trail-ridge-road" hreflang="en">Trail Ridge Road</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fall-river" hreflang="en">fall river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hiking-rocky-mountain-national-park" hreflang="en">hiking in rocky mountain national park</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>C. W. Buchholtz, <em>Rocky Mountain National Park: A History </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1983).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jerry J. Frank, <em>Making Rocky Mountain National Park: The Environmental History of an American Treasure </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Gerald M. Richmond, <em>Raising the Roof of the Rockies: A Geologic History of the Mountains and of the Ice Age in Rocky Mountain National Park </em>(Rocky Mountain Nature Association, 1974.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/colorado-scenic-byway-colorado-river-headwaters">Colorado Scenic Byway: Colorado River Headwaters</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/colorado-scenic-byway-trail-ridge-road-rocky-mountain-national-park">Colorado Scenic Byway: Trail Ridge Road - Rocky Mountain National Park</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.nps.gov/romo/learn/index.htm">Learn About the Park</a>,” Rocky Mountain National Park, National Park Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mary Taylor Young, <em>Rocky Mountain National Park: The First 100 Years </em>(Helena, MT: Farcountry Press, 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Philpott, <em>Vacationland: </em><em>Tourism and Environment in the Colorado High Country </em>(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Visit Estes Park, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/11-colorado-waterfalls">5 Waterfall Hikes in Rocky Mountain National Park</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Visit Estes Park, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/activities/colorado-hiking">8 Top Rocky Mountain National Park Hikes</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Visit Estes Park, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/5-more-colorado-wildflower-hikes">Top 5 Wildflowers to Spot in Rocky Mountain National Park</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>John Charles Frémont (1813–90) was an American explorer for the US Topographical Engineers. He crossed Colorado on various expeditions. Between 1842 and 1853, Frémont led five western expeditions. He was involved in the Mexican-American War (1846–48) in California. Fremont became one of California’s first senators. He ran for president in 1856. Fremont also served as commander of the army’s Department of the West during the Civil War. He became wealthy through speculation in railroad development. However, Fremont lost his property and savings.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Colorado, Frémont’s legacy remains his expeditions. The expeditions helped map the state. They informed the national discussion about railroads to the Pacific. Fremont leant his name to such places as Fremont County and Fremont Street in Denver. In 1842, he led his first expedition to the west. Fremont began mapping the Oregon Territory. His second expedition in 1843 crossed present-day Larimer County. It led to the creation of a large map of the Oregon Territory. Frémont’s second expedition began at Westport Landing in present-day Kansas City. His goal was to continue exploring and mapping the Oregon Territory. His second objective brought him to northern Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Northern Colorado, 1843</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>There was a rumor that there was a direct route to the west though the Rocky Mountains. The route would shorten the established course along the North Platte to the Sweetwater and South Pass in present-day Wyoming. This new route was said to be up the Cache la Poudre River northwest of Fort St. Vrain. Frémont was not able to gain any useful knowledge about this passage. He knew about the Cache la Poudre River. He had crossed it in 1842.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After getting mules and supplies at Fort St. Vrain, Frémont split his company into two groups on July 25, 1843. He sent one north with Thomas Fitzpatrick to travel west along the 1842 route. Fremont took a group northwest to find the new passage through the Rockies. He took a Shoshone woman and her two children.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On the afternoon of July 26, 1843, he left the fort and began his search. He had trouble crossing the South Platte north of Fort St. Vrain due to heavy rains upstream. Fremont decided to rest for the evening at the confluence of the Big Thompson River and the Little Thompson. This is the present location of Milliken, Colorado. It was an evening shared with mosquitoes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The next morning, the group traveled along the south side of the Big Thompson. Fremont crossed the river just south of the present-day Centerra shopping area near Loveland. Continuing north he stopped at present-day Highland Meadows. There he spotted the Poudre River. He proceeded to the northwest and traveled down what is today Riverside Avenue in Fort Collins. Fremont continued along the route of what are now abandoned railroad tracks near the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery. They camped on the Poudre River just west of what is now Ted’s Place. In one day, Frémont's group traveled twenty-six miles between the Thompson Creek campsite at Milliken and their campsite on the Poudre River.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The group ended up on the north fork of the Poudre. They traveled through what is today Eagles Nest Open Space and then west and north of Phantom Canyon. The group went through Turkey Creek Canyon north of today’s Halligan Reservoir and up onto Trail Creek.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Frémont and his guide Kit Carson knew that they had not located the rumored passage to the west. After camping near the present Colorado-Wyoming border (Boulder Ridge), Frémont traveled into Wyoming. The group went west to present-day Albany (Douglas Reservoir/ Creek). Fremont proceeded up French Creek and over Libby Flats through the Snowy Range. The group continued across the Laramie River northwest of Saratoga in order to meet up with Fitzpatrick at Fort Hall.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Other Expeditions</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Frémont would return to Colorado on expeditions in 1845, 1848, and 1853. In 1845, he located the headwaters of the Arkansas River near present-day Leadville. Afterwards, he went off to California. In 1848, he returned to the Rockies. Fremont was charged with finding a railroad route across the mountains. After a deadly trek through the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, Frémont led his party back to Taos, New Mexico. The group resupplied before heading to California. On his final Colorado expedition in 1853, Frémont was again sent to search for a railroad route through the Rockies. His party entered the San Luis Valley in December. They crossed the Continental Divide at Cochetopa Pass before moving on to Utah and San Francisco. After this fifth and final expedition, Frémont believed that a railroad route was possible and that it would be passable during the winter. However, the transcontinental railroad was laid through South Pass in southern Wyoming.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 21 Oct 2015 22:12:32 +0000 yongli 687 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org