%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Jack Bradley http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jack-bradley <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jack Bradley</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-02-08T16:51:14-07:00" title="Monday, February 8, 2021 - 16:51" class="datetime">Mon, 02/08/2021 - 16:51</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jack-bradley" data-a2a-title="Jack Bradley"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fjack-bradley&amp;title=Jack%20Bradley"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Jack Bradley (1919–2000) was a violinist who became one of the first Black members of a major professional orchestra in the United States as well as the first Black member of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-symphony"><strong>Denver Symphony Orchestra</strong></a> when he played with the group from 1946 to 1949. Bradley came up through the Denver Symphony’s youth and community orchestras before earning a spot in the newly professional symphony after serving in <strong>World War II</strong>. Seeing no future for himself as a Black orchestral musician, he left the Denver Symphony in 1949 to teach music at Texas Southern University, a historically Black school in Houston. He demonstrated the ability of Black musicians to play with the top orchestras in the country but also confronted barriers to Black participation in classical music that still exist today.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Jack Carter Bradley was born on March 14, 1919, to Eva and Earl Bradley in Moline, Illinois. His grandparents on both sides of the family had escaped from slavery. Because his two older siblings had died at a young age, his mother’s aunt, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/justina-ford"><strong>Justina Ford</strong></a>, suggested that the family move to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, where she was Colorado’s first Black female doctor, so that she could look after Bradley’s health. The family moved in 1926 and lived for several years with Ford in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/five-points"><strong>Five Points</strong></a>. Bradley later recalled the community as “the ‘United Nations’ neighborhood,” a diverse area with “Blacks, Japanese, Chinese, Latins, Greeks, Jews, Italians and Anglos.” By the end of the 1920s, his family had moved east to Whittier, where his father opened a barbershop.</p> <p>Bradley showed musical talent early in his life. He started when his mother gave him piano lessons at home. In 1929 she sent him to the Just Kids Orchestra, a Saturday morning group lesson put on by <strong><em>The</em></strong> <strong><em>Denver Post</em></strong> at the Knight Campbell Music Store downtown. There Bradley took quickly to the violin; after a few months, he won a solo playing award and started private lessons. He played in his local school orchestras, earned a spot in Denver’s All City school orchestra, and performed a variety of solos and recitals at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/zion-baptist-church"><strong>Zion Baptist Church</strong></a>, which his family attended. After graduating from <strong>Manual High School</strong>, he enrolled at the <strong>University of Denver</strong> in 1937, where he studied music and played in the university orchestra as well as a student string quartet.</p> <h2>Denver Symphony</h2> <p>Bradley learned to play violin just as new classical music opportunities were emerging in Denver. In the mid-1930s, the decade-old Denver Civic Orchestra expanded to include a youth group, the Denver Junior Symphony, as well as a more professional orchestra, the Denver Symphony. All three were led by conductor <strong>Horace Tureman</strong> and business manager Helen Marie Black.</p> <p>Bradley was a member of the Denver Junior Symphony from its inception in 1935. In 1938 Tureman gave Bradley a viola and taught him to read the alto clef so he could fill a hole in the Denver Civic Orchestra. Bradley continued to play violin for the Junior Symphony and viola for the Civic Orchestra, with occasional appearances in the Denver Symphony as well, until he graduated from the University of Denver in 1941 and was promptly drafted into the army.</p> <p>Bradley served nearly five years in the army, where he remained stateside during World War II as a member and leader of army bands at bases in Oklahoma, Alabama, and Louisiana. Back in Denver in 1946, he auditioned to play violin for the Denver Symphony, which had become fully professional and hired a new conductor, <strong>Saul Caston</strong>. Caston gave him a spot, making Bradley one of the first Black members of a professional symphony orchestra in the United States. (Some Black musicians had performed earlier as soloists.) Bradley played with the orchestra for three years while also giving private lessons and studying composition at the University of Denver, where he earned his master of music degree in 1949. That year, an article in <em>Ebony</em> identified him as the first Black player in any of the twenty-five major American symphony orchestras.</p> <h2>Later Life</h2> <p>In 1949 Bradley left the Denver Symphony. “I could not see much of a future for a Black violinist in the symphony field,” he later wrote. “I had no evidence that there was, for there were no other Blacks in any of the American orchestras.” Even as a few more African Americans were hired by professional orchestras in the late 1940s and 1950s, aspiring Black classical musicians continued to face widespread educational disparities and cultural messages pointing them toward jazz rather than classical music. If they managed to get the proper training and tried to audition for an orchestra, they still encountered segregated musicians’ unions and discriminatory hiring practices.</p> <p>Amid that cultural landscape, Bradley contacted several historically Black schools and took a teaching position in the music department at Texas Southern University in Houston. He taught there for thirty-five years, serving as department chair for the final nineteen years before his retirement in 1984. After <strong>segregation</strong> ended in the 1960s, he played with the Corpus Christi Symphony and Baytown Symphony and served on the boards of the Houston Friends of Music and Houston Youth Symphony.</p> <p>Bradley died of cancer on February 29, 2000. Although articles on the history of American symphony orchestras occasionally mention his role with the Denver Symphony, he tends to be neglected today. His pioneering role with the Denver Symphony is often assigned instead to bassist <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/charles-burrell"><strong>Charles Burrell</strong></a>, who joined the symphony in 1949, just after Bradley left, and had a long career with the organization. Bradley’s neglect is attributable in part to the fate of the Denver Symphony, which experienced decades of turbulence before declaring bankruptcy in 1989. But it also owes something to the ongoing racial disparities in nearly all American orchestras—including the Denver Symphony’s successor, the Colorado Symphony—where even today, despite the rise of blind auditions, less than 2 percent of musicians are Black.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jack-bradley" hreflang="en">Jack Bradley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-civic-orchestra" hreflang="en">Denver Civic Orchestra</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-symphony" hreflang="en">Denver Symphony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-symphony-orchestra" hreflang="en">Denver Symphony Orchestra</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dr-justina-ford" hreflang="en">Dr. Justina Ford</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/justina-ford" hreflang="en">justina ford</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-symphony" hreflang="en">Colorado Symphony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/horace-tureman" hreflang="en">Horace Tureman</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/saul-caston" hreflang="en">Saul Caston</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>James Michael Bailey, “Orpheus on a Roller Coaster: A History of the Denver Symphony Orchestra” (master’s thesis, University of Northern Colorado, 1991).</p> <p>Terry Barnes, “African-Americans Striving to Break Classical Barriers,” <em>Billboard</em>, October 24, 1992.</p> <p>Jack Bradley Papers, BCL ARL21, Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library, Denver Public Library.</p> <p>Bob Jackson, “Jack Bradley, Symphony’s 1st Black Musician,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, March 21, 2000.</p> <p>Marilyn Marshall, “What’s Behind the Shortage of Blacks in Symphony Orchestras,” <em>Ebony</em>, September 1985.</p> <p>“Symphony Player,” <em>Ebony</em>, January 1949.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Aaron Flagg, “<a href="https://americanorchestras.org/images/stories/symphony_magazine/summer_2020/Anti-Black-Discrimination-in-American-Orchestras.pdf">Anti-Black Discrimination in American Orchestras</a>,” <em>Symphony</em>, Summer 2020.</p> <p>Alex Ross, “<a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/09/21/black-scholars-confront-white-supremacy-in-classical-music">Black Scholars Confront White Supremacy in Classical Music</a>,” <em>New Yorker</em>, September 21, 2020.</p> <p>Anthony Tommasini, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/16/arts/music/blind-auditions-orchestras-race.html">To Make Orchestras More Diverse, End Blind Auditions</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, July 16, 2020.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 08 Feb 2021 23:51:14 +0000 yongli 3534 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Justina Ford http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/justina-ford <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Justina Ford</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2175--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2175.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/justina-l-ford"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Justina-Ford-House-Media-2_0_0.jpg?itok=1OtNEpvH" width="1000" height="1257" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/justina-l-ford" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Justina L. Ford</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Known by her patients as “The Baby Doctor,” Justina Ford worked as a doctor in Denver for more than fifty years. She was the city's first black female doctor.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-18T15:12:30-07:00" title="Wednesday, January 18, 2017 - 15:12" class="datetime">Wed, 01/18/2017 - 15:12</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/justina-ford" data-a2a-title="Justina Ford"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fjustina-ford&amp;title=Justina%20Ford"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Justina L. Ford (1871–1952) was a medical pioneer and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s first licensed African American female doctor. Ford is best known for her obstetrics and pediatric work in Denver’s <a href="/article/five-points"><strong>Five Points</strong></a> community. Patients knew Dr. Ford as “the Baby Doctor,” and it is estimated that she delivered over 7,000 babies during her fifty years as a doctor in Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Justina Laurena Warren was born on January 22, 1871, in Knoxville, Illinois, to Pryor and Melissa Warren, both of whom were former slaves. Pryor Warren died when Justina was eight years old. Melissa Warren was a nurse who treated poor African American community members in their neighborhood and often brought Justina with her to help treat patients. As a child, Justina would only play “hospital” with her friends if she got to be the doctor, and she would invent the names of diseases and medicines that she did not know. She would also help her mother cut up chicken for dinner so she could see what was inside.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Education</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Justina graduated from Galesburg High School, an integrated high school, in 1890. She then attended Hering Medical School in Chicago to obtain her osteopathy training. While attending Hering, Justina met the Reverend John L. Ford, and the two were married on December 27, 1892. Justina graduated from Hering a few years later in 1899.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Justina began practicing medicine in Chicago shortly after graduation. The Fords moved to Alabama shortly after that, but the state’s unwelcoming atmosphere prompted them to move to Denver in 1902. On October 2, 1902, Justina Ford became Denver's first licensed African American female doctor under license number 3800. When Ford went to pay for her license, the examiner famously told her: “I'd feel dishonest taking a fee from you. You’ve got two strikes against you. First of all, you’re a lady, and second, you’re colored.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Justina was unable to get medical privileges to practice in any of Denver’s hospitals, since all of the medical societies turned down her application. Instead, John and Justina purchased a <a href="/article/justina-ford-house"><strong>two-story brick house</strong></a> in the Five Points neighborhood so Justina could practice medicine on her own.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>“The Baby Doctor”</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Justina’s patients were anyone who needed help and could not afford to go to the hospital. Immigrants, African Americans, and poor whites all came to her for care. People from all sorts of backgrounds who were delivered by Ford still refer to themselves as members of the “Justina Baby Club.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ford always made sure that she was there for her patients. She would often sleep on a cot by the phone so she could answer calls quickly. For patients who needed more than medicine, Ford would buy groceries and coal to help them out in hard times. After Justina and John divorced in 1912, Justina married Alfred Carter, who would drive her to house calls when needed.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Death and Posthumous Honors</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Dr. Justina Ford continued to help patients up until her illness two weeks before her death. She died on October 14, 1952, at the age of eighty-one. Before her death, both the Denver Medical Society and the Colorado Medical Society admitted Ford. Denver’s Cosmopolitan Club also awarded her its Human Relations Award in 1950.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many other groups honored Ford’s work after her death. The <strong>University of Colorado</strong> established the Justina Ford Medical Society as well as a scholarship in her name. The Warren Library in northeast Denver was renamed the Ford-Warren Library in her honor. In 1984 <strong>Historic Denver</strong> and Paul Stewart saved Ford’s home and office from demolition and moved the building to California Street, where it now houses the <strong>Black American West Museum and Heritage Center</strong>. Local artists Jess E. DuBois later created a bronze statue of Ford at the <strong>light rail</strong> station across the street. In 1985 Ford was inducted into the <strong>Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame</strong>. In 2013 Ford was the subject of an episode of a local Colorado show, Rocky Mountain PBS’s <em>The Colorado Experience</em>, which interviewed local scholars and many of Ford’s former patients to show the impact of her work in Denver.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/huner-brittany" hreflang="und">Huner, Brittany</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/justina-ford" hreflang="en">justina ford</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-history" hreflang="en">black history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/five-points" hreflang="en">Five Points</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/doctor" hreflang="en">doctor</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dr-justina-ford" hreflang="en">Dr. Justina Ford</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>K. A. Anadiotis. <em>Justina Ford: Baby Doctor </em>(Palmer Lake, CO: Filter Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association. <em>Medical Colleges of the United States and of Foreign Countries</em> (Chicago: The American Medical Association, 1918).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Death Claims Prominent Woman Doctor,” <em>Colorado Statesman</em>, October 18, 1952.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mark Harris, “The Forty Years of Justina Ford,” <em>Negro Digest</em>, March 1950, 43–45.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Justina Ford,” <em>Denver Star</em>, October 18, 1952.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lohse, Joyce B, <em>Justina Ford: Medical Pioneer</em> (Palmer Lake: Filter Press, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Charles S. Muse, “Dr. Justina Ford,” <em>Denver Star, </em>ca. 1913.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Marilyn Griggs Riley, <em>High Altitude Attitudes: Six Savvy Colorado Women</em> (Boulder: Johnson Books, 2006).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Black American West Museum, “<a href="https://blackamericanwestmuseum.org">About Dr. Justina Ford</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Changing the Face of Medicine: The National Library of Medicine, “<a href="https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_118.html">Dr. Justina Laurena Carter Ford</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame, “<a href="https://www.cogreatwomen.org/project/justina-ford-md/">Justina Ford, MD</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2349544027/">“Justina Ford, M.D.,”</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, February 28, 2013.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 18 Jan 2017 22:12:30 +0000 yongli 2173 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org