%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Auraria (West Denver) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Auraria (West Denver)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-16T09:20:04-06:00" title="Wednesday, June 16, 2021 - 09:20" class="datetime">Wed, 06/16/2021 - 09:20</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver" data-a2a-title="Auraria (West Denver)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fauraria-west-denver&amp;title=Auraria%20%28West%20Denver%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Now home to the tri-institutional campus of <strong>Metropolitan State University of Denver</strong>, <strong>University of Colorado–Denver</strong>, and <strong>Community College of Denver</strong>, the Auraria neighborhood has a long and rich history predating the founding of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> itself. Auraria is bordered by the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> to the west, <strong>Colfax Avenue</strong> to the south, and Speer Boulevard (which flanks <strong>Cherry Creek</strong>) to the east, forming a rough triangle. The neighborhood’s proximity to the confluence of the South Platte River and Cherry Creek made it an oasis amid <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Colorado’s dry plains</strong></a>, and Indigenous people used the place as a trading post for many years before whites arrived. In 1858 the town of Auraria was founded by miners who discovered gold in the area, and it continued to grow and flourish until being combined with nearby Denver in 1860.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Auraria, known as West Denver, was a mixed-use neighborhood for much of its history, home to a diverse group of nationalities and cultures. In 1965 a disastrous flood left Auraria severely damaged, and an urban-renewal project demolished the former neighborhood to build the Auraria Higher Education Center (AHEC) that exists today. While the removal of Auraria residents to build an urban college campus remains controversial, AHEC and local historic-preservation groups have attempted to preserve the neighborhood’s cultural past.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The confluence of the South Platte River and Cherry Creek was home to a diverse group of Indigenous people for more than 10,000 years before white immigrants arrived. Throughout the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic</strong></a>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/formative-period-prehistory"><strong>Formative</strong></a> periods, various prehistoric groups hunted bison along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>. By about 1500 CE, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> and <strong>Apache</strong> people started to move into the central <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a> and plains. In the 1700s, <strong>Comanche</strong> and <strong>Kiowa</strong> drove the Apaches out of the area and established a trade network that would last into the 1800s, when the <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and <strong>Arapaho</strong> pushed them out.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Auraria Town Company</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>It was with the Cheyenne and Arapaho that the first white trappers and traders in the area established contact in the 1810s. But the dry, harsh climate of the plains meant that immigrants did not come in droves. Some Cherokees discovered gold around the confluence, but they kept the location secret. In 1858, however, a Georgia man named <strong>William Green Russell</strong>, who had marriage ties to the Cherokees, headed west after hearing about a gold discovery at Ralston Creek. Initially Russell’s group came up empty-handed, but it finally discovered gold at the junction of the South Platte and Dry Creek (a few miles south of the Cherry Creek confluence) in July 1858.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>News of the discovery spread, and soon <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>prospectors flocked to the area</strong></a>. A townsite, named Auraria for Russell’s hometown in Georgia, was staked out at the confluence and advertised as free to all immigrants. On November 6, the Auraria Town Company formalized and adopted a constitution, making it an official township.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Rivalry on the Plains</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Within weeks of Auraria’s founding, General <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-larimer-jr"><strong>William Larimer, Jr.</strong></a>, led a group of men from Kansas into the Cherry Creek area, at that time still technically part of Kansas Territory. Larimer’s party acquired the land on the east bank of Cherry Creek, opposite Auraria, which had formerly been the townsite of St. Charles. The party formed the Denver City Company, named after Kansas governor James W. Denver. The Denver Town Company adopted its constitution on November 22, 1858.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Auraria and Denver became rivals, fighting to attract businesses and residents. In April 1859, for example, <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> editor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William N. Byers</strong></a> first set up shop in Auraria, on the second floor of Richens Wootton’s saloon, before moving to the dry bed of Cherry Creek in order to maintain neutrality between the towns. (As one might expect, the office was soon destroyed in a flood.)</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While Auraria initially succeeded in attracting more businesses, Denver won an important victory when it offered fifty-three lots and nine shares to the Leavenworth and Pikes Peak Express. Having the first stagecoach connection was crucial for Denver’s growth because hotels and saloons wanted to be located near the stagecoach terminals. Residents also wanted to live near the stagecoach for easier access to incoming mail and news. Auraria finally conceded, and on April 5, 1860, it merged with Denver. For the next century, the neighborhood was known as “West Denver.” The term Auraria would not be used again until the 1960s, when the city revived it to refer to the redevelopment project in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Immigrants</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Over time, Auraria developed as a distinctly working-class neighborhood, home to mills, warehouses, breweries, and various other businesses alongside homes for working-class families and boardinghouses for single men. Old immigrant groups were the first to inhabit the neighborhood, primarily American-born citizens from the east as well as German and Irish immigrants. After several South Platte River and Cherry Creek floods in the 1860s­–80s, which made the area less desirable, the land along the river was devoted to railroads and industrial uses while the demographics of West Denver began to shift toward central and eastern European immigrants.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Between the 1890s and 1920s, the West Colfax neighborhood (including West Denver) was the main home of eastern European Jews in Denver. Many originally left Russia because of religious persecution, and eventually some relocated to Denver for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a> treatment at the Jewish Hospital for Consumptives (now <strong>National Jewish Hospital</strong>). In the 1910s, future Israeli prime minister Golda Meir, who was originally from Russia, lived on Julian Street, where her family’s duplex became a cultural center for Jewish immigrants from Russia. In 1988 the duplex was relocated about a mile east to the Auraria campus and today is a museum. Another center of Jewish culture in Auraria was the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/emmanuel-shearith-israel-chapel"><strong>Emmanuel Shearith Israel Chapel</strong></a>, originally built in 1876 as an Episcopalian church but converted to a synagogue in 1903. The building remained a center for Jewish worship in West Denver until 1963, when a private owner bought the chapel and converted it into an art gallery. Today it remains an art gallery on the Auraria campus.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>These different immigrant groups mingled mostly in peace, though there was some rivalry and contempt between groups, especially the Germans and Irish. Germans built <strong>St. Elizabeth’s Catholic Church</strong> in 1878, and a separate Irish church, St. Leo’s, was not built until 1891. During the intervening years, Irish residents of West Denver attended mass in the German-dominated St. Elizabeth’s, something that neither group was particularly happy about.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Latino Community Calls Auraria Home</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early twentieth century, West Denver’s population declined as streetcars and automobiles allowed many people to move outside the urban core. During the 1920s, Latino farmers and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> veterans began to move in, shifting the neighborhood from central and eastern European to Latino. From the 1920s through the 1960s, the Latino residents of Auraria created a rich culture. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-cajetan%E2%80%99s-catholic-church"><strong>St. Cajetan’s Catholic Church</strong></a> at the corner of Lawrence and Ninth Streets was built in 1926 and represented the heart of the neighborhood, while the Casa Mayan restaurant also served as a cultural center.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1941 city officials were concerned about the concentration of Latinos living in West Denver, as they believed overpopulation and crowding in the neighborhood’s houses and apartments were negatively affecting the lives of residents. This was a controversial issue, given that many residents of Auraria liked their neighborhood. They had lived there for generations, and despite a lack of resources, it was rich in kinship, tradition, and community. Despite official concerns, the Auraria community continued to thrive until 1965, when the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-flood-1965"><strong>South Platte River flooded</strong></a>, inundating much of the neighborhood.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Flood and Urban Renewal</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late spring of 1965, the Front Range was struck by heavy rain and thunderstorms. On June 16, the rains caused the South Platte to flood, damaging railyards, houses, and warehouses as well as the <strong>Tivoli Brewery</strong> in West Denver. More than 1,700 buildings were destroyed or damaged by the flood, with an estimated $543 million in damages. Twenty-one lives were lost, making the flood one of the deadliest natural disasters in Colorado history.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the flood, as part of a large urban-renewal and flood-mitigation project, the city proposed that West Denver be transformed into a tri-institutional college campus. With business and industry in the city growing and a large generation of baby boomers nearing college age, the city saw the need for higher education centers in the Denver metro area to support a better-educated workforce.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Legislators and planners had been targeting West Denver for urban renewal since the 1950s. Already in 1956, the city prohibited the construction of new residential housing in the neighborhood, which several studies identified as the most promising location for a higher-education campus. The flood gave the city an excuse to move ahead; city officials argued that three-fourths of the area was “damaged beyond repair,” when in fact less than half of the neighborhood had been affected by the flood.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To prepare for what it called the Auraria urban-renewal project, Denver proposed a bond to buy the land and relocate West Denver citizens. In response, angry residents established the Auraria Residents’ Organization to fight the initiative. Their efforts failed, however, largely because Denver archbishop <strong>James Casey</strong> urged Catholics to vote “yes.” Some displaced residents pondered whether the city may have paid off the church. One granddaughter of a displaced resident claimed, “No one thinks they have a price. But everyone does. Even the church.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Whether or not the allegations were true, the bond passed with 52 percent of the vote. The city went ahead with the project. Residents were forced to leave, and by 1972 relocations were complete. Many moved just south to the Latino neighborhood of <strong>La Alma–Lincoln Park</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Auraria Campus</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the bond to create a higher education campus passed, Auraria began to be recognized by its original name again. The neighborhood was mostly flattened to make way for the tri-institutional campus of Metropolitan State University of Denver, University of Colorado–Denver, and Community College of Denver, which opened in 1974. Some efforts were made to preserve the area’s history with St. Elizabeth’s, St. Cajetan’s, Emmanuel Shearith, and the Tivoli Brewery all still on campus. Ninth Street Historic Park also remains, with original Victorian-style houses that now serve as campus offices.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the Auraria campus was built, tensions erupted when Chicano activists claimed that city officials had failed to deliver on promised scholarships to the children of displaced residents as well as a Hispanic cultural center on campus. Officials claimed they never found documentation of the promises, but in the 1990s, after much lobbying, the campus did start offering Displaced Aurarian Scholarships, which provide displaced residents and their children and grandchildren with eight semesters of tuition and funding at any of the campus’s three schools. Current public history projects on campus seek to rediscover the historic value of the neighborhood and tell the stories of its residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, the campus continues to flourish with an enrollment of more than 33,000 students, making it the largest higher-education campus in Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/kennedy-anna" hreflang="und">Kennedy, Anna</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria" hreflang="en">auraria</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria-higher-education-center" hreflang="en">Auraria Higher Education Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/west-denver" hreflang="en">West Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/emmanuel-shearith" hreflang="en">Emmanuel Shearith</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tivoli-brewery" hreflang="en">Tivoli Brewery</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-elizabeths-catholic-church" hreflang="en">St. Elizabeth&#039;s Catholic Church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-cajetans-catholic-church" hreflang="en">St. Cajetan&#039;s Catholic Church</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/neighborhood-history-guide/auraria-neighborhood-history">Auraria Neighborhood History</a>,” Denver Public Library, April 21, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Denver as It Is,” <em>Rocky Mountain News, </em>April 11, 1860.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Encyclopedia Staff, “<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-cajetan%E2%80%99s-catholic-church">St. Cajetan’s Catholic Church</a>,” <em>Colorado Encyclopedia</em>, last modified May 7, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jolie Anderson Gallagher, <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=ti%3A%22A%20Wild%20West%20History%20of%20Frontier%20Denver:%20Pioneers,%20Gunslingers,%20and%20Cattle%20Kings%20on%20the%20Eastern%20Plains%20%22" title="Find in a library with WorldCat"><em>A Wild West History of Frontier Denver: Pioneers, Gunslingers, and Cattle Kings on the Eastern Plains </em></a>(Charleston, SC: History Press, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Magdalena Gallegos, “Hispanic Life in Auraria, Colorado: The Twentieth Century,” <em>U.S. Catholic Historian</em> 9, nos. 1–2 (Winter/Spring 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phil Goodstein, <em>How the West Side Won: The History of West Denver</em> (Denver: New Social, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis </em>(Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alan Prendergast, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/news/looking-to-aurarias-future-while-studying-the-lessons-of-its-past-5119749">Looking to Auraria’s Future While Studying the Lessons of Its Past,”</a> <em>Westword</em>, February 28, 2013.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Rosemary Fetter, <em>Celebrating Twenty Years of Innovation in Higher Education: A Brief History of Auraria</em> (Denver: Auraria Higher Education Center, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, “<a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/auraria-uurrvk/">Auraria</a>,” <em>Colorado Experience</em>, March 18, 2019.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 16 Jun 2021 15:20:04 +0000 yongli 3563 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org St. Cajetan’s Catholic Church http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-cajetans-catholic-church <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">St. Cajetan’s Catholic Church</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-10-24T16:43:21-06:00" title="Monday, October 24, 2016 - 16:43" class="datetime">Mon, 10/24/2016 - 16:43</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-cajetans-catholic-church" data-a2a-title="St. Cajetan’s Catholic Church"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fst-cajetans-catholic-church&amp;title=St.%20Cajetan%E2%80%99s%20Catholic%20Church"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located at what was once the corner of Ninth and Lawrence Streets (101 Lawrence Way, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/Denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, CO 80204) in the <strong>Auraria Higher Education Center</strong>, St. Cajetan’s Catholic Church was built in 1926 to serve the Latino community of west Denver. The first church for Spanish-speaking Catholics in Denver, it was designed in the Spanish Colonial Revival style by <strong>Robert Willison</strong>. When the area was redeveloped as the Auraria campus in the 1970s, the congregation moved to southwest Denver and the church building was renovated into offices and an auditorium.</p> <h2>Catholic Church</h2> <p>By the 1920s, the diverse Catholic community in west Denver already had two churches: <strong>St. Elizabeth of Hungary</strong> for German Catholics and St. Leo’s for Irish Catholics. But the area’s growing Latino Catholic community had no church of its own. In 1922 they received their own parish, called St. Cajetan, but they continued to worship in the basement at St. Leo’s. The congregation grew rapidly and soon needed a church of its own.</p> <p>In 1923 the Irish businessman <strong>John K. Mullen</strong>, a parishioner at St. Leo’s, donated the site of his former house at Ninth and Lawrence to St. Cajetan’s Parish to be used for a church. Ground was broken in 1924, but soon the parish ran out of money. Mullen contributed more than half the cost of the church’s construction, allowing it to be completed in March 1926. Inspired by the churches of Mexico and New Mexico, architect Robert Willison’s Spanish Colonial Revival building had a stucco exterior, rounded arches, twin bell towers, and a red-tile roof. It could seat 700 people.</p> <p>St. Cajetan’s became a central institution in the Hispanic community of west Denver. In 1937 the parish opened a school, and it also operated a health clinic and a credit union. Starting in 1961, it hosted an annual summer street fair in honor of St. Cajetan.</p> <h2>Campus Auditorium</h2> <p>In the wake of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-flood-1965"><strong>South Platte River flood of 1965</strong></a>, local authorities began to move forward with a plan to redevelop 169 acres (about 38 blocks) in west Denver as a centralized campus for three growing institutions: the <strong>University of Colorado–Denver</strong>, <strong>Metropolitan State University of Denver</strong>, and the <strong>Community College of Denver</strong>. The urban renewal plan, which required moving the area’s roughly 350 families and 200 businesses, was received with hostility by a Latino community that wanted to stay where it was. St. Cajetan’s hosted meetings in opposition to the campus plan, but the city bond issue passed in 1969, allowing demolition and campus construction to move forward.</p> <p>In 1970 St. Cajetan’s was declared a city landmark, which helped ensure its survival. The <strong>Denver Urban Renewal Agency (DURA)</strong> bought the church in 1973, when it began demolition of the neighborhood to make way for the Auraria Higher Education Center, but the congregation continued to rent the building until 1975, when it moved to a new home in southwest Denver. At that time the exact role of St. Cajetan’s on the Auraria campus remained unclear. Both DURA and the Auraria Higher Education Center had rejected the idea of turning the building into a student center.</p> <p>In 1976 Governor <strong>Richard Lamm</strong> announced that $350,000 in federal funds were available to renovate the church. Over the next two years the exterior was restored and the interior was renovated to serve as a lecture and concert hall. Today St. Cajetan’s is an event center with offices in the basement.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/catholicism" hreflang="en">Catholicism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria-higher-education-center" hreflang="en">Auraria Higher Education Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/robert-willison" hreflang="en">Robert Willison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-k-mullen" hreflang="en">John K. Mullen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/west-denver" hreflang="en">West Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/latinos" hreflang="en">Latinos</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-urban-renewal-agency" hreflang="en">Denver Urban Renewal Agency</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-churches" hreflang="en">historic churches</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><a href="http://suteatro.org/the-st-cajetans-reunification-project/">“About the St. Cajetan’s Reunification Project,”</a> Su Teatro Cultural and Performing Arts Center.</p> <p>Phil Goodstein, <em>How the West Side Won: The History of West Denver</em> (Denver: New Social, 2015).</p> <p><a href="http://stcajetan.denverparish.com/about/history/">“History,”</a> St. Cajetan Catholic Church, Archdiocese of Denver.</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver Landmarks and Historic Districts: A Pictorial Guide</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1996).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Frank C. Abbott, <em>The Auraria Higher Education Center: How It Came to Be</em> (Denver: Auraria Higher Education Center, 1999).</p> <p>Don D. Etter, <em>Auraria: Where Denver Began</em> (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1972).</p> <p><em>Where the Rivers Meet: The Story of Auraria, Colorado: Through Our Eyes</em> (Denver: Su Teatro, 2011).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 24 Oct 2016 22:43:21 +0000 yongli 1945 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Emmanuel Shearith Israel Chapel http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/emmanuel-shearith-israel-chapel <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Emmanuel Shearith Israel Chapel</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-10-10T12:09:25-06:00" title="Monday, October 10, 2016 - 12:09" class="datetime">Mon, 10/10/2016 - 12:09</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/emmanuel-shearith-israel-chapel" data-a2a-title="Emmanuel Shearith Israel Chapel"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Femmanuel-shearith-israel-chapel&amp;title=Emmanuel%20Shearith%20Israel%20Chapel"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located at what was once the corner of Tenth and Lawrence Streets in the middle of the <strong>Auraria Higher Education Center</strong>, Emmanuel Shearith Israel Chapel is the oldest surviving religious building in <strong>Denver</strong>. Built in 1876–77 as the Emmanuel Episcopal Church, the building was sold in 1903 to the Shearith Israel Jewish congregation. It served as a synagogue until 1958, when it was sold to the artist Wolfgang Pogzeba and later converted into the art gallery for the Auraria campus.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Episcopal Church</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1873 Episcopalians in west Denver formed the Emmanuel Mission. The group started holding Sunday School at a grammar school building at the corner of Eleventh and Lawrence Streets. It soon grew to seventy members. With money from James C. Elms of Boston, who wanted a church built in memory of his daughter, the group constructed a small stone church at the north corner of Tenth and Lawrence Streets. The church, which measured only twenty-four feet by sixty-six feet, used a combination of Romanesque and Gothic styles. It was consecrated on September 24, 1877.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Emmanuel Episcopal Church was the second Episcopal church in Denver. It remained at its Tenth and Lawrence location until the early 1890s. By that time the character of west Denver was changing as wealthier residents moved south of <strong>Colfax Avenue</strong>. Unable to maintain a congregation at Tenth and Lawrence, Emmanuel Episcopal moved in 1893 to a new building several blocks south, at West Twelfth Avenue and Lipan Street.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Episcopal Church continued to own the building at Tenth and Lawrence. In the 1890s the Young Ladies Guild of <strong>St. John’s Cathedral</strong> operated a social welfare mission there. The building started to be known as St. Andrew’s Church and was used as the meeting place for a group of Anglo-Catholics (Episcopalians who emphasized the Catholic roots of their beliefs) that included white members from England and black members from Memphis, Tennessee. This Anglo-Catholic congregation eventually established the <a href="/article/church-holy-redeemer"><strong>Church of the Holy Redeemer</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Jewish Synagogue</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1880s and 1890s, a diverse mix of ethnic groups, including eastern European Jews, began to move into west Denver. These new Jewish immigrants did not quite fit in with the city’s existing community of cosmopolitan German Jews, who had established the city’s oldest Jewish congregation, <strong>Temple Emanuel</strong>, in 1874. Instead, the new Jewish immigrants started many small congregations of their own, such as Shomro Amuno (Keepers of the Faith), which tended to reflect the local dialect and customs of their homelands in eastern Europe.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1890s Shomro Amuno had a synagogue on the east bank of <strong>Cherry Creek</strong> known as the Cherry Creek Shul. The building was slowly sinking into the creek and the congregation was having trouble keeping up with the mortgage, so in 1898 Shomro Amuno moved out and started to hold its services in rented halls and stores. In 1899 it joined another group that also held services in nearby stores, and the combined congregation took the name Shearith Israel (Remnant of Israel).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For four years Shearith Israel held services in rented halls, but in 1903 the group was able to buy the old Emmanuel Episcopal Church at Tenth and Lawrence. Men from the congregation repaired the building and converted it into a synagogue. In 1906 the congregation started a Talmud Torah and was soon teaching Hebrew to dozens of neighborhood children. By 1911 the congregation had sixty-five members.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Shearith Israel survived as long as there was a Jewish community in west Denver. After World War I, the city’s Jewish community began to disperse from downtown and west Denver. Shearith Israel still had sixty members in 1920, but the area’s Jewish population was already in decline. By 1942 the congregation counted only fifteen members. Eventually, all the other west Denver shuls closed, leaving Shearith Israel as the last congregation in the area, used primarily by local businessmen as a convenient place to go for holidays, commemorations, and other special services. The synagogue closed for good in 1958.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Art Gallery</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the synagogue closed, the artists Wolfgang and Susan Pogzeba rented the building for several years before eventually buying it in 1963. They updated the building’s wiring and plumbing but otherwise left it largely unchanged. As plans for a vast urban renewal project in west Denver took shape in the late 1960s, the old church and synagogue began to receive historic designations to protect it from potential destruction. In 1968 it became the city’s first designated landmark, and in 1969 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1973 the Auraria Higher Education Center bought the building for $100,000. It was renovated in 1976 to become the campus art gallery. Now known as the Emmanuel Gallery, it regularly hosts exhibitions of work by students, professors, and other artists. Although the building’s interior has changed over the years, it still has a Hebrew inscription over its door as a reminder of its past.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria-higher-education-center" hreflang="en">Auraria Higher Education Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jews" hreflang="en">Jews</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/episcopal-church" hreflang="en">Episcopal Church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/west-denver" hreflang="en">West Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-churches" hreflang="en">historic churches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wolfgang-pogzeba" hreflang="en">Wolfgang Pogzeba</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Allen du Pont Breck, <em>The Centennial History of the Jews of Colorado, 1859–1959</em> (Denver: Hirschfeld Press, 1960).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Allen du Pont Breck, <em>The Episcopal Church in Colorado, 1860–1963</em> (Denver: Big Mountain Press, 1963).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert Fink, “Emmanuel Shearith Israel Chapel,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (October 23, 1969).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phil Goodstein, <em>How the West Side Won: The History of West Denver</em> (Denver: New Social, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ida Libert Uchill, <em>Pioneers, Peddlers, and Tsadikim: The Story of Jews in Colorado</em>, 3rd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Frank C. Abbott, <em>The Auraria Higher Education Center: How It Came to Be</em> (Denver: Auraria Higher Education Center, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jeanne E. Abrams, <em>Jewish Denver, 1859–1940</em>, Images of America (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Don D. Etter, <em>Auraria: Where Denver Began</em> (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1972).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365399438/">"Jewish Pioneers,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, January 8, 2015.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 10 Oct 2016 18:09:25 +0000 yongli 1939 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org