%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Arthur Addison Fisher http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arthur-addison-fisher <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Arthur Addison Fisher</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/nick-johnson" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Nick Johnson</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-11-20T08:27:18-07:00" title="Sunday, November 20, 2022 - 08:27" class="datetime">Sun, 11/20/2022 - 08:27</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arthur-addison-fisher" data-a2a-title="Arthur Addison Fisher"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Farthur-addison-fisher&amp;title=Arthur%20Addison%20Fisher"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Arthur Addison Fisher (1878–1965) worked with his older brother William Ellsworth Fisher in one of the largest and most influential architectural firms in the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains">Rocky Mountain</a></strong> region. Arthur brought to the firm an interest in Spanish and Mediterranean styles. In addition to designing elaborate houses for the wealthy, the Fishers also became notable for their office buildings and hospitals, and they were the first <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver">Denver</a> </strong>firm to attract significant business from outside Colorado.</p> <p>The almost universally high quality of the Fishers’ work continues to be recognized today, when some two-thirds of their surviving buildings are listed in the National Register of Historic Places or in a National Historic District. After William’s death in 1937, Arthur continued the firm with William’s son, <a href="/article/alan-berney-fisher"><strong>Alan Berney Fisher</strong></a>, who took their designs in a modernist direction.</p> <h2>Early Career</h2> <p>Arthur Fisher was born in Canada in 1878, the youngest of seven children. The family moved from Clinton, Ontario, to Denver in 1885. Arthur attended <strong>Denver Public Schools</strong> and the Henry Read School of Art in Denver. Presumably influenced by his brother William, who started working as an architect in the 1890s, Arthur then trained at the Beaux-Arts Atelier Barber in New York before apprenticing with the New York firm of Don Barber and Benjamin Morris in 1905.</p> <p>In 1906 Arthur married Florence Lillian Grover. A year later, he moved to Denver to join his older brother’s well-established firm. William Ellsworth and Brother, as they were first called, designed many fine residences in Denver’s <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver’s-capitol-hill">Capitol Hill</a></strong>, Cheesman Park, City Park, and <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/country-club-historic-district">Country Club</a></strong> neighborhoods. In 1910 Arthur became a full partner in the firm, which was renamed William E. Fisher and Arthur A. Fisher Architects.</p> <h2>The Spanish Style</h2> <p>Arthur’s early twentieth-century travels in Spain, France, Italy, and Greece led him to favor the Mediterranean style, typically with white stucco walls; round-arch windows and doors; and low-pitched, red-tile roofs. The brothers contended that the Spanish style, in particular, was ideal for Colorado, with its thick masonry walls keeping buildings warm in the winter and cool in the summer. That style influenced some of the Fishers’ finest works, such as B’nai B’rith Hospital (1925) and South High School (1926). Arthur even labeled the Country Club neighborhood, where both brothers lived, a “Spanish suburb.” The Fishers designed Spanish-style stucco gates for the neighborhood along East Fourth Avenue at Franklin, Gilpin, and High Streets. Many residences there were distinctly Mediterranean, including the houses the brothers designed for themselves.</p> <p>Arthur served on the executive committee of the <strong>Denver Planning Commission</strong> after its creation in 1929 and helped prepare many of its publications. He pushed for tighter zoning and more green space to protect residential neighborhoods. His fondness for church architecture, probably reinforced by his Mediterranean travels, led him to form a Church Art Commission for the Episcopal Diocese of Colorado, fostering distinctive, architect-designed ecclesiastical edifices. Art and his wife, Florence, were active in Ascension Church (1913), 600 Gilpin Street, which he designed. He was socially active as a horseman and member of the Cactus Club, Mile High Club, City Club, and American Institute of Architects, where he served as president of the Colorado chapter.</p> <p>After William’s death in 1937, Arthur took in William’s son, Alan, as a partner. Arthur’s nephew steered the firm away from revival styles and toward modern architecture.</p> <h2>Later Life and Legacy</h2> <p>Arthur Fisher retired in 1959 and died in 1965 at his last residence, 3601 South Franklin Street in Cherry Hills, an affluent Denver suburb where he had designed houses. With his brother and nephew, he became a dominant force in Denver architecture in the first half of the twentieth century.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/architects" hreflang="en">architects</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-architects" hreflang="en">denver architects</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-history" hreflang="en">denver history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alan-fisher" hreflang="en">Alan Fisher</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fisher-and-fisher" hreflang="en">Fisher and Fisher</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/capitol-hill" hreflang="en">capitol hill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-planning-commission" hreflang="en">denver planning commission</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheesman-park" hreflang="en">cheesman park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arthur-fisher" hreflang="en">Arthur Fisher</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Arthur A. Fisher, “The Architecture of Denver and Its Vicinity,” <em>Western Architect</em> 30 (April/May 1921).</p> <p>Arthur A. Fisher, “Denver Buildings, Completed or Proposed” (1920 or 1921), Western History and Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library.</p> <p>William E. Fisher, <em>Monograph of the Work of William E. Fisher, Arthur A. Fisher Architects</em> (Colorado Springs: Denton Publishing, c. 1929).</p> <p>Fisher and Fisher Architectural Records, WH932, Western History and Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library, n.d.</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel and Barbara S. Norgren,<em> Denver: The City Beautiful and Its Architects, 1893–1941</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, Inc., 1987).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2017/Architects_fisher.pdf">William Ellsworth Fisher, Arthur Addison Fisher, Alan Berney Fisher</a>,” Architects of Colorado—Biographical Series, History Colorado, 2017.</p> <div> <div> <p>Rutherford W. Witthus, unpublished research on Fisher and Fisher, Western History and Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library, n.d.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>A Short History of Denver</em> (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2016).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Sun, 20 Nov 2022 15:27:18 +0000 Nick Johnson 3841 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Alan Berney Fisher http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/alan-berney-fisher <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Alan Berney Fisher</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/nick-johnson" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Nick Johnson</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-11-20T08:18:57-07:00" title="Sunday, November 20, 2022 - 08:18" class="datetime">Sun, 11/20/2022 - 08:18</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/alan-berney-fisher" data-a2a-title="Alan Berney Fisher"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Falan-berney-fisher&amp;title=Alan%20Berney%20Fisher"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Alan Berney Fisher (1905–78), the son of architect William E. Fisher, was an important modernist architect in twentieth-century <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver">Denver</a></strong>.</p> <p>Alan received early training in his father’s office before finishing his education at the University of Pennsylvania and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He joined Fisher and Fisher, and after his father’s death in 1937, he became a partner with his uncle in Arthur A. Fisher and Alan B. Fisher Architects. One of Alan’s early achievements was Ship Tavern (1934) in the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/brown-palace-hotel">Brown Palace Hotel</a></strong>. In designing this celebrated, nautical-themed watering hole, he disguised the support column as a ship’s mast complete with a crow’s nest.</p> <p>Later, Alan took the firm in a modernist direction, abandoning the historicist revival styles of his father and uncle. Some good examples of Alan’s work with the firm include the Moderne-style Country Club Gardens (1940), an apartment complex adjacent to the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-country-club">Denver Country Club</a></strong>; a collaboration with Burnham Hoyt on the International-Style <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-public-library">Denver Public Library</a></strong> (1955); and the Colorado Department of Employment (1956).</p> <p>Alan maintained the firm’s insistence on fine materials; in his case, however, he preferred concrete to brick, stone, and stucco. One especially dramatic use of concrete is Hangar 61 (1959), 8700 East Twenty-First Avenue, which seems poised to take flight with a thin concrete roof that resembles wings. Designated a Denver landmark for its design and engineering, Hangar 61 has now been repurposed as a church. Alan collaborated on a reinforced-concrete Engineering Sciences Center (1965) at the University of Colorado in <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder">Boulder</a></strong>. This striking horizontal tower has a single pitched roof, paying homage to Colorado’s mine-shaft heritage. Working with James Sudler Associates, Alan’s firm also helped design another impressive concrete building, the US Courthouse and Byron G. Rogers Federal Building (1965).</p> <p>The storied Fisher and Fisher firm went through several permutations in later years. Rodney S. Davis joined in 1947 and became a partner in the firm of Fisher, Fisher, and Davis, then Fisher and Davis after Arthur’s retirement in 1959. After Davis left to start his own firm in 1967, Alan Fisher partnered with John D. Reece and Hilary M. Johnson in Fisher, Reece and Johnson. &nbsp;</p> <p>Alan’s wife, Gladys Caldwell Fisher, was a Denver sculptor famous for her lifelike animals. Toward the end of his life, Alan became a noted preservationist as a founding member of the Denver Landmark Preservation Commission, a trustee for the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and a preservation consultant for the city of Denver and the state of Colorado. He died in 1978.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/architects" hreflang="en">architects</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-architects" hreflang="en">colorado architects</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-public-library" hreflang="en">Denver Public Library</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-country-club" hreflang="en">Denver Country Club</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-preservation" hreflang="en">historic preservation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fisher-and-fisher" hreflang="en">Fisher and Fisher</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/brown-palace-hotel" hreflang="en">Brown Palace Hotel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-denver" hreflang="en">history of denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-architectural-history" hreflang="en">denver architectural history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>William E. Fisher, <em>Monograph of the Work of William E. Fisher, Arthur A. Fisher Architects</em> (Colorado Springs, CO: Denton Publishing, c. 1929).</p> <p>Fisher and Fisher Architectural Records, WH932, Western History and Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library, n.d.</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel and Barbara S. Norgren,<em> Denver: The City Beautiful and Its Architects, 1893–1941</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, Inc., 1987).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2017/Architects_fisher.pdf">William Ellsworth Fisher, Arthur Addison Fisher, Alan Berney Fisher</a>,” Architects of Colorado—Biographical Series, History Colorado, 2017.</p> <p>Rutherford W. Witthus, unpublished research on Fisher and Fisher, Western History and Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library, n.d.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>A Short History of Denver</em> (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2016).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Sun, 20 Nov 2022 15:18:57 +0000 Nick Johnson 3840 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Ideal Building http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ideal-building <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ideal Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-10-11T17:05:54-06:00" title="Monday, October 11, 2021 - 17:05" class="datetime">Mon, 10/11/2021 - 17:05</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ideal-building" data-a2a-title="Ideal Building"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fideal-building&amp;title=Ideal%20Building"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s eight-story Ideal Building (821 Seventeenth Street) claims to be the first major building west of the Mississippi River constructed entirely of reinforced concrete. Built in 1907, it originally housed <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/charles-boettcher"><strong>Charles Boettcher</strong></a>’s Ideal Cement Company before being sold to the <strong>Denver National Bank</strong>, which hired <strong>William E. and Arthur A. Fisher</strong> to completely redesign the building in 1927. Now owned by the Bank of Oklahoma, this cornerstone of Denver’s Seventeenth Street financial district, known as the Wall Street of the Rockies, is in the National Register of Historic Places and part of Denver’s Downtown Historic District.</p> <h2>Concrete Headquarters</h2> <p>The Ideal Building was completed in 1907 for Charles Boettcher, the state’s leading entrepreneur, and his Dome Investment Company partner <strong>Frederick G. Bonfils</strong>, cofounder of <strong><em>The Denver Post</em></strong>. Designed by Denver architects <strong>Montana Fallis</strong> and John J. Stein in the Commercial (or Chicago) Style as a flat-roofed high-rise, the $250,000 building served as headquarters for Boettcher’s Portland Cement Company—later called Ideal, then Ideal Basic Industries. To promote his cement, Boettcher had its concrete floor subjected to an 1,800-degree Fahrenheit flame. In repeated demonstrations, the press and spectators gathered to watch the all-concrete structure survive undamaged. Subsequently, reinforced concrete replaced old-fashioned steel frame, wood, and brick as the way to build large buildings across the country.</p> <h2>1927 Renovation</h2> <p>In 1924 the Dome Investment Company sold the building for $500,000 to Denver National Bank (DNB), which soon embarked on a spectacular remodeling. In this major 1927 makeover, the original design was expanded and largely transformed by William E. and Arthur A. Fisher, then Colorado’s largest and most notable architectural firm. To enlarge the building, the Fishers added a penthouse atop the eight-story building as well as an eight-story rear addition nearly identical to the original fifty-foot-deep 1907 structure. The Fishers faced the two street-level floors with large blocks of dressed travertine marble from quarries near <strong>Cotopaxi</strong>. The upper six floors, originally red brick, were stuccoed over by the Fishers. The monumental, two-story arched entrance has an eagle keystone carved by Denver artist Clara S. Dieran. The massive cast-bronze doors, each weighing one ton, contain sculptured bas-relief panels of southwestern Indigenous dancers by another local artist, Nena de Brennecke.</p> <p>Inside lay a palatial two-story lobby illuminated by two stained-glass skylights. Denver artist John Thompson decorated the ceiling beams with reds, blues, browns, and gold to complement the skylights. The ceiling is further adorned with decorative panels by Dieran. The ceiling is supported by steel columns simulating marble. Their Byzantine capitals feature Western motifs such as cactus and <strong>buffalo</strong>. <strong>Arnold </strong><strong>Rö</strong><strong>nnebeck</strong>, a leading local artist, sculpted the panels for the frieze, <em>The History of Money</em>, ringing the lobby at the mezzanine level. Its panels illustrate the role of money in history, from ancient China to the modern age. DNB’s redesign of the lobby also did away with barred teller cages and installed new decorative tables to lend an atmosphere of friendly openness.</p> <p>DNB occupied the first floor of the building. The Fishers had their own office on the top floor, and in between other tenants included real estate offices, the Portland Cement Association, and investigating and insurance firms. The penthouse featured a barbershop remembered as a popular morning meeting place where movers and shakers had their hair trimmed and shaved while networking.</p> <h2>Restorations</h2> <p>DNB owned and operated out of the Ideal Building until 1959, when it sold to Ambrose and Company, a real estate firm that officed in the building. The bank’s huge basement was converted to the Broker Restaurant with a spectacular private dining room inside the massive inner vault with its 3,500-pound round door. In 1976 Ambrose sold the building to the Colorado Federal Savings and Loan Association for $1.1 million. Colorado Federal spent an estimated $2 million restoring the bank to its 1927 pinnacle. In 1977 the building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p> <p>From 1988 to 1994, the Ideal Building housed the <strong>Women’s Bank</strong>, a Denver pioneer and one of the first women’s banks nationally as well as one of the most successful, selling in 1994 for nearly $17.5 million to the Colorado Business Bank. CoBiz, as it is popularly called, did a meticulous million-dollar restoration of the building’s grandiose lobby. In 2000 the building became part of Denver’s Downtown Historic District. In 2020 the Bank of Oklahoma bought CoBiz and the Ideal Building.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ideal-building" hreflang="en">Ideal Building</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/charles-boettcher" hreflang="en">Charles Boettcher</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-national-bank" hreflang="en">Denver National Bank</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montana-fallis" hreflang="en">Montana Fallis</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-j-stein" hreflang="en">John J. Stein</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fisher-and-fisher" hreflang="en">Fisher and Fisher</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-bank" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s Bank</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-federal-saving-and-loan-association" hreflang="en">Colorado Federal Saving and Loan Association</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ronald Page, “Ideal Building,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (1977).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Geraldine Bean, <em>Charles Boettcher: A Study in Pioneer Western Enterprise</em> (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1976).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel and Gail M. Beaton. <em>The Women’s Bank: A Denver Success Story</em> (Denver: Colorado Studies Center, University of Colorado–Denver, 2020).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 11 Oct 2021 23:05:54 +0000 yongli 3612 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Tramway Building (Hotel Teatro) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tramway-building-hotel-teatro <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Tramway Building (Hotel Teatro)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-07-06T17:00:52-06:00" title="Monday, July 6, 2020 - 17:00" class="datetime">Mon, 07/06/2020 - 17:00</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tramway-building-hotel-teatro" data-a2a-title="Tramway Building (Hotel Teatro)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ftramway-building-hotel-teatro&amp;title=Tramway%20Building%20%28Hotel%20Teatro%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Completed in 1911, the Tramway Building (1100 Fourteenth Street, Denver) consists of a striking red-and-white tower and adjacent car barn that originally served as the headquarters of the powerful <strong>Denver Tramway Company</strong>. In 1956 Tramway sold the building to the <strong>University of Colorado</strong>, which housed its Denver Center there after converting the car barn to classrooms. Students and faculty moved out after the <strong>Auraria Higher Education Center</strong> opened just across <strong>Cherry Creek</strong> in the late 1970s, and the University of Colorado later sold the building. In 1991 the <strong>Denver Center for the Performing Arts</strong> acquired the car barn, which now houses its education program, and in 1998 developers bought the tower and turned it into a boutique hotel called Hotel Teatro.</p> <h2>Tramway Headquarters</h2> <p>The Denver Tramway Company got its start in 1885, when former governor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>, his son <strong>William Gray Evans</strong>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William Byers</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/david-h-moffat"><strong>David Moffat</strong></a>, and other investors founded the Denver Electric &amp; Cable Railway Company to operate streetcars for public transportation. Over the next fifteen years, Tramway blanketed <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> with a large network of lines as it competed with its main rival, the <strong>Denver City Cable Railway Company</strong>. Tramway’s conversion to electric lines in the 1890s gave it a decisive advantage, and by 1900 it had absorbed Denver City Cable Railway as well as most other competitors. As the main streetcar company in the city during the early 1900s, Tramway enjoyed unprecedented power—power that was ratified by the people in 1906, when voters narrowly approved the company’s franchise for another thirty years.</p> <p>Its future secure, Tramway embarked on a period of expansion under William Gray Evans, who had become company president in 1902. Soon the company’s growth demanded a larger headquarters to house everyone under one roof. Planned and built from 1909 to 1911, the new Tramway Building was a full Evans family affair: William Gray Evans’s son <strong>John Evans II </strong>supervised construction in his role as Tramway’s chief engineer, and the building took shape on the site of the former Evans family residence. The location had the advantage of being just a block away from the Central Loop on Fifteenth Street where Tramway’s lines converged.</p> <p>Designed by Denver architects <strong>William E. Fisher </strong>and <strong>Arthur A. Fisher</strong>, the Tramway Building consisted of two parts: an eight-story office tower rising up from Fourteenth Street and a two-story car barn stretching back along Arapahoe Street to Thirteenth. The office tower combined Renaissance Revival elements, such as the building’s rusticated terra-cotta base, contrasting facade of red brick and white terra-cotta, and prominent cornice, with the verticality and lack of corner ornamentation that characterized early Chicago School skyscrapers. Inside, the entrance lobby was awash in pink, white, and green marble. Above, the offices of the company’s general manager, treasurer, and auditor were connected by pneumatic tube for easy communication. Vaults and wall safes were built in throughout the tower, which also had its own plants for light, heat, and power. Behind the office tower lay Tramway’s car barn, where streetcars could be stored and serviced. A partial third story above the car barn contained facilities for Tramway’s streetcar operators, including an auditorium, reading room, barber shop, and gym.</p> <p>The Tramway Building opened in May 1911. Denver Tramway initially occupied five floors in the office tower and rented the remaining three floors until it grew into the space.</p> <h2>CU in the City</h2> <p>Despite being the only streetcar company in Denver, Tramway faced a potent new rival starting in the 1910s—the automobile. Over the next few decades, automobile use soared while streetcar ridership declined. The company started to phase out streetcars before World War II, then completed the transition to trolley coaches (rubber-tired vehicles that connected to overhead wires for power) and diesel buses by 1950. Yet even these modernization efforts could not arrest its decline as Denver residents embraced postwar suburban car culture.</p> <p>In 1955 Tramway moved its headquarters and garages to an industrial area a few miles south of downtown. A year later, the company sold its old headquarters building to the University of Colorado, which moved its Denver extension there. Some interior changes were necessary to turn the car barn into classrooms and the tower into offices, but the marble lobby and many other details remained. Outside, the building saw few changes aside from the addition of a full third floor over the car barn and the replacement of the car barn’s garage doors with human-scaled entrances in the early 1970s.</p> <p>In 1977 the University of Colorado–Denver began to move classrooms and offices from the Tramway Building to the newly constructed Auraria Higher Education Center. In 1978 the Tramway Building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and it was later made part of the Downtown Denver Historic District.</p> <h2>Hotel Teatro and the DCPA</h2> <p>The University of Colorado continued to own the Tramway Building even after its main Denver campus operations had moved. In 1991 the neighboring Denver Center for the Performing Arts (DCPA) bought the car barn portion of the building for additional office space, storage, and performance workshops. Today it is home to DCPA’s Robert and Judi Newman Center for Theatre Education.</p> <p>The eight-story Tramway Building tower sat vacant for most of the 1990s. In 1998 developers Jeff Selby and Michael Brenneman acquired the tower and, with assistance from the State Historical Fund, hired <strong>David Owen Tryba Architects</strong> to adapt it into a boutique hotel. Much of the interior was gutted and rebuilt, and a set-back ninth-story penthouse was added on top. The marble lobby and striking red brick and white terra-cotta exterior were carefully restored. The building reopened in 1999 as Hotel Teatro, the name a nod to its location near the <strong>Denver Performing Arts Complex</strong>.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-tramway-company" hreflang="en">Denver Tramway Company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-gray-evans" hreflang="en">William Gray Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hotel-teatro" hreflang="en">Hotel Teatro</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado-denver-center" hreflang="en">University of Colorado Denver Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-center-performing-arts" hreflang="en">Denver Center for the Performing Arts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fisher-and-fisher" hreflang="en">Fisher and Fisher</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Allen duPont Breck,<em> William Gray Evans, 1855–1924: Portrait of a Western Executive</em> (Denver: University of Denver Department of History, 1964).</p> <p>Stephanie Chapman, “The Tramway Building,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form (1977).</p> <p>Ellen Gray, “<a href="https://coloradotravelermagazine.fiblue.com/hotels-resorts/historic-hotel-teatro/">Historic Hotel Teatro</a>,” <em>Colorado Traveler Magazine</em>, November 25, 2013.</p> <p>George W. Hilton, “Denver’s Cable Railways,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 44, no. 1 (Winter 1967).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.trybaarchitects.com/portfolio/hotel-teatro">Hotel Teatro, Denver, Colorado</a>,” Tryba Architects, n.d.</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p> <p>Sam Lusky, <em>101 Years Young: The Tramway Saga</em> (Denver: Denver Tramway, 1968).</p> <p>Kevin Pharris, <em>Riding Denver’s Rails: A Mile High Streetcar History</em> (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2013).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>David Fridtjof Halaas, “The House in the Heart of a City: The Byers and Evans Families of Denver,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> 4 (1989).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel and Nicholas J. Wharton, <em>Denver Landmarks and Historic Districts</em>, 2nd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2016).</p> <p>Alan Prendergrast, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/news/four-seasons-denver-construction-led-to-missing-millions-criminal-charges-10304391">How the Quest to Build the Four Seasons Led to Criminal Charges</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, May 16, 2018.</p> <p>Don Robertson, et al., <em>Denver’s Street Railways</em>, 3 vols. (Denver: Sundance, 1999–2011).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 06 Jul 2020 23:00:52 +0000 yongli 3369 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org