%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Trappers Lake and Flat Tops Wilderness http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trappers-lake-and-flat-tops-wilderness <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Trappers Lake and Flat Tops Wilderness</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1643--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1643.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/trappers-lake"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/US-Forest-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=mtgj-2gY" width="1000" height="673" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/trappers-lake" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Trappers Lake</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Photo of Trappers Lake, White Mountain National Forest, in 1940. The lake was one of the first federally protected wilderness spaces in the United States.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3762--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3762.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/trappers-lake-trappers-overlook"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/20220819_194239_0.jpg?itok=MYiDsGAl" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/trappers-lake-trappers-overlook" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Trappers Lake From Trappers Overlook</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trappers-lake-and-flat-tops-wilderness"><strong>Trappers Lake</strong></a> lies at the heart of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trappers-lake-and-flat-tops-wilderness"><strong>Flat Tops Wilderness</strong></a> in <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>western Colorado</strong></a>. It is the second-largest natural lake in the state, behind Grand Lake. Trappers Lake is one of the original habitats of the cutthroat trout, the Colorado <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/state-fish"><strong>state fish</strong></a>.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-09-14T15:14:39-06:00" title="Monday, September 14, 2020 - 15:14" class="datetime">Mon, 09/14/2020 - 15:14</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trappers-lake-and-flat-tops-wilderness" data-a2a-title="Trappers Lake and Flat Tops Wilderness"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ftrappers-lake-and-flat-tops-wilderness&amp;title=Trappers%20Lake%20and%20Flat%20Tops%20Wilderness"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Flat Tops Wilderness covers more than 235,000 acres of remote mountains and forests in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/garfield-county"><strong>Garfield</strong></a>, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rio-blanco-county"><strong>Rio Blanco</strong></a>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eagle-county"><strong>Eagle</strong></a> Counties on Colorado’s <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>. Its most popular natural feature is Trappers Lake, the state’s second-largest natural lake, fed by the North Fork of the <strong>White River</strong> and set in a basin ringed by flattop mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Trappers Lake is known as the “Cradle of Wilderness” because of the efforts of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arthur-carhart"><strong>Arthur Carhart</strong></a>, a landscape architect with the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> who began advocating for protection of the area in 1919. Based on Carhart’s surveying report, the Forest Service abandoned its plans for developing the area and prohibited future development. This made Trappers Lake the nation’s first unofficial “wilderness area.” After the <strong>Wilderness Act</strong> of 1964 allowed for the creation of development-free natural areas, Trappers Lake was included in the Flat Tops Wilderness Area designated in 1975.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Geology</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The main geologic feature of the Flat Tops Wilderness is its namesake—the rugged mountains whose broad, flat peaks look markedly different from the rest of Colorado’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>. The Flat Tops’ unique shape is the result of millions of years of erosion that has stripped away ancient layers of softer sedimentary rock and exposed a hard basalt cap that reaches 1,500 feet thick in some places. Along the edges of the mountaintops, glacial activity more than 10,000 years ago scraped out stacks of sheer cliffs hundreds of feet tall.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On account of the erosion that shaped them, the Flat Tops are not as tall as most of Colorado’s other ranges, with peaks ranging from 10,000 to 12,000 feet. The tallest peak in the Flat Tops Wilderness is Flat Top Mountain, which stands at 12,361 feet.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Atop and in between the flat mountains, water pools into hundreds of high-altitude lakes and ponds. Trappers Lake is the largest of these lakes; it sits near the southern edge of the Flat Tops Wilderness in a basin at about 9,600 feet. It has a surface area of 320 acres, making it Colorado’s second-largest natural lake behind <strong>Grand Lake</strong>, and includes depths up to 180 feet. Trappers Lake formed over thousands of years after its basin was scoured by glaciers and collected runoff from surrounding mountains and streams.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ecology</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Flat Tops Wilderness hosts several different ecological zones, including alpine tundra above 10,000 feet atop the broad peaks and a mixture of subalpine and montane <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/conifers"><strong>conifer</strong></a> forests from about 10,000 feet down to 6,500 feet. Wildlife around Trappers Lake include <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/moose"><strong>moose</strong></a>, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a>, <a href="/article/black-bear"><strong>black bear</strong></a>, and <strong>marmot</strong>. The huge insect population around the lake ensures plenty of food for birds such as the<strong> Stellar’s jay</strong> and fish such as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/state-fish"><strong>cutthroat trout</strong></a>, the Colorado state fish. Indeed, as one of the cutthroat’s few remaining natural spawning beds, Trappers Lake has been a major source of eggs and sperm for the state’s cutthroat restocking program since the early 1900s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Forests are primarily lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, and Douglas fir. A 2002 <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado"><strong>wildfire</strong></a> near Trappers Lake cleared some of the densest stands of these trees, creating new habitat for smaller plants such as <a href="/article/aspen-trees"><strong>aspen</strong></a> and dozens of wildflowers, including the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/state-flower"><strong>columbine</strong></a>, the state flower.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>For hundreds of years before white Americans came to the area, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people, primarily the Yampa and Parianuche bands, lived in what is now the Flat Tops Wilderness. They wintered in the lower elevations (around 5,000 feet) and followed game up to higher elevations, including Trappers Lake, in the warmer months.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Trappers Lake probably earned its modern name in the 1820s or 1830s, when beaver pelts were a widely sought-after commodity throughout the American West and numerous trapping parties crisscrossed the Rocky Mountains. Famous Colorado trapper <strong>Antoine Robidoux</strong> plied Trappers Lake for furs, and the area is reported to have been a source of furs into the 1840s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Utes were forced out of the Flat Tops in the 1880s following multiple <a href="/article/indigenous-treaties-colorado"><strong>treaties</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker-incident"><strong>violent encounters</strong></a> with white Americans, who coveted the area for ranching, resource extraction, and recreation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Prospectors found valuable metals in nearly every other part of Colorado’s mountains during the late nineteenth century, but the Flat Tops have the distinction of never being the site of prominent mining activity. The closest the mountains came to a boom was in the early 1880s: a prospector named Bill Case planted silver ore taken from a Leadville mine in an abandoned shaft in the Flat Tops north of present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/glenwood-springs-0"><strong>Glenwood Springs</strong></a>. He then managed to sell his “claim” to famed Leadville mine owner <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/horace-tabor"><strong>Horace Tabor</strong></a>. Thanks to Tabor’s purchase and other publicity, the town of Carbonate—near Bill Case’s fraudulent “find”—briefly became the seat of newly formed Garfield County in 1883.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Recreation and Preservation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Trappers Lake was known to some outdoor enthusiasts even before the Utes had fully left the area. In 1886, one year before the Ute leader <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorow"><strong>Colorow</strong></a> was forced out of the state for the final time, four men from <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/aspen"><strong>Aspen</strong></a> reported “having an excellent time” at Trappers Lake, which afforded them “plenty of good fishing and hunting.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>They were not alone. That November, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a>’s <em>Herald Democrat </em>opined that “Trappers’ Lake  . . . should be set aside as a state park,” crediting the short article to “all who have visited the spot.” Newspaper articles throughout the late 1880s touted the lake as home to “the best fishing and hunting in Colorado.” By that point, visitors could book stays at the first cabins at the lake, built by William L. Pattinson. In 1889 there was even a push to get Trappers Lake and the Flat Tops included in the state’s first national park (the idea did not materialize, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde</strong></a> became Colorado’s first national park in 1906).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1918 the first Trappers Lake Lodge was built, and the next year the US Forest Service sent Arthur Carhart, a recreation engineer, to survey the area. The Forest Service planned to develop a substantial resort and allow home building, but Carhart, a devoted conservationist who was friends with Aldo Leopold, found the area too rare and beautiful to recommend development. Instead, Carhart eloquently argued for the area to be preserved, and the Forest Service declared it off limits for development in 1920.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1964 Congress passed the Wilderness Act, a response to a budding conservation movement that had been lobbying for stricter protections of certain natural areas. Cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and other federal agencies, wilderness areas are characterized by their restrictions on motorized transportation, fishing, hunting, and real estate acquisition and development. Following through on the wishes of many early Coloradans, Congress officially created the Flat Tops Wilderness in 1975.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Big Fish Fire</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In mid-August 2002, a lightning strike ignited the Big Fish Fire, which swept through the Trappers Lake area and burned nearly 10 percent of the Flat Tops Wilderness. The fire destroyed eight cabins and the original Trappers Lake Lodge, with the building’s stone chimney the only remaining evidence of the eighty-year-old structure. The lodge’s owner, Dan Stogsdill, began rebuilding the property, but the site was so thoroughly damaged by the fire that the Forest Service halted operations and ordered the site demolished unless it was sold. In 2005 Stogsdill sold the property to California sisters Holly King and Carol Steele.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although it sits within a remote wilderness area, Trappers Lake remains a popular destination today for anglers, campers, and hikers. Anglers are allowed to keep brook trout but must release the cutthroat after catching. The rebuilt lodge, which sits just outside the boundaries of the wilderness area, offers kayak and paddleboard rentals, accommodations at fifteen cabins, and a general store. The Forest Service maintains about 100 campsites near the lake, as well as a robust trail network that includes the 5.3-mile Carhart Loop Trail around the lake and numerous trails to the tops of surrounding flat top peaks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For those who want to experience the Flat Tops by car, the <strong>Colorado Department of Transportation</strong> maintains the Flat Tops Scenic Byway, an eighty-two-mile stretch of winding road that passes north of Trappers Lake and connects the towns of <strong>Yampa</strong> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker-0"><strong>Meeker</strong></a>.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trappers-lake" hreflang="en">Trappers Lake</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/flat-tops" hreflang="en">flat tops</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arthur-carhart" hreflang="en">arthur carhart</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-forest-service-0" hreflang="en">US forest service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/garfield-county" hreflang="en">Garfield County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rio-blanco-county" hreflang="en">rio blanco county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eagle-county" hreflang="en">eagle county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trade" hreflang="en">fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trappers" hreflang="en">Fur Trappers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/preservation" hreflang="en">preservation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute" hreflang="en">ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-indians" hreflang="en">ute indians</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wilderness-areas" hreflang="en">wilderness areas</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-wilderness-areas" hreflang="en">colorado wilderness areas</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wilderness-act" hreflang="en">wilderness act</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/flat-tops-wilderness" hreflang="en">flat tops wilderness</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Associated Press, “Owner Plans to Rebuild Trappers Lake Lodge,” Steamboat Pilot, September 2, 2002.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Frederick J. Athearn, Isolated Empire: A History of Northwest Colorado (Denver: US Bureau of Land Management, 1977).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Seth Boster, “Colorful Colorado: Simplicity, Peace the Gift of storied Trappers Lake Lodge and Resort,” Gazette (Colorado Springs), October 2, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado College, “Ecological Life Zones: From the Plains to the Top of Pikes Peak,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Local News,” Aspen Daily Times, August 26, 1886.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>W. W. Mallory, E. V. Post, P. J. Ruane, W. L. Lehmbeck, and R. B. Stotelmeyer, “Mineral Resources of the Flat Tops Primitive Area Colorado,” US Geological Survey (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1977).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“A National Park,” Aspen Daily Chronicle, February 10, 1889.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kevin B. Rogers and Christopher M. Kennedy, “Seven Lakes and the Pike’s Peak Native (PPN): History and Current Disposition of a Critical Cutthroat Trout Brood Stock,” Colorado Parks and Wildlife, June 21, 2008.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tom Ross, “Owners of Trappers Lake Lodge Looking to Future,” Steamboat Pilot, August 17, 2002.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Forest Service, “Flat Tops Wilderness – White River,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“What the People Think,” Herald Democrat (Leadville, CO), November 14, 1886.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Scott Willoughby, “Trappers Lake, a Relatively Unknown Colorado Jewel, Reaps Benefits of a 2002 Fire,” The Denver Post, July 14, 2012.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Ron Belak and Al Marlowe, “<a href="https://coloradofishing.net/ft_belak.htm">Fly-Fishing Trappers Lake—A Flat Tops Treat</a>,” Colorado Fishing Network (blog).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Philpott, <em>Vacationland: Tourism and Environment in the Colorado High Country</em> (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Paul S. Sutter, <em>Driven Wild: How the Fight Against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement</em> (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.trapperslake.com/">Trappers Lake Lodge</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pat Trotter, <em>Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West</em> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Janet Urquhart, “<a href="https://www.aspentimes.com/news/return-to-trappers-lake/">Return to Trappers Lake</a>,” <em>Aspen Times</em>, September 17, 2007.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Sep 2020 21:14:39 +0000 yongli 3414 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Western Slope http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Western Slope</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-23T16:14:24-07:00" title="Monday, January 23, 2017 - 16:14" class="datetime">Mon, 01/23/2017 - 16:14</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope" data-a2a-title="Western Slope"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwestern-slope&amp;title=Western%20Slope"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>“A Fantasy land,” “a mystique,” “a state of mind”—these are only some of the expressions used to describe the Western Slope of Colorado, commonly defined as the roughly one-third of the state that lies west of the <a href="/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a>. The serpentine divide forms the region’s eastern boundary, running 276 miles from the Wyoming border to New Mexico and separating the Western Slope from Colorado’s more populous <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> and the broad <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Though it is home to 10 percent of Colorado’s residents, the Western Slope contains 33 percent of the state’s land, some of the state’s most popular tourist and recreation areas, and about 70 percent of its <a href="/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a>. The fact that most of the state’s natural resources lie on Colorado’s west side while most of its residents live in the east has led to tension and conflict, especially over the topic of water diversion.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Those who live west of the divide might say that they feel different from other Coloradans due, in part, to their unique relationship with the area’s rugged terrain, numbing cold, heavy <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a>, and stark isolation. Some residents of the Western Slope feel as though their needs and desires are overlooked by a distant state government that does not understand their needs and concerns. Yet, Coloradans are increasingly linked together by shared economic interests as well as a common desire to conserve the landscapes and resources that make the state such a special place to live.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Western Slope has been inhabited for more than 10,000 years. From <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a> occupation around 12,000 BC to the era of the <a href="/search/google/Ute"><strong>Ute people</strong></a> (c. AD 1300–1880), the area’s early inhabitants were mostly nomadic hunter-gatherers, who followed large game on seasonal routes between the region’s many elevation zones. Evidence at the <a href="/article/mountaineer-archaeological-site"><strong>Mountaineer Archaeological Site</strong></a> near <strong>Gunnison</strong> indicates that Paleo-Indian peoples occupied the Western Slope as early as 12,000 BC. During the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic Period</strong></a> (6,500 BC–AD 200), <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Puebloan</strong></a> peoples occupied parts of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado</strong></a> and <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a> basins. Perhaps the most well-known of the Western Slope’s early inhabitants were the Ancestral Puebloan peoples, who lived in the <a href="/article/mesa-verde-national-park-archaeology-and-history"><strong>Mesa Verde</strong></a> and the Four Corners regions from about 350 BC until approximately AD 1300.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Ancestral Puebloans were the first of many farmers in Colorado, relying on crops of maize to supplement their hunting and gathering economies. Their extensive use of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> showed an awareness and understanding of the challenges of farming in an arid environment, but in the late thirteenth century, a period of crippling drought appears to have dealt the decisive blow to a society already suffering from violence due to religious, economic, and political strife. Nevertheless, the lessons these people learned about living in an arid and isolated land would prove instructive to those who followed, particularly the Ute people who moved to the Western Slope after AD 1300.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Utes came to western Colorado from the Great Basin, in what is now eastern California and southern Nevada. Unlike the Ancestral Puebloans, who inherited a rich agricultural tradition, the Utes brought with them to Colorado the hunting-and-gathering way of life known as the Mountain Tradition. As it turned out, that way of life suited them well in the arid parts of the Western Slope, and especially well in the Rocky Mountains’ resource-rich river valleys. Ute people hunted buffalo, <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a>, jackrabbit, and <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, and collected a wide assortment of seeds, nuts, roots, and berries from the landscape. Over centuries they carved well-worn trails throughout the mountains, many of which later became the routes of stage lines, railroads, and highways. Many of the Utes’ favored wintering grounds featuring hot springs, including the areas of present-day <strong>Glenwood Springs</strong>, <a href="/article/pagosa-springs"><strong>Pagosa Springs</strong></a>, and <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong>. Over time, Colorado became home to nine distinct bands of Utes, each of which laid claim to various parts of the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Utes held dominion over much of western Colorado until 1880, when most were expelled by the United States government. The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a> left the Utes most of their land west of the Continental Divide in exchange for land along the Front Range and in the San Luis Valley. But several years later, significant gold discoveries in the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> compelled the federal government to negotiate the <a href="/article/brunot-agreement"><strong>Brunot Agreement</strong></a>, which brought the San Juans under the jurisdiction of the Colorado Territory. Many Utes were displeased with both agreements, as they were signed by leaders who did not necessarily represent the wishes of each band. In 1879 Utes at the <a href="/article/white-river-ute-indian-agency"><strong>White River Agency</strong></a> near present-day <a href="/article/meeker-0"><strong>Meeker</strong></a> revolted against <a href="/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian Agent</strong></a> <a href="/article/nathaniel-meeker"><strong>Nathan Meeker</strong></a>, who had attempted to force them into an agricultural life. The incident prompted calls for the Utes’ removal across the state, and in 1880 the government forced the <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Northern Ute</strong></a> bands to a new reservation in Utah. The <strong>Southern</strong> and <a href="/article/ute-history-and-ute-mountain-ute-tribe"><strong>Ute Mountain Utes</strong></a>, who did not participate in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a>, retained a narrow strip of land near the New Mexico border, where they live today.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Exploration and Fur Trade</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The first Europeans to visit Colorado’s Western Slope were the <a href="/article/spanish-exploration-western-colorado"><strong>Spanish explorers</strong></a> of the mid-eighteenth century, beginning with <a href="/article/juan-antonio-mar%C3%ADa-de-rivera"><strong>Juan de Rivera</strong></a> in 1765 and Fathers Silvestre Escalante and Francisco Domínguez in 1776. The Spanish never made a concerted effort to extend their dominion very far into the Ute homeland, but they did leave a legacy on the Western Slope, including the name for the ruddy river that drained and formed large swathes of the region—the “Rio <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado</strong></a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The next wave of foreigners to venture into the Ute lands of western Colorado consisted of European, Canadian, and Anglo-American fur trappers. With thousands of <a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a> living along the many streams that flowed out of the high mountains, western Colorado offered a bonanza for mountain men during the second quarter of the nineteenth century. In 1828 the St. Louis trapper <strong>Antoine Robidoux</strong> built <a href="/article/fort-uncompahgre"><strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong></a>, a <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading post</strong></a> near the confluence of the Gunnison and <strong>Uncompahgre</strong> Rivers. The fort was the first of its kind on the Western Slope and served as a supply and trading center for fur trappers in the vicinity. It was also a link between Santa Fé to the south and the beaver-rich country around the Green River to the north.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The center of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a> on the Western Slope, however, was <strong>Brown’s Hole</strong> in the extreme northwestern corner of Colorado. The valley got little snow compared to surrounding areas, so it was lush with grass and aspen stands and made a perfect place for suppliers and fur trappers to conduct business in Colorado’s short summers. From the late 1820s to 1840, the annual rendezvous at Brown’s Hole was the scene of extensive trading. In 1836 three trappers built <a href="/article/fort-davy-crockett"><strong>Fort Davy Crockett</strong></a> on the Green River in Brown’s Hole. Isolated and constantly threatened by Native Americans, the fort was referred to as “Fort Misery” by those who traded there. By the early 1840s, the fur trade was all but finished in Western Colorado, due in part to the over-trapping of beaver and a change in fashion tastes abroad. Both Fort Uncompahgre and Fort Davy Crockett were abandoned, marking the end of one of the most colorful eras in Western Colorado’s history.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early American Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Though the fur trade era in this part of Colorado was relatively brief, the trappers who participated in it were among the first Anglo-Americans to truly become familiar with the Western Slope. <strong>Jim Bridger</strong>, <a href="/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a>, and other former trappers later served as guides for official US expeditions into the region, such as those led by <a href="/article/john-c-frémont"><strong>John C. Frémont</strong></a> (1843–53), <a href="/article/john-w-gunnison"><strong>John W. Gunnison</strong></a> (1853), and <strong>John Wesley Powell</strong> (1869).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Collectively, the expeditions of the mid-nineteenth century demonstrated that the terrain of western Colorado was simply far too rugged to allow for a transcontinental railroad route, but each venture helped shed light on major natural features and resources. The <strong>Hayden expedition</strong> of 1872–73 proved especially useful in that regard. Working with telescopes, barometers, and glass-plate cameras, Hayden’s team peered into nearly every nook and cranny of the Western Slope. The maps produced by these surveying expeditions would soon lure mining engineers, road and railroad builders, cattle barons, investors, town builders, and loggers—the drivers of industrialized, expansionist America—to western Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> along the Front Range in 1858–59 prompted the organization of <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> in 1861. Around this time, several Western Slope areas became hotbeds of placer mining—a process that involves sifting out gold from gravel, mostly in streambeds. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/breckenridge-historic-district"><strong>Breckenridge</strong></a> became one of the great mining towns in western Colorado history, while other mining districts sprang up in the Elk Mountains near present-day <a href="/article/crested-butte"><strong>Crested Butte</strong></a>, in the Gunnison River Valley, and in the San Juan Mountains of southwest Colorado. These deposits were quickly panned out, but new discoveries over the next several decades would make mining a hallmark industry of the Western Slope.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Unlike the earliest discoveries, most of the gold found on the Western Slope in the 1870s did not lie conveniently at the bottom of streams but was lodged deep within the earth, bonded to quartz and other rock. Nonetheless, as the Ute Indians continued to cede territory in western Colorado, thousands of miners filtered into the <strong>Sawatch</strong>, <strong>Elk</strong>, and San Juan Mountains. Seemingly overnight, mining camps such as <strong>Ouray</strong>, <a href="/article/telluride"><strong>Telluride</strong></a>, <a href="/article/lake-city-0"><strong>Lake City</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/silverton"><strong>Silverton</strong></a> became boom towns. The Gunnison country caught gold fever in 1879, with Crested Butte, Irwin, <strong>Tin Cup</strong>, Gothic, White Pine, and Pitkin becoming booming mining camps. <a href="/article/aspen"><strong>Aspen</strong></a> on the <strong>Roaring Fork River</strong> became one of the greatest silver camps in the United States, while <a href="/article/summit-county"><strong>Summit County</strong></a> continued to churn out both gold and silver.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Booms and Busts in Mining Country</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As Colorado’s early miners found out, cycles of boom and bust have been a fact of life on the Western Slope since the area became part of the United States. Of the subsequent mining booms, coal lasted the longest, as the fuel provided essential energy for other industries, as well as heat, bricks, and electricity for Colorado’s growing towns. Hardy miners, many of them immigrants from southeastern Europe, worked in company towns throughout western Colorado. The work was hard and dangerous, and there was not much value placed on human life. These conditions led to labor strikes and tragic disasters, such as the 1884<strong> Jokerville coal mine</strong> <strong>explosion</strong> near Crested Butte that killed sixty miners. Labor unrest plagued mining areas from the start, and the economic crisis that came with the collapse of silver markets in the early twentieth century hit the San Juan Mountain camps especially hard. In addition to gold, silver, and coal, other minerals had their day in Western Colorado. This included zinc from southeast <a href="/article/eagle-county"><strong>Eagle County</strong></a> and molybdenum, a steel-hardening element, from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/climax-molybdenum-mine"><strong>Climax Mine</strong></a> north of Leadville.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Compared to the earlier mining booms and the bloody labor disputes that accompanied them, the <a href="/article/uranium-mining"><strong>uranium</strong></a> boom of the mid-twentieth century might seem rather mundane, but it was certainly no less dangerous. An industry unique to the Western Slope, uranium mining was centered in the <strong>Paradox Valley</strong> near the town of <strong>Nucla</strong> in <a href="/article/montrose-county"><strong>Montrose County</strong></a>. Uranium, an essential element in nuclear weapons, was found in the valley during the late nineteenth century, and North America’s first radioactive metals mill was built on La Sal Creek in 1900. This boom peaked in the 1950s, when nuclear energy was considered by many to be a savior in a world seeking cheaper, more efficient fuel. As the uranium mining industry declined in the 1960s and 1970s, evidence of radioactive contamination in the bodies of industry workers and in the environments of former mine and mill sites began to mount. Today, many places in western Colorado still grapple with the environmental and health effects of uranium mining.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1970s, another brief boom period began when the federal government and private companies took steps to develop massive oil shale deposits in western Colorado. The deposits were located in the Piceance Basin near Meeker. In 1969 and 1973, as part of its <strong>Operation Plowshare</strong> program, the federal Atomic Energy Commission oversaw the subterranean detonation of nuclear devices near Rifle in an attempt to free deposits of oil and gas from surrounding rock. The blasts failed to free sufficient amounts of the resources, so no significant extraction occurred afterward. In general, extracting oil from subterranean rock proved to be more expensive than expected, and by the early 1980s world events and a drop in oil prices brought an abrupt end to the boom. Exxon and other oil companies pulled out of the region, taking thousands of jobs with them.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Agriculture and Tourism</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Following Ute removal in the early 1880s, farmers and ranchers joined miners on the Western Slope. <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>, <strong>Delta</strong>, and <strong>Montrose</strong> sprang up in 1881 and 1882, as did <strong>Glenwood Springs</strong> at the junction of the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers. Above the Colorado River, northwestern Colorado remained unsettled except for ranchers. Here and there, small towns sprang up for a variety of reasons. Steamboat Springs, <strong>Craig</strong>, <strong>Gunnison</strong>, and <strong>Yampa </strong>became cattle towns, while to the south, <strong>Durango</strong> prospered as a center for transportation, ore smelting, and agriculture.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Irrigation was critical to the success of many towns on the Western Slope. Colorado’s aridity hampered farming and ranching from the outset, so farmers around Grand Junction, Montrose, and other early agricultural communities dug ditches to water their crops. By the turn of the century, the newly created federal <a href="/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a> greatly expanded the amount of irrigated land on the Western Slope. The bureau’s Uncompahgre Project was the first major reclamation effort in Colorado and one of the earliest in the American West. In 1909 the bureau completed the project’s linchpin, the <strong>Gunnison Tunnel</strong>, a six-mile underground cavern that diverted Gunnison River water underneath Vernal Mesa to the Uncompahgre Valley near Montrose. With the help of irrigation, western Colorado soon became well known for its produce. The fruit industry—centering around <strong>Fruita</strong>, <strong>Palisade</strong>, <strong>Paonia</strong>, Cedaredge, and Hotchkiss—became world famous.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Unlike the early years of agriculture, the early years of ranching on the Western Slope were contentious as conflict between the region’s cattle and sheep ranchers broke out in the northwest part of the state over which livestock could feed on the best grazing territory. Ranchers in southwest Colorado, meanwhile, complained of Ute Indians leaving the Southern and Ute Mountain Ute Reservations to butcher cattle. Tensions between cattlemen and Utes who left the reservation sometimes flared into violence, as demonstrated by the <a href="/article/beaver-creek-massacre"><strong>Beaver Creek Massacre</strong></a> in 1885. Changes came to the region’s cattle industry in the twentieth century. In 1905 much of the land on the western slope came under the protection of the <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a>, which began charging grazing fees for cattle and sheep on the federal range. The furious stockmen fought the government to no avail, and in 1934 the <strong>Taylor Grazing Act</strong>, which later evolved into the <strong>Bureau of Land Management</strong>, further curtailed grazing on the public range. The involvement of the federal government proved to be an omen of things to come, as federal regulations ensured better conservation of federal lands even as it irked many ranchers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Along with the removal of the Utes and the arrival of irrigation, there was one more ingredient needed to ensure the economic success of the Western Slope. In 1881 the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad </strong>arrived in Durango and Gunnison, followed in 1882 by <a href="/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evan</strong><strong>s</strong></a>’s Denver, South Park &amp; Pacific railroad, facilitating the transport of mineral ores and supplies. The railroads also brought tourists who flocked to the Western Slope during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Tourist dollars allowed former mining towns such as Aspen, Breckenridge, Crested Butte, and Telluride to rebuild their economies and evolve into the cultural and recreational hubs we know today. The advent of the automobile and the construction of high-quality paved roads during the mid-twentieth century made Western Slope mountain towns more accessible than ever, propelling the growth of Colorado’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ski-industry"><strong>ski industry</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Water Wars</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The ski industry and other recreational activities in western Colorado greatly depend on the region’s water supply. The Western Slope holds the source of the <a href="/article/yampa-river"><strong>Yampa</strong></a>, <strong>White</strong>, <strong>Dolores</strong>, <strong>San Juan</strong>, Gunnison, Eagle, Roaring Fork, Animas and Uncompahgre Rivers. Yet, as important as all these rivers are to their local environments and communities, they are all tributaries to the mighty Colorado River, the most important river in the southwestern United States. That designation has come at a high cost to the river; even though 70 percent of its water originates in Colorado’s Rocky Mountains, much of that water has been diverted to support urban growth and agriculture on Colorado’s Front Range as well as in Utah, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and California.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tensions between water users run high in the western United States, but perhaps nowhere do they run higher than in Colorado. Most of the state’s water is in the Western Slope, but the majority of the population lives on the eastern side of the mountains, so Coloradans have built major diversions projects such as the <strong>Moffat Tunnel</strong>, Roberts Tunnel, Fryingpan-Arkansas Project, and the <a href="/article/colorado%e2%80%93big-thompson-project"><strong>Colorado–Big Thompson Project</strong> </a>to move water underneath the Continental Divide to Boulder, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>, Denver, and other cities. These and other transmountain diversion projects have been met with anger by residents of the Western Slope. They not only question the ecological wisdom of draining their watersheds but are also troubled by the fact that the economically and politically dominant urban corridor along the Front Range has unfairly used its influence to obtain the lion’s share of Colorado’s water.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As author and photographer David Lavender wrote in his 1976 book <em>Colorado</em>, the Western Slope “is a human as well as a physiographic entity,” and residents “like to think that while shaping the land, they have been shaped by it: by its long vistas, its angularity, even its stubbornness.” Perhaps nowhere else in the state is the convergence of human culture and landscape more apparent than on Colorado’s Western Slope. As Coloradans continue to grapple with the unpredictable economic and ecological effects of a changing <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>climate</strong></a>, the rugged heartiness of the Western Slope’s residents will certainly be tested. Yet, the region’s traditions of innovation and determination will serve it well, and its residents will continue to take pride in the good things they have managed to wrest from the land.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>This article is an abbreviated and updated version of the author’s essay “A Land Apart,” distributed in 2006 as part of <strong>Colorado Humanities</strong>’ “Five States of Colorado” educational resource kit.</em></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/vandenbusche-duane" hreflang="und">Vandenbusche, Duane</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/river" hreflang="en">river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-reclamation" hreflang="en">bureau of reclamation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-springs" hreflang="en">Glenwood Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/garfield-county" hreflang="en">Garfield County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rio-blanco-county" hreflang="en">rio blanco county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moffat-county" hreflang="en">Moffat County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aspen" hreflang="en">Aspen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/breckenridge" hreflang="en">Breckenridge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/summit-county" hreflang="en">Summit County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eagle-county" hreflang="en">eagle county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-county" hreflang="en">san juan county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/silverton" hreflang="en">Silverton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/telluride" hreflang="en">Telluride</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/durango" hreflang="en">Durango</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/la-plata-county" hreflang="en">la plata county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montezuma-county" hreflang="en">montezuma county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gunnison-county" hreflang="en">gunnison county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ouray-county" hreflang="en">ouray county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dolores-county" hreflang="en">dolores county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uranium" hreflang="en">uranium</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/exxon" hreflang="en">exxon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/oil-shale" hreflang="en">oil shale</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/coal" hreflang="en">coal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/craig" hreflang="en">Craig</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/meeker" hreflang="en">meeker</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Arthur Chapman, <em>The Story of Colorado: Out Where the West Begins</em> (Chicago, New York: Rand, McNally and Company, 1924).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Lavender, <em>David Lavender’s Colorado</em> (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Energy, “<a href="http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph241/powell1/docs/rioblanco.pdf">Rio Blanco, Colorado Site Fact Sheet</a>,” 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Energy, “<a href="http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph241/powell1/docs/rulison.pdf">Rulison, Colorado Site Fact Sheet</a>,” 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Duane Vandenbusche, <em>The Gunnison Country </em>(Gunnison, CO: B&amp;B Printers, 1980).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Duane Vandenbusche and Duane Smith, <em>A Land Alone: Colorado’s Western Slope </em>(Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1981).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Greg Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and David McComb, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 5th ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/10-western-colorado-fly-fishing-spots">10 Western Colorado Fly-Fishing Spots</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Peter McBride and Jonathan Waterman, <em>The Colorado River: Flowing through Conflict </em>(Boulder, CO: Westcliffe, 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jonathan Waterman, <em>Running Dry: A Journey from Source to Sea down the Colorado River </em>(Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2010).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 23 Jan 2017 23:14:24 +0000 yongli 2210 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Eagle County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eagle-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Eagle County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2384--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2384.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mount-holy-cross"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Eagle-County-Media-2_0_0.jpg?itok=9Lsjc-Em" width="1000" height="583" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mount-holy-cross" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mount of the Holy Cross</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>At 14,011 feet, Mount of the Holy Cross towers above the surrounding White River National Forest. The iconic, cross-shaped snowfield near the summit has drawn thousands of visitors since it was first photographed by William Henry Jackson in 1873. This photo dates to the late nineteenth century and may have been one of the first that Jackson took of the mountain.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1924--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1924.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/eagle-county-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Eagle_County_0.jpg?itok=4uslhuVz" width="1005" height="717" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/eagle-county-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Eagle County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Eagle County, formed in 1883, covers 1,692 square miles of mountainous terrain in northwest Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1923--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1923.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/eagle-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Eagle_County_0.png?itok=pb0096Bg" width="1024" height="741" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/eagle-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Eagle County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The geography of Eagle County includes the Eagle and<strong> </strong>Colorado River valleys, as well as the Gore Range to the northeast and the northern Sawatch Mountains to the southeast.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2074--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2074.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/eagle-c-1910"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Eagle-County-Media-7_0.jpg?itok=aus5Sm-s" width="1000" height="603" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/eagle-c-1910" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Eagle, c. 1910</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Eagle, one of several homestead towns settled along the Eagle River during the 1880s, went through several names before Eagle was chosen in 1905. This photo, taken around 1910, shows several businesses, including a general merchandise store (first building on left) and Frank's Restaurant (fourth or fifth building on right).</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2387--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2387.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mining-camp-eagle-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Eagle-County-Media-3_0_0.jpg?itok=mmWJNsgV" width="1000" height="1140" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mining-camp-eagle-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mining Camp, Eagle County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Miners eat dinner at a camp in Eagle County, probably near Red Cliff.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2388--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2388.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/red-cliff"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Eagle-County-Media-4_0_0.jpg?itok=pnP4jnZc" width="1000" height="1216" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/red-cliff" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Red Cliff</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1874 prospectors found silver ore on the west side of Battle Mountain near present-day Minturn. They set up a camp that became the town of Red Cliff in 1879. This early photo of Red Cliff shows some of the West's famous false-front buildings along the main street, as well as several buildings under construction, including a two-story structure at bottom left.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2390--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2390.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/climbing-mount-holy-cross"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Eagle-County-Media-5_0_0.jpg?itok=-l5oMZqh" width="1000" height="589" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/climbing-mount-holy-cross" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Climbing Mount of the Holy Cross</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Three men pose for a picture near the summit of Mount of the Holy Cross.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2391--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2391.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/basalt-c-1900"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Eagle-County-Media-6_0_0_0.jpg?itok=lSxZ8EkN" width="1000" height="654" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/basalt-c-1900" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Basalt, c. 1900</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Eagle County town of Basalt, shown here around 1900, lies about a dozen miles northwest of Aspen at the junction of Fryingpan and Roaring Fork Rivers. The beehive-shaped structures in the foreground are ovens used to produce coke, a coal-based fuel that burns hotter and was sent to silver smelters in Aspen. The Roaring Fork River is seen at left, and the Fryingpan River flows through the foreground behind the coke ovens. A freight train rolls along tracks at center and houses are clustered on the hillside to the right.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-10-06T14:47:51-06:00" title="Thursday, October 6, 2016 - 14:47" class="datetime">Thu, 10/06/2016 - 14:47</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eagle-county" data-a2a-title="Eagle County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Feagle-county&amp;title=Eagle%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Eagle County, formed in 1883, covers 1,692 square miles of mountainous terrain in northwest Colorado. It is named for the <strong>Eagle River</strong>, which begins in the mountains in the county’s southeast corner, flows westward alongside <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a>, and meets the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> near the small community of Dotsero on the county’s western edge. Eagle County is bordered by <a href="/article/routt-county"><strong>Routt</strong></a> and <a href="/article/grand-county"><strong>Grand</strong></a> Counties to the north, <a href="/article/summit-county"><strong>Summit County</strong></a> to the east, <a href="/article/lake-county"><strong>Lake</strong></a> and <a href="/article/pitkin-county"><strong>Pitkin</strong></a> Counties to the south, and <a href="/article/garfield-county"><strong>Garfield County</strong></a> to the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The county has a population of about 53,000. The town of <strong>Eagle</strong> (population 6,508) is the county seat, but the largest community is <strong>Edwards</strong> (10,266). Other communities include, from east to west, <strong>Vail</strong> (5,302), Red Cliff (267), <strong>Minturn </strong>(1,027), Eagle-Vail (2,887), Avon (6,447), and Gypsum (6,477). The county’s southwest corner also includes the community of El Jebel (3,801) and parts of <strong>Basalt</strong> (3,857) in the Roaring Fork valley.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Once summer hunting grounds for Ute Indians, Eagle County attracted Anglo-American prospectors in the late nineteenth century. The Eagle River valley was the site of Colorado’s main east-west highway, which over the course of the twentieth century became part of the Interstate 70 corridor from Denver to Glenwood Springs. The Pando valley, in the southeastern part of the county, was home to <a href="/article/camp-hale"><strong>Camp Hale</strong></a>, where the famous US Army <a href="/article/tenth-mountain-division"><strong>Tenth Mountain Division</strong></a> trained for alpine combat in World War II.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, Eagle County is known for its ski resorts at Vail and <a href="/article/beaver-creek-resort"><strong>Beaver Creek</strong></a>, as well as for its picturesque mountain scenery. Much of the public land in the county is managed by the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> as part of the White River National Forest, including the iconic <strong>Mount of the Holy Cross</strong> in southern Eagle County. Interstate 70 enters Eagle County from <a href="/article/vail-pass-0"><strong>Vail Pass</strong> </a>to the east and from <strong>Glenwood Canyon</strong> to the west; it intersects with US Highway 24 near Minturn and with State Route 131 at the tiny community of Wolcott.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Prehistoric hunter-gatherers lived in the Eagle County area some 10,000 years ago, as demonstrated by projectile points, grinding slabs, and other tools recovered by archaeologists. From about the mid-sixteenth through the late nineteenth century, the Eagle County area was inhabited by two bands of Utes: the Yampa, or “root eaters,” and the Parianuche, or “elk people.” The Utes spent their summers hunting elk, <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a>, and other game in the Eagle River valley and nearby <strong>Middle Park</strong> before returning to their winter camp in present-day Glenwood Springs. In addition to hunting, they were proficient gatherers and took from the landscape a wide assortment of wild berries, roots, and plants, such as the versatile yucca plant. By the mid-seventeenth century the Utes had obtained horses via the Spanish. The animals greatly improved Ute mobility and changed Ute culture. Horse racing became a popular pastime; Utes had a horse-racing track on Brush Creek in what would become Eagle County.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the early nineteenth century the<strong> Arapaho</strong> began making seasonal ventures into the Rocky Mountains. Like the Ute, the Arapaho moved with the seasons, but they predominantly lived on the plains, ranging into the mountains to hunt during the summer. Their seasonal treks into the high country often brought them into conflict with the Ute, and the two tribes developed a fierce rivalry. For instance, a legend holds that in 1868 Utes and Arapahos clashed at Battle Mountain in southeastern Eagle County.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Explorers and Trappers</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1845 veteran western explorer <a href="/article/john-c-frémont"><strong>John C. Frémont</strong></a> led an expedition to find the source of the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river">Arkansas River</a></strong> in the Rocky Mountains. After locating the source of the Arkansas, Frémont likely continued west into the Eagle River Valley before heading north toward Wyoming. In 1854 the wealthy Irish hunter Sir St. George Gore—commonly referred to as Lord Gore—roamed the area near present-day Vail and lent his name to Gore Creek and the jagged Gore Range. Famed western explorer <strong>John Wesley Powell</strong> also explored the range in 1868 and made the first ascent of its highest summit, a 13,566-foot peak known thereafter as <strong>Mt. Powell</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the explorers came the fur trappers, who found the Eagle River valley, with its lush pine forests and network of pristine streams, to be prime beaver country. Trappers plied the area in the 1830s and established trading relationships with the Utes. In the 1840s trappers working for John Jacob Astor established a stockade on the west side of Battle Mountain at the confluence of Two Elk Creek and the Eagle River.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Not all trapper encounters with Utes were friendly. According to John Root, he and a companion were trapping in the area of present-day Eagle in the late 1860s when they were captured and taken to a nearby Ute camp to meet the Ute leader <a href="/article/colorow"><strong>Colorow</strong></a>. Colorow ordered the trappers out of the Brush Creek Valley and confiscated two otter hides.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Removal of Utes</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As more white settlements began appearing in the Eagle County area, tensions escalated between whites and Utes all over western Colorado. The Utes were promised the western third of Colorado in an <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>1868 treaty</strong></a>, but new mining claims in the Eagle County area and elsewhere resulted in a growing Anglo-American incursion onto Ute lands. The tension culminated in the <a href="/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a> in present-day <a href="/article/rio-blanco-county"><strong>Rio Blanco County</strong></a> in 1879. Utes at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/white-river-ute-indian-agency"><strong>White River Agency</strong></a> killed Indian agent Nathan Meeker and other white staff, and the resulting outrage among Colorado’s white population prompted the Utes’ expulsion from western Colorado by 1882.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Mining</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59 unfolded across the Front Range, many prospecting expeditions explored west of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a> in search of the next big strike. One of the first prospecting parties in Eagle County came from Breckenridge in 1860. The men only explored the headwaters of the Eagle River and staked no claims. Astor City, a mining camp built around the remnants of Astor’s stockade near Battle Mountain in the late 1870s, may have been the first Anglo-American settlement. The <strong>Hayden Survey</strong> team, a federal expedition charged with mapping western Colorado and its resource reserves, camped at the future site of Astor City in 1873.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The county’s first major strike came in 1874, when silver ore was found in limestone deposits on the west side of Battle Mountain. Miners set up a permanent mining camp there, which became the town of <strong>Red Cliff</strong> in 1879. The town served the miners, who filed some 100 claims on the mountain. The Gilman mining district, north of Red Cliff, developed in the 1880s and included the Belden silver mine and the Ground Hog mine, the most productive in the area. Containing rare formations of gold and silver, the Ground Hog remained in operation until the 1920s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In November 1881 the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> reached Red Cliff, allowing its ores to be more efficiently shipped to the smelters in Leadville. In 1885 a road from Leadville was extended to the confluence of Gore Creek and the Eagle River, already home to several mining and ranching families. The settlement was named “Minturn” in 1887, after Robert B. Minturn, a Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad official instrumental in extending the rail lines down the valley.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Edwards, Eagle, and Gypsum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Not all early communities in Eagle County were related to <a href="/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a>. Many <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteaders</strong></a> came seeking free land. Edwards, for instance, was first settled by two ranchers in 1882. It was known as “Berry’s Ranch” until 1887, when the Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad established a station there. The tiny community at the confluence of Lake Creek and the Eagle River then changed its name to “Edwards” after Red Cliff resident Melvin Edwards, who became Colorado’s secretary of state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Two other ranching communities, Eagle and Gypsum, were first settled in 1882. By 1884 there were thirty-one ranches in Gypsum, near the west end of the Eagle valley at the confluence of Gypsum Creek and the Eagle River. Farther east, Eagle struggled to stay afloat in its early years. The town’s continuous name changes after 1882 reflected an identity struggle; the name “Eagle” became prominent in 1896 and was finally chosen in 1905. In the late 1890s Eagle served as a supply center for the mining camp of Fulford to the south, but cattle ranching and farming, particularly of potatoes and lettuce, proved to be the mainstay of the local economy thereafter.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>County Establishment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The mining boom on Battle Mountain prompted the Colorado state legislature to carve Eagle County from neighboring Summit County in 1883. Red Cliff was chosen as county seat.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mining in Eagle County continued throughout the twentieth century, moving from gold and silver to other metals, including copper, lead, molybdenum, and zinc. By 1970 the mines in the Gilman District had produced more than 393,000 ounces of gold, 66 million ounces of silver, 105,000 tons of copper, 148,000 tons of lead, and 858,000 tons of zinc. But by 1981 a combination of lower demand for molybdenum and zinc and environmental concerns caused the New Jersey Zinc Company’s Eagle Mine on Battle Mountain to close, turning Gilman into a ghost town.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Mount of the Holy Cross</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/mt-holy-cross-2009"><img alt="Mt. of the Holy Cross, 2009 " class="image-large" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/Holy_Cross_08012009_0028_0.JPG?itok=V1MwNy5G" style="float:right; height:321px; margin:15px; width:480px" /></a> By the late 1920s mining was waning and Red Cliff was on the decline, with some of the more productive mines shutting down. Voters moved the county seat to Eagle in 1921. The town then hoped that tourists to the Mount of the Holy Cross, a 14,000-foot peak that rose a few miles to the southeast, would boost its economy. In 1929 Red Cliff resident Orion W. Daggett climbed the mountain, which features a cross-shaped snowfield near its summit. Daggett thought Christians would come in droves to view the majestic peak, but the mountain was difficult to access. President Herbert Hoover designated the mountain as a National Monument in 1929. In 1945 the mountain became part of the White River National Forest, and in 1950 its national monument status was rescinded.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Camp Hale</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In March 1942 the US Army chose the Pando Valley as the site for Camp Hale, where some 15,000 soldiers would train for high-altitude winter combat during World War II. By November the entire camp was complete, and the <a href="/article/tenth-mountain-division"><strong>Tenth Mountain Division</strong></a> and other units began training that winter. The division served admirably in Italy during the winter of 1944–45, breaking the German line across the Apennine Mountains. After the war many veterans of the Tenth returned to Colorado to build the modern ski industry. In 1965 the army transferred the former site of Camp Hale to the White River National Forest.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Vail</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/vail-1964"><img alt="Vail, 1964" class="image-large" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/Eagle-County-Media-8_0_0.jpg?itok=Za3xGvsd" style="float:left; height:480px; margin:15px; width:479px" /></a> By the time the army closed Camp Hale, the town of Vail, lying along Gore Creek some twenty miles to the north, was a booming, ski-centric playground, drawing well over 100,000 visitors. But unlike other famous Colorado ski towns such as <a href="/article/aspen"><strong>Aspen</strong></a> or <a href="/article/telluride"><strong>Telluride</strong></a>, the Vail area had only a small Anglo-American presence; before 1961 the meadows of Vail Pass held little else besides ranches, a sawmill, and wildflowers. But that December, Tenth Mountain Division veteran Pete Seibert and other investors who became the founders of Vail Associates unveiled their plans for a mountain resort community with all the comforts of suburbia.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A town sprung from the meadows in a matter of months, and by the end of the decade Vail became one of the most preeminent ski destinations in the country, famous for its family-friendly atmosphere, unrivaled convenience, accessibility—especially after the completion of Interstate 70—and affluent, exclusive culture that attracted an elite crop of visitors and residents as well as middle-class ski bums.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/vail-ski-resort"><img alt="Vail Ski Resort, 2012" class="image-large" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/vail_ski_resort_0.jpg?itok=RNES-k_b" style="float:right; height:360px; margin:15px; width:480px" /></a> Today, the Eagle County economy is heavily reliant on tourism and real estate development. A 2013 County Economic Development Plan reported that businesses in accommodations and food services, retail trade, and arts, entertainment, and recreation services accounted for nearly half of the county’s jobs. The same report noted that real estate transactions increased by 27 percent between 2011 and 2012. Together, Vail and Beaver Creek ski resorts draw more than 2.5 million visitors each year; in 2015 a writer for <em>Forbes </em>proclaimed Vail as “The King of American Ski Resorts.” <a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/Eagle-County-Media-8_0_0.jpg?itok=X5bud2rH"> </a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ranching, the county’s early economic driver, has greatly dwindled but still exists. In 2012  Eagle County ranchers raised more than 7,200 sheep, 5,800 head of cattle, and 900 horses.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Unlike many other places in rural Colorado, Eagle County was able to make a decent recovery from the Great Recession in 2008; county foreclosures dropped by 91 percent from April 2010 to April 2011, and both retail sales and the number of real estate transactions increased from 2011 to 2012. Visitors to all Vail resorts rose by 4 percent between the 2010 and 2011 ski seasons.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As of January 2016 the county is also predicting a population surge, mirroring many other places in Colorado. An expected 41,000 additional residents over the next twenty-five years will challenge Eagle County leaders to balance impending growth with preserving the natural environment that draws so many people to the area.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eagle-county" hreflang="en">eagle county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eagle-county-history" hreflang="en">eagle county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/vail" hreflang="en">Vail</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eagle" hreflang="en">eagle</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gypsum" hreflang="en">gypsum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/edwards" hreflang="en">edwards</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dotsero" hreflang="en">dotsero</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mt-holy-cross" hreflang="en">mt. of the holy cross</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/white-river-national-forest" hreflang="en">white river national forest</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/beaver-creek-resort" hreflang="en">beaver creek resort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/vail-resort" hreflang="en">vail resort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/vail-resort-history" hreflang="en">vail resort history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/vail-history" hreflang="en">vail history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wolcott" hreflang="en">Wolcott</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-cliff" hreflang="en">red cliff</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/redcliff" hreflang="en">redcliff</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/minturn" hreflang="en">minturn</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/camp-hale" hreflang="en">Camp Hale</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pando-valley" hreflang="en">pando valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/interstate-70" hreflang="en">interstate 70</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Kevin Blake, “Imagining Heaven and Earth at Mount of the Holy Cross, Colorado,” <em>Journal of Cultural Geography </em>24, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dante Chinni, “<a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/after-years-of-economic-hardship-in-eagle-co-resignation">After Years of Economic Hardship in Eagle, Colo.: Resignation</a>,” The Rundown (blog), <em>PBS Newshour, </em>May 24, 2011.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Economic Council of Eagle County and Vail Valley Partnership, “<a href="https://www.eaglecounty.us/Commissioners/Documents/Economic_Development_Plan_2013_Draft/">The Eagle County Economic Development Plan</a>,” September 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kathy Heicher, “10,000 Years of Human History,” interpretative sign, Colorado State Parks (n.d.).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kathy Heicher, <em>Early Eagle</em>, Images of America Series (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Larry Olmsted, “<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/larryolmsted/2015/03/06/americas-best-ski-resorts-vail-co/">The King of American Ski Resorts: Vail in Colorado</a>,” <em>Forbes</em>, March 6, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Philpott, <em>Vacationland: Tourism and Environment in the Colorado High Country </em>(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>June B. Simonton, <em>Vail: Story of a Colorado Mountain Valley </em>(Dallas, TX: Taylor Publishing, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bruce Strasinger, <em>A History of Mining in Eagle County, Colorado </em>(Eagle County, CO: Bruce Strasinger, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Aldo Svaldi, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2011/06/09/vail-reports-record-number-of-visitors/">Vail Reports Record Number of Visitors</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, June 9, 2011.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="http://www.townofeagle.org/160/Eagle-History">Eagle History</a>,” Town of Eagle (n.d.).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Eagle County Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Shirley Welch, <em>The Eagle River Valley</em>, Images of America Series (Charleston, CS: Arcadia Publishing, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Melanie Wong, “<a href="https://www.vaildaily.com/news/forecast-valley-population-set-to-grow/">Forecast: Valley Population Set to Grow</a>,” <em>Vail Daily</em>, January 4, 2016.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.beavercreek.com/">Beaver Creek Resort</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.eaglecounty.us/">Eagle County</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://eaglecountyhistoricalsociety.com/">Eagle County Historical Society</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/whiteriver/about-forest/districts/?cid=fsbdev3_001247">Eagle–Holy Cross Ranger District, White River National Forest</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Richard Hauserman, <em>The Inventors of Vail</em> (Edwards, CO; Golden Peak Publishing, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kathy Heicher, <em>Eagle County Characters </em>(Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kathy Heicher, <em>The Bridges of Eagle County: A Story of Pioneers, Politics, and Progress </em>(Denver: Colorado Department of Transportation, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Richard Perske, <em>Boom Town to Ghost Town: The Story of Fulford </em>(Eagle, CO: Eagle County Historical Society, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Philpott, “Visions of a Changing Vail: Fast-Growth Fallout in a Colorado Resort Town” (Master’s thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.townofeagle.org/">Town of Eagle</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://whattodo.info/colorado/vail-valley/edwards-co/">Town of Edwards</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://townofgypsum.com/">Town of Gypsum</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.minturn.org/">Town of Minturn</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.vail.com/">Vail Mountain Resort</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.visitvailvalley.com/">Visit Vail Valley</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 06 Oct 2016 20:47:51 +0000 yongli 1922 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org