%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Preston Porter, Jr. http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/preston-porter-jr <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Preston Porter, Jr.</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-05-18T11:00:02-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 18, 2022 - 11:00" class="datetime">Wed, 05/18/2022 - 11:00</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/preston-porter-jr" data-a2a-title="Preston Porter, Jr."><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fpreston-porter-jr&amp;title=Preston%20Porter%2C%20Jr."></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>On November 16, 1900, a white mob in <strong>Limon</strong> chained Preston Porter, Jr., a fifteen-year-old Black railroad worker, to a vertical steel rail, slung a rope around his neck, and burned him alive. Porter was accused of raping and murdering a local white girl; he had previously confessed to the crime under extreme coercion from <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> investigators, who told the young man that his father and brother would likely be lynched if he did not confess instead. No evidence directly connected Porter to the crime.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Porter’s burning occurred amid widespread <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lynching-colorado"><strong>lynching</strong></a> of Black people across the nation, especially in the South. In 1900 alone, more than 100 Black people were murdered by lynch mobs. Colorado had a relatively small Black population compared to southern states. Still, the events that led to Porter’s lynching and the fervor of the mob confirm that anti-Black racism was coursing through Colorado in 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Background</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Founded in 1888 by John Limon, a railroad construction foreman, the town of Limon had by 1900 become a minor rail hub that supported a small community of farmers and ranchers. Itinerant workers were drawn to the town’s railyards, ranches, and fields. Preston Porter, Sr., and his two sons, Arthur and Preston, Jr.—who also went by “John” to avoid confusion with his father—were part of a railroad maintenance crew laboring near Lake Station, a rail stop a couple of miles east of Limon. The Porters were temporary residents, with their permanent home in Lawrence, Kansas.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On November 8, 1900, a search party found twelve-year-old Louise Frost, the daughter of prominent local rancher R. W. Frost, dying in a ravine of beating and stab wounds. She had also apparently been raped. She had driven a horse and buggy alone that day to the post office to pick up mail, then began the three-mile return trip to her family’s ranch. Upon its return, her father found the buggy empty and organized the search party. The girl died without saying anything.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>“His Guilt Is Still in Doubt”</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The murder provoked instant outrage across Colorado. The <em>Aspen Democrat </em>called it “the most fiendish assault ever perpetrated.” The case immediately drew the attention of Denver investigators and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lincoln-county"><strong>Lincoln County</strong></a> Sheriff John Freeman. A range of suspects was considered and interrogated, many of them selected from Limon’s small nonwhite population. Eventually, authorities homed in on the Porters, who had suspiciously left town after the murder.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On November 12, after speaking with all three Porters, Freeman announced that he was “absolutely sure” that John Porter was guilty. Freeman’s primary evidence was boot tracks at the crime scene that matched a set of shoes belonging to Porter. The sheriff claimed that when he interviewed Porter, the young man struggled to answer questions and establish his whereabouts at the time of the crime. The sheriff also said a chemist had Porter’s hat and, in his words, “will prove” there was blood on it from the struggle with Frost.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Freeman’s evidence was circumstantial at best. Porter said he had not worn the shoes in question for weeks, and they did not appear to have been worn recently. Porter did have a criminal record back in Lawrence, but authorities there had also found him mentally incompetent—he had suffered a head injury as a child. The slight-framed teenager didn’t have any injuries consistent with a struggle, and the chemist found no blood on Porter’s hat. Unconvinced of the case against him, authorities in Denver refused to turn Porter over to Freeman on November 13.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/article/denver-police-department-1859%E2%80%931933"><strong>Denver Police</strong></a> weren’t the only ones skeptical of Porter’s guilt. On November 16—the day Porter would be lynched—a headline in the <em>Collbran Oracle </em>from <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-county"><strong>Mesa County</strong></a> proclaimed the evidence against Porter to be “very conflicting.” The article quoted Denver detectives pointing to the state of Louise Frost’s buggy when it returned empty; the story was that Porter had dragged Louise out of it, but the buggy was in excellent condition with no signs of a struggle. “It is my opinion,” a detective told the paper, “that [Frost] was coaxed away by some one whom she knew, and I believe the guilty party is among those who are crying the loudest for vengeance.” After quoting the detective, the reporter opined, “It would be criminal on the part of authorities to permit Porter to be placed in danger of lynching when his guilt is still in doubt.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>None of this helped the young man, who on November 14 was forced into confessing the crime during a series of intense interrogations in Denver. Still, Denver authorities refused to give him up, acknowledging that Porter may have been “driven crazy by his troubles.” But when police confirmed that Frost’s pocketbook was in a vault at the Limon depot—right where Porter said it would be—the young man was turned over to Freeman. Although he was certain “Porter will never live in Limon county more than 24 hours,” Freeman said he would deliver the young man to the Lincoln County jail in Hugo.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Lynching</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Newspapers across Colorado jumped to confirm Porter’s guilt and speculate enthusiastically about a possible lynching. On November 15, Limon-area residents met to decide how to go about the lynching. They agreed that Porter was to be hanged but that there should be “no torture” beforehand. Still in Denver, Preston Porter read the Bible in his cell as Freeman delayed his departure, hoping the mob would “cool down.” At 1:10 pm on November 16, Freeman and Porter boarded a Union Pacific train for Hugo.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The train was not supposed to stop at Limon, but a group of revolver-toting men there halted and boarded the train. Over the protests of Freeman, the men removed Porter and delivered him to a waiting crowd of more than 500 men, women, and children. When the crowd “saw the face and cowering form of the black demon,” as the<em> Aspen Daily Times</em> put it, a rage swept over them. Abandoning their plan to hang Porter, they took him to the place where Frost’s body was found, tied him to a stake, and burned him alive. As the flames neared his body, Porter begged to be shot. Of Porter’s final moments, the <em>Aspen Daily Times</em> wrote, “There was a moment of silence broken only by the hissing and crackling of the fire. Then an indefinable, hideous, awful shriek, such as will ring in the ears of the listeners for many a day.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Aftermath</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Newspaper accounts of Porter’s lynching reveled in its brutality while depicting the barbaric incident as one of orderly vengeance. One Associated Press report insisted the crowd was “orderly and deliberate” and “not like a mob.” “No official execution of any enemy to society was ever conducted with better organization,” crowed Trinidad’s <em>Chronicle-News</em>. Before the execution, Governor <strong>Charles Thomas</strong>, who had fought for the Confederacy in the <strong>Civil War</strong>, implicitly endorsed torture (“hanging was too good for Porter”); when asked his opinion after the lynching, Thomas replied, “There is one less negro in the world.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>These reports reflect a cruel indifference toward Black humanity, as the emotional trigger of Frost’s murder led many white Coloradans to ignore facts and act out their deepest prejudices.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Still, some Coloradans spoke out against Porter’s murder. On November 19, 1900, a large group met in Denver to denounce the lynching, adopting a resolution that declared in part, “no such crime can justify recourse to barbaric methods of punishment.” The group did not contest Porter’s guilt, only the manner of his punishment.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Similarly, a widely circulated column written by a “woman in the Denver News” accepted Porter’s guilt but noted that whites who committed such crimes never saw the same punishment. Meanwhile, the lynching began to attract attention and condemnation from the national press, which helped inspire attempts to bring the mob to justice.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On November 22, in an apparent response to public pressure, Governor Thomas moved to have Sheriff Freeman “arrest the members of the mob who took [Porter] from him.” In a mix of defiance and realism, Freeman refused to arrest anyone involved in the lynching, claiming that a local jury would never convict them. He blamed the lynching on Colorado’s lack of a death penalty.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Authorities never determined who actually killed Louise Frost.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the decades after the atrocity happened, historians and journalists occasionally reminded Coloradans of Porter’s lynching. Most people, however, were generally unaware of it until the second decade of the twenty-first century, when ongoing murder of Black citizens by police conjured memories of high-profile lynchings. Many recent police murders, such as the case of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elijah-mcclain"><strong>Elijah McClain</strong></a> in 2019, reflect the same assumption of Black guilt that killed Porter more than a century earlier.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2018 the Denver City Council issued an official apology for Porter’s lynching. That year a group of some ninety Coloradans, with the support of local and national civil rights organizations, trekked to the site of Porter’s lynching and collected soil for two glass jars. One jar is slated for placement in the National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery, Alabama. At the memorial, jars of soil from lynching sites all over the nation are displayed along with narratives of the victims. The second jar of soil is intended for display in Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rekindled awareness of the incident inspired the creation of the Colorado Lynching Memorial Project. On November 21, 2020, the project unveiled a historical marker in downtown Denver memorializing Porter’s murder. There is no memorial in Limon, and even though it hosted the group that collected the soil, the Limon Heritage Museum does not mention Porter on its website or in exhibits.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/preston-porter" hreflang="en">preston porter</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jr-0" hreflang="en">jr</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/preston-porter-lynching" hreflang="en">preston porter lynching</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/preston-porter-lynched" hreflang="en">preston porter lynched</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-lynching" hreflang="en">colorado lynching</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lynching-colorado" hreflang="en">lynching in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/limon" hreflang="en">limon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/limon-history" hreflang="en">limon history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lincoln-county" hreflang="en">lincoln county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lincoln-county-history" hreflang="en">lincoln county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/racism-colorado" hreflang="en">racism in colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradolynchingmemorial.org/about">About</a>,” Colorado Lynching Memorial, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=SDM19001120-01.2.7&amp;srpos=120&amp;e=-------en-20--101-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22Louise+Frost%22-------0------">Burned at the Stake</a>,” <em>Salida Mail</em>, November 20, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=GTC19001124-01.2.13&amp;srpos=8&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22governor+thomas%22+%22preston+porter%22-------0------">Civilization of Crime</a>,” <em>Georgetown Courier</em>, November 24, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=TAD19001110.2.1&amp;srpos=3&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22louise+frost%22----1900---0------">Crime Runs Rampant: The Most Fiendish Assault Ever Perpetrated in This State Was on the Person of Pretty Louise Frost</a>,” <em>Aspen Democrat</em>, November 10, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Equal Justice Initiative, “<a href="https://eji.org/news/historical-marker-in-denver-memorializes-racial-terror-lynching-of-15-year-old-boy/">Historical Marker in Denver Memorializes Racial Terror Lynching of 15-Year-Old Boy</a>,” November 28, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=COO19001116.2.10&amp;srpos=3&amp;e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-preston+porter----1900---0------">The Evidence in the Porter Case Is Very Conflicting</a>,” <em>Collbran Oracle</em>, November 16, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=DSL19001110-01.2.2&amp;srpos=4&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22louise+frost%22----1900---0------">Girl Cruelly Murdered</a>,” <em>Daily Sentinel </em>(Grand Junction), November 10, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=LMR19001121-01.2.10&amp;srpos=75&amp;e=16-11-1900-30-11-1900--en-20--61-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22louise+frost%22-------0------">Great Denver Mass-Meeting Condemns Burning of Porter</a>,” <em>Lamar Register</em>, November 21, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=THD19001118-01.2.53&amp;srpos=118&amp;e=-------en-20--101-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22Louise+Frost%22-------0------">Horror over Now Repentance: Denver Proposes to Be Shocked at Limon Affair</a>,” <em>Herald Democrat</em>, November 18, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Haley Gray, “<a href="https://www.5280.com/118-years-ago-a-denver-teen-was-publicly-and-brutally-murdered/">118 Years Ago, a Denver Teen Was Publicly and Brutally Murdered</a>,” <em>5280</em>, November 16, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=ADT19001115.2.1&amp;srpos=31&amp;e=-------en-20--21-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22louise+frost%22----1900---0------">John Porter Has Confessed</a>,” <em>Aspen Daily Times</em>, November 15, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=TDD19001113.2.1&amp;srpos=1&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22louise+frost%22+%22lucky+for+porter%22----1900---0------\">Lucky for Porter</a>,” <em>Durango Democrat</em>, November 13, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=CFT19001116-01.2.3&amp;srpos=53&amp;e=-------en-20--41-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22louise+frost%22----1900---0------">Mass Meeting at Limon</a>,” <em>Colorado Daily Chieftain</em>, November 16, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=CRN19001115-01.2.3&amp;srpos=36&amp;e=-------en-20--21-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22louise+frost%22----1900---0------">Negro May Be Taken to Hugo Tonight</a>,” <em>Chronicle-News</em>, November 15, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=CFT19001117-01.2.3&amp;srpos=91&amp;e=-------en-20--81-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22Louise+Frost%22-------0------">Not Like a Mob</a>,” <em>Colorado Daily Chieftain</em>, November 17, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=ADT19001117.2.1&amp;srpos=88&amp;e=-------en-20--81-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22Louise+Frost%22-------0------">Porter Burned at Stake</a>,” <em>Aspen Daily Times</em>, November 17, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=CRN19001117-01.2.2&amp;srpos=92&amp;e=-------en-20--81-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22Louise+Frost%22-------0------">Porter Burned at the Stake</a>,” <em>Chronicle-News</em>, November 17, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=CFT19001116-01.2.2&amp;srpos=52&amp;e=-------en-20--41-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22louise+frost%22----1900---0------">Porter on Way to Hugo</a>,” <em>Chronicle-News</em>, November 16, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=CFT19001116-01.2.2&amp;srpos=52&amp;e=-------en-20--41-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22louise+frost%22----1900---0------">Porter Still in Denver</a>,” <em>Colorado Daily Chieftain</em>, November 16, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alan Prendergast, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/news/colorado-lynching-victim-preston-porter-jr-will-be-commemorated-in-limon-november-17-2018-10970108">The Murder of Preston Porter Jr. and Colorado’s Grim History of Lynchings</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, November 6, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hayley Sanchez, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/2020/08/17/colorado-lynching-site-history-markers-monuments/">In An Era of Tearing Down Monuments, Colorado Lynching Sites May Gain Historical Markers</a>,” <em>CPR</em>, August 17, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=PCB19001130&amp;e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-preston+porter----1900---0------">Sheriff Freeman’s Emphatic Answer</a>,” <em>Park County Bulletin</em>, November 30, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=ADT19001112.2.1&amp;srpos=7&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22louise+frost%22----1900---0------">Sheriff Is Sure John Porter Is the Guilty Party</a>,” <em>Aspen Daily Times</em>, November 12, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=CRN19001116-01.2.3&amp;srpos=57&amp;e=-------en-20--41-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22Louise+Frost%22-------0------">Taken From the Train</a>,” <em>Chronicle-News</em>, November 16, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=THD19001116-01.2.2&amp;srpos=1&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22governor+thomas%22+%22preston+porter%22-------0------">They Are Ready With Rope</a>,” <em>Herald Democrat</em>, November 16, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=CFT19001112-01.2.24&amp;srpos=1&amp;e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22they+worked+at+limon%22-------0------">They Worked at Limon</a>,” <em>Colorado Daily Chieftain</em>, November 12, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=THD19001123-01.2.16&amp;srpos=7&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22governor+thomas%22+%22preston+porter%22-------0------">Thomas Indignant</a>,” <em>Herald Democrat</em>, November 23, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=TAD19001113&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22louise+frost%22----1900---0------">To Be Burnt at the Stake</a>,” <em>Aspen Democrat</em>, November 13, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tuskegee University, “<a href="http://archive.tuskegee.edu/repository/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Lynchings-Stats-Year-Dates-Causes.pdf">Lynchings: By Year and Race</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=DJT19001116.2.3&amp;srpos=59&amp;e=-------en-20--41-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22Louise+Frost%22-------0------">An Awful Death Awaits the Negro Fiend</a>,” <em>Daily Journal </em>(Telluride), November 16, 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Laura Bliss, “<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-17/this-map-of-u-s-lynchings-spans-1835-to-1964">A Comprehensive Map of American Lynchings</a>,” <em>Bloomberg, </em>January 17, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.coloradolynchingmemorial.org/">Colorado Lynching Memorial Project</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen J. Leonard, <em>Lynching in Colorado: 1859-1919 </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=NCP19001114.2.23&amp;srpos=20&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22louise+frost%22----1900---0------">Theory of the Limon Murder</a>,” <em>New Castle Nonpareil</em>, November 14, 1900.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 18 May 2022 17:00:02 +0000 yongli 3682 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Limon Railroad Depot http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/limon-railroad-depot <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Limon Railroad Depot </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-19T15:52:54-06:00" title="Friday, May 19, 2017 - 15:52" class="datetime">Fri, 05/19/2017 - 15:52</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/limon-railroad-depot" data-a2a-title="Limon Railroad Depot "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flimon-railroad-depot&amp;title=Limon%20Railroad%20Depot%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Limon Railroad Depot was built in 1910 on a triangular piece of land bounded by the intersection of <strong>Chicago, Rock Island &amp; Pacific Railroad </strong>(CRI&amp;P) and <strong>Union Pacific Railroad</strong> (UP) lines. The interchange made <strong>Limon</strong>, in <a href="/article/lincoln-county">Lincoln County</a>, an important railroad hub, and the town’s depot remained in active use until 1980. One of only three Chicago, Rock Island &amp; Pacific depots in Colorado that remain intact at their original location, the building is now part of the Limon Heritage Museum and Railroad Park.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Hub City of the High Plains</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Limon has a long history as one of the main transportation hubs on Colorado’s eastern plains. The town started to take shape in the late 1880s, when the CRI&amp;P (often known as the Rock Island) chose the site as a division point where the single line would split into two branches, one to <a href="/article/denver">Denver</a> and the other to <a href="/article/colorado-springs">Colorado Springs</a>. The division point lay along an existing UP line to Denver, making it a major railroad interchange.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In March 1888 the Rock Island started building lines east and west from its division point, which was called Limon’s Camp after construction foreman John Limon. Passenger service started in November. Limon’s Camp became Limon Station, where the Rock Island established a rail yard and shops, including a ten-stall roundhouse, the Grier House hotel and dining room, and a one-story union depot serving both the Rock Island and UP lines.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Limon Station became an important shipping depot for farmers and ranchers in the area, and the town of Limon began to take shape north of the railroad interchange. In the early 1900s the town grew quickly, increasing in population from 75 in 1900 to 600 by 1910. The railroad industry played a vital role in the town’s growth; at its height, the Rock Island employed several hundred workers in Limon.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Depot</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On June 28, 1910, a large fire at the Limon rail yards destroyed several freight cars, an oil storage building, and the existing depot. A new depot was built later that year on the triangular piece of land bounded by the Rock Island and Union Pacific lines. The one-story, wood-frame building was similar in many ways to other early twentieth-century Rock Island combination depots—that is, depots that served both passenger and freight traffic. Most of these rectangular depots had a clearly defined “town” side and “track” side. Inside, the passenger waiting room occupied one end and baggage and freight service the other end, with a ticket office and station agent in the middle.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The unique setting of the Limon Depot, which had rail lines on all sides, required several modifications to the standard plan. The depot had no “town” side, since it served Rock Island lines on both main sides. In addition, the Limon station agent’s office had to be located in the building’s southwest corner so that the agent could see trains coming and going along three separate lines—one Union Pacific (on the west side) and two Rock Island (on the north and south sides). As a result, the rest of the depot’s interior layout also had to be rearranged, with the waiting room in the center and baggage and freight on the eastern end. With its new depot, Limon boomed as a railroad hub in the 1910s and early 1920s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the <strong>Great Depression</strong>, the Rock Island reduced its workforce in Limon, but in 1936 the railroad launched an ambitious modernization program that generated many new jobs. In Limon the depot received new doors and windows, a smooth brick veneer, and cement-asbestos siding. The modernization effort included a new diesel-powered passenger train called the <strong>Rocky Mountain Rocket</strong>, which started service in 1939. The train arrived early every morning in Limon, where a crew split it into separate sections headed for Denver and Colorado Springs. In the afternoon those two sections returned to Limon and were joined together again for the trip east.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Limon’s railroad industry boomed during World War II, as trains full of troops and materials passed through on the way to <strong>Camp Carson</strong> and <strong>Peterson Field</strong> in Colorado Springs. After the war, rail traffic slowed. Passenger and freight traffic was shifting to cars, trucks, and airplanes. In 1949 the Rocky Mountain Rocket lost the contract to carry mail between Limon and Colorado Springs. The Rock Island started to cut back its presence in Limon, moving or razing most of its buildings by the middle of the 1950s. Eventually the depot was the only railroad building left. In 1966 the Rocky Mountain Rocket stopped running, marking the end of Rock Island passenger service in Limon, and in 1980 the Rock Island stopped freight service as well. Union Pacific erected a metal shed to handle its operations, and the railroad depot started to fall into disrepair.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1989 a tourist train called the Limon Twilight Limited started to use the depot as a base for its brief trips along the former Rock Island railroad line. After the Limon Twilight Limited stopped running in 1991, the Mid-States Port Authority donated the depot to the town of Limon. The Limon Heritage Society began to restore the depot, which became the centerpiece of the Limon Heritage Museum and Railroad Park. The building houses the Houtz Native American Collection, a “Trains on the Plains” exhibit, and other local history artifacts. In 2003 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The depot is no longer used for railroad operations, but it remains at the center of rail traffic in Limon. It still has a Union Pacific track to the west and a Genesee &amp; Wyoming (formerly Rock Island) track to the north. The Rock Island’s old southern branch to Colorado Springs was torn up in 1994. On the south side of the depot, a short section of this line remains intact and is used to store several old railroad cars.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/limon" hreflang="en">limon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chicago-rock-island-pacific-railroad" hreflang="en">chicago rock island pacific railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/union-pacific-railroad" hreflang="en">Union Pacific Railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/railroad-depots" hreflang="en">railroad depots</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Michael C. Doty and E. M. McFarland, “Rocketing to the Rockies,” <em>Colorado Rail Annual</em> 17 (1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Vivian Lowe and Lucille Reimer, “Limon Railroad Depot,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (August 30, 2002).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>James E. Fell Jr., <em>Limon, Colorado: Hub City of the High Plains, 1888–1952</em> (Limon, CO: Limon Heritage Society, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://ourjourney.info/myjourneydestinations/limonheritagemuseum.asp">“Limon Heritage Museum &amp; Railroad Park,”</a> Our Journey: Colorado’s Central Plains.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 19 May 2017 21:52:54 +0000 yongli 2600 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Lincoln County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lincoln-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Lincoln County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1890--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1890.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/lincoln-county-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Lincoln_County_0.png?itok=gvTfoC73" width="1024" height="741" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/lincoln-county-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Lincoln County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Lincoln County, named after President Abraham Lincoln, covers 2,586 square miles of Colorado’s <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> southeast of Denver.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1888--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1888.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/lincoln-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Lincoln_County%20%281%29.png?itok=6Kjnz3Pr" width="1024" height="741" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/lincoln-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Lincoln County </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Lincoln County, founded in 1889, currently has a population of 5,430.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-09-29T15:29:34-06:00" title="Thursday, September 29, 2016 - 15:29" class="datetime">Thu, 09/29/2016 - 15:29</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lincoln-county" data-a2a-title="Lincoln County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flincoln-county&amp;title=Lincoln%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Lincoln County, named after President Abraham Lincoln, covers 2,586 square miles of Colorado’s <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> southeast of Denver. It is bordered to the north by <a href="/article/washington-county"><strong>Washington County</strong></a>, to the east by <a href="/article/kit-carson-county"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a> and <a href="/article/cheyenne-county"><strong>Cheyenne</strong></a> Counties, to the southeast by <a href="/article/kiowa-county"><strong>Kiowa County</strong></a>, to the south by <a href="/article/crowley-county"><strong>Crowley County</strong></a>, and to the west by <a href="/article/el-paso-county"><strong>El Paso</strong></a> and <strong><a href="/article/elbert-county">Elbert</a> </strong>Counties.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lincoln county has a population of 5,467. With a population of 1,880, <strong>Limon </strong>is the largest town, while <strong>Hugo</strong> (population 730) serves as county seat. Other communities include Arriba (193) and Genoa (139). The county has a long history of transportation, dating back to the Smoky Hill emigrant trail of the mid-nineteenth century and continuing to today’s <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> and US Highway 287, which converge in present-day Limon along with US Highway 24 and State Highway 71. In southern Lincoln County, Highways 71 and 94 intersect at the tiny crossroads of Punkin Center. Before the county was established in 1889, the area was home to many indigenous groups, including <strong>Comanche</strong>, <strong>Kiowa</strong>, <strong>Arapaho</strong>, and <strong>Cheyenne</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>From around AD 1000 to 1400, members of the <a href="/article/upper-republican-and-itskari-cultures"><strong>Upper Republican and Itskari</strong></a> cultures occupied parts of eastern Colorado, including present-day Lincoln County. These semi-sedentary people fished, farmed, and hunted<strong> buffalo</strong>, living in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/earth-lodge"><strong>earth lodges </strong></a>and crafting distinctive ceramic pots. While they were apparently able to thrive in eastern Colorado for nearly three centuries, it appears that environmental pressures—most likely drought—caused them to gradually abandon the region. There is little evidence of their presence in the area by the mid-fifteenth century.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Comanche, a horse-mounted people who expanded southward from western Wyoming in the eighteenth century, moved through the Lincoln County area in the mid-eighteenth century on their way to the Arkansas River valley. By the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the expanding Lakota had displaced other equestrian peoples from the upper Midwest and northern plains, including the Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Kiowa. These people moved south onto the plains of Wyoming and Colorado. The Pawnee also made occasional visits to eastern Colorado, although they mostly frequented present-day Kansas and Nebraska.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Kiowa followed the buffalo herds across the plains, living in portable dwellings called <a href="/article/tipi-0"><strong>tipis</strong></a>. During the notoriously harsh plains winters, they found shelter near bluffs and in <a href="/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>cottonwood</strong></a> groves along the river bottoms. While the Cheyenne and Kiowa rarely left the plains, the Arapaho made a habit of venturing into the mountains during the spring to hunt game in the high country. Occupying much of the same territory and fighting common enemies such as the Lakota and <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a>, the Cheyenne and Arapaho formed an alliance in the early 1800s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On maps in the United States and Europe, the Lincoln County area was nominally part of France until 1803, when it was transferred to the United States via the Louisiana Purchase. The first American military expeditions in what became Colorado—those of <a href="/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Pike</strong></a> (1806-7) and <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/stephen-h-long">Stephen Long</a> </strong>(1820)—followed over the next two decades, but the Lincoln County area, along with the rest of Colorado, remained exclusively the domain of Native Americans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1840, the Kiowa, Comanche, and Lakota joined the Cheyenne and Arapaho in an unprecedented alliance with a similar goal: to resolve territorial disputes and better deal with the growing number of whites, who were by then migrating west along the Oregon Trail and competing with Native Americans for resources on the northern Great Plains. That traffic only increased after the end of the Mexican-American War and the discovery of gold in California in 1848-49.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In an attempt to make the westward journey safer for white Americans, the federal government brokered the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-laramie"><strong>Treaty of Fort Laramie</strong></a> in 1851. Signed by the Cheyenne, <strong>Lakota</strong>, Arapaho, and other Plains Indian groups, the treaty affirmed indigenous sovereignty across the plains. It also promised annual payments to Native Americans in exchange for allowing roads and forts to be built in their territory and allowing white emigrants to pass safely.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Rush across the Plains</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Two events in the late 1850s both pushed and pulled white Americans from the eastern United States to Colorado. First, an economic downturn began in September 1857. The next year, <strong>William Green Russell</strong>’s party found gold near the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, which set off the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59. Thousands of immigrants seeking gold and a fresh start began streaming across the plains to Colorado. Native Americans viewed this as a breach of the native sovereignty embedded in the Treaty of Fort Laramie, as white immigrants cut precious timber along the riverbanks, killed buffalo and other game, trampled grazing grass with their wagon trains, and began establishing towns such as Denver and <strong>Colorado City</strong>. The Colorado gold rush prompted the organization of the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> and the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Treaty of Fort Wise</strong></a> in 1861. Under the new treaty, the Cheyenne and Arapaho were granted a reservation in eastern Colorado that included parts of present-day Lincoln County.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the gold rush, four routes—northern, north central, south central, and southern—took white immigrants across the Great Plains to the Rockies. Following the Republican and Smoky Hill Rivers, the two central routes passed through present-day Lincoln County. The Smoky Hill route was presumed to be the most direct, but it was also the least known. Vying to make their town the main jumping-off point for the central routes, boosters from Kansas and Missouri claimed that the largely uncharted Smoky Hill River would guide immigrants all or most of the way to the Rocky Mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>But those who actually followed the Smoky Hill across Kansas found that the river turned to sand just east of the present-day Colorado border. Travelers were left to find their way northwest across a disorienting landscape of sprawling creeks, rolling hills, and vast open stretches. This western portion of the Smoky Hill route, including parts of today’s Lincoln County, became known as the “<strong>Starvation Trail</strong>” on account of the many immigrants who became lost and starved to death. When travel between Denver and places east became more regular in the 1860s, stagecoach companies operated lines along the central routes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native American Removal</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In November 1864 US troops under Col. <strong>John Chivington</strong> massacred about 200 peaceful Arapaho and Cheyenne—mostly women, children, and the elderly—at a camp along Sand Creek in present-day Kiowa County. Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors launched a reprisal campaign against US citizens and soldiers in Colorado. The campaign did not end until 1869, when the Cheyenne leader <strong>Tall Bull</strong> was killed in the <strong>Battle of Summit Springs</strong> in present-day Washington County. Most of Colorado’s Cheyenne and Arapaho people were forcibly relocated to Oklahoma under the terms of the <a href="/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong></a> of 1867.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>County Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White ranchers began grazing cattle and sheep near present-day Limon in the 1860s, driving their herds to market in Denver or Colorado Springs. The Kansas-Pacific Railroad (K-P) reached the Lincoln County area in May 1870. Hugo was founded in the late 1860s by Hugo Richards, an agent for the Halliday Overland Express stagecoach line, but the arrival of the railroad gave it actual life. William A. Hill, a Civil War veteran from Massachusetts, arrived that year and set up a general store and trading post to serve the railroad. Hill filed for a <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homestead</strong></a> claim in 1875 and built his house, which still stands in Hugo today, in 1877. Other small towns established by the K-P included Genoa, Arriba, and Boyero.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late 1880s Hugo had become an important shipping point for local cattle, and the Chicago, Rock Island, &amp; Pacific Railroad (CR&amp;P) began building a line to Denver. In 1888 John Limon, a construction foreman for the railroad, set up a workers’ camp near the site of present-day Limon. Ranchers in the area began to list their addresses as Limon Station, the small town that emerged from John Limon’s camp. After Lincoln County was established in 1889, Hugo was voted the county seat. Local cattlemen set up the Lincoln County Cattle Growers’ Association, based in the newly designated county seat of Hugo. Sheep ranchers, meanwhile, set up their own organization, the Lincoln and Elbert Counties Wool Growers’ Association.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today ranching and farming form the backbone of the Lincoln County economy, but that was far from certain when the county was formed. In 1890, for instance, the US Census of Agriculture reported that Lincoln County’s “water supply is too small for any considerable development of agriculture” and that “few crops have been successfully raised.” But that did not mean its first residents—many of whom were <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteaders</strong></a> from Russia—did not try. Karl and Augusta Martin, for instance, filed claim on land near Genoa in 1893 and completed a sod house in 1900. The Martins later built a granary and other buildings on the farm, as they defied the dire projections of the 1890 census. After the turn of the century, county farmers turned out corn, watermelons, potatoes, barley, and winter wheat, among other crops.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The state business directory first listed Limon Station in 1893. Businesses came and went as the town developed. By 1904 the town had a population of 150 and featured a blacksmith owned by Thomas Cope, real estate offices of Pershing &amp; Meehan, a general store, liquor store, and a bank. C. M. Immel was vice president of Campbell System Farming, which pioneered dryland farming techniques such as shallow seed planting. William S. Pershing, of Pershing &amp; Meehan real estate, was an early Lincoln County surveyor and booster who sold land for the Union Pacific Railroad. In 1909 Pershing led the effort to incorporate the town as Limon.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Conflicts with Indians may have been in the past, but not all was peaceful during Lincoln County’s early development. The county was the site of so-called “frontier justice” in 1900, after thirteen-year-old Louise Frost was stabbed to death while crossing the Big Sandy Creek in a buggy. Several days later, Denver authorities arrested Preston Porter, a black teenager who had worked on the railroad near Limon, and charged him with the murder. Whether Porter actually committed the crime is not known; Denver police extorted a confession from him but had only circumstantial evidence. Porter was sent to Hugo for a trial, but before that could happen a mob captured the young man, chained him to a post where Frost had been killed, and burned him alive. Figuring Porter was guilty, law enforcement simply allowed him to be<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lynching-colorado"><strong> lynched</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1910 Lincoln County had a population of nearly 6,000. Many residents still lived in sod houses and shacks, and like other places on the plains, fuel was scarce, so during the winter they bought and received coal via the railroads. C. T. Rawalt founded the <em>Limon Express</em> newspaper in 1912, and ten years later, after several changes of ownership, it became the <em>Eastern Colorado Leader</em> in 1922. It was again renamed the <em>Limon Leader </em>in 1937 and remains the county’s major local newspaper today.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For Limon, securing enough <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> proved to be a constant problem throughout the early twentieth century. In 1920, with the town’s population now over 1,000, town trustees contracted with Denver-based Reid Construction Company to develop a new well. But water still remained in short supply, and purchasing enough consumed about half of the town’s budget.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Like other counties on the Colorado plains, Lincoln County’s lack of water made for an especially hard time during the Great Depression and <a href="/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong></a> of the 1930s. By 1934 more than 930 farms—nearly three-quarters of the county’s cropland—were reporting crop failure, while the CR&amp;P laid off workers and the Limon National Bank failed. By 1940 almost 2,000 people had left the county.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>President Franklin Roosevelt’s <a href="/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a> initiatives helped Lincoln County weather the hard times. For example, the federal Works Progress Administration provided funds and labor for a new municipal swimming pool, park, and gymnasium in Hugo, and a soil conservation district was set up to help farmers avoid the exploitative farming that had contributed to the Dust Bowl.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lincoln County’s rural population declined from 5,882 in 1940 to 4,955 in 1950. Despite a brief postwar uptick in travelers, the railroad also struggled due to competition from automobiles and airplanes. Still, the scaled-back railroad remained an important part of the region’s culture and economy. In the 1950s the CR&amp;P appointed Anna McGowan as one of the nation’s few women yardmasters.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Agricultural Changes</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The decades following World War II saw innovations in agriculture, including machinery such as combines, chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides, and diesel and natural gas-powered pumps that allowed farmers to tap additional water supplies in the Ogallala Aquifer. The aquifer stretches some 174,000 square miles underneath the Great Plains from South Dakota to Texas and is hundreds of feet deep in some places. It underlies only the northeastern part of Lincoln County, so the new water source did not prove as transformative as it did in counties farther east, but there are still more than a dozen wells in the county that reach the aquifer today.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mechanization and other changes not only allowed for larger farms but also encouraged the consolidation of farmland by those who could afford to invest in the new machinery and chemicals. In Lincoln County between 1950 and 1982, the average farm size increased by more than 1,000 acres, while the number of farms dropped from 723 to 466, even though the amount of farmland remained more or less the same.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, agriculture is the main driver of the Lincoln County economy, with 40 percent of the population engaged in either farming or agribusiness. The county is ranked in the top ten of Colorado’s sixty-four counties in wheat and poultry production and raises more than 34,000 head of cattle. The town of Limon, known as the “Hub City” of eastern Colorado, continues to serve regional farmers and ranchers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Aside from agriculture, the Colorado Department of Corrections’ prison just outside Limon employs between 150 and 500, while Lincoln Community Hospital in Hugo provides between 100 and 250 jobs.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lincoln-county-colorado" hreflang="en">lincoln county colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/limon" hreflang="en">limon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/limon-history" hreflang="en">limon history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lincoln-county-history" hreflang="en">lincoln county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-plains" hreflang="en">Great Plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dust-bowl" hreflang="en">dust bowl</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/starvation-trail" hreflang="en">starvation trail</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hugo" hreflang="en">hugo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chicago-rock-island-pacific-railroad" hreflang="en">chicago rock island pacific railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/big-sandy-creek" hreflang="en">big sandy creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/new-deal" hreflang="en">New Deal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-farming" hreflang="en">Colorado farming</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Laura Solze Claggett, <em>History of Lincoln County, Colorado </em>(Dallas, TX: Curtis Media Corporation, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James E. Fell, Jr., <em>Limon, Colorado: Hub City of the High Plains </em>(Limon, CO: Limon Heritage Society, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>History Colorado, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/oahp/lincoln-county">Lincoln County</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lincoln County Economic Development Corporation, “<a href="https://www.lincolncountyed.org/index.php/data/economic-indicators">Economic Base Analysis, 2013</a>,” 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Our Journey on Colorado’s Central Plains, “<a href="https://ourjourney.info/myjourneydestinations/lincolncountymuseum.asp">Lincoln County’s Hedlund House Museum</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>R. Laurie Simmons and Thomas H. Simmons, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/Programs/SHF_Survey_Genoa2008.pdf">Genoa, Colorado: Historic Buildings Survey, 2008</a>” (Denver: Center of Preservation Research, University of Colorado-Denver, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Lincoln County Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://usda.library.cornell.edu/">Colorado, Contd.</a>,” US Census of Agriculture (1890).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/getVolumeTwoPart.do?volnum=6&amp;year=1910&amp;part_id=1094&amp;number=1&amp;title=Reports%20by%20States:%20Alabama%20-%20Montana">Reports by states with statistics for counties California-D.C.</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol. 6, Part 1 (1910).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/getVolumeOnePart.do?year=1935&amp;part_id=770&amp;number=41&amp;title=Colorado">Colorado</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Part 41 (1935).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://usda.library.cornell.edu/">Colorado-Wyoming: Chapter B – Statistics for Counties</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Part 29 (1950).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/getVolumeOnePart.do?year=1982&amp;part_id=6&amp;number=6&amp;title=Colorado">Colorado</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Part 6 (1982).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Geological Survey, “<a href="https://groundwaterwatch.usgs.gov/hpn/countymaps/CO_073.html">High Plains Groundwater Network: Lincoln County, Colorado</a>,” February 6, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elliott West, <em>The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Abbey Christman, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/NRSR/5LN206.pdf">Hugo Municipal Pool</a>,” US Department of the Interior, National Park Service Form 10-900 (Denver: History Colorado, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://cityofhugoco.org/">Hugo</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.townoflimon.com/">Limon</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.colorado.com/limon/history-heritage/history-museums/limon-heritage-museum-railroad-park">Limon Heritage Museum &amp; Railroad Park</a> (Colorado Tourism page)</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://lincolncountyco.us/">Lincoln County</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 29 Sep 2016 21:29:34 +0000 yongli 1889 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org