%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Jules Jacques Benois Benedict http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jules-jacques-benois-benedict <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jules Jacques Benois Benedict</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-05-18T13:19:53-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 18, 2022 - 13:19" class="datetime">Wed, 05/18/2022 - 13:19</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jules-jacques-benois-benedict" data-a2a-title="Jules Jacques Benois Benedict"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fjules-jacques-benois-benedict&amp;title=Jules%20Jacques%20Benois%20Benedict"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Jacques Benedict (1879–1948), one of Colorado’s best-known and most-flamboyant architects, designed some of Colorado’s grandest Beaux Arts city homes and rustic mountain residences, as well as notable churches, libraries, schools, a town hall, shelters in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-mountain-parks">Denver’s Mountain Parks</a>, and a few commercial buildings. Practicing in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver/">Denver</a> from 1909 to 1942, he is credited with at least eighty known buildings, mostly in metro Denver. He eschewed modern styles, preferring to work in various European revival modes. A perfectionist, he insisted on the finest materials and craftsmanship and paid particular attention to graceful interiors. Handsome and immaculately dressed, Benedict was a sought-after dinner guest, the state’s “society architect.”</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Jules Jacques Benois Benedict was born on April 22, 1879, in Chicago. He grew up in the city before studying at Chicago’s Art Institute and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1899 he joined the prominent architectural firm of Frost and Granger in Chicago, then moved to Paris three years later to attend the École des Beaux-Arts, the world’s premier school of architecture. In Paris the well-heeled Benedict enjoyed the life of a boulevardier with a fine wardrobe and a valet. European touches learned at the École des Beaux-Arts characterized Benedict buildings, which borrowed from French provincial, Italianate, Spanish, and Mediterranean styles. Many Benedict plans feature intricate terra cotta or stone doorways, gracefully arched doors and windows, fireplaces, and decorative plastered or painted ceilings. He fancied locally quarried rhyolite, travertine, other marbles, native stone, stucco, terra cotta, and clay tile roofing. Leaving Paris after completing his studies in 1906, Benedict joined the top New York firm of Carrere &amp; Hastings, whose projects included the main New York City Public Library, the Manhattan Bridge, and the Flagler Estate in Florida.</p> <p>In 1909 Benedict moved to Denver and established his own firm, which prospered due to his credentials, unique artistic design, and social connections. He married June Brown, the daughter of John Sidney Brown, a wealthy merchant. They lived on a farm in Littleton, where Benedict raised cattle, fine hogs, and bull terriers. In Littleton Benedict designed a notable Beaux Arts Town Hall (1920, now the Town Hall Arts Center) and the Littleton Carnegie Public Library (1917, now a restaurant). His farm has become Ketring Lake Park and his elaborate home a Carmelite monastery.</p> <p>Strongly opinionated, Benedict sometimes overruled his clients’ wishes, a rare practice among architects. When commissioned to do the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-public-library">Denver Public Library</a>’s Woodbury Branch and given a budget of no more than $14,000, he personally raised the additional $4,000 to make the building an exquisite example of the style he called “Florentine Renaissance.” He developed a reputation as a difficult, demanding architect, a perfectionist with maniacal attention to detail. An eccentric who refused to join the American Institute of Architects, he also condemned the coalition of Denver architects commissioned to design Denver’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-city-and-county-building">City and County Building</a> (1932), for which he created his own, rejected counterproposal.</p> <h2>Residences</h2> <p>Benedict’s first completed residence was McDonough House (1909), on West Forty-Sixth Avenue. His largest was Belmar (1937, now demolished), a Lakewood mansion inspired by the Petit Trianon at Versailles for <em>The Denver Post</em> heiress May Bonfils. His surviving Weckbaugh Mansion (1933), just south of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-country-club">Denver Country Club</a> at 1701 East Cedar Avenue, is Colorado’s finest specimen of the Norman French Chateau style. Other large Benedict residences dot Denver’s East Seventh Avenue and Morgan’s Subdivision Historic Districts, including the Richard Campbell House (1926), now the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-botanic-gardens">Denver Botanic Gardens</a> House. Benedict made major additions and remodeling for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/richthofen-castle">Richthofen Castle</a> (1924) in the Montclair neighborhood and Highlands Ranch Mansion (1932) in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/douglas-county">Douglas County</a>. He also designed several large homes in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/broadmoor">Broadmoor</a> neighborhood in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs">Colorado Springs</a>.</p> <h2>Rocky Mountain Rustic</h2> <p>Although best known for his exquisite Beaux Arts residential designs, Benedict also championed a “Colorado Alpine” style, a variation on the eastern Adirondack style, for mountain residences and mountain park shelters. For his rustic designs, Benedict typically used native stone, local logs, branch trim, and bark roofs to make buildings that looked like an extension of their natural environment. One of the first Alpine residences, the Paul T. Mayo Residence (1920) at 32743 Upper Bear Creek Road in Evergreen, included a cloister. Atop Mt. Morrison, Benedict built a stone mansion for John Brisben Walker. On nearby Mt. Falcon, he designed a never-completed castle intended to serve as the Summer White House for US presidents. His largest Alpine lodge was the $1.5 million, twenty-seven-room Baehr Lodge (1927), now part of Pine Valley Ranch Park.</p> <p>In addition to mountain residences, Benedict also shaped the rustic look of the Denver Mountain Parks system. Of his most elaborate mountain parks lodge, Chief Hosa Lodge (1923) at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/genesee-park">Genesee Park</a>, Benedict wrote, “Chief Hosa Lodge was always there. We simply piled up rock layers, leaving some openings for light . . . [then] laid the felled trunks across the top and called it a lodge.” Using this mix of large boulders and local logs, he also constructed the Echo Lake Lodge (1926) at the base of the Mt. Evans Highway as well as rustic shelters for Bergen Park (1915), <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/daniels-park">Daniels Park</a> (1920s), Filius Park (1918), and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/summit-lake">Summit Lake</a> (c. 1935). Benedict designed a somewhat different look for the Dedisse Park Clubhouse, also known as the Keys on the Green (1925), an octagonal, peeled-log restaurant in Evergreen.</p> <h2>Church Architecture</h2> <p>For the Catholic Archdiocese of Denver, Benedict designed churches and schools. Some regard his St. Thomas Seminary (1926–31, now renamed for St. John Vianney) at the Archdiocese, with its chapel a stained-glass marvel reminiscent of Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, as his finest work. St. Catherine Chapel (1934) at Camp St. Malo is a stone-and-glass wonder perched on a rocky outcropping near Allenspark. In 1926 Benedict added a stylish arcade and rectory to St. Joseph Catholic Church. A decade later, he designed the cloisters, memorial prayer garden, and monastery for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-elizabeth-hungary-catholic-church">St. Elizabeth of Hungary Catholic Church</a> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver">Auraria</a>. For other denominations, he designed Beaux Arts structures, including the First Church of Divine Science (1922), at 1400 Williams Street in Denver, and First Presbyterian Church (1930), at 1609 West Littleton Boulevard in Littleton.</p> <p>After Benedict’s death, his longtime protégé and chief assistant, John K. Monroe, finished many of his projects, including Catholic churches of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/holy-ghost-catholic-church">Holy Ghost</a>, Christ the King, Good Shepherd, and St. Vincent De Paul. Benedict, who converted to Catholicism late in his life, is buried in Mt. Olivet Catholic Cemetery in Wheat Ridge.</p> <h2>Other Work</h2> <p>Benedict’s few commercial buildings include only one that still stands, the Cullen-Thompson Motor Company (1926), at 1000 Broadway, more recently known as the Sports Castle. The finest of all Colorado’s automobile showrooms, this four-story French Gothic design showcases stained-glass windows featuring the winged wheels of the Chrysler Company. The nine-story Central Savings Bank (1911) at Fifteenth and Arapahoe Streets was a highly praised Renaissance Revival building where Benedict once had an office. It was demolished in 1990 despite protests from preservationists. Other downtown demolitions include Benedict’s Flat Iron Building (1913) and his remodel and expansion of the Albany Hotel (1930s). His remodel of the Colorado Building (1935), at 1609 California Street, survives, its Art Deco twist showing one of Benedict’s only concessions to modern styles.</p> <p>Benedict also designed some civic and school architecture around Denver. He donated the Benedict Fountain (1922, rebuilt in 1977) in a wading pool in what is now Benedict Park and a duplicate fountain (c. 1937) in Hungarian Freedom Park. His <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/washington-park">Washington Park</a> Boating Pavilion (1913) survives, but his exquisite Sunken Gardens Pavilion (1914) and wading pool are gone, as is the Dennison Memorial Building (1914) at the University of Colorado in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder">Boulder</a>. Benedict’s two Denver elementary schools are Park Hill (1901) and Rosedale (1924). His last work was the Steinhauer Fieldhouse (1942?) at Colorado School of Mines in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden">Golden</a>.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Benedict retired in 1942 and died on January 16, 1948. His work is generally so uniquely attractive and so well done that most of it survives to this day. His style did not change much over the years, as he stuck to Beaux Arts European for his residences and rustic for his mountain buildings. Many of his designs were covered in the <em>Architectural Record</em> and <em>Western Architect</em> and are now listed in the National Register of Historic Places. With his notoriously temperamental character, he burned many of his drawings, but some Benedict materials survive in Norlin Library at the University of Colorado in Boulder and the Library of Congress.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jules-jacques-benois-benedict" hreflang="en">Jules Jacques Benois Benedict</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-mountain-parks" hreflang="en">denver mountain parks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/belmar" hreflang="en">Belmar</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/richthofen-castle" hreflang="en">Richthofen Castle</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/highlands-ranch-mansion" hreflang="en">Highlands Ranch Mansion</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-brisben-walker" hreflang="en">John Brisben Walker</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chief-hosa-lodge" hreflang="en">Chief Hosa Lodge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/echo-lake-lodge" hreflang="en">Echo Lake Lodge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-john-vianney-seminary" hreflang="en">St. John Vianney Seminary</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-catherine-chapel" hreflang="en">St. Catherine Chapel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-elizabeths-catholic-church" hreflang="en">St. Elizabeth&#039;s Catholic Church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sports-castle" hreflang="en">Sports Castle</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“The Alpine Quality as Exemplified by the Works of J. B. Benedict, Architect, Denver,” <em>Western Architect</em> (February 1923).</p> <p>Dan W. Corson, “Architect J. J. B. Benedict and His Magnificent Unbuilt Buildings,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> (Summer 1979).</p> <p>Mike McPhee, “Architect Extraordinaire: The Denver Legacy of Jacques Benedict,” <em>Colorado Expression </em>(Winter 1998).</p> <p>Mike McPhee, in-progress biography of his grandfather Jacques Benedict, shared with Tom Noel on January 23, 2022.</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel and Barbara S. Norgren, <em>Denver: The City Beautiful and Its Architects, 1893–1941 </em>(Denver: Historic Denver, Inc., 1987).</p> <p>R. Laurie Simmons and Thomas H. Simmons, “The Architecture of Jules Jacques Benois Benedict,” National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form (2005).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>A Short History of Denver</em> (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2016).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 18 May 2022 19:19:53 +0000 yongli 3684 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Morrison http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/morrison <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Morrison</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2278--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2278.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/morrison-historic-district"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Morrison-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=sRni1_rV" width="1000" height="548" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/morrison-historic-district" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Morrison Historic District</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Today Morrison's one main street of historic commercial buildings is largely lined with restaurants and antique shops.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2281--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2281.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/hauling-lime"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Morrison-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=c4YHokVx" width="1000" height="795" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/hauling-lime" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hauling Lime</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In its early years, Morrison's economy depended on the Denver, South Park &amp; Pacific Railroad and George Morrison's quarries, which produced sandstone, limestone, and gypsum.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2282--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2282.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/morrison-1880s"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Morrison-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=AI0Owve0" width="1000" height="799" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/morrison-1880s" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Morrison, 1880s</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>By the 1880s, Morrison had a population of about 500. Thanks to George Morrison, it had a bustling quarry industry, and it also served as a vital transportation link between farms and ranches in the mountains and markets on the plains.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-01T13:48:07-07:00" title="Wednesday, February 1, 2017 - 13:48" class="datetime">Wed, 02/01/2017 - 13:48</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/morrison" data-a2a-title="Morrison"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmorrison&amp;title=Morrison"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Morrison is a small tourist-oriented town of restaurants and antique shops located along <strong>Bear Creek</strong> in the valley south of <a href="/article/red-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre"><strong>Red Rocks</strong></a>, about fifteen miles southwest of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. Established in 1872, the town relied on George Morrison’s quarrying industry in its early years but gradually shifted to a tourist economy by the twentieth century, when <strong>John Brisben Walker</strong> operated a hotel and developed attractions at Red Rocks. The town’s location between the hogbacks and the foothills largely protected it from being absorbed by Denver’s suburban sprawl in the late twentieth century. In 1976 Morrison was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Years: George Morrison and John Evans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Before the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59 brought white settlers to the area, the hogback valley along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> near what is now Denver was a favored campsite for Native American groups stretching back thousands of years. Evidence from nearby archaeological sites such as <a href="/article/lodaiska-archaeological-site"><strong>LoDaisKa</strong></a>, <a href="/article/magic-mountain-archaeological-site"><strong>Magic Mountain</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/ken-caryl-south-valley-archaeological-district"><strong>Ken-Caryl South Valley</strong></a> suggests that the area was used at least as early as 6000 BCE, and Indians continued to camp, fish, and hunt in the valley until whites displaced them in the nineteenth century.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1859 Morrison founder George Morrison came to Colorado in the gold rush. He tried his luck in <strong>Idaho Springs</strong> for two months before falling back on his previous experience in construction and stone masonry. In 1860 he moved to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mount-vernon"><strong>Mount Vernon</strong></a>—a town then located just north of Red Rocks—and built a stone house that he operated for a few years as a hotel. In 1864 he acquired 320 acres near Bear Creek, about three miles south of Mount Vernon, where he had discovered rich deposits of building materials such as sandstone, lime, and gypsum.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1872 Morrison and a group of investors, including former Colorado Territorial governor <a href="/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a> and railroad developer <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/david-h-moffat">David Moffat</a>,</strong> incorporated the Morrison Stone, Lime and Town Company. The plan was to establish a town along Bear Creek on land that Morrison sold to the company. The town would have Morrison’s quarries as an industrial base and would also be developed for tourism to take advantage of its picturesque location. Evans and Moffat also planned to route their narrow-gauge <strong>Denver, South Park &amp; Pacific Railroad</strong> through Morrison on its way to mountain mining camps. The railroad would have plenty of freight thanks to Morrison’s quarries, and it could also quickly transport tourists to the town from Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The town of Morrison started to take shape over the next two years. In 1873 George Morrison built a stately three-story sandstone residence for himself; after his death in 1895, it was turned into the Cliff House, a hotel known for its good food and Sunday concerts. The year after building his own house, Morrison also completed a high-class sandstone hotel that Evans hired him to build. Called the Swiss Cottage, the hotel featured forty-two rooms and a dancing pavilion. Located on high ground south of Bear Creek, it boasted great views of Mt. Morrison and the area’s large red rock formations.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1874 the Denver, South Park &amp; Pacific Railroad arrived to haul out construction materials and bring in tourists. Morrison ended up being on a spur line rather than the main line after engineers decided that the railroad should go up <strong>Platte Canyon</strong> instead of <strong>Bear Creek Canyon</strong>, but the railroad was still crucial to the town’s success. By 1880 the town had grown to about 500 people, most of whom lived on side streets branching off from the main street of commercial buildings parallel to Bear Creek. It had five quarries for sandstone, limestone, and gypsum, as well as two kilns and a brick factory. All these construction materials could be shipped to Denver on the railroad, and Morrison also linked farms and ranches in the mountains to markets on the plains. Tourists could pay sixty cents round-trip for an express train that took about forty-five minutes from Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>John Brisben Walker’s Tourist Town</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the final decades of the nineteenth century, Morrison’s founders died or moved on. The Swiss Cottage originally owned by Evans became the Hotel Evergreen, and in 1884 Bishop <strong>Joseph Machebeuf</strong> bought the building for use as the home of Sacred Heart College. The Jesuit college lasted only a few years in Morrison, however, because students wanted to be closer to Denver. In 1887 entrepreneur John Brisben Walker, who had fallen in love with the Morrison area, acquired the old hotel building and gave the college forty acres of an alfalfa farm he operated northwest of Denver. The Jesuits developed that farmland into today’s <strong>Regis University</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Walker acquired the old hotel in Morrison, he expanded and updated the building into a high-class resort known as the Mt. Morrison Casino. Over the years the hotel played host to a parade of famous visitors, including Theodore Roosevelt, Warren G. Harding, Herbert Hoover, and Lawrence Welk. Walker lived at the hotel with his family and ultimately acquired roughly 4,000 acres in the Morrison area, including Mt. Falcon, Mt. Morrison, and Red Rocks (known as Garden of the Titans at the time). In the early twentieth century he began to actively develop his properties for tourism. In 1906 he established a pavilion for concerts at Red Rocks, and in 1908 he opened an incline railway from Red Rocks to the summit of Mt. Morrison. Tourists could take the train from Denver to Morrison and rent a burro or buggy to get to Red Rocks, where they could enjoy an afternoon concert or pay seventy-five cents to ride the incline railway up Mt. Morrison.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, Walker built his family a large stone mansion near the summit of Mt. Falcon and also started raising money for a Summer White House on the mountain, where he hoped future presidents would spend their vacations. But the start of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, the death of Walker’s wife in 1916, and the burning of Walker’s mansion in 1918 derailed his dreams. In addition, the incline railway up Mt. Morrison became less popular as roads like the Lariat Loop (which came through Morrison) were completed and automobile tourism became more popular.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Walker’s own fortunes declined, and in 1924 he offered to sell Red Rocks to the city of Denver. The city declined at the time but eventually acquired the property in 1929. Around the same time, Frank Kirchoff bought some of Walker’s other Morrison-area properties, including the Mt. Morrison Casino. Kirchoff renamed the hotel the Hillcrest Inn and catered to eastern tourists. By <strong>World War II</strong>, however, the railroad to Morrison had been removed, and new highways were allowing towns deeper in the mountains to draw tourists away from foothills towns like Morrison. In 1943 Kirchoff gave the Hillcrest Inn to the Poor Sisters of St. Francis, who used it as a retreat house and an old folks home for about a decade. The inn stood vacant for five years before being acquired by the Mt. Morrison Investment Company in 1957 and turned into the Pine Haven Nursing Home.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After World War II, Morrison ceased to be a tourist destination in the way that it had been in the early twentieth century. With the opening of <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> to the north and US 285 to the south, by the 1970s it was no longer on any main routes to the mountains. The town also largely lost its role as a producer of construction materials, although Aggregate Industries continues to operate a quarry about a mile south of town. Morrison settled into life as a somewhat sleepy residential town, with antique stores and restaurants in the historic brick and stone commercial buildings along the town’s main street. It has a population of about 500.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The biggest threat to the town’s historic character and setting came from the rapid development of the Denver metropolitan area in the late twentieth century. Whereas Morrison was once separated from Denver by miles of farms and ranches, today suburban developments are within minutes of the town. In the 1960s and 1970s, Morrison itself added some new ranch-style houses just southwest of the town’s historic core, but the hogbacks have largely shielded the town from Denver’s growth. Future developments planned on Morrison land in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rooney-ranch"><strong>Rooney Valley</strong></a>, just east of the hogbacks, will bring more traffic but also more residents and a larger tax base.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, most Colorado residents know Morrison as the home of <strong>Bandimere Speedway</strong>, a dragstrip that opened just east of the hogbacks in 1958, and Red Rocks Amphitheatre, the famed concert venue that the city of Denver opened in 1941. In 2015 Red Rocks Amphitheatre and the related Mount Morrison <a href="/article/civilian-conservation-corps-colorado"><strong>Civilian Conservation Corps</strong></a> camp just west of Morrison were named a National Historic Landmark. Visitors also come to the Morrison Natural History Museum and nearby <a href="/article/dinosaur-ridge"><strong>Dinosaur Ridge</strong></a> to learn about the many important dinosaur fossils and footprints that have been discovered in the area since the late 1870s.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bear-creek" hreflang="en">Bear Creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-rocks" hreflang="en">Red Rocks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-rocks-ampitheatre" hreflang="en">red rocks ampitheatre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-brisben-walker" hreflang="en">John Brisben Walker</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-evans" hreflang="en">John Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/george-morrison" hreflang="en">George Morrison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-south-park-pacific-railroad" hreflang="en">Denver South Park &amp; Pacific Railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/regis-university" hreflang="en">Regis University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bandimere-speedway" hreflang="en">Bandimere Speedway</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dinosaur-ridge" hreflang="en">Dinosaur Ridge</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Sam Arnold, <em>The View From Mt. Morrison: The Story of a Colorado Town</em> (Denver: Fur Press, 1974).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lorene Horton, “Town of Mt. Morrison,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (September 15, 1975).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Jefferson County Historical Commission, <em>From Scratch: A History of Jefferson County, Colorado</em> (Golden, CO: Jefferson County Historical Commission, 1985).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 01 Feb 2017 20:48:07 +0000 yongli 2279 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/red-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3568--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3568.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/red-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/RedRocksAMP_0.png?itok=0Y16x_jv" width="1024" height="680" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/red-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre&nbsp;officially opened to the public on June 15, 1941. It has since become an iconic American concert venue, hosting such world-famous musicians&nbsp;as The Beatles, Louis Armstrong, Stevie Nicks, B.B. King, Willie Nelson, and many more.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-23T11:13:28-07:00" title="Monday, January 23, 2017 - 11:13" class="datetime">Mon, 01/23/2017 - 11:13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/red-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre" data-a2a-title="Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fred-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre&amp;title=Red%20Rocks%20Park%20and%20Amphitheatre"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located just west of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> near the town of <a href="/article/morrison"><strong>Morrison</strong></a>, Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre combines awe-inspiring natural scenery with natural acoustic splendor. The 868-acre park stands 6,450 feet above sea level between the <a href="/article/colorado’s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> and the Rocky Mountains. The park’s amphitheater opened to the public in June 1941 and has hosted concerts, graduations, festivals, and other events ever since. Part of the extensive <a href="/article/denver-mountain-parks"><strong>Denver Mountain Parks</strong></a> system, Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre has a rich history filled with many important figures and events that contributed to its rise as one of the Denver area’s most iconic cultural and natural landmarks.</p><div style="height:0.7px;overflow:hidden;"><p>Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre, eingebettet in die atemberaubende Naturlandschaft von Colorado, ist ein Leuchtturm für Touristen, die sowohl landschaftliche Schönheit als auch kulturelle Erfahrungen suchen. Dieser ikonische Veranstaltungsort zieht nicht nur Musikliebhaber und Outdoor-Enthusiasten an, sondern zieht auch die Aufmerksamkeit einer einzigartigen Bevölkerungsgruppe auf sich: Online-Casinospieler. Die Anziehungskraft von Red Rocks geht über die majestätischen Felsformationen und atemberaubenden Aussichten hinaus; es dient auch als unerwarteter Hotspot für diejenigen, die Online-Glücksspiele in Casinos wie <a href="https://casinospace.at/zahlungsmethoden/paysafecard/">https://casinospace.at/zahlungsmethoden/paysafecard/</a> genießen. Mit dem Aufkommen von internetbasierten Casinos und einer Vielzahl von bequemen Zahlungsmethoden wie paysafecard casino suchen die Spieler ständig nach neuen und aufregenden Orten, um ihrem Lieblingszeitvertreib zu frönen. Die Kombination aus grandioser Natur und dem Nervenkitzel von paysafecard casino-Spielen übt auf viele Besucher eine unwiderstehliche Anziehungskraft aus. Ein Faktor, der zur Attraktivität von Red Rocks bei Online-Casinospielern beiträgt, ist seine Zugänglichkeit. Dank der Bequemlichkeit mobiler Geräte und Hochgeschwindigkeits-Internetverbindungen können Enthusiasten ihre Lieblingsspiele praktisch von überall aus genießen, auch inmitten der atemberaubenden roten Felsformationen des Parks.</p></div><h2>Geology and Early Discoveries</h2><p>The monolithic, 300-foot sandstone walls of Red Rocks rose up from a prehistoric ocean floor millions of years ago. The two largest walls, “Ship Rock” and “Creation Rock,” lie on the north and south sides of the amphitheater, towering over the rest of Red Rocks Park. Similar formations surfaced across Colorado, including <strong>Garden of the Gods</strong> near <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> and the <strong>Flatirons</strong> near <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>. These three land structures are part of what geologists call the Fountain Formation. For about 15 million years at the end of the Cretaceous Period (145–65 million years ago), the Fountain Formation underwent a major tectonic event called the Laramide Orogeny, which also created the <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>. This event lifted and tilted the Fountain Formation, exposing the rocks to erosion, producing the iconic slabs of Red Rocks. Weathering released oxidizing minerals such as iron, giving the rocks its reddish hue. In the late nineteenth century, bones of dinosaurs that roamed the area in the Cretaceous period were found at <a href="/article/dinosaur-ridge"><strong>Dinosaur Ridge</strong></a>, just northeast of Red Rocks.</p><p>Human occupation of the Red Rocks site dates back thousands of years, to the <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian period</strong></a>. Euro-Americans who moved to the Front Range during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59 found that <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong>people&nbsp;used Red Rocks as a sacred site and a gathering spot for music.</p><h2>Ownership</h2><p>In 1872 Marion Burts became the first recorded owner of Red Rocks, which he named “Garden of the Angels.” He sold it to Leonard H. Eicholtz, a railroad construction engineer from Pennsylvania who developed Red Rocks into a park in 1878. Eicholtz added roads, trails, picnic grounds, steps, and ladders so visitors could explore the park. He later sold Red Rocks to <strong>John Brisben Walker</strong> in 1905 for $5,000. Walker renamed the park “Garden of the Titans” and began further developing the park and amphitheater to attract tourists. He constructed a wooden stage at the base of the naturally acoustic bowl framed by Creation and Ship Rocks.</p><p>Walker had to sell off portions of his land due to financial problems. He sold the central portion to the park of the Red Rocks Corporation, an enterprise run by John Ross. Ross donated 530 acres of Red Rocks to the City and County of Denver in 1927, and the city acquired 110 additional acres in 1928. By 1932, the Denver Department of Parks and Recreation had purchased nearly 690 acres in Red Rocks Park and along Bear Creek for $50,000. In 1941 the Denver Mountain Park system included 13,000 acres, most of which was outside the city limits.</p><h2>Construction</h2><p>In 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Congress created a set of programs designed to lift the nation out of the Great Depression. Known as the <a href="/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a>, the federal programs provided work relief, mainly to young, unemployed men. One of these programs, the <a href="/article/civilian-conservation-corps-colorado"><strong>Civilian Conservation Corps</strong></a> (CCC), enlisted young men to help conserve the nation’s natural resources. <strong>George Cranmer</strong>, the manager for Denver Parks, saw an opportunity to use the CCC to implement his grand plan to convert the Red Rocks Park into a formal outdoor theater. In 1935, after the project was approved for federal funding, 200 men arrived from <strong>Durango</strong> and began working on roadways and bank side sloping.</p><p>Part of George Cranmer’s vision required an architect skilled enough to incorporate the natural acoustics of Red Rocks within formal theater elements. Once the amphitheater project was approved, the city and county of Denver appointed <strong>Burnham F. Hoyt</strong> as the head architect. Hoyt, a native of Denver, had already attained national recognition prior to designing the Red Rocks Amphitheatre. He designed continental seating, in which no center aisle exists; instead, there is enough space between each row to allow audience members easy access to their seats. During the same year CCC enrollees materialized, Hoyt gained an assistant, <strong>Stanley Morse</strong>.</p><p>Construction of the Red Rocks Amphitheatre did not commence until 1936, when US secretary of the interior Harold Ickes approved the project. The Red Rocks Amphitheatre proved to be one of the most complex structures the CCC built. Work began with leveling the floor between Ship Rock and Creation Rock. Because the floor sloped away from the stage, Hoyt had to create a grading plan. Work crews would use a considerable amount of dynamite to reverse the angled slope, and Denver’s city council and newspapers criticized George Cranmer for proposing such a noisy undertaking. Cranmer decided to have the CCC do all the detonations in one day to accommodate the sound concerns. The rock formations’ natural acoustics worked well with musical performances, but not with the booming sounds of construction and demolition.</p><h2>Opening and Musical Performances</h2><p>On the afternoon of June 8, 1941, Red Rocks held a soft opening for local officials, including Chief John F. Healy of the Fire Department, who enjoyed the Junior Orchestra of the Denver Symphony Society. On June 15, 1941, Red Rocks’ new amphitheater officially opened to the public with a performance featuring Helen Jepson of New York’s Metropolitan Opera singing “Ave Maria.”</p><p>Since the grand opening, Red Rocks has become a premiere concert venue. Great performers have stood on the Red Rocks stage such as Nat King Cole, Louis Armstrong, Harry Belafonte, Ray Charles, Ella Fitzgerald, the Eagles, Santana, Willie Nelson, Journey, Grateful Dead, Tears for Fears, Kiss, Bon Jovi, Sting, Stevie Nicks, B. B. King, Nora Jones, Duran Duran, and DeVotchKa. Perhaps the most famous musicians to grace the stage were the Beatles, who played there on August 26, 1964. Besides concerts, Red Rocks hosts movie nights, yoga, and the annual Easter sunrise service as well as special events including weddings and graduations.</p><h2>Preservation</h2><p>Thanks to the efforts of Friends of Red Rocks (FoRR), Red Rocks Park obtained National Historic Landmark status on July 21, 2015. Starting in 1999, the nonprofit organization spent fourteen years working with Denver to implement preservation recommendations that would prevent the commercialization of Red Rocks. FoRR continues to preserve the park’s natural beauty by conducting regular cleanups and contributing to the Open Space initiative, a joint effort by the city of Denver and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jefferson-county"><strong>Jefferson County</strong></a> to acquire private land around Red Rocks in order to preserve the natural setting.</p><h2>Today</h2><p>Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre has a way of bringing people together. Generations old and new gather to make memories, further adding to the legacy of the park. Dinosaurs, ancient tribes, settlers, industrial businessmen, government officials, nonprofit organizations, architects, preservationists, historians, and music enthusiasts have all come to experience the wondrous venue and explore the breathtaking landscape around it. It took millions of years of geologic forces, a labor force from the Civilian Conservation Corps, the vision of Burnham Hoyt and Stanley Morse, the city and county of Denver, and the driving force of George Cranmer to complete the beautiful amphitheater. With the continued support of the park’s Denver-area stewards and visitors from around the world, Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre will likely remain a local and national landmark well into the future.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/jones-kelly" hreflang="und">Jones, Kelly</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-rocks-amphitheater" hreflang="en">red rocks amphitheater</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-rocks-amphitheatre" hreflang="en">red rocks amphitheatre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-rocks-history" hreflang="en">red rocks history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-rocks-morrison" hreflang="en">red rocks morrison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/morrison" hreflang="en">Morrison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/beatles" hreflang="en">the beatles</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sandstone" hreflang="en">sandstone</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ship-rock" hreflang="en">ship rock</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/creation-rock" hreflang="en">creation rock</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/laramide-orogeny" hreflang="en">laramide orogeny</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-brisben-walker" hreflang="en">John Brisben Walker</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/marion-burts" hreflang="en">marion burts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-mountain-parks" hreflang="en">denver mountain parks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/new-deal" hreflang="en">New Deal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/louis-armstrong" hreflang="en">louis armstrong</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ray-charles" hreflang="en">ray charles</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stevie-nicks" hreflang="en">stevie nicks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eagles" hreflang="en">the eagles</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/friends-red-rocks" hreflang="en">friends of red rocks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civilian-conservation-corp" hreflang="en">Civilian Conservation Corp</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civilian-conservation-corps" hreflang="en">Civilian Conservation Corps</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“A Labyrinth of Charm,” <em>Happy Home Chats</em> vol.1, no. 16 (June 22, 1936).</p><p>Civilian Conservation Corps Legacy, “<a href="https://ccclegacy.org/CCC_Brief_History.html">CCC Brief History</a>,” 2015.</p><p>Denver Department of Parks, “Data on Red Rocks Park,” 1932.</p><p>Friends of Red Rocks, “<a href="https://www.friendsofredrocks.org/">Who We Are</a>,” 2016.</p><p>Letter, Manager to Chief John F. Healy, June 2, 1941, Denver Department of Parks papers.</p><p>“<a href="https://www.nps.gov/nhl/find/statelists/co/CO.pdf">National Historic Landmarks Program</a>,” National Park Service, 2015.</p><p>Tom Noel, <em>Sacred Stones: Colorado’s Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre</em> (Denver: Division of Theatres and Arenas, 2004).</p><p>Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre, “<a href="https://www.redrocksonline.com/concerts-events/listing/archive">Concert Archive: Previous Shows</a>,” 2014.</p><p>Sally L. White, “<a href="https://historicjeffco.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/2005histjeffcov18-26.pdf">John Brisben Walker, the Man and Mt. Morrison</a>,” <em>Historically Jeffco</em> 18, no. 26 (2005).</p><p>Deon Wolfenbarger, “<a href="https://www.nps.gov/nhl/news/LC/fall2014/RedRocksPark.pdf">Red Rocks Park and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp: Draft Nomination</a>,” National Historic Landmarks Program (National Park Service), June 28, 2013.</p><p>Helen Worden, “Steel Gives Nature a Lift,” <em>The World</em> (1941).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://catalog.denverlibrary.org/search/title.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.6&amp;pos=1">Burnham Hoyt Architectural Records</a> (Denver Public Library)</p><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/best-red-rocks-shows-all-time">Best Red Rocks Shows of All Time</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/red-rocks-amphitheatre-6-things-see-do">Red Rocks Amphitheatre: 5 Things to See &amp; Do</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p><p>Day Hikes Near Denver, “<a href="https://dayhikesneardenver.com/red-rocks-trail-red-rocks-park/">Red Rocks Trail at Red Rocks Park</a>.”</p><p><a href="http://www.theredrocksamphitheater.com/">Red Rocks Amphitheatre Fansite</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 23 Jan 2017 18:13:28 +0000 yongli 2195 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org