%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Colorado National Bank http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-national-bank <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado National Bank</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3843--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3843.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-national-bank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/CONatlBank_0.jpg?itok=HY0QOetc" width="1090" height="728" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-national-bank" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado National Bank</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>With its origins in the frontier banking environment of the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>, <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>'s <a href="/article/colorado-national-bank"><strong>Colorado National Bank</strong></a> (now US Bank) weathered more than a century of financial ups and downs. It managed funds from <a href="/article/great-western-sugar-company"><strong>Great Western Sugar</strong></a>, <strong>Globe Smelting</strong>, and many of the state's other important businesses.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/nick-johnson" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Nick Johnson</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-11-20T08:35:01-07:00" title="Sunday, November 20, 2022 - 08:35" class="datetime">Sun, 11/20/2022 - 08:35</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-national-bank" data-a2a-title="Colorado National Bank"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-national-bank&amp;title=Colorado%20National%20Bank"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Colorado National Bank (CNB) was founded in <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver">Denver</a></strong> in 1862 and managed to survive the state’s ups and downs until its 1998 sale to Minneapolis-based US Bank. The intermarried Kountze and Berger families, prominent as early Denver treasurers, civic leaders, and investors, ran the bank for most of its history. CNB’s 1915 home in Denver is one of Colorado’s best examples of Neoclassicism and a temple-like anchor for Seventeenth Street, the “Wall Street of the Rockies.”</p> <p>In 2014 the CNB building was restored outside and revamped inside to accommodate a 230-room luxury hotel. Most of the ornate banking fixtures have been preserved, including the lobby’s mural series “Indian Memories” by Allen True. Next door, the twenty-six-story Colorado National Bank Tower (1975, now US Bank Tower) is one of Denver’s best modernist office buildings.</p> <h2>Birth of a Bank</h2> <p>On November 29, 1862, <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> editor <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-n-byers">William N. Byers</a></strong> noted in his pages the arrival of Luther Kountze, an old acquaintance from Nebraska “who comes to take up his residence and go into the banking business among us.” Once in Denver, Kountze moved quickly. On December 2, 1862, he opened the doors of Kountze Brothers in the corner storefront of <strong>Walter Scott </strong><strong>Cheesman</strong>’s brick building at Fifteenth and Blake Streets. Just a month later, R. G. Dun &amp; Company’s Denver credit agent reported that Kountze Brothers was a reliable firm that bought “a good deal of gold dust.”</p> <p>The Kountzes were not the first or the largest Denver bank. Others opened as early as June 1859 to buy gold, provide credit to miners, and funnel outside investment into Colorado. Even with exorbitant interest rates of 25 percent a month, it was hard to keep banks alive in an unstable frontier town with a footloose population more inclined to move on than to pay up. One success story was <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory">Colorado Territory</a></strong>’s third bank, Clark, Gruber &amp; Company, which opened in July 1860 at <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sixteenth-street-denver">Sixteenth</a></strong> and Market Streets. A mint as well as a bank, Clark Gruber minted $2.50, $5, $10, and $20 gold pieces. After President Abraham Lincoln and Congress outlawed private mints in 1862 and passed the new National Banking Act in 1863 as part of the standardization of the nation’s banking and currency systems, Clark Gruber evolved into the First National Bank of Denver. The First would be Colorado’s leading bank for the next century.</p> <p>The second-largest bank for decades was Kountze Brothers. In a town plagued by bank failures, the Kountzes earned a reputation for caution and conservative loans. With the assistance of their banks in Omaha and New York, they courted customers and investors locally and nationally.</p> <p>In 1863 the brothers built a handsome, two-story brick bank at Fifteenth and Market Streets. Three years later, the comptroller of the currency in Washington examined Kountze Brothers and approved elevating it to Colorado National Bank. As with Clark Gruber becoming First National Bank of Denver, national bank status for the Kountzes meant they could issue notes secured by the federal government, serve as a federal depository, undergo a federal audit, and enjoy other privileges of a national bank.</p> <h2>“Hard Times Make Good Bankers”</h2> <p>After surviving Denver’s economic slump in the 1860s, CNB began to boom with the city after railroads arrived in the 1870s. On the eve of the rail age, Luther Kountze left the CNB presidency to his brother Augustus in 1869 and moved on to the Kountze Brothers bank in New York City. Augustus left the Denver bank in 1874 and handed over the presidency to the youngest of the four banking brothers, Charles. Charles also followed Luther as Denver City treasurer. He oversaw tremendous bank growth during his presidency, which spanned from 1874 to 1911. In 1882 Charles built a new home for the bank at Seventeenth and <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-square">Larimer</a></strong> Streets in the heart of downtown Denver. This four-story stone fortress cost $100,000 and served as CNB’s headquarters until 1915. Charles and his bank played a major role in financing Colorado mining and railroading throughout these years.</p> <p>Thanks to its cautious investment strategy, CNB was one of the few Denver banks to survive the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/panic-1893">Panic of 1893</a></strong>. Claiming that “hard times make good bankers,” Charles Kountze diversified investments to weather the depression. He acquired stakes in the Denver Dry Goods Company, the Globe Smelting and Refining Company, and Greenland Ranch, a huge cattle ranch between Denver and <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs">Colorado Springs</a></strong>. As Colorado’s economy shifted after 1893 from mining to agriculture, so did CNB, becoming a major investor in the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-western-sugar-company">Great Western Sugar Company</a></strong>, soon to be Colorado’s largest agricultural enterprise.</p> <p>In 1911 Charles was stricken with pneumonia and died. His closest advisor was William Lewis Bart Berger, who had married Charles’s sister Margaret. The family selected their oldest son, George Berger, as the fourth president of CNB, a post he would hold until 1934.</p> <h2>A Bank That Looks Like a Bank</h2> <p>George Berger guided CNB during a period of growth and the construction of the bank’s landmark building, which still stands today at Seventeenth and Champa Streets. Before his death, Charles Kountze had acquired a strategic site at that corner for CNB’s fourth (and final) home. By then, Seventeenth Street had emerged as “Banker’s Row” or the “Wall Street of the Rockies.” In 1914 George hired Colorado’s most prominent architectural firm, William and Alan Fisher, to build a new headquarters there.</p> <p>The Fishers, Kountzes, and Bergers agreed on a neoclassical building of 96 percent pure <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/marble-mill-site">Colorado Yule marble</a></strong>. The Greek temple–like design featured three-story fluted Ionic columns on both street-facing facades. A slab of reinforced concrete thirty-five feet below street level anchored the steel skeleton of the four-story structure, making it strong enough to support an eight-story addition.</p> <p>Not just another multifunctional office building, this was a bank that looked like a bank. Lavish details included a huge bronze front door and brass monogram CNB fixtures throughout the building, which caught sunlight streaming through the skylight. Above all, the $500,000 bank prioritized security, with a 60,000-pound, armor-plated main vault and a floor-gong alarm system connected to all fifteen teller cages, eight officer’s quarters, and major meeting rooms.</p> <p>CNB thrived in its new home, leading the Bergers and Kountzes to ask architects <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/burnham-hoyt">Burnham</a></strong> and Merrill Hoyt to design an addition that perfectly matched the Fishers’ original. The Hoyts made one significant departure in their 1925 expansion: They persuaded the bankers to commission Colorado’s leading muralist, Allen Tupper True, to adorn the lobby with a series of murals on fourteen panels called “Indian Memories.”</p> <p>True had become famous for his illustrations depicting a romanticized American West and <strong>Manifest Destiny</strong>. In his mural at CNB, he attempted to portray Indigenous life before contact with white people. Starting with boyhood and girlhood, the colorful murals depicted a <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> hunt and warriors.</p> <p>In 1934 George Berger, Sr., retired as president to become chairman of the board. He was followed as president by Harold Kountze, Sr., the only son of Charles B. and Mary Kountze. Harold guided CNB through the Great Depression by following the same conservative strategy that had worked in the past. In his own words, CNB stayed afloat by catering “to a large number of small depositors and staying away from loans and investing in a few good corporate and government loans.”</p> <p>After Harold Kountze, Sr., stepped down in 1956, he was followed by a series of short-term presidents. One of them, Merriam Berger, launched the bank’s 1963–65 expansion. This $4.5 million project added two stories on top of the old bank. Architects John B. Rogers and Jerome K. Nagel designed this addition. Their starved classicism featured streamlined modern columns on top of and in supposed complement to the original fluted, Ionic columns.</p> <h2>Yamasaki’s CNB Tower</h2> <p>The bank, like Denver, boomed for three decades after World War II. To handle staff overcrowding and capitalize on the mushrooming downtown office market, CNB demolished the Ernest and Cranmer Building next door at Seventeenth and Curtis Streets. The bank then hired a world-famous Japanese American architect, Minoru Yamasaki (architect of New York City’s demolished World Trade Center), to design a twenty-six-story modernist tower next to the bank. Clad in white marble like the old bank, the 1975 glass tower also celebrated the old bank’s trademark columns with its own slender exterior support columns.</p> <h2>Bankshares, Inc. and Bankcards</h2> <p>In 1967 CNB created Colorado National Bankshares, Inc., a holding company that would allow the bank to open and operate branches. CNB soon had a dozen branches throughout Colorado, many of them mergers with existing banks.</p> <p>During his tenure from 1986 to 1992, CNB president D. Dale Browning made CNB the Rocky Mountain regional leader in credit cards, debit cards, ATM networks, and electronic banking. He joined a California credit card system called BankAmericard, which became a moneymaker. Browning installed the system at CNB, initially calling it the Rocky Mountain Bankcard System. It was later renamed VISA. Browning also made CNB the first bank in the region to install a system of automated teller machines (ATMs) where members could deposit or withdraw funds twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.</p> <h2>US Bank</h2> <p>Over the years, CNB absorbed other banks, including Denver’s prominent Bank Western and Central Banks. In 1998 CNB itself was bought by US Bank of Minneapolis. Part of a growing trend whereby a few giant national banks bought up locals in the wake of a 1994 act removing many restrictions on operating branches in different states, CNB was swallowed by an out-of-town giant. To this day, US Bank survives as the successor of CNB.</p> <p>After the absorption, Colorado National Bank Tower became US Bank Tower. US Bank also occupied the old CNB building until 2007. The building then stood vacant until 2009, when Denver-based Stonebridge Companies purchased it. Stonebridge spent $48 million to convert the bank to the 230-room Renaissance Denver Downtown City Center Hotel, which opened in 2014. A restaurant was added and the lobby enlarged with a lounge offering views of the restored Allen True murals. The vaults became (very secure) meeting rooms.</p> <p>Having found a new purpose and designations in the National Register and Denver Landmark District as one of Colorado’s best examples of Neoclassical architecture, the former CNB bank building should look the way it does for ages to come.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-national-bank" hreflang="en">Colorado National Bank</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-bank-history" hreflang="en">colorado bank history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-bank-colorado" hreflang="en">us bank colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-history" hreflang="en">denver history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/banking-denver" hreflang="en">banking denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-bank-tower" hreflang="en">us bank tower</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/visa-history" hreflang="en">visa history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bank-americard" hreflang="en">bank americard</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-western-sugar-company" hreflang="en">great western sugar company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/panic-1893" hreflang="en">panic of 1893</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-dry-goods-company" hreflang="en">denver dry goods company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/globe-smelting-company" hreflang="en">globe smelting company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cattle-ranch" hreflang="en">cattle ranch</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/luther-kountze" hreflang="en">Luther Kountze</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/charles-kountze" hreflang="en">Charles Kountze</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/walter-cheesman" hreflang="en">Walter Cheesman</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/first-national-bank-denver" hreflang="en">first national bank of denver</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Eugene Adams, Lyle W. Dorsett, and Robert S. Pulcipher, <em>The Pioneer Western Bank: First of Denver, 1860–1980</em> (Denver: First Interstate Bank of Denver and the State Historical Society of Colorado, 1984).</p> <p>Colorado National Bank, <em>Denver in Early Years</em> (Denver: Colorado National Bank, 1922).</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p> <p>Fred R. Niehaus, <em>Seventy Years of Progress: History of Banking in Colorado, 1876–1946 </em>(Washington, DC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 1948).</p> <p>Thomas Jacob Noel, <em>Growing Through History with Colorado: The Colorado National Banks, the First 125 Years, 1862 to 1987</em> (Denver: Colorado National Banks and the Colorado Studies Center, University of Colorado Denver, 1987).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>David J. Eitemiller,&nbsp;<em>The Denver Mint: From the Gold Rush to Today</em>&nbsp;(Phoenix: American Traveler Press, 1983).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Sun, 20 Nov 2022 15:35:01 +0000 Nick Johnson 3842 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Cheesman Park http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cheesman-park <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cheesman Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-19T15:45:07-06:00" title="Friday, May 19, 2017 - 15:45" class="datetime">Fri, 05/19/2017 - 15:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cheesman-park" data-a2a-title="Cheesman Park"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcheesman-park&amp;title=Cheesman%20Park"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>One of the jewels of <strong>Denver’s park and parkway system</strong>, Cheesman Park (1601 Race St, Denver, CO 80206) sits on land that originally served as the city’s first cemetery. In 1890 the cemetery was closed, many—but not all—graves were relocated, and a park designed by Denver’s first landscape architect, <strong>Reinhard Schuetze</strong>, was put in its place. The park was later named in honor of early Denver businessman <strong>Walter S. Cheesman</strong> after his family donated funds for the park’s neoclassical pavilion. Beloved by locals who flock to its broad expanse of grass, the park has been described by Yale art historian Vincent Scully as one of the finest urban spaces in the United States.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>City Cemetery</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The land that is now Cheesman Park—eighty acres between Eighth Avenue and Thirteenth Avenue, and between Humboldt Street and Race Street—was originally part of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s first cemetery. In 1859 Denver founder <a href="/article/william-larimer-jr"><strong>William Larimer, Jr.</strong></a> staked out 320 acres on a hill east of the city as a burial ground. Initially called Mt. Prospect Cemetery, it had sections for Protestants, Catholics, Jews, Chinese, fraternal organizations, and paupers. In the early 1870s, however, the US Land Office declared that, as a result of previous Indian treaties, the cemetery was actually federal property. The city of Denver requested to continue using the land for burials, and in 1872 it bought 160 acres for $200. Eighty acres became City Cemetery, with other parcels sold for use by Catholics, Jews, and various fraternal organizations.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>City Cemetery faced several problems. First, it was an unkempt plot of land on a hill with no irrigation, rendering it a desolate place full of cacti, <a href="/article/sagebrush"><strong>sagebrush</strong></a>, and many unmarked graves. By the 1870s wealthy residents no longer wanted to be buried there. In 1876 Denver established a new park-like cemetery at Riverside as an alternative, with Fairmount (1890) and Mt. Olivet (1892) added later.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Second, Denver’s suburbs began to encroach on City Cemetery in the 1880s. The wealthy residents who were moving east of <a href="/article/denver’s-capitol-hill"><strong>Capitol Hill</strong></a> pushed for something other than a forlorn graveyard in their midst. Denver lobbied Congress to change the land’s use to a park, which it did in 1890. Denver renamed the land Congress Park in gratitude.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Congress Park</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>If Denver wanted to use the former cemetery as a park, it first had to remove the bodies. Initially, the city asked friends and family of the deceased to move the caskets. This process left thousands of bodies still in the ground, so in early 1893 the city hired undertaker Edward McGovern to dig them up and move them for $1.90 per body. Through some combination of laziness, greed, and the difficulty of locating bodies in unmarked graves, McGovern and his team decided to skimp on the work. They separated bodies into smaller pieces, put each piece into a different casket, and filled the caskets with dirt and rocks to make it seem that they had removed many more bodies than they actually had.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>McGovern’s fraud was found out within a few months, and he was fired. There were still plenty of bodies in the prospective park, however, so the city issued an ultimatum that family and friends of the deceased needed to remove all bodies within ninety days. Even after the ultimatum, it is estimated that more than 2,000 graves remained in the ground. There have been occasional reports of casket pieces, bones, and even full skeletons discovered or dug up in the park. In October 2010, for example, workers upgrading the park’s sprinklers found three skeletons underground near the pavilion.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The park sat empty for several years because the city had no money to develop it after the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong>. By 1898 the city’s first landscape architect, Reinhard Schuetze, had drawn up a plan for its development. Work on the park began in 1900, with plantings starting in 1902. Inspired by the Long Meadow in Brooklyn’s Prospect Park, Schuetze designed the park as a huge lawn ringed by a roadway, with plantings around the perimeter. The German-born Schuetze also sought to mimic the style of Berlin’s Unter den Linden street by placing rows of linden trees on both sides of the streets surrounding the park. This was implemented only on Franklin Street, which ran north–south through the west side of the park.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cheesman Park and Pavilion</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Schuetze’s plan called for several buildings in the park, including the rustic Japanese tea house that he designed for the north lawn. The most prominent building in the park was to be a pavilion at its highest point, which would provide a panoramic view of the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>. Denver could not afford to build the pavilion, however, so Mayor <a href="/article/robert-w-speer"><strong>Robert Speer</strong></a> promised to rename the park after anyone who donated enough money to make the pavilion possible. When the unpopular water and real estate tycoon Walter Cheesman died in 1907, his wife and daughter promptly gave $100,000 for the pavilion to repair his reputation. Congress Park became Cheesman Park, and the <strong>Congress Park</strong> name was reapplied to a plot of land just to the east along what is now Eighth Avenue.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Construction on the pavilion began in 1908. Designed by the architects <strong>Marean and Norton</strong> atop a platform landscaped by <strong>George Kessler</strong>, it was built with Colorado <a href="/article/marble-mill-site"><strong>Yule marble</strong></a> and meant to resemble a classical temple, with Tuscan columns and minimal decoration. It was completed in 1910. Until the 1970s, when automobile access was restricted, people could drive to the pavilion, park, and enjoy the mountain view. The pavilion has also been used for picnics, emergency flood shelter, and, from 1934 to 1972, summer opera performances sponsored by <strong><em>The</em> <em>Denver Post</em></strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Schuetze died in 1910, before the park had fully matured. His successor, <a href="/article/saco-rienk-deboer"><strong>Saco R. DeBoer</strong></a>, completed his work with minimal alterations, and the simple strength of Schuetze’s original design remains clear more than a century later. The park is popular for walking and jogging, cycling, picnics, and field games, and it is connected to the rest of Denver’s extensive park and parkway system via the Cheesman Park Esplanade and Seventh Avenue Parkway.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The few changes that have occurred to the park’s design primarily involve automobile access. In 1912 Franklin Street was closed to traffic, covered with grass, and converted into a pedestrian walkway. Some crossover roads and other parts of the park were closed to traffic in the 1970s, including the pavilion, which lost its platform and auto court in favor of flower beds. The most significant changes to the look and feel of the park have occurred just outside its borders, with the rise of tall apartment buildings on the park’s eastern, northern, and western edges. Denver building codes now protect what remains of the park’s view west to the mountains.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-parks" hreflang="en">Denver parks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/walter-cheesman" hreflang="en">Walter Cheesman</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/reinhard-schuetze" hreflang="en">Reinhard Schuetze</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/city-cemetery" hreflang="en">city cemetery</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/congress-park" hreflang="en">Congress Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/george-kessler" hreflang="en">George Kessler</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/saco-rienk-deboer" hreflang="en">Saco Rienk DeBoer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheesman-pavilion" hreflang="en">Cheesman Pavilion</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/marean-and-norton" hreflang="en">Marean and Norton</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Louisa Ward Arps, <em>Cemetery to Conservatory: A History of the Land around Denver Botanic Gardens, 1859–1978</em> (Denver: Denver Botanic Gardens, 1980).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Don Etter, “Denver Park and Parkway System,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (March 1986).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Don and Carolyn Etter, <em>Forgotten Dreamer: Reinhard Schuetze, Denver’s Landscape Architect</em> (Denver: Denver Public Library, Western History Collection, 2001).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phil Goldstein, <em>The Ghosts of Denver: Capitol Hill</em> (Denver: New Social Publications, 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Barbara S. Norgren, <em>Denver: The City Beautiful and Its Architects, 1893–1941</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Shawn Snow, “Denver’s Cheesman Park: A Place for the Living, or the Nonliving?” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> (Nov/Dec 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Annette L. Student, <em>Historic Cheesman Park Neighborhood</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, 1999).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 19 May 2017 21:45:07 +0000 yongli 2598 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Governor’s Residence at Boettcher Mansion http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/governors-residence-boettcher-mansion <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Governor’s Residence at Boettcher Mansion</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1789--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1789.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/governors-residence-boettcher-mansion"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Governors%20Residence%20Media%204_0.jpg?itok=jtT82RpU" width="640" height="585" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/governors-residence-boettcher-mansion" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Governor&#039;s Residence at the Boettcher Mansion</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After Claude and Edna Boettcher died in the late 1950s, their mansion was offered to the State of Colorado as a governor's residence. After some hesitation because of the high cost of maintenance, Governor Stephen McNichols accepted the house at the end of 1959 and moved into it in 1961. The mansion continues to serve as the state's official executive residence.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-29T14:44:11-06:00" title="Monday, August 29, 2016 - 14:44" class="datetime">Mon, 08/29/2016 - 14:44</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/governors-residence-boettcher-mansion" data-a2a-title="Governor’s Residence at Boettcher Mansion"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgovernors-residence-boettcher-mansion&amp;title=Governor%E2%80%99s%20Residence%20at%20Boettcher%20Mansion"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located at 400 Eighth Avenue in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, the Governor’s Residence at the Boettcher Mansion was originally built in 1908 for the Cheesman family. In 1924 Gladys Cheesman Evans sold the Colonial Revival residence to <strong>Claude K. Boettcher</strong>, who lived there with his wife for more than three decades. After their deaths the <strong>Boettcher Foundation</strong> offered the house to the State of Colorado for use as the governor’s residence, a purpose it has served since 1960.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cheesman Mansion</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1903 Denver business leader <strong>Walter Cheesman</strong> started to plan a grand mansion on his land at the southeast corner of East Eighth Avenue and Logan Street. He hired the architects <strong>Aaron Gove and Thomas Walsh</strong> to design the mansion, but his ill health delayed the project. He died in 1907, before construction could begin.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Cheesman’s death, his wife, Alice, and his daughter, Gladys, kept the project alive. To design the house, they hired architects <strong>Willis Marean and Albert Norton</strong>, whom they had engaged to build the Cheesman Memorial Pavilion in the newly renamed <a href="/article/cheesman-park"><strong>Cheesman Park</strong></a> starting in 1908. The mansion’s elaborate acre of gardens was designed by <strong>George Kessler</strong>, who laid out the landscaping around the Cheesman Pavilion.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Completed in 1908, the Cheesman mansion was a grand Colonial Revival residence, with twenty-seven rooms spread over two and a half stories. The Eighth Avenue entrance was framed with a formal portico and large Ionic columns, and the residence as a whole was memorable for its imposing symmetrical façade of red brick and white trim. Inside, mahogany woodwork and oak floors lent solidity and style to the large rooms and long hallways.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Soon after the residence was completed, it hosted the 1908 wedding of Gladys Cheesman and <strong>John Evans II</strong>, the grandson of territorial governor <a href="/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>. The couple shared the house for three years with Alice Cheesman before they had their first child and built their own residence. They continued to be frequent visitors. After 1911, the mansion’s primary resident was Alice Cheesman, who lived there until her death in January 1923.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Boettcher Mansion</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After Alice’s death, the Evans family sold the mansion to Claude K. Boettcher, who bought the house and much of its contents for $75,000 in February 1923. In their thirty-five years of living there, Boettcher and his wife, Edna, added many of the antique furnishings that gave the house’s interior its character. Their many notable acquisitions included a Louis XIV French cylinder desk made by one of the king’s own furniture makers; a Waterford crystal chandelier that hung in the White House in 1876, when Colorado attained <strong>statehood</strong>; and a variety of rare tapestries, Italian marble statues, and eighteenth-century Venetian chairs and French chandeliers. Over the years, the couple also expanded the house several times—most notably, by enlarging the south-facing Palm Room, which was finished with gleaming white marble.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Boettchers made the house a center of high society and hosted many famous visitors. They held a party for Dwight Eisenhower the summer before he was elected president, and Charles Lindbergh was a frequent visitor because of his friendship with the Boettchers’ son, Charles II. Lindbergh stayed there so often that one of the second-floor guest suites was known as “Charlie’s Room.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Governor’s Residence</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When Claude and Edna Boettcher died in 1957 and 1958, respectively, the house was left to the Boettcher Foundation, with the stipulation that it should be offered to the State of Colorado as a governor’s residence. Initially, the state was hesitant to take over the property because of the expense of maintaining such a large, old house. At one point, the contents were cataloged for auction when it looked as if the house would be demolished and the land sold. At the end of 1959, however, Governor <strong>Stephen McNichols</strong> accepted the Boettcher Foundation’s donation of the house, with the foundation agreeing to provide a $45,000 grant to cover maintenance costs over the next three years. The mansion was officially transferred to the state in spring 1960, and the McNichols family moved into the house in 1961.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since McNichols, the mansion has served as the state’s executive residence, with the first family living on the second and third floors. In 1969 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and in the 1980s, it received an extensive restoration. In 2003 Governor <strong>Bill Owens</strong> issued an executive order officially renaming the building the “Governor’s Residence at the Boettcher Mansion” to recognize the Boettcher family and the Boettcher Foundation for donating the building and assisting with its maintenance.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Governor’s Residence hosts an open house every April as part of Doors Open Denver and offers free public tours during the summer and in December to showcase holiday decorations.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/walter-cheesman" hreflang="en">Walter Cheesman</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gladys-cheesman-evans" hreflang="en">Gladys Cheesman Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-evans-ii" hreflang="en">John Evans II</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/claude-boettcher" hreflang="en">Claude Boettcher</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aaron-gove" hreflang="en">Aaron Gove</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/thomas-walsh" hreflang="en">Thomas Walsh</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/willis-marean" hreflang="en">Willis Marean</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/albert-norton" hreflang="en">Albert Norton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boettcher-foundation" hreflang="en">Boettcher Foundation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alice-cheesman" hreflang="en">Alice Cheesman</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/governor" hreflang="en">Governor</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“Boettcher Mansion Becomes New Executive Residence,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 37, no. 3 (1960).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/governor-residence/history-10">“History,”</a> Governor’s Residence at the Boettcher Mansion, Colorado Official State Web Portal.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Barbara S. Norgren, <em>Denver: The City Beautiful and Its Architects, 1893–1941</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jean Walton Smith and Elaine Colvin Walsh, <em>Queen of the Hill: The Private Life of the Colorado Governor’s Mansion</em> (Denver: Volunteers of the Colorado Historical Society, 1979).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Mrs. James W. Allen, “Boettcher Cheesman Mansion (Governor’s Mansion),” Historic American Buildings Survey Inventory (May 1967).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert Fink, “Governor’s (Executive) Mansion,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (October 23, 1969).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365005651/">"The Boettchers,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, May 2, 2013.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 29 Aug 2016 20:44:11 +0000 yongli 1788 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Early Irrigation in Denver http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/early-irrigation-denver <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Early Irrigation in Denver </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1650--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1650.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/high-line-canal-platte-water-co-platte-canyon"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Early-Irrigation-in-Denver-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=sPdKrk9J" width="1000" height="792" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/high-line-canal-platte-water-co-platte-canyon" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">High Line Canal, Platte Water Co., Platte Canyon</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>View of the High Line Canal and a wood frame aqueduct in Platte Canyon on the South Platte River in Douglas County. Trees grow beside the aqueduct and grass on the hills.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-11T15:16:30-06:00" title="Thursday, August 11, 2016 - 15:16" class="datetime">Thu, 08/11/2016 - 15:16</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/early-irrigation-denver" data-a2a-title="Early Irrigation in Denver "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fearly-irrigation-denver&amp;title=Early%20Irrigation%20in%20Denver%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Like most places in the arid American West, <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> could not possibly sustain itself without <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> systems. While easy to overlook, disputes over water rights began with the onset of irrigation and persist to the present day. Today, though most of Denver’s original canals have been covered or removed, some of the features remain—most notably the <strong>High Line Canal</strong>—and continue to provide aesthetic and recreational draws for the city.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Denver’s First Ditches</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Water is not abundant in much of Colorado and the West. Early Denver, for instance, was a dusty, arid hamlet, fairly devoid of greenery except for brush and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>cottonwoods</strong></a> scattered along <strong>Cherry Creek</strong>, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a>, and other natural waterways. To sustain the new community, water had to be brought in from the mountains and foothills via a series of ditches. The essential difference between a ditch and natural drainage is that a ditch generally follows contour lines and drops very gradually in elevation. The average “fall” of a ditch is five feet per mile. If the fall is any steeper, the water erodes embankments; if the fall is any shallower, the water will not move. A canal is sometimes regarded as a big ditch, though the terms are frequently used interchangeably.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Early arrivals such as <strong>Walter Cheesman</strong>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/david-h-moffat"><strong>David Moffat</strong></a>, and James Archer led efforts to bring reliable and safe water service to Denver, which was emerging as Colorado’s principal community. Constructing extensive ditch systems was a noteworthy engineering accomplishment in the nineteenth century. Initially, men with shovels, picks, and scraping tools carved out ditches; then came oxen pulling plows, scrapers, and huge, heave, oak-and-iron wagons. A “Rotary Canal Builder and Railroad Excavator” powered by ten yoke of oxen scooped out the City Ditch and could do the work of 100 men. Ditch maintenance was also an enormous undertaking. Constant freezing and thawing caused ongoing damage, particularly to wooden flumes, and there was always bank erosion to deal with.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver’s earliest ditches were utilitarian and were not considered as aesthetic or recreational attractions, although hints of these uses were evident. Children sailed toy boats in the ditches, and people of all ages appreciated splashing about on a hot day. But with the benefits of artificial waterways came trouble. Open ditches resulted in occasional drownings, and water scarcities caused friction between ditch users, especially during dry years. It was believed that ditches were a breeding ground for water-borne diseases, such as the typhoid epidemic that broke out during the summer of 1879. The ditches also attracted wandering domestic animals and livestock. As a preview of today’s multitude of legal battles over water rights, city officials finally had to intervene to prevent fighting between rural/agricultural and urban/domestic water users.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver’s first water works was built in 1871 where F Street (today’s Fifteenth) met the Platte River. Two Holly Pumps—an engineering marvel in its day—drew water from a large well sunk in the gravel beds of the river. This new pumping plant, dubbed the “Holly Water Works,” had the capacity to provide the thirsty town with 2.5 million gallons of water daily (a moderate-sized pond’s worth; the Denver Water Department in 1998 supplied a million people with 100 million to 450 million gallons of water daily). Denver had an abundance of water—far more than could be delivered through hand-made wooden flumes and oxen-dug ditches. The remaining ditches now delivered water solely for agricultural purposes instead of domestic use.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Some of the city’s early ditches survive to the present and continue to serve useful purposes. The best known among these in Denver is the High Line Canal, sporting picturesque trails lined with cottonwoods and willows. It is among Colorado’s “historic ditches”—those more than fifty years old, as designated under the National Historic Preservation Act.       </p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Expansion and Upgrades</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>A great advancement was the development of underground water conduits—first made of wood staves using the techniques of barrel-making, followed by sheet-iron pipes. In 1870 Denver became directly linked to Kansas and Wyoming by rail, which allowed the city to bring in wood staves and sheet-iron pipes. With this new technology, men proceeded to bury ditches, only occasionally following the course of the ditch itself. Although they were more convenient, the new pipes brought new problems. They easily clogged with dirt and debris and had to be dug up and cleaned out or replaced entirely—tasks that had been easily addressed before the ditches were buried. Moreover, Denver began a period of rapid growth in the early 1880s—a populace swelled by discovery of rich mineral deposits in the mountains to the west. Denver now found itself outgrowing the delivery capacity of its ditches and pipes. It needed a reservoir up the Platte, more water lines, and sewer lines, while the streets were already dug up. As these improvements were made to accommodate city residents, the old open ditches and their laterals continued to serve agriculture.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Water Police</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1874 Denver instituted “water police,” officers responsible for patrolling ditches, intervening in water disputes, stopping water diversion, and generally maintaining peace around the ditches. By 1882 there were thirty water police under the leadership of water commissioner Sidney Roberts. These guardians patrolled nearly 1,000 miles of street ditches, and their clashes with residents reflected the high level of emotion surrounding water issues. For instance, during the summer of 1875 water in City Ditch periodically failed to reach the city due to upstream farmers and homeowners diverting water onto their own land. On August 13, 1875, <em>The</em> <em>Denver Times</em> reported that when water police arrived at the headgates to determine the problem, housewives attempted to “drive them away with clubs, brooms, mops, and second-hand umbrellas.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1902 water police began locking City Ditch headgates, allowing water to flow into Denver. On one occasion farmers retaliated by smashing open the gates with axes and standing guard with shotguns, daring anyone to stop them from watering their fields. An arrest warrant was issued for a supposed leader of the water thieves, Julius Breeze, but he was never apprehended and a battle never ensued. The city then threatened to cancel the annual water contract of any farmer who resorted to such tactics. In some instances dealing with angry, drought-crazed farmers and settlers fell to the ditch riders and ditch companies rather than an organized force of water police.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Covering Ditches</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In Denver the absence of the old open ditches was greeted with a “good riddance” attitude for more than a decade. But when the <a href="/article/city-beautiful-movement-denver"><strong>City Beautiful Movement</strong></a> caught on in Denver around the turn of the century, ditches were once again viewed with favor. Along with creeks and parkways, they became part of the interconnected landscape envisioned by progressive builders of the new urban environment. For the first time, ditches were appreciated for their own inherent beauty.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver’s Mayor <a href="/article/robert-w-speer"><strong>Robert W. Speer</strong></a> is remembered for his energetic promotion of many City Beautiful projects—financed in large part by his prodigious, bribery-fueled political machine—such as Denver’s Marion Street Parkway beautification project, through which the old City Ditch was still flowing. Open ditches continued to be aesthetic as well as practical factors in the urban and suburban landscape into the 1920s, but during the <strong>Great Depression</strong> these waterways ceased to be appreciated. The general attitude seemed to say, “fill them in and get them underground,” and the Works Progress Administration subsequently covered many of the city’s open ditches during the 1930s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Adapted from Kate Lee Kienast, “Oasis in the <a href="/article/%E2%80%9Cgreat-american-desert%E2%80%9D">Great American Desert</a>: Early Irrigation Ditch Systems in the Denver Area,” <em>Colorado Heritage Magazine</em> 18, no. 2 (1998).</strong></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/early-irrigation" hreflang="en">Early Irrigation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/irrigation-history" hreflang="en">irrigation history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water" hreflang="en">water</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-history" hreflang="en">water history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/south-platte-river" hreflang="en">south platte river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/high-line-canal" hreflang="en">high line canal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/city-ditch-cherry-creek" hreflang="en">city ditch cherry creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-police" hreflang="en">water police</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/walter-cheesman" hreflang="en">Walter Cheesman</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/david-moffat" hreflang="en">david moffat</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Louisa Ward Arps, <em>Denver in Slices</em> (Denver: Sage Books, 1959).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Patricia Nelson Limerick with Jason Hanson, <em>A Ditch in Time: The City, the West and Water</em> (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Marc Reisner, <em>Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water</em> (New York: Viking, 1986).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 11 Aug 2016 21:16:30 +0000 yongli 1649 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org