%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en St. Leo’s Catholic Church http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-leos-catholic-church <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">St. Leo’s Catholic Church</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-12-01T16:56:45-07:00" title="Wednesday, December 1, 2021 - 16:56" class="datetime">Wed, 12/01/2021 - 16:56</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-leos-catholic-church" data-a2a-title="St. Leo’s Catholic Church"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fst-leos-catholic-church&amp;title=St.%20Leo%E2%80%99s%20Catholic%20Church"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Between 1888 and 1965, St. Leo’s Catholic Church at Tenth Street and West <strong>Colfax Avenue</strong> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver"><strong>West Denver</strong></a> was the primary center of worship for Irish Catholics in the city. From the time it was built, St. Leo’s faced controversy over its role in enforcing the cultural and ethnic divisions of early <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. Since its demolition in 1965, the church’s memory has served as a reminder of both the city’s history and the potential risks of discriminating based on race and culture.</p> <h2>Tensions Between German and Irish Catholics</h2> <p>The first Catholic church in West Denver, <strong>St. Elizabeth of Hungary</strong>, was built at the corner of Eleventh and Curtis Streets in 1879. Funded by German American <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/early-immigration-denver-1850%E2%80%931920"><strong>immigrants to Denver</strong></a>, the church was intended as a place of worship for Germans. However, in its earliest days there were only an estimated twelve German families that attended St. Elizabeth’s. Because attendance was so small, Bishop <strong>Joseph Machebeuf</strong> decided that the church would also serve the Irish Catholic community in West Denver, which did not yet have a church of its own. Bishop Machebeuf brought in an English-speaking Irish priest so that separate Irish and German services could be conducted. The language barrier was one reason for the separate services, but so was ethnic rivalry; neither the Germans nor the Irish wanted to worship together owing to cultural differences and tensions that had existed between the groups in the United States for decades.</p> <p>The two groups were forced to coinhabit the church for almost a decade. Unhappy that the Germans controlled St. Elizabeth’s, the Irish petitioned Bishop Machebeuf for their own church in 1882. The petition went unanswered, as Machebeuf was waiting for several Franciscans to arrive and take charge of St. Elizabeth’s. In 1887 two Franciscans, Reverend Francis Koch and Reverend Patrick Carr, arrived. Reverend Koch became the rector at St. Elizabeth’s, while Reverend Carr was assigned as pastor of the English-speaking (Irish) parishioners at the church. The Irish remained at St. Elizabeth’s for another year, until Father Carr acquired land at West Colfax Avenue and Tenth Street (just a few blocks from St. Elizabeth’s) to begin construction of St. Leo the Great Catholic Church.</p> <h2>Building St. Leo’s</h2> <p>In 1888 the Irish miller <strong>John K. Mullen</strong> provided $10,000 to build St. Leo’s Catholic Church on the land that Father Carr had acquired, with another $1,200 toward the church coming from Sunday collections. The building was made of brick, with lancet arches over the windows and a wide wooden front door. There was also an adjoining rectory (or priest’s residence) beside the church. Irish Father William O’Ryan was recruited to lead the church, while Father Carr remained at St. Elizabeth’s. The church flourished in its early years, and Irish Denverites enjoyed services conducted in English with their fellow countrymen. St. Leo’s also had a school, which was noted in 1892 as being one of the best in the city.</p> <h2>Sharing the Church</h2> <p>Peace at St. Leo’s was short lived. Within thirty years of the church’s founding, a new Catholic ethnic group arrived as economic opportunities following <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> brought greater numbers of Mexican and other Spanish-speaking <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/immigration-denver-1920%E2%80%93present"><strong>immigrants</strong></a> to West Denver. The Irish Americans at St. Leo’s were faced with the prospect of having to share their church with the Spanish-speaking newcomers, which caused many of them to leave the church. Father O’Ryan tried to prevent this movement, appealing to the Theatine Fathers (members of the <strong>St. Andrew Avellino Seminary</strong> in Denver) for help. In 1923 Theatine Father Humphrey Martorell began holding services in the basement of St. Leo’s for the Spanish-speaking Catholics at the parish.</p> <p>In 1925 many of the benefactors who had helped pay for St. Leo’s Church decided to fund a separate parish for Spanish-speaking Catholics—called <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-cajetan%E2%80%99s-catholic-church"><strong>St. Cajetan’s</strong></a>—several blocks away at the corner of Lawrence and Ninth Streets so that the Irish would no longer have to worship alongside Hispanic Denverites.</p> <h2>Shifting Generations</h2> <p>In the decades after <strong>World War II</strong>, the demographic of St. Leo’s parish changed in a way that made it difficult to sustain the church. Several generations removed from the immigrants who had established the city, St. Leo’s parish and other Catholics in Denver were less concerned with segregating churches along ethnic lines. Younger parishioners who identified strictly as American rather than Irish American felt less tied to St. Leo’s and were finding other places to worship. Racialized postwar <strong>suburbanization</strong> also played a key role in the church’s decline, as many upwardly mobile white families moved out of central Denver during the 1950s and 1960s.</p> <p>The parish community did continue to grow but not at a rate high enough to sustain funding for the church. In February 1965, St. Leo’s closed permanently, and the order was given for its demolition. Demolition occurred within three months. Today there is a vacant lot where the church once stood, across the street from the Colfax at Auraria light rail station.</p> <p>The history of St. Leo’s Catholic Church demonstrates the city’s long experience with ethnic tensions. It started as a safe place for a group of immigrants who were discriminated against, yet its parish community later inflicted the same discrimination against another immigrant group. The church’s story provides insight into the ways in which ethnic tensions can shape, remake, or destroy religious congregations.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/kennedy-anna" hreflang="und">Kennedy, Anna</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/irish" hreflang="en">Irish</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-leos-catholic-church" hreflang="en">St. Leo&#039;s Catholic Church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria" hreflang="en">auraria</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-elizabeths-catholic-church" hreflang="en">St. Elizabeth&#039;s Catholic Church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-cajetans-catholic-church" hreflang="en">St. Cajetan&#039;s Catholic Church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-k-mullen" hreflang="en">John K. Mullen</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Robert A. Banigan, “Pastor Speaks on Closing of St. Leo’s Church,” <em>West Side Recorder</em>, May 1, 1965.</p> <p>“Catholic News—Denver,” <em>Western Irishman</em>, August 27, 1892.</p> <p>Dennis Gallagher, Thomas J. Noel, and James Patrick Walsh, <em>Irish Denver</em> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2012).</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel,&nbsp;<em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).&nbsp;</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>William J. Convery III, <em>Pride of the Rockies: The Life of Colorado’s Premiere Irish Patron, John Kernan Mullen</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> <p>Magdalena Gallegos, “Hispanic Life in Auraria, Colorado: The Twentieth Century,”&nbsp;<em>U.S. Catholic Historian</em>&nbsp;9, nos. 1–2 (Winter/Spring 1990).</p> <p>Phil Goodstein,&nbsp;<em>How the West Side Won: The History of West Denver</em>&nbsp;(Denver: New Social, 2015).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 01 Dec 2021 23:56:45 +0000 yongli 3647 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org St. Cajetan’s Catholic Church http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-cajetans-catholic-church <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">St. Cajetan’s Catholic Church</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-10-24T16:43:21-06:00" title="Monday, October 24, 2016 - 16:43" class="datetime">Mon, 10/24/2016 - 16:43</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-cajetans-catholic-church" data-a2a-title="St. Cajetan’s Catholic Church"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fst-cajetans-catholic-church&amp;title=St.%20Cajetan%E2%80%99s%20Catholic%20Church"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located at what was once the corner of Ninth and Lawrence Streets (101 Lawrence Way, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/Denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, CO 80204) in the <strong>Auraria Higher Education Center</strong>, St. Cajetan’s Catholic Church was built in 1926 to serve the Latino community of west Denver. The first church for Spanish-speaking Catholics in Denver, it was designed in the Spanish Colonial Revival style by <strong>Robert Willison</strong>. When the area was redeveloped as the Auraria campus in the 1970s, the congregation moved to southwest Denver and the church building was renovated into offices and an auditorium.</p> <h2>Catholic Church</h2> <p>By the 1920s, the diverse Catholic community in west Denver already had two churches: <strong>St. Elizabeth of Hungary</strong> for German Catholics and St. Leo’s for Irish Catholics. But the area’s growing Latino Catholic community had no church of its own. In 1922 they received their own parish, called St. Cajetan, but they continued to worship in the basement at St. Leo’s. The congregation grew rapidly and soon needed a church of its own.</p> <p>In 1923 the Irish businessman <strong>John K. Mullen</strong>, a parishioner at St. Leo’s, donated the site of his former house at Ninth and Lawrence to St. Cajetan’s Parish to be used for a church. Ground was broken in 1924, but soon the parish ran out of money. Mullen contributed more than half the cost of the church’s construction, allowing it to be completed in March 1926. Inspired by the churches of Mexico and New Mexico, architect Robert Willison’s Spanish Colonial Revival building had a stucco exterior, rounded arches, twin bell towers, and a red-tile roof. It could seat 700 people.</p> <p>St. Cajetan’s became a central institution in the Hispanic community of west Denver. In 1937 the parish opened a school, and it also operated a health clinic and a credit union. Starting in 1961, it hosted an annual summer street fair in honor of St. Cajetan.</p> <h2>Campus Auditorium</h2> <p>In the wake of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-flood-1965"><strong>South Platte River flood of 1965</strong></a>, local authorities began to move forward with a plan to redevelop 169 acres (about 38 blocks) in west Denver as a centralized campus for three growing institutions: the <strong>University of Colorado–Denver</strong>, <strong>Metropolitan State University of Denver</strong>, and the <strong>Community College of Denver</strong>. The urban renewal plan, which required moving the area’s roughly 350 families and 200 businesses, was received with hostility by a Latino community that wanted to stay where it was. St. Cajetan’s hosted meetings in opposition to the campus plan, but the city bond issue passed in 1969, allowing demolition and campus construction to move forward.</p> <p>In 1970 St. Cajetan’s was declared a city landmark, which helped ensure its survival. The <strong>Denver Urban Renewal Agency (DURA)</strong> bought the church in 1973, when it began demolition of the neighborhood to make way for the Auraria Higher Education Center, but the congregation continued to rent the building until 1975, when it moved to a new home in southwest Denver. At that time the exact role of St. Cajetan’s on the Auraria campus remained unclear. Both DURA and the Auraria Higher Education Center had rejected the idea of turning the building into a student center.</p> <p>In 1976 Governor <strong>Richard Lamm</strong> announced that $350,000 in federal funds were available to renovate the church. Over the next two years the exterior was restored and the interior was renovated to serve as a lecture and concert hall. Today St. Cajetan’s is an event center with offices in the basement.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/catholicism" hreflang="en">Catholicism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria-higher-education-center" hreflang="en">Auraria Higher Education Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/robert-willison" hreflang="en">Robert Willison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-k-mullen" hreflang="en">John K. Mullen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/west-denver" hreflang="en">West Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/latinos" hreflang="en">Latinos</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-urban-renewal-agency" hreflang="en">Denver Urban Renewal Agency</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-churches" hreflang="en">historic churches</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><a href="http://suteatro.org/the-st-cajetans-reunification-project/">“About the St. Cajetan’s Reunification Project,”</a> Su Teatro Cultural and Performing Arts Center.</p> <p>Phil Goodstein, <em>How the West Side Won: The History of West Denver</em> (Denver: New Social, 2015).</p> <p><a href="http://stcajetan.denverparish.com/about/history/">“History,”</a> St. Cajetan Catholic Church, Archdiocese of Denver.</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver Landmarks and Historic Districts: A Pictorial Guide</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1996).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Frank C. Abbott, <em>The Auraria Higher Education Center: How It Came to Be</em> (Denver: Auraria Higher Education Center, 1999).</p> <p>Don D. Etter, <em>Auraria: Where Denver Began</em> (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1972).</p> <p><em>Where the Rivers Meet: The Story of Auraria, Colorado: Through Our Eyes</em> (Denver: Su Teatro, 2011).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 24 Oct 2016 22:43:21 +0000 yongli 1945 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cathedral-basilica-immaculate-conception <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1994--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1994.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cathedral-immaculate-conception"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cathedral-Basilica-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=-sK1NX3V" width="1000" height="808" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cathedral-immaculate-conception" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Completed in 1912, the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception features twin Gothic Revival spires that rise 210 feet above Colfax Avenue.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1995--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1995.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/hugh-mcmenamin"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cathedral-Basilica-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=x1M9GcpF" width="1000" height="826" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/hugh-mcmenamin" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hugh McMenamin</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Construction of the cathedral stagnated for many years before Hugh McMenamin became the driving force behind the building's completion in the early 1900s.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1996--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1996.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cathedral-dedication-1912"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cathedral-Basilica-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=PUHrMyD0" width="1000" height="771" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cathedral-dedication-1912" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cathedral Dedication, 1912</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception was dedicated on October 27, 1912, in a ceremony that included a parade of 10,000 Catholics through the city.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1997--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1997.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cathedral-interior"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cathedral-Basilica-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=uU4w4OBA" width="1000" height="1242" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cathedral-interior" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cathedral Interior</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The building featured Italian marble statuary and stained-glass windows made by the Royal Bavarian Institute in Germany. It could seat 1,500, the largest capacity of any church in the city at the time.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1824--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1824.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cathedral-basilica-immaculate-conception"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cathedral-Media-5_0.jpg?itok=OcNSF1gJ" width="1000" height="1511" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cathedral-basilica-immaculate-conception" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Designated as a minor basilica in 1979, the church remains the heart of Denver's Catholic community. Its lunch program serves more than 50,000 meals annually to the poor and homeless.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-26T16:12:24-06:00" title="Friday, August 26, 2016 - 16:12" class="datetime">Fri, 08/26/2016 - 16:12</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cathedral-basilica-immaculate-conception" data-a2a-title="Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcathedral-basilica-immaculate-conception&amp;title=Cathedral%20Basilica%20of%20the%20Immaculate%20Conception"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Completed in 1912, the Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, on East Colfax Avenue in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/Denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, was the result of decades of effort on the part of the city’s early Catholic community. Sometimes called the “Pinnacled Glory of the West,” the building’s elegant Gothic Revival design and twin 210-foot spires made it a Denver landmark. In 1979 Pope John Paul II honored the cathedral, designating it as a minor basilica in recognition of its distinguished history and architecture, and it continues to serve the city’s Catholic community today.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Trials and Tribulations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Denver’s Catholic community</strong> took shape early in the city’s history. In 1860, two years after Denver was founded, Father (later Bishop) <strong>Joseph Machebeuf</strong> established the city’s first Catholic parish—St. Mary’s—and celebrated the city’s first Mass. The small church at Fifteenth and Stout Streets was enlarged in 1871 to accommodate a growing congregation, but it was still not large enough. In 1873 the church was elevated to cathedral status, which made the need for a larger and grander building even more pressing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1880 the Immaculate Conception Cathedral Association was formed for the purpose of erecting a new and larger cathedral in Denver dedicated to the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Progress was slow, in part because Bishop Machebeuf tended to focus his energy on establishing and organizing the Catholic Church in Colorado. After Machebeuf’s death in 1889, his successor, <strong>Nicholas Matz</strong>, soon decided on a site for the new cathedral. Before the land could be acquired, the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> intervened and caused the postponement of all building plans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the cathedral project restarted around 1900, the involvement of local businessman and philanthropist <strong>John K. Mullen</strong> proved crucial to its success. Mullen donated to the cause and convinced other Catholic bankers and businessmen to do the same. They acquired eight lots for the cathedral site at the northwest corner of Logan Street and East Colfax Avenue in <a href="/article/denver%E2%80%99s-capitol-hill"><strong>Capitol Hill</strong></a>, which was rapidly filling with the mansions of Denver’s wealthiest residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Bishop Matz visited Europe in 1901 and saw storied cathedrals in Rome and his native Münster, Germany, he devoted more time to getting the new Denver cathedral off the ground. The building committee raised $100,000 of the cathedral’s projected $250,000 cost, and ground was broken at the East Colfax site. But it would take several more years to complete the cathedral. The building’s cost quickly ballooned to $500,000, and the building fund was lost when its investments in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a> mining went bust. The building site remained little more than a hole in the ground over the next four years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pinnacled Glory of the West</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The arrival of <strong>Hugh McMenamin</strong>, who became an assistant in the cathedral parish in 1905 and was appointed rector of the cathedral in 1908, devoted significant energy to resuscitating the project and raising money for it. In July 1906, the cornerstone was laid, but economic troubles intervened yet again—this time in the form of the Panic of 1907—to delay construction. McMenamin was there to keep the momentum going, and the cathedral was completed in 1912.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Called the “Pinnacled Glory of the West,” the cathedral was designed by Detroit architect Leon Coquard in the Gothic Revival style. When Coquard came down with an illness, the Denver firm of <strong>Aaron Gove and Thomas Walsh</strong> supervised the project. Constructed with Indiana limestone on a foundation of Colorado granite, the building measured 195 feet long and 116 feet wide, with a pair of twin spires that rose 210 feet above East Colfax Avenue. The interior was decorated with statuary of Italian Carrara marble, stained-glass windows made by the Royal Bavarian Institute in Germany, and a massive 3,000-pipe Kimball organ. The pews could seat 1,500, the largest capacity of any church in the city. When the cathedral was dedicated on October 27, 1912, 10,000 Catholics paraded through the city—“the greatest religious demonstration ever witnessed in the Rocky Mountain region,” according to one Denver newspaper.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The congregation had taken on debt of about $250,000 to pay for the $500,000 cathedral. To help cover annual debt payments and operating costs totaling nearly $45,000, McMenamin sold naming rights to various parts of the new cathedral, such as statues and windows. The debt was onerous until 1919, when John Mullen put $110,000 in trust for the cathedral to be used when it would be enough to retire the debt. McMenamin quickly threw himself into a new round of fund-raising, and he was able to pay off the remaining debt the next year, with $45,000 left over.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Once the cathedral was out of debt, it was consecrated on October 23, 1921, in a ceremony attended by six archbishops, thirteen bishops, and a huge crowd estimated at 150,000 spectators.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cathedral Basilica</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>For more than a century the cathedral has played a central role in Denver’s religious and social life, providing a stable presence while also adapting to the changing circumstances around it. When the cathedral was built, it was in Denver’s best neighborhood; John Mullen and <strong>Molly Brown</strong> were among its neighbors and parishioners. By the 1960s, Capitol Hill had changed significantly, especially along East Colfax Avenue, and the area around the cathedral probably counted more homeless residents than millionaires. The cathedral continued to keep its doors open to all during its operating hours, and in 1970 the rector, James Rasby, started a sandwich line to provide people with at least one meal a day, six days a week.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1970s, the cathedral was starting to show its age. Extensive renovations in 1974–75 enlarged the sanctuary, plastered cracks, improved the sound and lighting, and modernized the electrical wiring. In 1977 the Archbishop of Denver, <strong>James Casey</strong>, requested that the Vatican declare Denver’s newly renovated cathedral a minor basilica, a distinction usually given to churches whose history, record of service, and architecture are outstanding. In 1979 Pope John Paul II made the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception the first minor basilica approved during his pontificate. The Pope later celebrated Mass at the cathedral during the <strong>World Youth Day</strong> event held in Denver in August 1993.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cathedral’s one-hundredth anniversary Mass was celebrated on October 27, 2012. It continues to serve as an active place of worship and remains the heart of the local Catholic community. The cathedral celebrates three daily masses and six Sunday masses, and the lunch program established by Rasby now serves more than 50,000 meals annually to the poor and the homeless.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/catholicism" hreflang="en">Catholicism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colfax-avenue" hreflang="en">Colfax Avenue</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/joseph-machebeuf" hreflang="en">Joseph Machebeuf</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nicholas-matz" hreflang="en">Nicholas Matz</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-k-mullen" hreflang="en">John K. Mullen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hugh-mcmenamin" hreflang="en">Hugh McMenamin</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leon-coquard" hreflang="en">Leon Coquard</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aaron-gove" hreflang="en">Aaron Gove</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/thomas-walsh" hreflang="en">Thomas Walsh</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/james-rasby" hreflang="en">James Rasby</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/world-youth-day" hreflang="en">World Youth Day</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Helen M. Arndt, “Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (September 1, 1974).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, 75th Anniversary, October 1987</em> (Denver: Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Colorado Catholicism and the Archdiocese of Denver, 1857–1989</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1989).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.denvercathedral.org/">Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception.</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hugh L. McMenamin, <em>The Pinnacled Glory of the West: Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception. . . .</em> 2nd ed. (Virginia Beach: Donning, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Michelle Pearson, <em>Historic Sacred Places of Denver</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365353648/">"Pope John Paul II,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, October 23, 2014.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Denver’s Cathedral was completed in 1912. Its full name is the Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception. It is on East Colfax Avenue, near the state capitol. The building is elegant. Its tall spires make it a landmark. It is known as the “Pinnacled Glory of the West.” In 1979 Pope John Paul II honored the cathedral.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Trials and Tribulations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver’s Catholic community grew along with the city. The first Catholic parish was started in 1870. Father Joseph Machebeuf said the first mass at Saint Mary’s church. It was at Fifteenth and Stout Streets. Machebeuf became a Bishop in 1873. Churches for bishops are Cathedrals. That meant that little Saint Mary’s was now a Cathedral. But it was too small and plain. Denver needed something more grand.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1880 a group was formed to plan a new cathedral. It would be dedicated to Mary, the mother of Jesus. The new church would be named the Immaculate Conception Cathedral. Progress was very slow. Bishop <strong>Nicholas Matz</strong> decided on a site. But before the land was bought, the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> stopped the plans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The project started again around 1900. <strong>John K. Mullen</strong>, a businessman, donated money. He got other Catholics to donate and they bought land. The lots were at the corner of Logan Street and East Colfax Avenue</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pinnacled Glory of the West</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1905 <strong>Hugh McMenamin</strong> became a parish assistant. In July 1906, the cornerstone was laid. Money was a problem again. But McMenamin led the way forward.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cathedral was blessed on October 23, 1921. Six archbishops and thirteen bishops came. A huge crowd of almost 150,000 people stood outside.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cathedral Basilica</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the cathedral was built, it was in Denver’s best neighborhood. John Mullen and <strong>Molly Brown</strong> went to church there. By the 1960s, <strong>Capitol Hill</strong> had changed. The area around the cathedral had many homeless. Most of the millionaires were gone. The cathedral welcomed everyone. In 1970 the rector, James Rasby, started a sandwich line. This gave people at least one meal a day.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1970s, the cathedral needed repairs. In 1977 the Archbishop of Denver was <strong>James Casey</strong>. He asked that the Vatican call the cathedral a minor basilica. These are important Catholic churches. In 1979 Pope John Paul II said yes. The Pope celebrated Mass at the cathedral in August 1993 during <strong>World Youth Day</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cathedral’s 100th anniversary was on October 27, 2012. It still serves as an active place of worship. It remains the heart of Denver’s Catholic community. The cathedral has three masses a day. On Sundays, there are six. The lunch program serves more than 50,000 meals a year.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Denver’s Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception was completed in 1912. It sits on East Colfax Avenue, just blocks from the state capitol. It was the result of decades of effort. The building’s elegant French Gothic design and twin spires made it a Denver landmark. It is known as the “Pinnacled Glory of the West.” In 1979 Pope John Paul II honored the cathedral. He designated it as a minor basilica. This recognized its noted history and architecture. It continues to serve the city’s Catholic community.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Trials and Tribulations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver was founded in 1858. The city’s<strong> Catholic community</strong> took shape early. In 1860 Father (later Bishop) <strong>Joseph Machebeuf</strong> established the city’s first Catholic parish. He celebrated the city’s first Mass. The small church of Saint Mary’s at Fifteenth and Stout Streets was enlarged in 1871. While it held a growing congregation, it was still not large enough. In 1873 the church was elevated to cathedral status. This made the need for a larger and grander building even more pressing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1880 the Immaculate Conception Cathedral Association formed. Its goal was to build a new cathedral. It would be dedicated to the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Progress was slow. Bishop Machebeuf needed to focus on the Catholic Church in Colorado. He had little time for the Cathedral. Machebeuf died in 1889. His successor <strong>Nicholas </strong>Matz, quickly decided on a site. Before the land could be purchased, the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> postponed all building plans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cathedral project restarted around 1900. This time, the involvement of local businessman <strong>John K. Mullen</strong> proved crucial. Mullen donated to the cause and convinced other Catholic bankers and businessmen to do the same. They acquired eight lots for the cathedral site. The lots, at the northwest corner of Logan Street and East Colfax Avenue, were in the city’s <a href="/article/denver%E2%80%99s-capitol-hill"><strong>Capitol Hill</strong></a> neighborhood. This area was rapidly filling with the mansions of Denver’s wealthiest residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bishop Matz visited Europe in 1901. He toured the cathedrals in Rome and his native Münster, Germany. Upon his return, he devoted more time to the cathedral project. The building committee raised $100,000. This was less than half of the cathedral’s projected $250,000 cost.  Ground was broken at the East Colfax site, but it would take several more years to complete the cathedral. The building’s cost ballooned to $500,000. Then, the building fund was lost when investments in Cripple Creek mining went bust. The building site remained little more than a hole in the ground over the next four years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pinnacled Glory of the West</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Hugh McMenamin</strong> became an assistant in the parish in 1905. He became rector in 1908. His energy revived the project. In July 1906, the cornerstone was laid. Economic troubles delayed building again; this time it was the Panic of 1907. McMenamin kept the project going. The cathedral was completed in 1912.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cathedral was designed in the French Gothic style. The architect was Leon Coquard of Detroit. When he came down with an illness, the Denver firm of <strong>Aaron Gove and Thomas Walsh</strong> supervised the project. Colorado granite served as the foundation. The building was constructed with Indiana limestone. It measured 195 feet long and 116 feet wide. Its pair of twin spires rose 210 feet above East Colfax Avenue, giving it the nickname “Pinnacled Glory of the West.” The interior held a massive 3,000-pipe Kimball organ. Decorations were statuary made of Italian Carrara marble. The Royal Bavarian Institute in Germany made the stained-glass windows. The pews could seat 1,500, giving it the largest capacity of any church in the city. The cathedral was dedicated on October 27, 1912. Ten thousand Catholics paraded through the city. A Denver paper said it was “the greatest religious demonstration ever witnessed in the Rocky Mountain region.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To pay for the cathedral, the congregation had taken on debt. They owed about $250,000. McMenamin had to figure out how to made these payments and pay for operating costs. He sold naming rights to parts of the cathedral, such as statues and windows. The debt was burdensome until 1919. Then, John Mullen put $110,000 in trust for the cathedral. McMenamin threw himself into a new round of fund-raising. He paid off the remaining debt the next year, with $45,000 left over.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Once the cathedral was out of debt, it was consecrated on October 23, 1921. The ceremony was attended by six archbishops and thirteen bishops, and drew a crowd of about 150,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cathedral Basilica</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>For more than a century, the cathedral has played a central role in Denver’s religious and social life. When the cathedral was built, it was in Denver’s wealthiest neighborhood. John Mullen and <strong>Molly Brown</strong> were parishioners. By the 1960s, Capitol Hill had changed. The area around the cathedral probably counted more homeless residents than millionaires. The cathedral continued to keep its doors open to all during its operating hours. In 1970 rector James Rasby started a sandwich line. This provided people with at least one meal a day, six days a week.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1970s, the cathedral was starting to show its age. Renovations took place in 1974–75. These enlarged the sanctuary and plastered cracks. They improved the sound and lighting and modernized the wiring. In 1977 the Archbishop of Denver, <strong>James Casey</strong>, requested that the Vatican declare the newly renovated cathedral a minor basilica. This distinction is usually given to churches whose history, record of service, and architecture are outstanding. In 1979 Pope John Paul II honored the request. He made the Cathedral the first minor basilica approved during his pontificate. The Pope later celebrated Mass at the cathedral during the <strong>World Youth Day</strong> event in August 1993.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cathedral held its 100th anniversary Mass on October 27, 2012, and continues to serve as an active place of worship. It remains the heart of the local Catholic community. The cathedral has three daily masses and six Sunday masses, and its lunch program now serves more than 50,000 meals a year.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Completed in 1912, the Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception sits on East Colfax Avenue in <strong>Denver</strong>. It was the result of decades of effort on the part of the city’s early Catholic community. It is sometimes called the “Pinnacled Glory of the West.” The building’s elegant French Gothic design and twin 210-foot spires have made it a Denver landmark. In 1979 Pope John Paul II honored the cathedral. He designated it as a minor basilica in recognition of its distinguished history and architecture. It continues to serve the city’s Catholic community today.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Trials and Tribulations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Denver’s Catholic community</strong> took shape early in the city’s history. In 1860, two years after Denver was founded, Father (later Bishop) <strong>Joseph Machebeuf</strong> established the city’s first Catholic parish and celebrated the city’s first Mass. The small church of Saint Mary’s at Fifteenth and Stout Streets was enlarged in 1871. While it accommodated a growing congregation, it was still not large enough. In 1873 the church was elevated to cathedral status. This made the need for a larger and grander building even more pressing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1880 the Immaculate Conception Cathedral Association was formed. Its purpose was to build a new and larger cathedral. It would be dedicated to the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Progress was slow. Bishop Machebeuf’s energies focused on establishing and organizing the Catholic Church in Colorado. After Machebeuf’s death in 1889, his successor <strong>Nicholas Matz</strong> decided on a site for the new cathedral. Before the land could be acquired, the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> caused the postponement of all building plans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cathedral project restarted around 1900. This time, the involvement of local businessman and philanthropist <strong>John K. Mullen</strong> proved crucial. Mullen donated to the cause, and he convinced other Catholic bankers and businessmen to do the same. They acquired eight lots for the cathedral site. The lots, at the northwest corner of Logan Street and East Colfax Avenue, were in the city’s <strong>Capitol Hill</strong> neighborhood. This area was rapidly filling with the mansions of Denver’s wealthiest residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bishop Matz visited Europe in 1901. He toured the storied cathedrals in Rome and his native Münster, Germany. Upon his return, he devoted more time to getting the new Denver cathedral off the ground. The building committee raised $100,000 of the cathedral’s projected $250,000 cost. Ground was broken at the East Colfax site, but it would take several more years to complete the cathedral. The building’s cost quickly ballooned to $500,000. Then the building fund was lost when its investments in Cripple Creek mining went bust. The building site remained little more than a hole in the ground over the next four years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pinnacled Glory of the West</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Hugh McMenamin</strong> became an assistant in the cathedral parish in 1905 and was appointed rector of the cathedral in 1908. McMenamin’s energy resuscitated the project and he raised money for it. The cornerstone was laid in July 1906. Economic troubles intervened yet again—this time in the form of the Panic of 1907—to delay construction. McMenamin was there to keep the momentum going. The cathedral was completed in 1912.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Called the “Pinnacled Glory of the West,” the cathedral was designed in the French Gothic style. When Detroit architect Leon Coquard came down with an illness, the Denver firm of <strong>Aaron Gove and Thomas Walsh</strong> supervised the project. It was built with Indiana limestone on a foundation of Colorado granite. The building measured 195 feet long and 116 feet wide, and its pair of twin spires rose 210 feet above East Colfax Avenue. The interior was decorated with statuary of Italian Carrara marble, stained-glass windows made by the Royal Bavarian Institute in Germany, and a massive 3,000-pipe Kimball organ. The pews could seat 1,500, the largest capacity of any church in the city. When the cathedral was dedicated on October 27, 1912, 10,000 Catholics paraded through the city. It was “the greatest religious demonstration ever witnessed in the Rocky Mountain region,” according to one Denver newspaper.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The congregation had taken on debt of about $250,000 to pay for the $500,000 cathedral. To help cover debt payments and operating costs, McMenamin sold naming rights to various parts of the cathedral, such as statues and windows. The debt was onerous until 1919. John Mullen put $110,000 in trust for the cathedral to be used when it would be enough to retire the debt. McMenamin quickly threw himself into a new round of fund-raising. He was able to pay off the remaining debt the next year, with $45,000 left over.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Once the cathedral was out of debt, it was consecrated on October 23, 1921. The ceremony was attended by six archbishops and thirteen bishops. A huge crowd was estimated at 150,000 spectators.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cathedral Basilica</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>For more than a century, the cathedral has played a central role in Denver’s religious and social life. It provides a stable presence while adapting to the changing circumstances around it. When the cathedral was built, it was in Denver’s wealthiest neighborhood. John Mullen and <strong>Molly Brown</strong> were among its neighbors and parishioners. By the 1960s, Capitol Hill had changed significantly. The area around the cathedral probably counted more homeless residents than millionaires. The cathedral continued to keep its doors open to all during operating hours. In 1970 rector James Rasby started a sandwich line to provide people with at least one meal a day, six days a week.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1970s, the cathedral was starting to show its age. Extensive renovations took place in 1974–75. These enlarged the sanctuary, plastered cracks, improved the sound and lighting, and modernized the wiring. In 1977 the Archbishop of Denver, <strong>James Casey</strong>, requested that the Vatican declare the newly renovated cathedral a minor basilica. This distinction is usually given to churches with outstanding history, record of service, and architecture. In 1979 Pope John Paul II made the Cathedral the first minor basilica approved during his pontificate. The Pope later celebrated Mass at the cathedral during the <strong>World Youth Day</strong> event held in Denver in August 1993.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cathedral celebrated its 100th anniversary with a Mass on October 27, 2012. It continues to serve as an active place of worship and remains the heart of the local Catholic community. The cathedral celebrates three daily masses and six Sunday masses. The lunch program established by Rasby now serves more than 50,000 meals annually to the poor and the homeless.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 26 Aug 2016 22:12:24 +0000 yongli 1785 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org