%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Cripple Creek Fires of 1896 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek-fires-1896 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cripple Creek Fires of 1896 </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-02-16T13:37:11-07:00" title="Tuesday, February 16, 2021 - 13:37" class="datetime">Tue, 02/16/2021 - 13:37</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek-fires-1896" data-a2a-title="Cripple Creek Fires of 1896 "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcripple-creek-fires-1896&amp;title=Cripple%20Creek%20Fires%20of%201896%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>In April 1896, the mining town of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a> was devastated by two fires within four days. Frigid winter winds and scant water supply caused both fires to spread rapidly and created difficulty for volunteer firefighters who attempted to extinguish them. The fires leveled the central business district, causing an estimated $3 million in damages, and left roughly 5,000 residents to seek refuge on the hills above town, with only tents and blankets for shelter. While donations of food and supplies from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> helped displaced residents, it took the town almost a year to rebuild. Cripple Creek residents built back with sturdier brick buildings, many of which stand today, and implemented new practices for firefighting, which ensured that the 1896 blazes were the town’s last major fires.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>A Prosperous Gold Camp</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1890s, Cripple Creek became the site of the last and most prosperous <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>gold mining</strong></a> boom in Colorado. Located on the west side of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a>, Cripple Creek grew significantly in 1893 as a direct result of the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, with former silver miners and investors seeking new opportunities in gold. By 1894 the Cripple Creek district had more than 150 mines, and annual production exceeded $3 million. The town’s growth continued with the arrival of two railroads in 1894–95. By 1896 the town’s population hit 10,000 people.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite its prosperity, Cripple Creek retained the look of a hastily built mining camp. Many buildings were poorly constructed using wooden boards and shingles. Given the dry climate and surrounding forests, fire posed a constant threat.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The First Blaze</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Around 1 pm on April 25, 1896, fire broke out on the second floor of the Central Dance Hall on Myers Avenue in the middle of Cripple Creek’s central business district. The fire probably started when a gas stove was overturned, but it was unclear whether that resulted from a fight between a bartender and a prostitute or from a drunk woman kicking it over.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Volunteer firefighters rushed to the scene and managed to control the blaze for short time, but they were hampered by poor water pressure, bursting hoses, and small water mains. Within an hour, the water ran out, allowing the fire to consume several gambling dens and parlor houses on Myers Avenue. Firefighters resorted to demolishing other buildings with explosives in order to block the fire’s path, though several explosions were set off inadvertently because of dynamite and black powder stashes in buildings all over town.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The fire was finally extinguished around 5 pm, four hours after it started. More than 300 buildings lay in ruin—about one-third of the central business district—resulting in about $700,000 in property damage. Two people were confirmed dead.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Disaster Strikes Again</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Rebuilding started the next day and was well under way when disaster struck again on April 29, only ninety-six hours after the first fire had been extinguished. Again, the blaze started around 1 pm, when Frank Angel, head chef at the Portland Hotel, jostled a pan in the hotel kitchen. The pan splashed hot grease onto the stove, causing a flare-up that ignited the grease-soaked wallboards behind the stove. The flames spread rapidly through the kitchen and traveled up the stovepipe. The town did not have a traditional fire bell, so six shots were fired to raise the alarm, rousing several volunteer companies to the scene.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Strong winds caused the fire to jump from the Portland Hotel to the surrounding buildings. Within fifteen minutes, the blaze had traveled to the Booth Furniture Store on Myers Avenue, then continued to the El Paso Lumber Yard and the Harder Grocery Store. At the grocery store, the fire ignited 700 pounds of dynamite, worsening the blaze. Firefighting efforts were hindered by a lack of water; though hydrants were located throughout town, they relied on water from a creek-fed reservoir that was still dry from fighting the first fire.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the flames out of control, residents loaded wagons to flee to the outskirts of town. Some people charged up to $100 per load for desperate residents to use their wagons, but many were willing to pay the exorbitant fees to escape with their possessions. Refugees set up tents in the hills above town and watched as the flames were eventually extinguished hours after the fire had started. That night, looters returned to the smoldering ruins to steal whiskey and other valuables.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Damages</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The damage from the two fires was immense, estimated at a total of $3 million, with forty blocks of businesses destroyed. More than 1,000 houses were leveled, leaving some 5,000 residents homeless. At least six people were presumed to have died, but the exact number was unknown because some bodies were believed to have disintegrated in the blazes and explosions. Many other people suffered severe injuries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>News of the disastrous blazes soon spread to the surrounding towns and cities. On the night of April 30, 1896, trains loaded with food and provisions, as well as building supplies, arrived to aid Cripple Creek residents. Rebuilding began immediately, though it took a year for construction to be completed.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite the disaster, few people left Cripple Creek. Some residents claimed that the fires were a blessing in disguise, allowing the town to be rebuilt with sturdy brick buildings while destroying many of the saloons and brothels that were believed to foster crime. In addition, the streets were paved and the water-supply problem was solved. Residents’ enthusiasm for rebuilding was probably rooted in all the gold that remained in the nearby hills; Cripple Creek mines ultimately yielded more than $400 million worth of gold, producing a new generation of Colorado mining millionaires.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cripple Creek’s new brick buildings and improved firefighting technology, such as new hydrants, allowed future fires to be more effectively contained and extinguished. Notable fires broke out in Cripple Creek businesses in 1898, 1919, and 1936, but none of them spread to the town as a whole.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today mining continues at the <strong>Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mine</strong>. Cripple Creek’s main draw, however, is its <strong>gambling</strong> industry, which started in the early 1990s as a way to save the town and generate revenue for <strong>historic preservation</strong>. The town’s historic appearance is still defined by the brick buildings put up in the aftermath of the 1896 fires. Now home to casinos, they stand as evidence of the resilience not only of the buildings themselves but also of the residents who built them after their lives were turned upside down by the disastrous blazes that nearly destroyed Cripple Creek.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/kennedy-anna" hreflang="und">Kennedy, Anna</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek" hreflang="en">Cripple Creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek-district" hreflang="en">cripple creek district</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek-gold-rush" hreflang="en">cripple creek gold rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-fires" hreflang="en">colorado fires</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“A City That Wouldn’t Die,” <em>Golden Transcript</em>, December 15, 1975.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Another Attempt to Fire the Camp,” <em>The Denver Post, </em>April 30, 1896.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Katie Rudolph, “<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/news/april-29-1896-fire-nearly-levels-cripple-creek">April 29, 1896: A Fire Nearly Levels Cripple Creek</a>,” Denver Public Library, April 25, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“The Two Great Fires: How Cripple Creek Was Completely Devastated and How the City Has Grown to Its Present Magnificent Proportions,” <em>Morning Times, </em>January 1, 1898.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Dick Kreck, <em>Denver in Flames: Forging a New Mile High City </em>(Golden: Fulcrum Publishing, 2000).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 16 Feb 2021 20:37:11 +0000 yongli 3540 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Victor http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/victor <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Victor</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2456--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2456.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/victor-avenue-1900"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Victor-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=nECWkOHD" width="1000" height="700" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/victor-avenue-1900" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Victor Avenue, 1900</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Teller County&nbsp;town of Victor was home to dozens of mining ventures during the Cripple Creek Gold Rush of&nbsp;the 1890s. This photo shows Victor Avenue at Third Street, as it appeared a year after the great Victor fire, which destroyed much of the city.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2457--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2457.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/pikes-peak-range-riders"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Victor-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=aO0C7VcS" width="1000" height="562" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/pikes-peak-range-riders" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Pikes Peak Range Riders </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Pikes Peak Range Riders, a rodeo promotion group, make an annual trek down Victor Avenue each summer.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-04-03T15:42:10-06:00" title="Monday, April 3, 2017 - 15:42" class="datetime">Mon, 04/03/2017 - 15:42</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/victor" data-a2a-title="Victor"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fvictor&amp;title=Victor"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Victor, the “City of Mines,” is located in <a href="/article/teller-county"><strong>Teller County</strong></a> on the western side of <a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a>. Incorporated in 1894, Victor was part of the <a href="/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek District</strong></a>, site of Colorado’s last significant <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>gold mining</strong></a> boom. The city is situated next to <strong>Pike National Forest</strong> and overlooks the <strong>Wet Mountains</strong> to the south, while the <strong>Mosquito Range</strong> is visible to the west. At an altitude of 9,708 feet, Victor enjoys mild summers and can experience harsh winters. Victor had a peak population of around 12,000 at the turn of the century; since 2010 it has had around 400 residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Cripple Creek gold rush began in 1890 and spawned numerous towns and cities, most springing up within a twenty-four-square-mile radius. The city of Victor was by far the largest of these, at one point becoming the fourth-largest city in Colorado. Situated at the foot of <strong>Battle Mountain</strong>, it was named for the huge Victor Mine that dominated the city’s economy and for an early homesteader, Victor C. Adams. Founders Warren, Frank, and Harry Woods platted the town over rolling hills and small canyons, with tents, cabins, and homes being built along the hillsides as the gold rush progressed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Victor functioned as a workingman’s town populated mostly by gold miners. A number of these men were former silver miners who switched to mining gold after the repeal of the <strong>Sherman Silver Purchase Act </strong>in 1893. Newcomers to the growing town often found a shortage of housing. Miners found themselves spending most of their meager wages to sleep on a pool table or even on the floor in Victor’s saloons.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mines literally surrounded the town and employed hundreds of men. Some gold strikes even occurred within the city limits, hence Victor’s nickname, “City of Mines.” Early miners found the working conditions in the mines intolerable, and shortly after the town’s founding, its mine workers were entrenched in the region’s first labor war. Miners went on strike in 1894, demanding an eight-hour workday and pay of at least $3.00 per day. Strikers became violent, blowing up the <strong>Strong Mine</strong> at the northern edge of town on May 25, 1894. The strike was resolved later that year when the state militia was called out in support of the workers. It was the only time in history when a state guard unit was deployed to assist—rather than break up—a strike.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the arrival of the <strong>Florence &amp; Cripple Creek Railroad</strong> in 1894 and the <strong>Midland Terminal Railway</strong> in 1895, Victor became a prime ore shipping center. The Woods brothers built two trolley systems that traversed the district to Cripple Creek. By 1896 Victor had grown to a population of 8,000 and was made up of hundreds of homes, cabins, and shacks, with a small collection of hotels and rooming houses providing additional lodging for workers. A booming business district sprung up and supplied the town with luxury goods, in addition to necessities such as groceries and hardware. A rollicking red light district flourished along South Third Street, where numerous saloons, bawdy houses, and gambling establishments provided miners with a place to socialize and blow off steam.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Rising from the Ashes</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In August of 1899, a local prostitute was washing a gown in kerosene in the red light district. The woman carelessly dropped a cigarette in the wash pan, starting a conflagration that quickly burned out of control. The fire raced northward up a hill toward the business district, igniting every wooden building in its path. The fire burned itself out later that evening. In just a few hours, twelve blocks of the business district and approximately 200 other buildings were burned.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>But Victor rebuilt quickly. The post office and several businesses reopened the next day. Within five days, a number of brick buildings were already under construction. Within a month, the Pike’s Peak Power Company was again supplying electricity to the town. By April 1900, the <em>Denver Republican</em> reported, “Victor has risen to her glory from the piled char heaps of late August like a blossoming rose bush.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Woods brothers hired architect Matthew Lockwood McBird to design new brick buildings throughout the downtown area. New construction included a rebuilt Gold Coin Club; its new interior included a ballroom, bowling alleys, a dining room, game room, gymnasium, and a library containing 700 books. Employees of the Gold Coin Mine, discovered in 1893 and located across the street from the Gold Coin Club, enjoyed first-class membership and accommodations in the renovated club.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of 1900, the population of Victor had swelled to 12,000. Newcomers to town included travel writer and radio personality <strong>Lowell Thomas</strong>, who was eight years old when his family moved to Victor. At the age of eighteen, Thomas became editor of the <em>Victor Daily Record</em> newspaper. An even more famous visitor was vice presidential nominee Theodore Roosevelt, who was actually mobbed by angry miners for trying to sell the idea of silver coinage over gold. Upon being elected, Roosevelt visited Victor again and personally shook the hand of each resident.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1901 a third railroad, the <strong>Colorado Springs &amp; Cripple Creek District Railway</strong>—commonly known as the “Short Line”—laid tracks to Victor. It was Theodore Roosevelt who, upon riding the scenic line, uttered his famous phrase, “This is the ride that bankrupts the English language!” By then there were several good producing mines on the outskirts of Victor, including the Portland, the Cresson, the <strong>Independence</strong>, the Strong, and several others. One-time Victor mayor James Doyle owned the Portland.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Labor War of 1903–4</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Miners went on strike a second time in 1903 after mine owners refused to honor the eight-hour workday established in 1894. This time, the <strong><a href="/article/western-federation-miners">Western Federation of Miners</a> </strong>(WFM) became involved and managed to shut down a number of mines. At the urging of WFM secretary <strong>William “Big Bill” Haywood</strong>,” between 3,500 and 4,000 miners walked off the job. To keep the ore coming out of the ground, mine owners hired scabs, nonunionized laborers. Skirmishes between strikers and strikebreakers resulted in the deaths of fifteen miners at the Independence Mine after a cable was “fixed” to fail, causing the elevator to fall and crushing those stuck inside. In another incident, strikers detonated explosives inside the Vindicator Mine, killing more nonunionized workers. Ultimately, Governor <strong>James H. Peabody</strong> declared martial law and sent the state militia to break up the strike. Striking miners were arrested and detained in bull pens or ordered to leave the district. In September 1903, the entire staff of the <em>Victor Daily Record</em> was arrested after printing an anti–mine owners editorial.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the spring of 1904, the state troops had been withdrawn, leading to more violence between striking miners and their nonunionized counterparts. On June 6, 1904, an explosion destroyed the train depot at the nearby town of Independence, killing thirteen nonunion miners and badly injuring many others. Historians still debate about who was responsible for the bombing, but whoever was behind it, the ghastly deed ruined the reputation of the WFM and only furthered unrest within the district. At the Miners Union Hall on Victor’s Fourth Street, Sheriff Ed Bell ordered all WFM members outside. When they refused, armed men opened fire on the building. Strikes and violence continued to plague Victor’s nearby mines until the strike was settled in 1907.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Waning Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Though the strikes hurt the town’s economy and reputation, it was the increasing cost of withdrawing ore from the earth that marked the end for Victor. By 1920, its population had fallen to around 5,600 people. The Victor Opera House burned down that same year and was never rebuilt. In 1949 the <strong>Midland Terminal Railway</strong>, the last railroad in the district, ceased operations. The last company-owned mine in the Cripple Creek District closed in 1961.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>But even as the surrounding towns were slowly abandoned, Victor maintained a steady, if small, population throughout the twentieth century. Area ranches, local businesses, and a few privately owned mines continued feeding the city’s economy. As tourism took hold in the district in the late 1950s, Victor became a popular destination for those wanting to see an authentic Wild West town. Catering to these tourists, the <strong>Victor Lowell Thomas Museum</strong> opened in 1964, and its downtown area began seeing more new shops, restaurants, and other businesses. Victor was designated a national historic district in 1985.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/gold-rush-days"><img alt="Gold Rush Days " class="image-large" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/Victor-Media-5_0.jpg?itok=N0d1B1pQ" style="float:left; height:270px; margin:15px; width:480px" /></a> Twenty-first-century Victor is made up of full- and part-time residents who take much pride in their town. The legalization of <strong>limited stakes gaming</strong> in the town of Cripple Creek has helped keep the population afloat, and the <strong>Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Mine</strong> still operates above town. Annual events include <strong>Gold Rush Days</strong> each July and <strong>Victor Celebrates the Arts</strong> each September, as well as cemetery tours, pack burro races, gem shows, mine tours, and more during the summer months.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Victor’s transformation from a rough-and-tumble town to tourist outpost mirrors the story of booms and busts familiar to many former mining towns. The shift from mineral extraction to tourism as the main driver of Victor’s economy is a part of bigger changes that have seen Colorado become a major tourism destination in the American West. What once were bawdy houses and taverns have become restaurants and trinket shops. But the changes sweeping through Victor and towns like it demonstrate the adaptable character of residents and the ebb and flow of fortune in the mineral-rich American West.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/collins-jan-mackell" hreflang="und">Collins, Jan MacKell </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/victor" hreflang="en">victor</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek-district" hreflang="en">cripple creek district</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/victor-gold-mines" hreflang="en">victor gold mines</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek-gold-rush" hreflang="en">cripple creek gold rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/victor-colorado-history" hreflang="en">victor colorado history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><em>Colorado’s Gold Country Vacation Guide</em>, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Cripple Creek Morning Times</em>, August 28, 1899.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Leland Feitz, <em>Cripple Creek Railroads: The Rail Systems of the Gold Camp</em> (Colorado Springs: Little London, 1991).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Leland Feitz, <em>A Quick History of Victor: Colorado’s City of Mines</em> (Colorado Springs: Little London, 1969).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kenneth Geddes, “Victor Founded by Woods Brothers,” in <em>Victor Centennial Commemorative Book 1893–1993</em>, ed. John Sharpe and Cyrenne Phinney (Victor, CO: Poco Libro, 1993).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Reed Grainger, “There’s Cows in Them Thar’ Hills,” in <em>Victor Centennial Commemorative Book 1893–1993</em>, ed. John Sharpe and Cyrenne Phinney (Victor, CO: Poco Libro, 1993).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elizabeth Jameson, <em>All That Glitters: Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek </em>(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James O.B. Keener, “Victor City of Mines,” in <em>Victor Centennial Commemorative Book 1893–1993</em>, ed. John Sharpe and Cyrenne Phinney (Victor, CO: Poco Libro, 1993).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jan MacKell, <em>Cripple Creek District: Last of Colorado’s Gold Booms</em> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Selig Perlman and Philip Taft, <em>History of Labor in the United States, 1896–1932</em> (New York: MacMillan, 1935).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Sharpe and Cyrenne Phinney, eds., <em>Victor Centennial Commemorative Book 1893–1993</em> (Victor, CO: Poco Libro, 1993).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Marshall Sprague, <em>Money Mountain: The Story of Cripple Creek Gold</em> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Victor, Colorado, map for 1896 (New York: Sanborn-Perris Map, 1896).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ruth Zirkle, “So Long Until Tomorrow,” in <em>Victor Centennial Commemorative Book 1893–1993</em>, ed. John Sharpe and Cyrenne Phinney (Victor, CO: Poco Libro, 1993).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.cityofvictor.com/">City of Victor</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jan MacKell Collins, <em>Lost Ghost Towns of Teller County </em>(Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://victorcolorado.com/museum.htm">Victor Museum</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.victorheritagesociety.com/">Victor Heritage Society</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 03 Apr 2017 21:42:10 +0000 yongli 2455 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Cripple Creek http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cripple Creek</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2123--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2123.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cripple-creek"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=LuPDpGnp" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cripple-creek" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cripple Creek</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Today Cripple Creek's historic commercial buildings have been restored with money from casino gambling, which started in 1991.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2337--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2337.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fremont"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-2_0_0.jpg?itok=zglhQhrP" width="1000" height="590" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fremont" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fremont</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After prospectors started moving to the Mount Pisgah area in 1891, two separate towns—Fremont and Hayden Placer—soon took shape. After about a year the towns merged to form Cripple Creek.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2338--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2338.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bennett-avenue"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-3_0_0.jpg?itok=ZYQOsE0N" width="1000" height="711" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bennett-avenue" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bennett Avenue</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Soon Cripple Creek and the surrounding gold mines were booming, thanks in part to the decline of silver mining across the state in 1893.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2339--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2339.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fire"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-4_0_0.jpg?itok=qZBCIlds" width="1000" height="650" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fire" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fire</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Two fires raged through Cripple Creek in late April 1896.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2340--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2340.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/after-fires"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-5_0_0.jpg?itok=rQLekeE_" width="1000" height="619" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/after-fires" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">After the Fires</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The 1896 fires flattened much of Cripple Creek, especially in the downtown business district, and left half of its residents homeless.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2343--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2343.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/late-1890s-prosperity"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-6_0_0.jpg?itok=HCUWca4_" width="1000" height="583" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/late-1890s-prosperity" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Late 1890s Prosperity</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After the fires, Cripple Creek quickly rebuilt in brick and stone. It reached the peak of its prosperity around the turn of the century, when Teller County separated from El Paso County and Cripple Creek became the county seat.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2344--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2344.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/strike"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-7_0_0.jpg?itok=5HVJbXNA" width="1000" height="671" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/strike" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Strike</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Western Federation of Miners went on strike in 1903, sparking a bitter fifteen-month struggle with mine owners and the Colorado National Guard. Many died and hundreds of union members were deported in one of the most violent labor disturbances in state history.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2345--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2345.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cripple-creek-1980s"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-8_0_0.jpg?itok=_V_qUJiV" width="1000" height="656" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cripple-creek-1980s" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cripple Creek, 1980s</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Mining declined in the Cripple Creek district throughout the first two-thirds of the twentieth century, leaving only 2,000 people left in the area. At the end of the 1980s, residents turned to gambling as a way to develop the local economy and generate revenue for preservation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-12-19T15:15:13-07:00" title="Monday, December 19, 2016 - 15:15" class="datetime">Mon, 12/19/2016 - 15:15</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek" data-a2a-title="Cripple Creek"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcripple-creek&amp;title=Cripple%20Creek"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Cripple Creek was the site of the last and greatest <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a> boom in Colorado, attracting tens of thousands of people to the western flank of <a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a> in the 1890s. After it was destroyed by fire in 1896, the town and surrounding mining district reached peak production and population in the early twentieth century before experiencing a long decline. After World War II, the town turned to tourism as its primary economic engine, but since the 1970s the giant <strong>Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mine</strong> has also provided steady production and employment. In 1990 Colorado voters approved an amendment that allowed Cripple Creek to build casinos, which have generated millions of dollars for the local economy and historic preservation across the state but have also transformed the town they were supposed to help preserve.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Before the Boom</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59 was often called the “Pikes Peak Gold Rush,” but all the major mining activity at that time was many miles away from the peak. Ironically, it was not until the last gold rush in Colorado, in the early 1890s, that prospectors flocked to the Pikes Peak region, where a volcanic eruption about 35 million years ago heaved minerals to the surface.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While those minerals were still hidden under the soil, Tabeguache <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Utes</strong></a> long used the region’s rolling hills and mountains as a summer hunting ground. The first sign that there might be rich mineral deposits around Mount Pisgah came in 1873, when <strong>Ferdinand Hayden’s survey</strong> passed through the area. One of Hayden’s geologists, H. T. Wood, returned the next year to investigate his hunch that the region was a promising gold district. He worked with a team of men to open a tunnel into Lone Tree Hill (now Raven Hill). The tunnel yielded good samples, and the Mount Pisgah Gold Mining District was organized in September 1874. But the timing was not right for a gold rush. No one wanted to invest in an unproven area when mines around <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Central City</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/georgetown%E2%80%93silver-plume-historic-district"><strong>Georgetown</strong></a> were booming—especially not when much of the country was still reeling from the Panic of 1873.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Around the time of Wood’s discovery, white settlers such as Levi Welty, Ben Requa, and William Womack started <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteading</strong></a> and ranching the area that is now Cripple Creek. One legend claims that Welty named the creek after a string of accidents and injuries took place there, but it is more likely that the Womack family named it after Cripple Creek, Virginia, which was not far from their former home in Kentucky. In 1885 Horace Bennett, Julius Myers, and Alexander Houseman started the Houseman Cattle and Land Company and acquired hundreds of acres of land in the area for their Broken Box Ranch.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It looked as though the rolling hills on the west side of Pikes Peak would remain large cattle ranches, but William Womack’s son Robert stubbornly pursued the dream of mining riches. In 1886 he filed a gold claim in the area, but Colorado was in the middle of a long silver boom and he could find no investors, even among the few people who believed in his discovery. Nevertheless, he kept trying. In October 1890 he took some of his ore samples to <strong>Colorado College</strong> to be assayed, then left them in <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>. People began to take notice of Womack’s samples, and by early 1891 prospectors were heading up to Broken Box Ranch. Eighteen claims were filed between February and May, and the Cripple Creek Mining District was organized in April. <strong>Winfield Scott Stratton</strong> became the district’s first millionaire when he staked the <strong>Independence Mine</strong> on July 4. That fall the owner of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/broadmoor"><strong>Broadmoor</strong></a> area, Count James Pourtales, invested in Cripple Creek mines, giving the area a dose of legitimacy and opening the floodgates to further development.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gold Rush</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>It did not take long for Bennett, Myers, and Houseman to notice that about 100 prospectors were camping on Broken Box Ranch. They doubted whether anything would come of the gold claims but figured they might as well plat a town site and start selling lots. The two main streets were named for Bennett and Myers. Their town, called Fremont, started in November 1891, and it was soon successful enough to inspire an imitator. A group of Colorado Springs investors platted 140 acres just northeast of Fremont and in February 1892 started the rival town of Hayden Placer. Liquor and gambling were prohibited in Hayden Placer, so it developed as a residential district while Fremont attracted more businesses.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout 1892 the towns of Fremont and Hayden Placer—soon renamed Cripple Creek—developed and grew. In March 1892 the Florence &amp; Cripple Creek Free Road opened for stage traffic, making it easier for the area to ship out ores and bring in construction materials and mining supplies. Electricity arrived that spring, as did the first telephone and telegraph. Soon the district claimed a population of 1,500, which quickly grew to 3,500. Fremont and Cripple Creek merged to form a single town called Cripple Creek, which boasted several hotels and banks, a log schoolhouse, and a Congregational Church.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cripple Creek’s growth took off in 1893. When Colorado’s silver mines declined sharply after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/panic-1893"><strong>repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act</strong></a>, miners and investors saw Cripple Creek gold as a life raft in the middle of a storm. New towns and camps sprouted up throughout the mining district; the most important of these was <a href="/article/victor"><strong>Victor</strong></a>, a working-class town that took shape near the district’s largest mines. By 1894 the town of Cripple Creek was the social and economic capital of a large mining district that had 150 active mines and produced more than $3 million that year. The town’s 6,000 residents were served by four newspapers and five churches. That year the town ordered its brothels to move from Bennett Avenue to Myers Avenue, turning the formerly respectable street into an infamous red-light district that was home to more than 300 prostitutes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The arrival of the Florence &amp; Cripple Creek Railroad in 1894 and the <strong>Midland Terminal</strong> <strong>Railroad</strong> in 1895 spurred the district’s already rapid growth by making it much easier and cheaper to ship ore. The <strong>Portland Mine</strong> developed into the largest mine in the district; it ultimately produced $60 million in half a century of operation. Cripple Creek’s population hit 8,000 in 1895 and 10,000 in 1896.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The 1896 Fires</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Cripple Creek was thriving in 1896, but two fires that April left it a smoldering ruin. On April 25, a fire started in a Myers Avenue dance hall and spread quickly through the nearby wooden buildings, burning about a quarter of the town and leaving 3,600 people homeless. Just as residents were starting to reckon with the destruction, another fire started on April 29 in the kitchen of the Portland Hotel. This second fire proved even more devastating because Cripple Creek had already exhausted its firefighting resources. Firefighters resorted to dynamiting buildings to try to prevent the blaze from spreading. Much of the town was flattened, especially the downtown business district, and half of the residents lost their homes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The fires transformed Cripple Creek. Before the blazes, the town had been a large but somewhat ramshackle mining camp full of log and wood-frame buildings. After the fires, the town council banned wood construction for new downtown businesses. The town rebuilt quickly, and soon there were 170 new businesses under construction. Bennett Avenue became lined with substantial brick and stone commercial structures.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Peak of Prosperity</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Cripple Creek area had been part of <a href="/article/el-paso-county"><strong>El Paso County</strong></a> since the first Colorado county lines were drawn in 1861. But in the 1890s, miners west of Pikes Peak had grown tired of being governed by wealthy mine owners and businessmen in Colorado Springs, especially after a contentious strike in 1894. In March 1899, the west side of Pikes Peak successfully broke away from El Paso County to form <a href="/article/teller-county"><strong>Teller County</strong></a>, with Cripple Creek becoming the county seat.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The opening of the Teller County Courthouse in 1901 marked perhaps the high water mark in the history of the Cripple Creek district. At the time, the district as a whole had at least 30,000 people (perhaps closer to 50,000) and roughly 500 active mines, and it had already produced more than $77 million in gold. The Golden Circle Electric Railway operated two trolley lines, the High Line and the Low Line, to connect the district’s towns and mines. The High Line reached an elevation of 10,487 feet, making it the highest interurban system in the United States. Cripple Creek itself was one of the top five cities in Colorado by population. It boasted sixty-eight saloons, fifty-two stockbrokers, and forty-nine grocers. A new railroad, the <strong>Colorado Springs &amp; Cripple Creek District Railroad</strong>, opened that year to provide cheaper rates and a more direct connection than the Midland Terminal offered.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Strike of 1903–4</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early years of the twentieth century, Cripple Creek’s prosperity gave rise to arguments about how that prosperity should be shared. Mine owners tried to consolidate their power by taking control of local smelters and mills, while the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-federation-miners">Western Federation of Miners</a> </strong>(WFM) worked to unionize smelter and mill workers near Colorado Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tensions came to a head in 1903 over the issue of working hours. In August the WFM went on strike in Cripple Creek, sparking a bitter fifteen-month struggle with mine owners. Across the state other workers also went on strike to try to secure shorter hours and better conditions. A decade earlier, Governor<strong> Davis H. Waite</strong>—a <a href="/article/populism-colorado"><strong>Populist</strong></a>—had called out the militia to support a strike in Cripple Creek. But now Governor<strong> James Peabody</strong> called out the Colorado National Guard on behalf of the owners. Many people were killed as the military consistently overstepped its authority, and more than 200 union members were deported from Teller County in what became one of the bloodiest and most violent strikes in state history. The ultimate result was a ban on organized labor in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The strike marked an important turning point in the history of the Cripple Creek district. It slashed gold production in half and scared off investors. Mining continued to produce strong returns after the strike ended, but the district no longer had the same optimism. Mines were getting deep and filling with water, making production increasingly expensive. Miners and investors started to eye new opportunities: gold strikes in Nevada and oil fields in California and Wyoming. The effects of these changes could be felt across the district; post offices at smaller towns such as Anaconda, Cameron, and Clyde closed by 1909.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Mining Gold to Mining History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1920, when the Colorado Springs &amp; Cripple Creek District Railroad stopped running, more than half of the district’s mines had closed. Mining experienced a brief revival in the mid-1930s, when lower labor costs and higher gold prices made it profitable again. In 1935 production hit $3.5 million. But the federal government suspended all gold mining during World War II, and many Cripple Creek mines never reopened. After the war many houses were abandoned or turned into summer homes as people moved away. The Midland Terminal Railroad stopped running in 1949, and by 1950 the Cripple Creek district’s population dropped below 2,000. Nearly all of the district’s towns and camps were abandoned, leaving only Cripple Creek, Victor, and Goldfield remaining.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Like other declining mining towns across Colorado, Cripple Creek turned to tourism to stay afloat. Efforts to attract tourists had already begun before the war, with the launch of the annual Donkey Derby Days celebration in 1931, but the Depression and the revival of gold mining forestalled further tourism developments until the postwar period. In 1946 Colorado Springs residents Wayne and Dorothy Mackin acquired the empty Imperial Hotel and made it into a destination for good food and well-appointed rooms. In 1947 they hired an Idaho Springs melodrama troupe called the Piper Players to provide entertainment when the Colorado Springs Chamber of Commerce held a convention at the hotel. The melodrama was so successful that the Mackins decided to start a Victorian melodrama theater in the hotel basement. The Gold Bar Room Theater opened in July 1948 and soon became an iconic Cripple Creek experience.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Cripple Creek economy was shifting from mining gold to mining history. This happened most clearly at the Mollie Kathleen Mine, which stopped its mining operations in 1949 and started offering underground mine tours. But similar changes occurred throughout the city. In 1953 the Cripple Creek District Museum opened in the former Midland Terminal Depot. Part of the old railroad grade was redeveloped in the late 1960s as the Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Narrow Gauge Railroad, which took tourists from Cripple Creek to Anaconda and back. Perhaps the most unique historical project was the Old Homestead Parlor House Museum, which opened in 1958 as one of the only brothel museums in the country. In 1961 Cripple Creek was named a National Historic Landmark.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>But large-scale gold mining was not completely dead in Cripple Creek. The district experienced a short-lived revival in the 1950s, after the Carlton Mill opened near Victor. More substantial production returned to the area in the mid-1970s, when the US government allowed the price of gold to go above $35 per ounce and the Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mining Company started working the old Cresson Mine. By 1990 the Cripple Creek district had yielded a total of more than 23 million ounces of gold.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gambling Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>A century after prospectors flocked to Cripple Creek, a new gold rush was about to begin. In 1989 repairs to a tunnel on the main route into Cripple Creek caused a huge drop in tourism. Locals began to consider new ways to develop the area’s economy. Inspired by the example of the infamous Old West town of Deadwood, South Dakota, where gambling was legalized in 1989 to generate revenue for preservation, Cripple Creek joined Central City and Black Hawk to push for an amendment to the state constitution that would allow limited-stakes gaming. The original idea was that existing businesses might add a few slot machines and a card table, with half of the revenue going to the state, 28 percent to the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong>, 12 percent to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gilpin-county"><strong>Gilpin</strong></a> and Teller Counties, and 10 percent to the three towns. In November 1990, 57 percent of the state’s voters approved <strong>Amendment 4</strong>, which was billed as a preservation measure, and the first casinos opened on October 1, 1991.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Twenty-five years later, gambling proved to be a mixed blessing. Advocates pointed out that casinos had saved Cripple Creek by attracting visitors and generating money for local improvements and statewide historic preservation. But opponents noted that gambling, like mining before it, had crowded out other businesses and fundamentally changed the towns it was meant to preserve. In 1998 development threats led the nonprofit <strong>Colorado Preservation Inc.</strong> to name Cripple Creek among the most endangered historic places in the state. Since then, strong preservation and design guidelines have helped maintain much of the town’s historic look and feel, but in 2008 a large modern casino opened on the edge of town.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In recent years Cripple Creek’s twelve casinos have generated about $10 million in taxes annually, or roughly 9 percent of the statewide total. Gambling money has allowed for the restoration or renovation of many important historic buildings in town, including the Bell Brothers Building, which now houses the police department; the Colorado Trading and Transfer Building, which is the only remaining wooden commercial structure in town; and the Butte Opera House, whose Thin Air Theater Company continues the town’s Victorian melodrama tradition.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, Cripple Creek remains one of the few boomtowns in Colorado where mining still has a hold. In 1994 the Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mine started large-scale pit operations, and by the 2000s it was producing hundreds of thousands of ounces of gold and silver per year. The massive mine, which employs more than 500 workers, was expanded in the mid-2010s and acquired by mining giant Newmont. In 2014 it produced roughly 211,000 ounces of gold and 110,000 ounces of silver. Gold from the mine was used to re-gild the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-capitol"><strong>State Capitol</strong></a> dome when it was restored in the early 2010s.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek-gold-rush" hreflang="en">cripple creek gold rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek" hreflang="en">Cripple Creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek-victor-gold-mine" hreflang="en">Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/robert-womack" hreflang="en">Robert Womack</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/winfield-scott-stratton" hreflang="en">Winfield Scott Stratton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/midland-terminal-railway" hreflang="en">Midland Terminal Railway</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/portland-mine" hreflang="en">Portland Mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-federation-miners" hreflang="en">Western Federation of Miners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/james-peabody" hreflang="en">James Peabody</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gambling" hreflang="en">gambling</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/amendment-4" hreflang="en">Amendment 4</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><a href="https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/Fact%20Abstract%202015%20DRAFTv6-FINAL.pdf">“2015 Fact Book &amp; Abstract,”</a> Colorado Division of Gaming.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cripple Creek District Museum, <em>The Cripple Creek District</em> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Leland Feitz, <em>Cripple Creek! A Quick History of the World’s Greatest Gold Camp</em>, rev. ed. (Colorado Springs, CO: Little London Press, 1967).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Brian Levine, <em>Cripple Creek: City of Influence: An Excursion into the Historic Heart of Colorado’s Greatest Gold Camp</em> (Cripple Creek, CO: Historic Preservation Department, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jan MacKell, <em>Cripple Creek District: Last of Colorado’s Gold Booms</em> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2003).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Brian Levine, <em>Cripple Creek Gold: A Centennial History of the Cripple Creek District</em> (Lake Grove, OR: The Depot, 1988).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joseph Scott Mendinghall, “Cripple Creek Historic District,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (December 9, 1975).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365638998/">"Ladies of the Mines,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, January 14, 2016.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teacher-resources--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-teacher-resources.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-teacher-resources.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teacher-resources field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-teacher-resources"><p><a href="/sites/default/files/ARS_CRIPPLE_CREEK_HISTORIC_DISTRICT_0.docx">Cripple Creek Teacher Resource Set - Word</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/sites/default/files/ARS_CRIPPLE_CREEK_HISTORIC_DISTRICT_0.pdf">Cripple Creek Teacher Resource Set - PDF</a></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Cripple Creek was the site of the last and greatest mining boom in Colorado. Prospectors came to the <strong>Pikes Peak</strong> area looking for gold in the early 1890s. </span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Before the Boom</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">As early as 1873, geologists and prospectors explored the area for rich mineral deposits. They opened tunnels and found good samples of gold. A mining district was organized in this area in September 1874. Due to poor timing, this group of explorers had to put their plans on hold.</span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">This area was cattle and ranching land for several years. In 1885 three settlers started the Houseman Cattle and Land Company. In 1886 Robert Womack filed a gold claim in the area. By early 1891 prospectors were heading up to Broken Box Ranch. They wanted to file their own gold claims. In April, the Cripple Creek Mining District was organized. The district’s first millionaire was <strong>W. S. Stratton</strong>. He staked his claim to the <strong>Independence Mine</strong> on July 4, 1891.  </span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gold Rush<span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt"> </span></h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">By late 1891, the owners of the Broken Box divided up some of their ranch land. They sold lots for a new town. They called their town Fremont. A group of investors divided 140 acres northeast of Fremont. They called their town Hayden Placer. In 1892 the towns of Hayden Placer and Fremont were renamed Cripple Creek. The district’s population grew from 1,500 to 3,500. </span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">In 1893 silver lost its value. Gold was in demand. Cripple Creek’s growth increased quickly as miners heard of the gold mines in the Pikes Peak area. A new town, <strong>Victor</strong>, was located near the Cripple Creek Mining District’s largest mines. By 1894 Cripple Creek was the social and business capital of the mining district. Cripple Creek’s population increased to 6,000 residents. By 1896 Cripple Creek’s population was 10,000. That year two major fires destroyed many buildings. Residents quickly re-built the town with buildings made of brick instead of wood. </span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Peak of Prosperity<span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt"> </span></h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Cripple Creek had been part of <strong>El Paso County</strong> since 1861. Wealthy mine owners and businessmen lived in Colorado Springs, the county seat. By the 1890s, miners grew tired of being governed by them. In 1894 they formed a new county named <strong>Teller County</strong>. Cripple Creek became the county seat of Teller County. The Teller County Courthouse opened in 1901. The Cripple Creek District now had between 30,000 and 50,000 people. There were about 500 active mines.  </span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Strike of 1903-4</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Mining became more prosperous, but mine owners and miners did not agree on how to share that wealth. In 1903 the miners went on strike. The strike was one of the bloodiest and most violent in state history. Gold production was cut in half. Investors were scared off by the strike. Miners and investors left town and looked for new opportunities.  </span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Mining Gold to Mining History<span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt"> </span></h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">By 1920 the <strong>Colorado Springs &amp; Cripple Creek District Railroad</strong> stopped running. More than half of the district’s mines had closed. Many people moved away. Their houses were abandoned or turned into summer homes. The population dropped below 2,000 people by 1950. Only Cripple Creek, Victor, and Goldfield remained.  </span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Cripple Creek turned to tourism as a way to save their town. Underground mine tours were offered to the public at the Mollie Kathleen Mine. The Imperial Hotel was remodeled. It became a popular tourist attraction for many years. The old train depot in town was turned into a museum. It showed mining history in the area. Cripple Creek was named a National Historic Landmark in 1961. </span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gambling Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">A century after prospectors flocked to Cripple Creek, a new type of “gold rush” began. By 1989 the local people of Cripple Creek knew they needed a new way to attract tourists. They decided to offer limited-stakes gambling as a way to raise money to preserve the history of the town. Cripple Creek has had both positive and negative outcomes from this decision. Gambling has brought more money to restore historic buildings, but it also has brought more traffic and crime.</span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">In 1998 the group Colorado Preservation, Inc. named Cripple Creek among the most endangered historic places in the state. Cripple Creek has been able to restore many of its important historic buildings. It is one of the few boomtowns where mining still happens. Large-scale pit mining operations were started in 1994 at the Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mine. The mine was expanded in the mid-2010s under new ownership. Gold from this mine was used to re-make the gold leaf covering on Colorado’s <strong>State Capitol</strong> dome in the early 2010s.</span></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Cripple Creek, on the west side of <strong>Pikes Peak</strong> in <strong>Teller County</strong>, was the site of the last and greatest mining boom in Colorado. Tens of thousands of prospectors came to the Pikes Peak area looking for gold in the early 1890s. The town remained a mining hub until after World War II. Today Cripple Creek is home to the only remaining active gold mine in the state, but its economy hinges on gambling and tourism. Money from gambling helps preserve and maintain Cripple Creek’s many historic buildings that date to its heyday in the late nineteenth century.</span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt"> </span>Before the Boom</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Long before <strong>Cripple Creek</strong> became a town, large amounts of minerals were heaved from volcanic eruptions that showered minerals on the earth’s surface. By the mid-1800s, topsoil had covered the minerals. The minerals were still hidden when the Ute people hunted on hills and mountains around Pikes Peak each summer. As early as 1873, geologists and prospectors explored the area for mineral deposits. They opened tunnels and found good samples of gold. A mining district was organized in the Cripple Creek area in September 1874, but the timing was not right for a gold rush in that part of Colorado. The mines around <strong>Central City</strong> and <strong>Georgetown</strong> were still booming, and the country had just been through the Panic of 1873. No one wanted to invest in an unknown area. The group had to put their plans on hold.</span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">The Cripple Creek area was cattle and ranching land for several years. In 1885 Horace Bennett, Julius Myers, and Alexander Houseman started the Houseman Cattle and Land Company and set up Broken Box Ranch. It included hundreds of acres of land. In 1886 Robert Womack, son of an earlier homesteader, filed a gold claim in the area. But investors weren’t interested because Colorado was in the middle of a long silver boom. Womack did not give up. In 1890 he took some of his ore samples to <strong>Colorado Springs</strong>. He had his samples assayed, and then left them so interested prospectors could see them. By early 1891, prospectors were heading up to Broken Box Ranch to file their own gold claims. In April, the Cripple Creek Mining District was organized. The district’s first millionaire, <strong>W. S. Stratton</strong>, staked the <strong>Independence Mine</strong> on July 4, 1891. Later in 1891, the wealthy owner of the <strong>Broadmoor</strong> area, Count James Pourtales, invested in Cripple Creek mines.</span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gold Rush</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">By late 1891, the three owners of the Broken Box Ranch noticed that about 100 prospectors were camping on their ranch. They divided up some of their ranch land and sold lots for a new town. They called their town Fremont, after the explorer <strong>John C. Frémont</strong>. Another group of investors divided 140 acres just northeast of Fremont and called their town Hayden Placer after <strong>Ferdinand Hayden</strong>, the surveyor who mapped Colorado’s mineral deposits in the 1870s. Throughout 1892 the towns of Hayden Placer and Fremont grew and were renamed Cripple Creek. <strong>Victor</strong>, a working-class town, was located near the Cripple Creek Mining District’s largest mines, while Cripple Creek developed into the area’s social and commercial hub. Stagecoaches brought more people to town and delivered construction materials and mining supplies. Electricity, telephone, and telegraph eventually became available, and the district’s population grew from 1,500 to 3,500. The new town of Cripple Creek now had several hotels and banks, a log schoolhouse, and a Congregational Church.</span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">In 1893 the <strong>Sherman Silver Purchase Act</strong> was repealed and silver lost its value. Gold was back in demand, and the Cripple Creek rush intensified. New towns and camps sprouted up around Cripple Creek. By 1894 the Cripple Creek district had 150 active mines and produced more than $3 million in gold. Cripple Creek’s population increased to 6,000 residents. There were now four newspapers and five churches. With the arrival of two railroads in 1894 and 1895, ore was much easier to ship. The largest mine in the district, the <strong>Portland Mine</strong>, produced $60 million in half a century of operation.  </span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">By 1896 Cripple Creek’s population stood at 10,000. That year the town survived two major fires that destroyed nearly every building, but residents quickly rebuilt using brick and stone instead of wood.</span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Peak of Prosperity</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Cripple Creek had been part of <strong>El Paso County</strong> since 1861. By the 1890s, miners grew tired of being governed by the wealthy mine owners and businessmen in <strong>Colorado Springs</strong>, the county seat. In 1894 the miners went on strike. In 1899 they formed a new county, <strong>Teller County</strong>, on the west side of Pikes Peak. Cripple Creek became the county seat, and the Teller County Courthouse opened in 1901. At that time the Cripple Creek district had at least 30,000 people (perhaps closer to 50,000) and about 500 active mines. The district had already produced more than $77 million in gold. Two trolley lines connected the district’s towns and mines. A new railroad opened in 1901 to provide cheaper rates and a more direct connection. </span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Strike of 1903-4</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">As mining became more profitable, owners and miners didn’t agree on how to share that prosperity. Mine owners tried to concentrate their power by taking control of local smelters and mills. Miners wanted shorter hours, better pay, and better working conditions. In 1903 miners went on one of the bloodiest and most violent strikes in state history. The result was that miners were barred from joining unions. Thereafter, gold production was cut in half, and investors were scared off by the strike. Miners and investors left town and looked for new opportunities at the gold strikes in Nevada and oil fields in California and Wyoming. The Cripple Creek District was deeply affected by these moves. By 1909 the post offices in the district’s smaller towns had closed. </span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Mining Gold to Mining History<span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt"> </span></h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">By 1920 the <strong>Colorado Springs &amp; Cripple Creek District Railroad</strong> stopped running. More than half of the district’s mines had closed. Mining had a brief revival in the mid-1930s, but during World War II the federal government suspended gold mining because it was not essential to the war effort. Many Cripple Creek mines never reopened. As people moved away, many houses were abandoned or turned into summer homes. The population dropped below 2,000 by 1950. In the Cripple Creek District, only the towns of Cripple Creek, Victor, and Goldfield remained. </span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Officials and residents in Cripple Creek turned to tourism to save their town. They offered underground mine tours at the Mollie Kathleen Mine, remodeled the Imperial Hotel, and converted the old train depot into a museum that showcased the area’s mining history. Cripple Creek was named a National Historic Landmark in 1961. In the mid-1970s, gold mining in the area was revived when the US government allowed the price of gold to go above $35 per ounce. By 1990 the Cripple Creek District had produced a total of more than 23 million ounces of gold, but its economy still lagged because tourists had begun traveling to ski resorts and other attractions in Colorado.</span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gambling Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">By 1989 Cripple Creek needed a new way to attract tourists. The town pushed for an amendment to legalize gambling in Colorado. In November 1990, 57 percent of Colorado voters approved <strong>Amendment </strong>4, which legalized limited-stakes gambling. Part of the revenue would go toward historic preservation. Cripple Creek, along with the former mining centers of Central City and Black Hawk, wanted to jump-start their economies and preserve their history. The amendment’s passage allowed them to do both. Cripple Creek has since seen both positive and negative effects from gambling. Cripple Creek has been able to restore many of its important historic buildings, but gambling has crowded out other businesses. The town now has twelve casinos. </span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Cripple Creek is one of the few historic boomtowns in the American West with an active mine. Large-scale pit operations began in 1994 at the <strong>Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mine</strong>. The huge mine employs more than 500 workers and was expanded in the mid-2010s under new ownership. In 2014 it produced about 211,000 ounces of gold and 110,000 ounces of silver. Gold from this mine was used to re-gild the Colorado State Capitol dome in the early 2010s.</span></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Cripple Creek was the site of the last and greatest mining boom in Colorado, attracting tens of thousands of people to the western flank of <strong>Pikes Peak </strong>in the 1890s. After it was destroyed by fire in 1896, the town and surrounding mining district reached peak production and population in the early twentieth century before experiencing a long decline. After World War II, the town turned to tourism as its primary economic engine, but since the 1970s the giant <strong>Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mine</strong> has also provided steady production and employment. In 1990 Colorado voters approved an amendment that allowed Cripple Creek to build casinos, which have generated millions of dollars for the local economy and historic preservation. They have also transformed the town they helped preserve.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Before the Boom</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The <strong>Colorado Gold Rush </strong>of 1858–59 was often called the “Pikes Peak Gold Rush.” However, all the major mining activity at that time was many miles away from the peak. Ironically, it was not until the last gold rush in Colorado, in the early 1890s, that prospectors flocked to the Pikes Peak region.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Tabeguache <strong>Utes </strong>long used the region’s rolling hills and mountains as a summer hunting ground. The first sign that there might be rich mineral deposits there came in 1873, when <strong>Frederick Hayden’s survey</strong> passed through the area. One of Hayden’s geologists, H. T. Wood, returned the next year to investigate his hunch that the region was a promising gold district. He worked with a team to open a tunnel into Lone Tree Hill (now Raven Hill). The tunnel yielded good samples, and the Mount Pisgah Gold Mining District was organized in September 1874. But the timing was not right for a gold rush. No one wanted to invest in an unproven area when mines around <strong>Central City</strong> and <strong>Georgetown</strong> were booming.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Around the time of Wood’s discovery, white settlers started <strong>homesteading </strong>and ranching the area that is now Cripple Creek. In 1885 Horace Bennett, Julius Myers, and Alexander Houseman started the Houseman Cattle and Land Company and acquired hundreds of acres of land in the area for their Broken Box Ranch.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1886 Robert Womack filed a gold claim in the area, but Colorado was in the middle of a long silver boom and Womack could find no investors. In October 1890, he took some of his ore samples to <strong>Colorado College</strong> to be assayed, then left them in <strong>Colorado Springs</strong>. People began to take notice of Womack’s samples, and prospectors were heading up to Broken Box Ranch by early 1891. Eighteen claims were filed between February and May. The Cripple Creek Mining District was organized in April. <strong>Winfield Scott Stratton</strong> became the district’s first millionaire when he staked the <strong>Independence Mine</strong> on July 4. That fall the owner of the <strong>Broadmoor</strong> area, Count James Pourtales, invested in Cripple Creek mines.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gold Rush</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>It did not take long for Houseman and his partners to notice that about 100 prospectors were camping on Broken Box Ranch. They doubted whether anything would come of the gold claims but figured they might as well plat a town site and start selling lots. Their town, named Fremont after the nineteenth-century explorer <strong>John C. Frémont</strong>, started in November 1891. Soon it was successful enough to inspire an imitator. A group of Colorado Springs investors platted 140 acres just northeast of Fremont. In February 1892, they started the rival town of Hayden Placer.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout 1892 the towns of Fremont and Hayden Placer—soon renamed Cripple Creek—developed and grew. In March 1892, the Florence &amp; Cripple Creek Free Road opened for stage traffic. It made it easier to ship out ores out of the area and bring in construction materials and mining supplies. Electricity arrived that spring, as did the first telephone and telegraph. Soon the district claimed a population of 1,500, which quickly grew to 3,500. Fremont and Cripple Creek merged to form a single town called Cripple Creek. The town had several hotels and banks, a log schoolhouse, and a Congregational Church.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cripple Creek’s growth took off in 1893. When Colorado’s silver mines declined sharply after the <strong>repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act</strong>, miners and investors saw the importance of Cripple Creek gold. New towns and camps sprouted up throughout the mining district. The most important of these towns was <strong>Victor</strong>, a working-class town that took shape near the district’s largest mines. By 1894 the town of Cripple Creek was the social and economic capital of a large mining district that had 150 active mines and produced more than $3 million that year. The town’s 6,000 residents were served by four newspapers and five churches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The arrival of the Florence &amp; Cripple Creek Railroad in 1894 and the <strong>Midland Terminal</strong> <strong>Railroad</strong> in 1895 spurred the district’s already rapid growth by making it much easier and cheaper to ship ore. The <strong>Portland Mine</strong> developed into the largest mine in the district. Cripple Creek’s population reached 8,000 in 1895 and 10,000 in 1896. Two fires in April 1896 reduced much of the town to a smoldering ruin, but residents quickly rebuilt. The town council outlawed wood construction, and soon there were 170 new businesses under construction.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Peak of Prosperity</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Cripple Creek area had been part of <strong>El Paso County </strong>since the first Colorado county lines were drawn in 1861. But in the 1890s, miners west of Pikes Peak had grown tired of being governed by wealthy mine owners and businessmen in Colorado Springs. In March 1899, the west side of Pikes Peak successfully broke away from El Paso County to form<strong> Teller County</strong>, with Cripple Creek becoming the county seat.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The opening of the Teller County Courthouse in 1901 was perhaps the high-water mark in the history of the Cripple Creek District. At the time, the district had at least 30,000 people (perhaps closer to 50,000) and roughly 500 active mines. It had already produced more than $77 million in gold. The Golden Circle Electric Railway operated two trolley lines, the High Line and the Low Line, to connect the district’s towns and mines. The High Line reached an elevation of 10,487 feet, making it the highest interurban system in the United States. Cripple Creek itself was one of the five most populous cities in Colorado. A new railroad, the <strong>Colorado Springs &amp; Cripple Creek District Railroad</strong>, opened that year to provide cheaper rates and a more direct connection than the Midland Terminal.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Strike of 1903–4</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early years of the twentieth century, Cripple Creek’s prosperity gave rise to arguments about how that prosperity should be shared. Mine owners tried to consolidate their power by taking control of local smelters and mills, while the <strong>Western Federation of Miners </strong>(WFM) worked to unionize smelter and mill workers near Colorado Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tensions came to a head in 1903 over the issue of working hours. In August, the WFM went on strike in Cripple Creek. A bitter fifteen-month struggle with mine owners followed. Across the state, other workers also went on strike to try to get shorter hours and better conditions. Governor<strong> James Peabody</strong> called out the Colorado National Guard on behalf of the owners. Martial law was declared and many people were killed. More than 200 union members were deported from Teller County. It became one of the bloodiest and most violent strikes in state history. The ultimate result was a ban on organized labor in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The strike marked an important turning point in the history of the Cripple Creek District. It slashed gold production in half and scared off investors. Mining continued to produce strong returns after the strike ended, but the district no longer had the same optimism. Mines were getting deep and filling with water, making production increasingly expensive. Miners and investors started to eye new opportunities such as gold strikes in Nevada and oil fields in California and Wyoming. The effects of these changes could be felt across the district. Post offices at smaller towns such as Anaconda, Cameron, and Clyde closed by 1909.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Mining Gold to Mining History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1920, when the Colorado Springs &amp; Cripple Creek District Railroad stopped running, more than half of the district’s mines had closed. Mining experienced a brief revival in the mid-1930s, when lower labor costs and higher gold prices made it profitable again. In 1935 production hit $3.5 million. But the federal government suspended all gold mining during World War II, and many Cripple Creek mines never reopened. After the war, many houses were abandoned or turned into summer homes as people moved away. The Midland Terminal Railroad stopped running in 1949, and by 1950 the Cripple Creek District’s population dropped below 2,000. Nearly all the district’s towns and camps were abandoned, leaving only Cripple Creek, Victor, and Goldfield remaining.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Like other declining mining towns across Colorado, Cripple Creek turned to tourism to stay afloat. In 1946 Colorado Springs residents Wayne and Dorothy Mackin acquired the empty Imperial Hotel and made it into a destination for good food and well-appointed rooms. In 1947 they hired an Idaho Springs melodrama troupe called the Piper Players to provide entertainment when the Colorado Springs Chamber of Commerce held a convention at the hotel. The melodrama was so successful that the Mackins decided to start a Victorian melodrama theater in the hotel basement. The Gold Bar Room Theater opened in July 1948 and soon became an iconic Cripple Creek experience.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Cripple Creek economy was shifting from mining gold to mining history. This happened most clearly at the Mollie Kathleen Mine, which stopped its mining operations in 1949 and started offering underground mine tours. In 1953 the Cripple Creek District Museum opened in the former Midland Terminal Depot. Perhaps the most unique historical project was the Old Homestead Parlor House Museum, which opened in 1958 as one of the only brothel museums in the country. In 1961 Cripple Creek was named a National Historic Landmark.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>But large-scale gold mining was not completely dead in Cripple Creek. The district experienced a short-lived revival in the 1950s, after the Carlton Mill opened near Victor. More substantial production returned to the area in the mid-1970s, when the US government allowed the price of gold to go above $35 per ounce. The Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mining Company started working the old Cresson Mine. By 1990 the Cripple Creek District had yielded a total of more than 23 million ounces of gold.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gambling Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>A century after prospectors flocked to Cripple Creek, a new gold rush was about to begin. In 1989 repairs to a tunnel on the main route into Cripple Creek caused a huge drop in tourism. Locals began to consider new ways to develop the area’s economy. Inspired by the example of the infamous Old West town of Deadwood, South Dakota, where gambling was legalized in 1989 to generate revenue for preservation, Cripple Creek joined Central City and Black Hawk to push for an amendment to the state constitution that would allow limited-stakes gaming. The original idea was that existing businesses might add a few slot machines and a card table, with half of the revenue going to the state, 28 percent to the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong>, 12 percent to <strong>Gilpin</strong> and Teller Counties, and 10 percent to the three towns. In November 1990, 57 percent of the state’s voters approved <strong>Amendment 4</strong>, which was billed as a preservation measure, and the first casinos opened on October 1, 1991.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Twenty-five years later, gambling proved to be a mixed blessing. Advocates pointed out that casinos had saved Cripple Creek by attracting visitors and generating money for local improvements and statewide historic preservation. But opponents noted that gambling, like mining before it, had crowded out other businesses and fundamentally changed the towns it was meant to preserve. In 1998 development threats led the nonprofit <strong>Colorado Preservation, Inc.</strong> to name Cripple Creek among the most endangered historic places in the state. Since then, strong preservation and design guidelines have helped maintain much of the town’s historic look and feel. In 2008 a large modern casino opened on the edge of town.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In recent years Cripple Creek’s twelve casinos have generated about 9 percent of the statewide total in taxes. Gambling money has allowed for the restoration or renovation of many important historic buildings in town, including the Bell Brothers Building, which now houses the police department; the Colorado Trading and Transfer Building, which is the only remaining wooden commercial structure in town; and the Butte Opera House, whose Thin Air Theater Company continues the town’s Victorian melodrama tradition.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, Cripple Creek remains one of the few boomtowns in Colorado where mining still occurs. In 1994 the Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mine started large-scale pit operations, and by the 2000s it was producing hundreds of thousands of ounces of gold and silver per year. The massive mine, which employs more than 500 workers, was expanded in the mid-2010s and acquired by mining giant <strong>Newmont</strong>. In 2014 it produced roughly 211,000 ounces of gold and 110,000 ounces of silver. Gold from the mine was used to re-gild the <strong>State Capitol</strong> dome when it was restored in the early 2010s.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 19 Dec 2016 22:15:13 +0000 yongli 2122 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Teller County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/teller-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Teller County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2344--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2344.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/strike"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-7_0_0.jpg?itok=5HVJbXNA" width="1000" height="671" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/strike" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Strike</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Western Federation of Miners went on strike in 1903, sparking a bitter fifteen-month struggle with mine owners and the Colorado National Guard. Many died and hundreds of union members were deported in one of the most violent labor disturbances in state history.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1712--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1712.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/teller-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_Teller_County.svg__0.png?itok=jhMZncBk" width="1090" height="789" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/teller-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Teller County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Teller County, named for US Senator Henry M. Teller, was formed in 1889 to alleviate tension between wealthy mine owners in Colorado Springs (El Paso County) and working-class miners in Victor and Cripple Creek.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1713--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1713.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/teller-county-google-map"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/teller_0.jpg?itok=TzgAbFVl" width="751" height="804" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/teller-county-google-map" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Teller County on Google Map</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="widget-pane-section-facts-description">Teller County encompasses 559 square miles of the western flank of <strong><a href="/article/pikes-peak">Pikes Peak</a>&nbsp;</strong>and the southern <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>.&nbsp;Its county seat is <a href="/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a>, the site of the last great gold rush in Colorado history, as well as the only current gold-mining operation in the state.&nbsp;</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2337--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2337.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fremont"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-2_0_0.jpg?itok=zglhQhrP" width="1000" height="590" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fremont" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fremont</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After prospectors started moving to the Mount Pisgah area in 1891, two separate towns—Fremont and Hayden Placer—soon took shape. After about a year the towns merged to form Cripple Creek.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2456--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2456.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/victor-avenue-1900"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Victor-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=nECWkOHD" width="1000" height="700" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/victor-avenue-1900" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Victor Avenue, 1900</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Teller County&nbsp;town of Victor was home to dozens of mining ventures during the Cripple Creek Gold Rush of&nbsp;the 1890s. This photo shows Victor Avenue at Third Street, as it appeared a year after the great Victor fire, which destroyed much of the city.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2345--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2345.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cripple-creek-1980s"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-8_0_0.jpg?itok=_V_qUJiV" width="1000" height="656" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cripple-creek-1980s" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cripple Creek, 1980s</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Mining declined in the Cripple Creek district throughout the first two-thirds of the twentieth century, leaving only 2,000 people left in the area. At the end of the 1980s, residents turned to gambling as a way to develop the local economy and generate revenue for preservation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-16T10:40:14-06:00" title="Tuesday, August 16, 2016 - 10:40" class="datetime">Tue, 08/16/2016 - 10:40</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/teller-county" data-a2a-title="Teller County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fteller-county&amp;title=Teller%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Teller County, named for former US senator and railroad mogul <a href="/article/henry-teller"><strong>Henry M. Teller</strong></a>, covers 559 square miles of the high country west of <a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a> in central Colorado. It is bordered by <a href="/article/douglas-county"><strong>Douglas County</strong></a> to the north, <a href="/article/el-paso-county"><strong>El Paso County</strong></a> to the east, <a href="/article/fremont-county"><strong>Fremont County</strong></a> to the south, and <a href="/article/park-county"><strong>Park County</strong></a> to the west. <a href="/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a>, the center of the 1890 Cripple Creek gold rush, is the county seat. In addition to its prominent <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a> history, the county is known for the Florissant Formation, a 34 million-year-old bed of shale and mudstone that has yielded hundreds of well-preserved plant and animal fossils, now known as <strong>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Teller County has a population of 23,389. Its most populous town is <strong>Woodland Park</strong>, which sits along US Route 24 in the northeast section of the county and has a population of 6,515. Florissant is home to 3,536 residents while Cripple Creek has 1,189. Other towns include Divide (population 127) and <strong><a href="/article/victor">Victor</a> </strong>(population 450)<strong>, </strong>which are linked by State Highway 67.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> manages much of the land in the northern and eastern parts of Teller County as part of the <strong>Pike National Forest</strong>. Mueller State Park, in the central part of the county, also offers outdoor recreation. The county is crisscrossed by many small streams, including Beaver, Cripple, Fourmile, Rule, and Wilson Creeks—some of which have been dammed to create reservoirs such as Catamount and Skaguay.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the time the Spanish laid claim to present-day Colorado in the mid-sixteenth century, <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Ute Indians</strong></a> had occupied Colorado’s Rocky Mountains for nearly two centuries. The Utes in the Pikes Peak area knew the iconic mountain as “Sun Mountain” and called themselves “Tabeguache,” the people of Sun Mountain. The Utes were hunters, subsisting on <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, deer, and other mountain game. They also gathered a wide assortment of wild berries and roots, including the versatile yucca root.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Utes moved with the seasons, traveling between higher and lower elevations along a route north of Pikes Peak known as <strong>Ute Pass</strong>. In the summer, they ascended the pass at present-day Divide and followed elk, <strong>bison</strong>, and other game into South Park. Just before winter, the Utes retreated down the pass to spend the coldest months camped near present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>. By the mid-seventeenth century, the Utes obtained horses from the Spanish, and some Tabeguaches began hunting buffalo on the plains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <strong>Arapaho </strong>began frequenting the Pikes Peak area by the early nineteenth century, calling the mountain “Heey-otoyoo,” or “Long Mountain.” They developed a fierce rivalry with the Tabeguaches and other Ute bands, competing with them for hunting territory in South Park and other areas. To keep an eye on their enemies, the Utes built small stone fortifications on hillsides overlooking well-known routes through the mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native American Removal</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Following <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>gold discoveries</strong></a> near <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> in 1858 and other strikes during the 1860s, the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> suddenly became a crowded place. White immigrants set up mining camps in places like <a href="/article/park-county"><strong>South Park</strong></a> and supply towns such as <strong>Colorado City</strong>, east of Pikes Peak. The newcomers used up timber supplies and competed with Utes and Arapaho for game.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the 1860s, in exchange for promised rations and supplies from the US government, both the Utes and Arapaho signed treaties forfeiting land around Pikes Peak. However, because government rations were often delayed or failed to arrive, many Native Americans found themselves starving, and some resorted to stealing provisions from white communities. Most Arapaho left the Pikes Peak region after the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Treaty of Fort Wise</strong></a> in 1861. The Tabeguache continued to frequent the area until about 1880, after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Massacre</strong></a> in northwestern Colorado prompted their removal to a reservation in Utah. Today, less than 1 percent of the Teller County population is Native American.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cripple Creek and Victor</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>With the removal of Native Americans, the region west of Pikes Peak became little more than a huge cattle pasture. But during the winter of 1890–91, after several years of luckless prospecting, cattleman Robert Womack found a small deposit of gold ore near present-day Cripple Creek. News of his find brought more prospectors, including <strong>Winfield Scott Stratton</strong>, who discovered gold on Battle Mountain. Stratton subsequently located the <strong>Independence Lode</strong>, one of the richest gold deposits in American history, above present-day Victor. By the following spring and summer, the area produced about $200,000 worth of gold.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Production more than doubled in 1892, reaching $500,000. That year, the town of Cripple Creek was laid out around a cattle ranch and incorporated with about 500 residents. The investment-savvy Woods family—father Warren and sons Harry and Frank—platted the town of Victor in 1893, when the area was already known as “City of Mines” because the largest and most productive mines were located nearby. In March 1894, the Florence &amp; Cripple Creek Railroad arrived in Victor, and with about 8,000 residents, the town became a city in July.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thousands more residents arrived in the Cripple Creek-Victor area over the next two years, as gold production soared to about $2 million per year. In 1896 two devastating fires reduced Cripple Creek to rubble, but it took only a few months for its resilient residents to rebuild—this time with brick instead of wood. Victor residents suffered a similar inferno in 1899, but they too rebuilt their city with brick in a matter of months. By the turn of the century, mines in the Cripple Creek-Victor area were producing almost $20 million worth of gold per year. Cripple Creek had grown to a population of 10,000 and Victor claimed to have 18,000 residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Florissant and Fossils</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Gold was not the first geologic treasure unearthed from the rocks of Teller County. In 1870 Judge James Castello, a native of Florissant, Missouri, built a cabin at the intersection of several trade routes west of present-day Divide. Castello and his wife, Catherine, established a <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading post</strong></a> that became popular among the Tabeguache, including the famous leaders <a href="/article/ouray"><strong>Ouray</strong></a> and <a href="/article/colorow"><strong>Colorow</strong></a>. In addition to trading with the Utes, the Castellos would trade for the tired oxen and mules of white travelers, acquiring a sizeable herd for their ranch. By 1876, the town of Florissant, named for the Castellos’ hometown, had a population of around 70 as well as a school, a blacksmith, and three sawmills.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The trove of fossils near Florissant did not escape notice by its first residents. Newspaper reports from the 1860s and 1870s mentioned the area’s petrified trees and prehistoric leaf imprints. Paleontologist Theodore Mead was the first scientist to study the fossils in 1871, followed by Samuel Scudder, the nation’s premier paleontologist, in the 1880s. In 1887 the Colorado Midland Railway began bringing tourists to the fossil beds, and since there were no laws to protect the fossils, many tourists broke off chunks of petrified wood or took other fossils home as souvenirs. By the turn of the century, visitors had depleted most of the petrified forest.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Woodland Park</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Woodland Park was founded as the town of Manitou Park in 1887, before it incorporated in 1891 under its current name. The town began as a community of ranchers and loggers that also catered to tourists arriving on the Colorado Midland Railway. Some of the town’s earliest buildings were hotels, including the Crest Hotel, built in 1889, and the Woodland Hotel, built in 1892.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Five lumber mills converted the area’s dense timber stands into boards for houses in Colorado Springs and mining structures in Cripple Creek as well as ties for railroads across the state. By 1892, timber was being extracted at such a frantic pace that the federal government established the Pike Forest Reserve to protect the remaining trees. The reserve was one of the first of its kind in the nation and became part of the Pike National Forest in 1905.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Strike of 1894</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As suggested by the federal government’s curtailing of Woodland Park’s timber industry, the great surge of wealth and development in Teller County at the end of the nineteenth century had consequences. Among them were the violent labor disputes that rocked the Cripple Creek and Victor area throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In January 1894, in the midst of skyrocketing production, mine owners in Cripple Creek and Victor announced a wage reduction. The local chapter of the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-federation-miners">Western Federation of Miners</a> </strong>(WFM), a national hard-rock miners’ union formed the previous year, initiated a strike, and in March Colorado governor <strong>Davis Waite</strong> sent in the state militia to keep the peace. The troops left without incident at the end of the month, but El Paso County sheriff M. F. Bowers was apparently determined to break the strike himself. He illegally deputized more than 1,000 men and in May led them to a clash with armed strikers at Bull Hill, east of Cripple Creek. The skirmish prompted Governor Waite to visit the miners and seek a resolution.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In a rare move, Waite sided with the miners, who authorized him to represent them in negotiations with the owners. The governor won back the wages and other concessions from the owners. Waite’s intervention on behalf of the WFM was frowned upon by many other Colorado politicians and residents, who saw the governor’s move as supportive of anarchist unions. His decision to support the miners cost Waite the governorship in the November 1894 election. After Waite’s political demise, never again would a governor or state militia enter strike disputes on the side of organized workers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>County Formation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The tensions surrounding the WFM strike in 1894 led directly to the formation of Teller County. At the time of the strike, present-day Teller County made up the western part of El Paso County, which was deeply divided by class. Working-class miners and their families lived in the Cripple Creek District to the west, while wealthy mine owners and businessmen such as <a href="/article/david-h-moffat"><strong>David Moffat</strong></a>, J. J. Hagerman, and Eben Smith resided in <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> to the east. Wealth—and thus, political power—emanated from the east, breeding resentment among miners in the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Democrat Charles Thomas won the governor’s office in 1898. Although he had sided with the owners in the 1894 strike, he had working-class supporters to appease and authorized the splitting of Teller County from El Paso County in 1899. A participant in the 1894 strike, James Gaughan, wrote the bill that created Teller County and was appointed by Thomas to serve as the first county clerk.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Strike of 1903-4</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The gains of the WFM from 1894 to 1899 were short-lived. After the turn of the century, owners consolidated power by assuming control over not just mines but also smelters and mills. In response, the WFM attempted to bring mill and smelter workers near Colorado Springs under its umbrella. The tension that built up during these power plays culminated in another mining strike by the WFM in 1903. This time, the state government, led by anti-union governor <strong>James Peabody</strong>, was firmly on the side of big business. Peabody sent in the state militia and National Guard to arrest union leaders and break the strike, but it went on throughout 1903, crippling the Teller County economy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On June 6, 1904, a local railroad depot in Independence, near Victor, was mysteriously bombed, killing fourteen men and releasing months of mounting tension between the strikers and groups aligned with the owners. With accusations flying on both sides, Governor Peabody declared martial law, and several skirmishes between militia and strikers resulted in deaths, injuries, deportations, and mass arrests. Eventually, the WFM was forced out of the district and the mine owners secured victory over the strikers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The depot bombing remains unexplained to this day. At least one man involved claimed that members of a group sympathetic to the mine owners carried out the bombing, but he never testified in court. Nonetheless, the station bombing was a catalyst for one of organized labor’s biggest defeats in Colorado history.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Mining Accidents</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Frequent mining accidents helped illustrate why workers fought so hard for better pay and safer conditions. In 1896 accidents killed twenty-six miners in the Cripple Creek Mining District alone. But perhaps the most tragic accident occurred at the Independence Mine during the strike of 1903–4, when faulty machinery and a snapped cable sent fourteen non-union miners plummeting 1,500 feet to their deaths.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fossil Fight</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The battle between miners and mine owners was not the only geologically tinged struggle in Teller County during the twentieth century. Florissant’s fossils continued to garner scientific interest, with significant studies taking place between 1906 and 1908 and from the 1930s through the 1960s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>But even though it was the subject of continuous and important scientific study, the Florissant fossil beds remained unprotected and open to depredation by tourism. Private tourist enterprises, such as the Singer family’s Colorado Petrified Forest, operated near the fossil sites from the 1920s to the 1960s. Walt Disney even extracted a large petrified stump and shipped it to California for inclusion in his Disneyland theme park.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the late 1960s, however, many scientists, including Harry MacGinitie and paleobotanist <a href="/article/estella-bergere-leopold"><strong>Estella Leopold</strong></a>, began organizing efforts to protect the fossil beds. Leopold was the site’s most active and preeminent lobbyist, helping form the Defenders of Florissant, a coalition of concerned citizens, scientists, and politicians. In August 1969, the group succeeding in convincing Congress to pass a law, signed by President Richard Nixon, declaring the Florissant fossil beds a national monument.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Twentieth-Century Mining</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>While some in Teller County mined fossils during the twentieth century, others continued mining gold. Between 1891 and 1998, the district’s mines produced some 22 million ounces of the precious metal. The process was not always easy—for instance, as miners bored deeper into the flanks of Pikes Peak, they struck the water table, which threatened to flood mines and block future extraction efforts. To address this, miners built a series of drainage tunnels that allowed gravity to flush the water out to the valleys below. The largest of these tunnels was the Carlton Tunnel, completed in 1941.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, the Carlton Tunnel was completed right as the United States became involved in World War II, and the federal government halted all gold production to encourage the production of metals more useful to the war effort. By May 1943, nearly all of the mines in the Cripple Creek Mining District had closed. Mining resumed after the war but fell off in the early 1960s.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Tourism and Casinos</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As mining declined in the latter part of the twentieth century, Teller County began looking for other ways to support its economy. Tourists were eager to visit the ghost town of Cripple Creek and Victor’s historic mining district, and other attractions such as the Cripple Creek District Museum, the Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Narrow Gauge Railroad, Jack Schwab’s Cottage Inn, the famous Imperial Hotel and Melodrama, and the continuation of Donkey Derby Days—founded in 1931 to honor the loyal animals that helped power the glory days of the gold rush—helped maintain a robust tourist industry.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1990 Colorado voters approved limited-stakes gambling in some former mining towns, including Cripple Creek. Bronco Billy’s and the Brass Ass casinos were among the first to open in October 1991. But while gambling invigorated the local economy to an extent, a 1992 study documented disadvantages, including increased traffic congestion, overcrowding of recreation areas, and higher property taxes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Though it did not provide the economic salvation that some residents and officials hoped, gambling remains a large part of the Cripple Creek, Victor, and Teller County economies today. In addition to attracting tourists, casinos help preserve the county’s heritage, as gambling revenue is funneled into the State Historical Fund, which pays for the restoration of historic buildings in Cripple Creek, Victor, and other places throughout Colorado. Additionally, many of Cripple Creek’s twelve casinos, including the Brass Ass, are housed in historic buildings, ensuring that the buildings will be properly maintained.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The county still has one active gold mine—the Cresson Mine—currently the largest gold producer in Colorado and the largest employer in Teller County. Cresson’s gold deposits were projected to expire in 2000, but recent reports predict that the mine can operate until 2025. The Cresson Mine produced 210,921 ounces of gold in 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mining Company (CC&amp;V), based in Victor, continues to mine gold and silver from the historic properties. In 2015 the company celebrated the mining of the 5 millionth ounce of gold since the birth of the district. In 2013 CC&amp;V donated several ounces of gold used to refurbish the state capitol dome in Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Outdoor recreation opportunities also draw tourists to Teller County. In addition to hiking around Pikes Peak and Florissant, Mueller State Park offers camping, hiking, and fishing during the summer and snowshoe and cross-country ski trails in the winter. Skaguay Reservoir is a favorite fishing spot and the Trails of Gold offer a glimpse of the historic mining camps.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/teller-county" hreflang="en">teller county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/victor" hreflang="en">victor</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek" hreflang="en">Cripple Creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/independence-lode" hreflang="en">independence lode</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mining" hreflang="en">mining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek-gold-rush" hreflang="en">cripple creek gold rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/casinos" hreflang="en">casinos</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gambling" hreflang="en">gambling</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/el-paso-county" hreflang="en">el paso county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/henry-teller" hreflang="en">Henry Teller</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-stratton" hreflang="en">william stratton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/florissant-fossil-beds" hreflang="en">florissant fossil beds</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/florissant" hreflang="en">florissant</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/woodland-park" hreflang="en">woodland park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-pass" hreflang="en">ute pass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-federation-miners" hreflang="en">Western Federation of Miners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/labor-history" hreflang="en">labor history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.colorado.edu/center/csilw">Arapaho Place Names</a>,” Arapaho Language Archives, University of Colorado Boulder, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and David G. McComb, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 3rd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Peter Caro, “Assessing the Social Impacts of Gambling, as Perceived by Local Government and Agency Officials, on Permanent Residents of Cripple Creek, Colorado” (Boulder: Tourism Management Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Beth Dodd, “<a href="https://www.mountainjackpot.com/2013/09/20/a-tale-of-two-florissants/">A Tale of Two Florissants</a>,” <em>Mountain Jackpot</em>, September 20, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wayne Heilman, “<a href="https://gazette.com/video-cripple-creek-gold-mine-exceeds-expectations-lasting-25-years-longer-than-anticipated/article/1504219/">Cripple Creek gold mine exceeds expectations, lasting 25 years longer than anticipated</a>,” <em>Colorado Springs Gazette</em>, December 13, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Edgar T. Hunter, “<a href="http://s1.q4cdn.com/259923520/files/doc_downloads/cripple_creek/History.pdf">A Thumbnail Sketch of the Cripple Creek/Victor Mining District’s History</a>,” October 30, 2002.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Edgar T. Hunter, “<a href="http://www.mininghistoryassociation.org/Journal/MHJ-v5-1998-Hunter.pdf">The Carlton Tunnel—‘it never was a bore!’</a>” <em>Mining History Journal </em>5 (1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elizabeth Jameson, <em>All That Glitters: Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek </em>(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rick Langenberg and Cathy Mahrholz, “<a href="https://www.mountainjackpot.com/2012/10/23/a-guide-to-the-casinos-of-cripple-creek/">A Guide to the Casinos of Cripple Creek</a>,” <em>Mountain Jackpot</em>, October 23, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jan MacKell, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jcdq7bFD3m4C&amp;pg=PT3&amp;dq=Jan+MacKell,+Cripple+Creek+District:+Last+of+Colorado%E2%80%99s+Gold+Booms+%28Charleston,+SC:+Arcadia,+2003%29.&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjv8-XI_o7LAhWlu4MKHbl9AzEQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><em>Cripple Creek District: Last of Colorado’s Gold Booms</em></a> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Herbert W. Meyer, <em>The Fossils of Florissant </em>(Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Modern Mining,” Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mining Company, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Philpott, <em>The Lessons of Leadville, or, Why the Western Federation of Miners Turned Left </em>(Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/main/psicc/learning/history-culture">Pike and San Isabel National Forests, Cimarron and Comanche National Grasslands, History &amp; Culture</a>,” US Forest Service, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carl Ubbelohde, Maxine Benson, and Duane A. Smith, <em>A Colorado History</em>, 8th ed. (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 2001).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.utepasshistoricalsociety.org/ute-pass-history/">Ute Pass History</a>,” Ute Pass Historical Society, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="http://www.victorcolorado.com/history.htm">The Woods Family</a>,” Victor, Colorado, n.d.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.cripplecreekgov.com/">The City of Cripple Creek</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.cripplecreekmuseum.com/">The Cripple Creek District Museum</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.nps.gov/flfo/index.htm">Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/placestogo/parks/Mueller">Mueller State Park</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.tellercounty.gov">Teller County</a>, Colorado</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.utepasshistoricalsociety.org/">Ute Pass Historical Society</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://victorcolorado.com/museum.htm">Victor Lowell Thomas Museum</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.tellerlinks.com/">Visit Teller County, Colorado</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 16 Aug 2016 16:40:14 +0000 yongli 1704 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org