%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Snake Blakeslee Archaeological Site http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snake-blakeslee-archaeological-site <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Snake Blakeslee Archaeological Site</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-25T12:18:59-06:00" title="Thursday, August 25, 2016 - 12:18" class="datetime">Thu, 08/25/2016 - 12:18</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snake-blakeslee-archaeological-site" data-a2a-title="Snake Blakeslee Archaeological Site"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsnake-blakeslee-archaeological-site&amp;title=Snake%20Blakeslee%20Archaeological%20Site"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located in <strong>Apishapa Canyon</strong> in southeastern Colorado, the Snake Blakeslee Archaeological Site consists of two residential room clusters and several outlying structures that apparently made up a single <a href="/article/apishapa-phase"><strong>Apishapa phase</strong></a> (1050–1450 CE) community. First described in the 1930s by Etienne B. Renaud, the site was later excavated in 1949 by Haldon Chase and Robert Stigler of Columbia University and in 1986 by James Gunnerson of the University of Nebraska State Museum. In the 1950s the site played a significant role in the initial formulation of the Apishapa Focus of the Panhandle Aspect (now called the Apishapa phase).</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Initial Investigations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1930s, University of Denver archaeologist <strong>Etienne B. Renaud</strong> published the first descriptions of the Snake Blakeslee site. He saw the site in 1930 when he first surveyed eastern Colorado, and a Fowler man named R. D. Mutz guided him to the Snake Blakeslee and <a href="/article/cramer-archaeological-site"><strong>Cramer</strong></a> sites near the mouth of Apishapa Canyon. Renaud returned the next year and again in 1941, when he completed new descriptions and maps of the sites, which he believed had a ceremonial function.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>High Plains Expedition</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1949, Columbia University student <strong>Haldon Chase</strong> conceived of a project to investigate early historic <strong>Apache</strong> sites on the high plains. This idea ultimately resulted in the Columbia University High Plains Expeditions of 1949, during which he and Robert Stigler (and, for a short time, Ferd Okada) spent more than five weeks excavating in Apishapa Canyon. They briefly visited the Cramer site in July, but most of their time in July and August was devoted to excavations at the Snake Blakeslee site, located on the rim of the canyon about five miles above its mouth. They named the site after the landowner’s brother, who went by the nickname “Snake.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Snake Blakeslee site was large, about 115 feet by 80 feet, and consisted of two room clusters and several outlying circular rooms. The site was built using vertical stone slabs arranged on bedrock to make rooms up to fifteen feet in diameter. The slabs formed walls about nine inches wide and several feet high, and the rooms would have had central posts about five feet high to hold the structure’s wooden roof. The western room cluster had three circular rooms, and the eastern room cluster, about sixteen feet away, had eight circular rooms. These clusters were probably expanded gradually over the years rather than built all at once. During their excavations, Chase and Stigler found hundreds of potsherds along with projectile points, stone tools, bone tools, and even a few corncob fragments.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chase and Stigler spent five weeks at the site, but its large size and rich collections meant they excavated only five of the rooms. They never completed a report about their work, but their detailed notes, photographs, and collections were stored at the University of Denver. In 1950 Chase performed more excavations at the site with funding from Trinidad State Junior College. Later that decade the site influenced the definition of the Apishapa phase.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Recent Research</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1985–86 <strong>James Gunnerson</strong> of the University of Nebraska State Museum led new excavations of archaeological sites in Apishapa Canyon. He focused primarily on the Cramer site but also spent several days at the Snake Blakeslee site, using Chase’s notes as a guide. He noted that there had been little vandalism since Chase’s excavation and that Chase’s notes were so thorough that it would have been possible to write a full report from them without ever visiting the site.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Gunnerson proposed a date of about 1350 CE for the Snake Blakeslee site, making it roughly contemporaneous with the nearby Cramer site. In contrast to the Cramer site, which was probably used primarily for ceremonies and bone processing, the Snake Blakeslee site’s many rooms were used for habitation. Gunnerson suggested that the Snake Blakeslee and Cramer sites be considered type sites for the “Classic Apishapa” phase in the 1300s. They were built not long before the Apishapa phase ended in the early 1400s, when droughts probably caused a migration to wetter climates farther east.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cramer-site" hreflang="en">Cramer Site</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/apishapa-canyon" hreflang="en">Apishapa Canyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/apishapa-phase" hreflang="en">Apishapa phase</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/etienne-renaud" hreflang="en">Etienne Renaud</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/haldon-chase" hreflang="en">Haldon Chase</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/high-plains-expedition" hreflang="en">High Plains Expedition</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/james-gunnerson" hreflang="en">James Gunnerson</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>James H. Gunnerson, <em>Apishapa Canyon Archeology: Excavations at the Cramer, Snake Blakeslee and Nearby Sites</em>, Reprints in Anthropology 41 (Lincoln, NE: J&amp;L Reprint, 1989).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Christopher Lintz, “Haldon Chase, the Snake Blakeslee Site, and the Archaeology of Southeastern Colorado: 1949 to 1955,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 65, no. 2 (1999).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>James H. Gunnerson, <em>Archaeology of the High Plains</em>, Cultural Resources Series 19 (Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>E. B. Renaud, <em>Archaeological Survey of Eastern Colorado, Report 1</em> (University of Denver, Department of Anthropology, 1931).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>E. B. Renaud, <em>Archaeological Survey of Eastern Colorado, Report 2</em> (University of Denver,</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 25 Aug 2016 18:18:59 +0000 yongli 1778 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Cramer Archaeological Site http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cramer-archaeological-site <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cramer Archaeological Site</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-24T15:44:49-06:00" title="Wednesday, August 24, 2016 - 15:44" class="datetime">Wed, 08/24/2016 - 15:44</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cramer-archaeological-site" data-a2a-title="Cramer Archaeological Site"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcramer-archaeological-site&amp;title=Cramer%20Archaeological%20Site"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Cramer Archaeological Site is an <a href="/article/apishapa-phase"><strong>Apishapa phase</strong></a> site located near the mouth of <strong>Apishapa Canyon</strong>. Consisting of vertical stone slabs arranged to form at least two rooms, the site was probably used around 1250–1350 CE. In 1985–86 <strong>James Gunnerson</strong> performed extensive excavations at the site and proposed that it originated as a ceremonial structure that was later put to other uses.</p> <h2>Early Investigations</h2> <p>University of Denver archaeologist <strong>Etienne B. Renaud</strong> published the first descriptions of the Cramer site in the 1930s. In 1930, when Renaud first surveyed eastern Colorado, a Fowler man named R. D. Mutz guided him to the Cramer and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snake-blakeslee-archaeological-site"><strong>Snake Blakeslee</strong></a> sites near the mouth of Apishapa Canyon.</p> <p>Renaud returned to Apishapa Canyon the next year and again in 1941, when he completed new descriptions and maps of the sites. He believed they were ceremonial in function and possibly related to the worship of the sun. He performed no excavations at the Cramer site, but in 1941 N. W. Dondelinger and Robert Tatum performed limited excavations at the site.</p> <p>The site’s most extensive excavations during this period came in 1949, when Columbia University anthropology students <strong>Haldon Chase</strong> and Robert Stigler visited Cramer while spending the summer at Snake Blakeslee. They prepared a manuscript about their work but never published it. Their photographs, notes, and artifacts were deposited at the <strong>University of Denver</strong>. In the 1950s the Apishapa Canyon sites, particularly Snake Blakeslee, became the type sites for the newly identified Apishapa Focus of the Panhandle Aspect (now called the Apishapa phase), which flourished in southeastern Colorado from about 1050 to 1450 CE.</p> <h2>Recent Research</h2> <p>By far the most extensive and meticulous investigations of Apishapa Canyon archaeological sites occurred in 1985–86 under the direction of James Gunnerson of the University of Nebraska State Museum. Gunnerson did three months of work at the Cramer site, whose slab ruins he described as “somewhat awesome.” Despite decades of vandalism at the site, he still recovered roughly 80,000 specimens, including pottery sherds; stone points, tools, and flakes; shell ornaments and beads; and bone beads and tools as well as crushed and burned bone.</p> <p>Vertical stone slabs at the site formed an enormous circular structure about eighty feet in diameter. The structure originally had two rooms, a large circular one twenty-five feet across and an oval one with diameters of sixteen and twenty-one feet. A third, D-shaped room was probably added later. The walls of the rooms would have been up to three feet thick and perhaps as much as six feet high, with a wooden roof held above the walls by vertical supports in the middle of the rooms. Other areas of the site may have once had rooms as well, but they were too vandalized for Gunnerson to tell for sure. Most of the ruin was surrounded by a low stone wall about two feet thick and less than three feet tall.</p> <p>Gunnerson suggested that the structure was originally built for ceremonial use. The presence of domestic artifacts indicated that it was also used for habitation. Later—perhaps when the third room was constructed—the site was used for bone processing. The people who occupied the site would have been hunters rather than farmers, and given the types of bones found at the site, they were probably pressed by necessity to kill whatever they could and to use as much of the animals as possible.</p> <p>Seven <strong>radiocarbon dates</strong> from the site yielded a large spread of 520 years (890–1410 CE), but the nature of the site’s artifacts led Gunnerson to conclude that it was used intensively for only a decade or two in the late 1200s or 1300s. He proposed that the Cramer site and the nearby Snake Blakeslee site be considered type sites for the “Classic Apishapa” phase in the 1300s. They were built not long before the Apishapa phase ended in the early 1400s, when droughts probably caused a migration to wetter climates farther east.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/apishapa-phase" hreflang="en">Apishapa phase</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/james-gunnerson" hreflang="en">James Gunnerson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/apishapa-canyon" hreflang="en">Apishapa Canyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/etienne-renaud" hreflang="en">Etienne Renaud</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/snake-blakeslee" hreflang="en">Snake Blakeslee</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/haldon-chase" hreflang="en">Haldon Chase</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>James H. Gunnerson, <em>Apishapa Canyon Archeology: Excavations at the Cramer, Snake Blakeslee and Nearby Sites</em>, Reprints in Anthropology 41 (Lincoln, NE: J&amp;L Reprint, 1989).</p> <p>Robert M. Tatum, “Excavation of a Stone Enclosure in Southeastern Colorado,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 13.2 (September 1947).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>James H. Gunnerson, <em>Archaeology of the High Plains</em>, Cultural Resources Series 19 (Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1987).</p> <p>E. B. Renaud, <em>Archaeological Survey of Eastern Colorado, Report 1</em> (University of Denver, Department of Anthropology, 1931).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 24 Aug 2016 21:44:49 +0000 yongli 1762 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Trinchera Cave Archaeological District http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trinchera-cave-archaeological-district <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Trinchera Cave Archaeological District</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-24T14:58:57-06:00" title="Wednesday, August 24, 2016 - 14:58" class="datetime">Wed, 08/24/2016 - 14:58</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trinchera-cave-archaeological-district" data-a2a-title="Trinchera Cave Archaeological District"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ftrinchera-cave-archaeological-district&amp;title=Trinchera%20Cave%20Archaeological%20District"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located about forty miles east of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/el-corazon-de-trinidad-national-historic-district"><strong>Trinidad</strong></a>, the Trinchera Cave Archaeological District is known primarily for its large assortment of well-preserved perishable artifacts, such as basketry and sandals. With diverse occupations ranging from the <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a><strong><a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"> period</a></strong> (before 6000 BCE) to the 1800s CE, the district contains important clues about the process of social and cultural change in southeastern Colorado. The most notable site in the district is Trinchera Cave, which contains eleven <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rock-art-colorado"><strong>rock art</strong></a> panels and has evidence of occupations by at least four different cultures.</p> <h2>Site Description</h2> <p>The Trichera Cave district includes fifty-three aboriginal sites distributed across 460 acres. In contrast to the dry plains that surround it, the district is located in a canyon system with perennial streams and springs, which would have made it an attractive spot for prehistoric peoples. The oldest artifact discovered at the district dates to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Early Archaic period</strong></a> (6650–3800 BCE), but deeply buried deposits at the Trinchera Cave site itself were recently <a href="/article/radiocarbon-dating-0"><strong>radiocarbon dated</strong></a> to the Paleo-Indian period. There are also several camps and artifact scatters from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Late Archaic period</strong></a> (1250 BCE–100 CE). Most of the sites and artifacts at Trinchera are attributed to the <strong>Developmental period</strong> (100–1050 CE), to the <a href="/article/apishapa-phase"><strong>Apishapa phase</strong> </a>in the <strong>Diversification period</strong> (1050–1450 CE), and to <strong>Plains Apache</strong> groups in the <strong>Protohistoric period</strong> (1450–1725 CE). At least two sites are affiliated with the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sopris-phase"><strong>Sopris phase</strong></a> in the Diversification period.</p> <p>The Trinchera district was probably used primarily by nomadic groups who maintained brief occupations there, with some longer occupations and farming in the Developmental and Diversification periods. Most of the sites in the district are simple prehistoric camps and lithic scatters (sites of stone-tool manufacturing or repair). At least four of the sites are long-term habitations with extensive artifact scatters and architectural features such as foundations, hearths, and storage cists. The maize, beans, and squash that have been found at some sites could have been grown by prehistoric farmers along the district’s creeks.</p> <p>Trinchera Cave saw the most use of any site in the district and has the most extensive deposits. A shallow rock shelter in a sandstone cliff, it is more than 200 feet long, fifteen to twenty-five feet deep, and more than fifteen feet tall. Eleven rock art panels line the cave’s walls, some depicting horses. The cave may have been a ceremonial location; one excavation found the remains of a young adult female buried just beneath the surface.</p> <p>A vast array of artifacts has been recovered from the Trinchera Cave district, including one of the largest collections of perishable materials found in eastern Colorado. Many of these artifacts are now housed at the Louden-Henritze Archaeology Museum at <strong>Trinidad State Junior College</strong>. The artifacts indicate that inhabitants at the site engaged in wide-ranging networks of exchange with various plains groups to the east as well as with <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Puebloans</strong> </a>in the Southwest.</p> <h2>Excavations</h2> <p>In 1949 Willard Louden first noticed Trinchera Cave during an airplane reconnaissance of the region. Louden soon followed up by taking Jack Gilstrap to the cave for a test excavation. They found a variety of artifacts, including juniper-bark mats and unfired clay figurines. The next year, Trinidad State Junior College archaeologist Haldon Chase also performed excavations at the site. Chase’s successor at Trinidad State, <strong>Herbert Dick</strong>, conducted further fieldwork at the cave in 1955–57 and reportedly found a large quantity of perishable items, including a possible prehistoric human burial. Little published documentation exists for these early investigations of Trinchera Cave, but Dick gave all the artifacts he recovered to the Trinidad State Laboratory of Archaeology.</p> <p>In the 1960s the Trinidad chapter of the <strong>Colorado Archaeological Society</strong> excavated a portion of the cave, but again, little documentation exists for their work. The first well-documented excavations took place in the spring and summer of 1974, when Caryl Wood investigated the previously untouched southwestern end of the cave. She dug five and one-half feet down and found evidence of at least four separate cultural levels. Artifacts included stone projectile points, scrapers and knives, worked bone, ornamental shells, and ceramic sherds as well as corncobs, a yucca sandal, and the remains of deer, antelope, bison, and other mammals. Wood also discovered a bowl-shaped structure with a twelve-foot diameter in the most recent cultural level, with a six-foot fire pit directly beneath it.</p> <p>More recently, in 1997–99, volunteers in the Program for Avocational Archaeological Certification performed a comprehensive archaeological survey of 646 acres around Trinchera Cave in order to learn surveying and mapping methods. The volunteers produced a new map of Trinchera Cave, documented the cave’s rock art panels, and recorded fifty-seven sites in the district—fifty-three aboriginal, four historical. In addition, from 1999 to 2001 Colorado College archaeologist Michael Nowak took undergraduate field schools to Trinchera Cave, where they found many bone tools, bone beads, and stone artifacts. In 2001 the Trinchera Cave Archaeological District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p> <p>Finally, in 2013–14 Christian Zier of Centennial Archaeology made a comprehensive map of the Trinchera Cave site, documented the complete excavation history of the site, and reviewed the potential of the extensive collections from the site in the Louden-Henritze Museum. New radiocarbon dating of deep soil samples from the Trinchera Cave collections yielded two Paleo-Indian period dates of 9275–9160 BCE and 8610–8320 BCE, potentially indicating that the flaked stone artifacts found at those soil levels also date to the Paleo-Indian period.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Since the 1870s the Trinchera Cave district has been used primarily for <strong>ranching</strong>. A wagon road that probably dates to the 1880s and a <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homestead</strong></a> from the early twentieth century lie within the district’s boundaries. Sheep used to graze the area, and cattle still graze there each winter and spring. These uses have had little effect on the district’s archaeological sites. The top layer of soil in Trinchera Cave has seen extensive looting, but other sites in the area are largely free from vandalism.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rock-art" hreflang="en">rock art</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archaic-period" hreflang="en">archaic period</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/apishapa-phase" hreflang="en">Apishapa phase</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sopris-phase" hreflang="en">Sopris phase</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/developmental-period" hreflang="en">Developmental period</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/diversification-period" hreflang="en">Diversification period</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trinchera-creek" hreflang="en">Trinchera Creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/haldon-chase" hreflang="en">Haldon Chase</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/herbert-dick" hreflang="en">Herbert Dick</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/christian-zier" hreflang="en">Christian Zier</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Kevin D. Black, “Trinchera Cave Archaeological District [5LA9555],” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (February 2001).</p> <p>Allison N. Rexroth, “Prehistoric Sandals of the Southern High Plains: Indicators of Cultural Affinity and Change” (Master’s thesis, University of Denver, 2010).</p> <p>Caryl Wood, “Excavations at Trinchera Cave, 1974,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 40, nos. 3–4 (1974).</p> <p>Christian J. Zier, “Reconstructing Trinchera Cave: An Examination of the Excavation History, Chronology, and Stratigraphy of Site 5LA1057, Las Animas County, Colorado,” unpublished ms. on file at History Colorado, Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Denver (Fort Collins, CO: Centennial Archaeology, 2015).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Kevin D. Black, “An Archaeological Survey of the Trinchera Cave Area, Southeastern Colorado,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 69, no. 1 (Spring 2003).</p> <p>James H. Gunnerson, <em>Archaeology of the High Plains</em> (Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1987).</p> <p>Christian J. Zier and Stephen M. Kalasz, <em>Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Arkansas River Basin</em> (Denver: Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, 1999).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 24 Aug 2016 20:58:57 +0000 yongli 1754 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org