%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/institute-arctic-and-alpine-research-instaar <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-08-09T15:32:09-06:00" title="Tuesday, August 9, 2022 - 15:32" class="datetime">Tue, 08/09/2022 - 15:32</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/institute-arctic-and-alpine-research-instaar" data-a2a-title="Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Finstitute-arctic-and-alpine-research-instaar&amp;title=Institute%20of%20Arctic%20and%20Alpine%20Research%20%28INSTAAR%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><div>&#13; <p>The Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) is the oldest research institute at the <strong>University of Colorado</strong>. It studies the connectivity of cold desert ecosystems, like the ones found on <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountain</strong></a> peaks. INSTAAR was one of the country's first prominent ecological research programs and found early success in the mid-twentieth century. Since the mid-1970s, INSTAAR has shifted its mission to study how climate change affects the high-altitude tundra and how these seemingly small changes in Colorado may affect similar ecosystems globally.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The idea for an alpine research organization was devised in 1946 when John Marr, professor of biology at the University of Colorado, took a group of students to the school’s <strong>Science Lodge </strong>on Niwot Ridge, near the Indian Peaks west of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong>,</a> to study winter plant ecology. While eating sandwiches and discussing dwarven plants, Marr and his students were overcome by a blizzard. The stormy picnic inspired Marr and his students to establish measurement stations around the lodge to record wild weather fluctuations and to gather more data about the alpine tundra. INSTAAR was born.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>From the outset, INSTAAR was concerned with the global connectivity of tundra environments but had difficulty fulfilling its mission due to constant budget constraints. John Marr and his team aimed to record data in both Colorado and the Canadian Arctic, where he previously studied tree distribution and soil composition. But the institute could only get enough cash for a seasonal stint in Ungava Bay in Nunavut, Canada, in 1948. As he struggled to find funding for longer Arctic research trips, Marr insisted that the team could facilitate near-identical studies in Colorado, where high <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/.../beatrice-willard-alpine-tundra-research-%20plots"><strong>alpine tundra</strong></a> ecosystems mirrored Arctic conditions.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Neither CU nor the federal government was interested in funding a new biological database to survey conditions in Niwot because the research had no immediate promise of profit or Cold War-era military application. In response to the government’s data priorities, Marr advertised his program as an opportunity for the Army’s Quartermaster General office to test cold weather equipment. The Quartermaster General office took the bait and funded Marr’s alpine ecology field research on the condition that he and his students test military gear, such as coats, gloves, and even tank-like vehicles, while they collected data.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Institute of Arctic and Alpine Ecology was officially formed in 1951 (the catchy acronym INSTAAR was not adopted until the mid-1960s). Within the year, Marr and his students established sixteen Environmental Analysis Stations around Niwot Ridge, at elevations ranging from 5,500 to 13,000 feet.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, INSTAAR began to garner a reputation for its local accessibility, wide-ranging interdisciplinary research, and educational fieldwork opportunities. Meanwhile, Marr’s students conducted research of their own. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beatrice-willard"><strong>Beatrice Willard</strong></a>, a student of Marr’s in the late 1950s, was among the first to study sensitive alpine tundra environments along <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trail-ridge-road"><strong>Trail Ridge Road</strong></a> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Shift in Focus</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The 1960s and early 1970s marked a shift in the University of Colorado’s emphasis on scientific research. In 1967 CU geography professor Jack Ives<strong>,</strong> former director of the Sub-Arctic Research Laboratory at McGill University in Québec, Canada, took on Marr’s position at INSTAAR. CU hired Ives as a way to attract other world-renowned cold temperature researchers and expand CU’s growing reputation as a scientific research behemoth. Ives took full advantage of the university’s renewed investment by finally cosigning yearly research trips to Baffin Island and Labrador in the Canadian Arctic. This solidified a permanent polar presence for the institution.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ives not only stretched INSTAAR’s geographic range but also helped make a compelling case for why Colorado’s ecology mattered globally. INSTAAR’s two-decade history of long-term ecological research in the alpine tundra earned Niwot Ridge a tundra biome site designation for the International Biological Program (IBP) in 1971. The program collected data about ecosystems around the world to understand how they might interact with one another on a global scale.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The 1960s also saw INSTAAR’s first major project emphasizing the functional application of tundra research for state and national interests. In 1969 INSTAAR partnered with <strong>Colorado State University</strong> (CSU) to research the effects of cloud seeding in the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a>. The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a> funded the study and assessed how animals and plants reacted to higher precipitation and delayed snowmelt, in addition to how the active trigger chemical in seeding—iodide, toxic to both animals and humans—affected those life systems. CSU focused on collecting data on forest ecosystems, while INSTAAR tackled similar research in the alpine tundra.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The operation's goal was to build on previously successful cloud-seeding experiments toward adding more water to the Upper <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> Basin. The bureau hoped that weather modification would be the ultimate step in reconfiguring the western landscape against the threat of <strong>drought</strong> and the region’s growing population. INSTAAR and CSU took on this initiative despite knowing that the experiments might elevate levels of silver iodide in the Basin. The data ultimately reflected this worst-case scenario, and the program was shut down when toxicity in the region increased.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>INSTAAR’s work with CSU on the cloud seeding project demonstrated that it could successfully collaborate with other institutions. This led to an additional research partnership with the University of Washington, and the Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Labs in New Hampshire focused on <strong>avalanche</strong> research. These seven years brought considerable fame to INSTAAR in the academic community while highlighting additional applications of its tundra research.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Role of Climate Change</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Since the 1970s, INSTAAR has increasingly focused on atmospheric research and the impact of climate change. This was partly thanks to an invigorated <strong>environmental movement</strong> and increasing recognition of ecology’s role in human health and wellbeing. In response to this movement, the federal government launched the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) initiative, which awarded funding to long-term data-collection projects. The National Science Foundation began searching for sites in 1978, and by 1980 Niwot Ridge became one of the first locations to receive an LTER designation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1992 the University of Colorado, in partnership with the United States Geological Survey (USGS), was awarded a second LTER site in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. INSTAAR’s inclusion in the LTER signaled a shift from national security applications to the scientific investigation of the effects of climate change.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Much of the USGS’s work in Antarctica involved drilling for ice cores to study biological and environmental conditions. The INSTAAR-USGS partnership in Antarctica culminated in the creation of the National Ice Core Lab in 1993. This was housed in the USGS federal center in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and administered by INSTAAR. The goal of the Ice Core Lab is to collect, house, and distribute ice cores. Management of the lab has since been transferred from INSTAAR to the University of New Hampshire. Studying ice cores helps researchers understand historic chemical fluctuations in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide levels, providing insight into today’s atmospheric composition.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Recent Activity</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Since the 1980s, INSTAAR has pioneered several landmark observations and models regarding tundra and polar science. The Niwot LTER, for instance, has determined that the tundra is becoming incrementally wetter and has created several models articulating carbon and nitrogen cycling in the tundra. Researchers at the McMurdo site have studied how changing stream flows due to climate change have affected delicate microbial environments. In 2012 the INSTAAR team in Antarctica also worked with NASA to study microbiology in the context of climate change and potential extraterrestrial organisms. Research in both regions is ongoing and has been a critical resource for other federal scientific agencies, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), and other organizations. </p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>INSTAAR’s decades of ecological research have helped scientists understand how global environments are connected. INSTAAR continues to advance this mission, making its work more accessible to the public through educational programs at Mountain Research Station and other trips that invite students into the field. INSTAAR has played an instrumental role in working to help Colorado scientists and communities understand how to mitigate and prepare for the effects of climate change.</p>&#13; </div>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/petrie-gentrice" hreflang="und">Petrie, Gentrice</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arctic-research" hreflang="en">arctic research</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/instaar" hreflang="en">instaar</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alpine-tundra-research" hreflang="en">alpine tundra research</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alpine-tundra-scientists" hreflang="en">alpine tundra scientists</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/science-colorado" hreflang="en">science in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountains" hreflang="en">Rocky Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ecology" hreflang="en">ecology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/berthoud-pass" hreflang="en">berthoud pass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder" hreflang="en">boulder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indian-peaks" hreflang="en">indian peaks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado" hreflang="en">university of colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-marr" hreflang="en">john marr</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/beatrice-willard" hreflang="en">Beatrice Willard</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trail-ridge-road" hreflang="en">Trail Ridge Road</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountain-national" hreflang="en">rocky mountain national</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Martha Andrews, Scott Elias, Anne Jennings, et al. <em>Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research 1993-1994 Biennial Report. </em>Boulder: INSTAAR, 1994.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elena Aronova, Karen S. Baker, and Naomi Oreskes, “<a href="https://online.ucpress.edu/hsns/article-abstract/40/2/183/105628/Big-Science-and-Big-Data-in-Biology-From-the?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Big Science and Big Data in Biology: From the International Geophysical Year through the International Biological Program to the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network, 1957–Present</a>,” <em>Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences</em>, May 1, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Daniel B. Botkin, “<a href="https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/77workshop.pdf">Piolet Program for Long-Term Observation and Study of Ecosystems in the United States</a>,” National Science Foundation, February 10, 1978.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joel B. Hagen, <em>An Entangled Bank:</em> <em>The Origins of Ecosystem Ecology </em>(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James C. Halfpenny et al., “<a href="https://instaar.colorado.edu/uploads/occasional-papers/OP37.pdf">Ecological Studies in the Colorado Alpine: A Festschrift for John W. Marr</a>,” Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, 1982.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/979">John W. Marr Papers</a>, University of Boulder Libraries, Boulder, Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret P. O’Mara, <em>Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley</em> (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kathleen Salzberg, Nan Elias, and Polly Christensen, “<a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/%5B50th-anniversary%5D.-Delatte/f84c18e4cb2de7efa9e092cf989fe28ae010d2c6?p2df">The Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, 50<sup>th</sup> Anniversary: 1951-2001</a>,” Regents of the University of Colorado, 2001. </p>&#13; &#13; <p>Leo Teller, Harold W. Steinhoff, Jack D. Ives, and Colorado State University Department of Water Sciences, <em>The San Juan Ecology Project, Phase I: A Problem Analysis and Study Plan for an Evaluation of the Ecological Impact of Weather Modification in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Final Report for the Period February 1970-August 1970</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 1970).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Leo Teller, Harold W. Steinhoff, Jack D. Ives, and Colorado State University Department of Water Sciences, <em>The San Juan Ecology Project: An Evaluation of the Ecological Impact of Weather Modification on the Upper Colorado River Basin, Interim Progress Report for the period September 1970-October 1971 </em>(Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 1971).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John F. Vernberg et al. “<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3881109">Field Stations of the United States</a>,” <em>American Zoologist</em>, 1963.  </p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.colorado.edu/instaar/research">INSTAAR Current Research</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a name="_Hlk30156368" id="_Hlk30156368"></a><a href="https://icecores.org/about">National Ice Core Facility</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://lternet.edu/network-organization/lter-a-history/">Timeline of the LTER project</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 09 Aug 2022 21:32:09 +0000 yongli 3733 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Beatrice Willard http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beatrice-willard <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Beatrice Willard</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-03T13:27:53-07:00" title="Friday, February 3, 2017 - 13:27" class="datetime">Fri, 02/03/2017 - 13:27</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beatrice-willard" data-a2a-title="Beatrice Willard"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbeatrice-willard&amp;title=Beatrice%20Willard"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Dr. Beatrice Willard (1925–2003) was an internationally recognized tundra <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article-theme/ecology"><strong>ecologist</strong></a> who made significant contributions to environmental policy in Colorado and the nation. Her research in the Colorado mountains established her as a well-known ecologist, educator, and negotiator.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Beatrice Willard was the daughter of Stephen Willard, an artist and landscape photographer, and Beatrice Willard, a teacher. Young Bettie spent many days traveling the deserts around Palm Springs, California, and the mountains of Mammoth Lakes, California, where her father had a studio. By age twelve, she had her own nature-guiding business. She graduated from Stanford University in 1947. In the early 1950s, the Ford Foundation awarded her a grant to study European alpine ecology. She soon entered graduate school at the <strong>University of Colorado</strong>, working with Dr. John Marr, founder of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/institute-arctic-and-alpine-research-instaar"><strong>Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research</strong></a>.</p> <h2>Alpine Tundra Research</h2> <p>In 1959 Willard established two <a href="/article/beatrice-willard-alpine-tundra-research-plots"><strong>study plots</strong></a> along <a href="/article/trail-ridge-road"><strong>Trail Ridge Road</strong> </a>in <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a> to understand how humans affected the sensitive alpine tundra ecosystem. The two plots were at Rock Cut parking area, which opened in 1933, and Forest Canyon parking area, which opened in 1958. Both areas had damage caused by human feet: vegetation was destroyed, lichen removed from rocks, and paths worn into sensitive tundra soils. Willard wanted to understand how long it would take for the alpine tundra to recover from trampling. At her plots, she measured the number and species of tiny alpine plants, followed the fate of seedlings, and noted ecosystem processes like frost action and erosion. She drew maps of the plots and took photographs so she could compare change over time. She continued to record this data at the plots for the next forty years.</p> <p>During her research, Willard found that the tundra was especially fragile and recommended changes to the park’s visitor management in this special ecosystem. Following her advice, park authorities paved trails and started an educational campaign to explain the fragility of the alpine tundra. Willard earned her PhD in 1963 and wrote many scientific articles about her research in Rocky Mountain National Park and the alpine tundra. In 1972 she coauthored the seminal book about the alpine tundra, <em>Land above the Trees: A Guide to American Alpine Tundra</em>.</p> <h2>Leading the Environmental Movement in Colorado and Beyond</h2> <p>Willard’s experience at Rocky Mountain National Park taught her how to influence policymakers. She became a leader in Colorado’s environmental movement. In 1965 she became executive director of the Thorne Institute and helped develop the <strong>Aspen Center for Environmental Studies</strong>, the <strong>Colorado Open Space Council</strong>, the Colorado Chapter of The <strong>Nature Conservancy</strong>, and the Colorado Chapter of the <strong>Sierra Club</strong>. She met <strong>Bill Coors</strong>, who later credited her with convincing him to invent the recyclable aluminum can. In 1966 Willard created the Experiment in Ecology, an interdisciplinary approach to engineering, economics, and the environment that three years later became codified in the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).</p> <p>By the early 1970s, Willard was internationally recognized for her pioneering work in applied ecology and her ability to mediate environmental disputes and establish partnerships with various organizations. In 1972 she accepted President Richard Nixon’s invitation to serve on the president’s Council for Environmental Quality (CEQ). Willard was the first woman appointed to the CEQ. She traveled around the country encouraging leaders of government and industry to act responsibly toward the environment. She advocated for NEPA, one of the most significant pieces of environmental legislation of the late 1960s. Willard also served as a mediator during planning for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, which runs through arctic tundra.</p> <p>Willard resigned from the CEQ in 1977 and returned to Colorado to join the Colorado School of Mines faculty, where she called for the integration of engineering, ecology, and economics. She helped many Colorado environmental organizations, including serving as the secretary of the National Energy Resources Organization. She was also a member of the Advisory Committee for Conservation Education to the State of Colorado, a member of the Colorado Environmental Inventory Advisory Committee, and chair of the Denver <a href="/article/1976-winter-olympics"><strong>Olympic</strong></a> Planning Committee. She also contributed to the planning of <strong>Chatfield Dam</strong> and lake. She helped <a href="/article/estella-bergere-leopold"><strong>Estella Leopold</strong></a> advocate for the creation of <strong>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</strong>. She received numerous awards for her contributions, including the United Nations Environmental Leadership Medal in 1982.</p> <p>Willard’s greatest legacy may be that she taught several generations of students—through lectures, field seminars, meetings, and books—to be stewards of the American landscape. She believed that “[m]an can live, work, and play in harmony with his environment. He has only to prove this fact to himself.” Rocky Mountain National Park honored Dr. Willard by listing her research plots at Rock Cut and Forest Canyon Overlook in the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/yost-cheri" hreflang="und">Yost, Cheri</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/beatrice-willard" hreflang="en">Beatrice Willard</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alpine-tundra-research-plots" hreflang="en">alpine tundra research plots</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alpine-tundra" hreflang="en">alpine tundra</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountain-national-park" hreflang="en">rocky mountain national park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trail-ridge-road" hreflang="en">Trail Ridge Road</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>J. W. Marr and Beatrice E. Willard, “Effects of Human Activities on Alpine Tundra Ecosystems in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado,” <em>Biological Conservation</em> 2, no. 4 (July 1970).</p> <p>John W. Marr and Beatrice E. Willard, “Report on Research from 1 May 1959 to 1 May 1960 on Contract NPS #2 between the Park and the University,” University of Colorado, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, June 1960.</p> <p>Nancy Nachman-Hunt, “Mr. Aluminum Can,” <em>Boulder Weekly</em>, March 22, 2001.</p> <p>Thorne Ecological Institute, “Seminars on Environmental Arts and Sciences, Summary of 1984 Proceedings,” June 1985.</p> <p>Beatrice Willard, “Energy and the Environment” (keynote address to the Mid-Atlantic Regional Conference on Surface-Mined Land for Outdoor Recreation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, December 1973).</p> <p>Beatrice Willard, “Human Ecological Channels for Change” (speech to students and faculty at Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR, August 5, 1975).</p> <p>Beatrice Willard (address at dedication of the Alfred H. Stockard Lakeside Laboratory, University of Michigan, Pellston, MI, June 30, 1973).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Ann H. Zwinger and Beatrice E. Willard, <em>Land above the Trees: A Guide to American Alpine Tundra</em> (New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1972).</p> <p><a href="https://www.nps.gov/romo/index.htm">Rocky Mountain National Park</a></p> <p>Cheri Yost and Chase Davies, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/NRSR/5LR10540-5LR11754.pdf">Beatrice Willard Alpine Tundra Research Plots</a>,” National Park Service Form 10-900b (Denver: History Colorado, 2007).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 03 Feb 2017 20:27:53 +0000 yongli 2322 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Beatrice Willard Alpine Tundra Research Plots http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beatrice-willard-alpine-tundra-research-plots <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Beatrice Willard Alpine Tundra Research Plots</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1954--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1954.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/beatrice-willard-counts-plants-her-plots"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Betty-Willard-1962_0.jpg?itok=U2AyWKGq" width="1000" height="1494" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/beatrice-willard-counts-plants-her-plots" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Beatrice Willard Counts Plants at Her Plots</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1959 Beatrice Willard established Alpine Tundra Research Plots near the Rock Cut parking area and the Forest Canyon Overlook along Trail Ridge Road in Rocky Mountain National Park. Her research at the plots led to changes in park policies as well as a better understanding of alpine tundra ecology.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1956--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1956.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/new-tundra-policies"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Beatrice%20Willard%20Alpine%20Tundra%20Media%203_0.jpg?itok=-sLNQxgt" width="986" height="524" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/new-tundra-policies" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">New Tundra Policies</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>As a result of Willard's research, Rocky Mountain National Park implemented new policies to protect the delicate alpine tundra. Here a ranger escorts visitors who have gone off-trail near Willard's Forest Canyon Overlook plot.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1957--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1957.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/paved-paths-prevent-shortcutting"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Beatrice-Willard-Alpine-Tundra-Media-4_0_0.jpg?itok=6UacfMg1" width="985" height="652" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/paved-paths-prevent-shortcutting" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Paved Paths Prevent Shortcutting</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>One of Willard's major recommendations was the construction of paved paths at heavy-use parking areas and overlooks such as Rock Cut (pictured here) to prevent visitors from forging their own shortcuts across the alpine tundra.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-10-26T14:26:24-06:00" title="Wednesday, October 26, 2016 - 14:26" class="datetime">Wed, 10/26/2016 - 14:26</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beatrice-willard-alpine-tundra-research-plots" data-a2a-title="Beatrice Willard Alpine Tundra Research Plots"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbeatrice-willard-alpine-tundra-research-plots&amp;title=Beatrice%20Willard%20Alpine%20Tundra%20Research%20Plots"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Beatrice Willard Alpine Tundra Research Plots were established in 1959 by <a href="/article/beatrice-willard"><strong>Beatrice Willard</strong></a> at two high-altitude locations along <a href="/article/trail-ridge-road"><strong>Trail Ridge Road</strong> </a>in <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a> (RMNP). Willard’s studies at the plots and elsewhere in the park were among the first to examine how visitors were affecting the park’s landscape and ecology, and her studies helped usher in a new era of park management that placed a greater emphasis on environmental protection. Research at the plots also laid the foundation for Willard’s understanding of alpine ecology, a field in which she became a nationally recognized expert.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the decades after World War II, visitation to national parks spiked in the United States, leading to overcrowding and other park management problems. One response was Mission 66, a vast program to expand national park facilities in the late 1950s and early 1960s whose most recognizable result was the construction of visitor centers, such as RMNP’s <strong>Beaver Meadows Visitor Center</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As Mission 66 facilitated even greater visitation, parks such as RMNP began to study the effects of large numbers of tourists on the land. In 1958 RMNP contracted with the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> to conduct an alpine ecology disturbance study in the park. That summer Beatrice Willard, then a graduate student at the university’s Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, made preliminary observations in the park with her adviser, John Marr. In June 1959, Willard established two small plots along Trail Ridge Road for a five-year study of how alpine tundra responded to and recovered from repeated human trampling. Willard also examined the effects of trampling at sites such as Iceberg Lake, Fall River Pass, Toll Pass, and the Tundra Nature Trail.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The two plots Willard established—one near the Rock Cut parking area and one at the Forest Canyon Overlook—are probably the oldest permanent alpine tundra research plots in the National Park Service and among the oldest in the world. The Rock Cut plot, which is still marked by a brown steel-tube fence, lies north of the road on a southwest-facing slope at an elevation of 12,110 feet. The Rock Cut parking area dated back to the construction of Trail Ridge Road in the early 1930s, and an old trail ran through the plot, allowing Willard to study long-term revegetation. The Forest Canyon Overlook plot, which once had a fence but is now unmarked, lies just west of the parking lot at an elevation of 11,716 feet. Willard chose the location because the Forest Canyon Overlook had just opened in 1958 but had already experienced substantial tundra damage from visitors.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In her studies, Willard observed how quickly alpine tundra was trampled, how long it took to recover, and how people behaved in creating shortcuts and walking off-trail. She found that it could take decades for tundra to recover from damage caused in just a year or two. In addition, any litter on the tundra could block sunlight from reaching the small and fragile plants, killing them within weeks and leaving bare spots on the landscape.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Willard’s findings helped trigger immediate and lasting policy changes in the park. One result was the paving of paths near parking lots and overlooks, including at Forest Canyon Overlook, to keep visitors from blazing their own trails across the tundra. The park also established new regulations for construction, developed a system of designated backcountry campsites, and started an educational program focused on tundra maintenance. In 1962 Willard helped teach the park’s first class on alpine tundra ecology.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Willard went on to publish important articles and books about alpine tundra, including <em>Land Above the Trees</em> (1972) with Ann Zwinger, and to influence environmental policy across the country, but she maintained close ties to the original research plots she established in 1959 along Trail Ridge Road. She held an official RMNP research permit until 1993, and she kept visiting the plots until a few years before her death in 2003.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>RMNP continues to cite Willard’s work and use it to determine tundra policy. In the future, observations made at the plots over the past six decades will provide a valuable base of information for tracking the effects of increased visitation, climate change, and other forces acting upon sensitive high-altitude ecosystems.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/beatrice-willard" hreflang="en">Beatrice Willard</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alpine-tundra" hreflang="en">alpine tundra</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trail-ridge-road" hreflang="en">Trail Ridge Road</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountain-national-park" hreflang="en">rocky mountain national park</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Jerry J. Frank, <em>Making Rocky Mountain National Park: The Environmental History of an American Treasure</em> (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cheri Yost and Chase Davies, “Willard, Beatrice, Alpine Tundra Research Plots,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (June 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ann H. Zwinger and Beatrice E. Willard, <em>Land Above the Trees: A Guide to American Alpine Tundra</em> (New York: Harper and Row, 1972).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>C. W. Buchholtz, <em>Rocky Mountain National Park: A History</em> (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1983).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bettie E. Willard and Chester O. Harris, <em>Alpine Wildflowers of the Rocky Mountains</em>, rev. ed. (Estes Park, CO: Rocky Mountain Nature Association, 1976).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 26 Oct 2016 20:26:24 +0000 yongli 1953 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org